ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! the role of saudi newspapers in handling ...ل the role of the saudi press in...

110
" :" The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling Crises & Disasters The Case of Okaz Alriyadh & Alwatan . . / 2011

Upload: others

Post on 06-Mar-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

�� ������ � � ����� ������ ���"������ �����:"

���� � �� �� � ���� ��� � ! !�� ����

The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling

Crises & Disasters

The Case of Okaz Alriyadh & Alwatan

���?

���� ����� @�A� � ��B

�CDA

E.�. ���� G����A�� ���

HI�J � � ��K��� �K�� L!� ����� ��A!���� M����� ������ NOP ���Q

���� G�C� ����K

HI�J � !�

�� E/ 2011

Page 2: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ب

Page 3: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ج

Page 4: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

د

����� � ������� � ������� � ������� � ��

�� �� ������ ����� ��� ������ ������ �� ��!�� "� #� $��

�!%� ���&�'�� ��(�'�� �($)� ��* ����:

� ,! �-% ���.� ,��/ 01 0�2���� 3�� 4�5-% ����6 76 08�!�

3�� 9�:!% ����6 � /0 �!�� 9;<�'� ��� =���� ��>��

��?/��� @�?��� 4A�B�� 3@�?�6 ��C 3������" ��E����(�

0 ����� " � �� ,������ F2& ��� G��.� H�(�% 0I1� 32��

�� F��;-� � ��J�� ��/ � �% 0IK�L6 �&��%6 0?�� ,(�'�� ,� �!

,������ F2& ����C ��?1 ,��K.

�N��O N�I� ��� $� ��2�� ������ �2����� ��C ��>�� 4/ ��>���

���� 9�� � 9;��� � % 3���5�� �;?>O�I � ,������ F2&.

Page 5: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

N��&.�

,�$�� ��%P� Q�5 � 7�/ � ��C....

��C)3���� S��"....(Q� ��/C"

I�� U � ��C �;8�IL V�B% 0

)0����� (�&� !% #� H�K6"....WN�1�"

0��� , �X 01 ��I�� ��Y��6 � ��C

)0���J6� 0��JC"....(Q�(L"

0 6 F��� 9� 32�� 0J6 ��C

)4��IO H�K(

,������ F2& E�-8. Q�((� 7�/ 32�� )..Q������� Q���(

Page 6: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

و

�س ا������ت�

ر�� ا����ع ا����

�� ب .� ��ذج

جـ .��ار ���� ا�������

����� د . ا���� وا�

هـ .ا"ه�اء

و .'&�س ا��$����ت

ط .'&�س ا���اول

ي .'&�س ا��,ح*

ك .ا��231 .���01 ا�/�.-�

��5-1� ل .ا��231 .���01 ا6

�م�:ا#"�ر ا!�م ��را��: ا��� ا�ول� 1 ا��

�&� 6 .م���1 ا��را�9 وأ189

7 .�أه�اف ا��را9

7 .أه�-� ا��را�9

8 .ح�ود ا��را�9

8 .م=>1$�ت ا��را�9

13 ا#"�ر ا+*�ي وا�را��ت ا(�)'�: ا��� ا&�%$

14 . ا�=$�'� ا�</�د��: أو.: ا�-�, ا�ول

19 .ا��?9<�ت ا�=$-� ا�</�د��: ث�2%ً�

إD,م اBزم�ت وا���ارث:ا�-�, ا&�%$

�D" ���H,م اBزم�ت وا���ارثا���ه-G وا�FB ا�: أوً.

28

30 ).ا���Kة وا��>�ر(اBزم� : ث�2%ً�

Page 7: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ز

35 .ا���ر�M: ث�&ً�

���د P1D و�9ئN ا"D,م: ا�-�, ا&�,D6ا ���H 38

41 ا��را�9ت ا�<�.��: ا�-�, ا�ا)4

46 م+ �25 ا�را��: ا��� ا&�,

�&��-Dرا�9 و� 47 م���Q ا�

50 أداة ا��را�9

N-1$� 50 وح�ات ا�

N-1$� 52 '�8ت ا�

59 ص�ق و�RMت اBداة

61 ا��/���� ا"ح=�ئ-�

62 %��78 ا�را��: ا��� ا�ا)4

63 ا���احN ا��Y رآ5ت 1D-&� ا�=$W ا�</�د�� مV م�احN اBزم� وا���ر�M:أو6

�ً- �M :�Mر��زم� وا�Bت ا�D�[64 ا��<�ح� ا��3==� ���� م�

�ً\��M :م Qم��W$=ا� Y' ارث��زم�ت وا�Bت ا�D�[� 66

3�م�: را./ً�� 68 ا���ن ا�=$-� ا��<

70 ا�/��ص� ا��-�R_�ا'-� : خ�م<ً�

72 م=�در ا��/�1م�ت: �9د9ً�

75 أه�اف �� م�]��Dت اBزم�ت وا���ارث: �9./ً�

3�م�: �Mم�ً�� 77 ا96���6ت وا��-G ا��<

81 ا+��78 وا��ص�2ت: ا��� ا:�م9

82 م����� ا����ئ`

84 ا���ص-�ت

Page 8: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ح

��ح�ت� 85 ا��

Q87 ��ئ�� ا���اج

93 ا��,ح*

�س ا5�اول�

ا���� =+�ان ا5�ول ا���

D 48-�� ا��را�9 1

2 �Mر��زم� وا�Bا Nا�����8 ���اح b>رات وا����� 63 ا�

ا����ارت وا��<b ا�����8 ��<�ح� م�ا]-Q أ ���5ا ا���3ز�� 3 �M ج�ةوآ�ر

65

4 ������� ��� ��� ������ ����� ������� ������ ��������� 66

3�م� 5� 68 ا����ارات وا��<b ا�����8 �1��ن ا�=$-� ا��<

3�م� 6� 70 ا����ارات وا��<b ا�����8 �1/��ص� ا��-�R_�ا'-� ا��<

72 ا����ارت وا��<b ا�����8 ��=�ر ا��/�1م� 7

8 b>ارات وا����� 75 ا��B ���8ه�اف ا����ا�

ا����ارات وا��<b ا�����8 �,9���6ت ا"���D-� ���ا]-Q أزم� 9 أ ���5ا ا���3ز�� وا��-G ���ر�M ج�ة

77

�0-� ا���اد 10�� �ً/R��ئ` N-1$ ا��V��R اBح�دي �,خ�,ف ا��>�وح�

79

��ئ` اخ��Rر 11 )LSD ( د ا���اد�D �-0��� �ً/R�,خ�,ف

�>�وح�ا�

79

Page 9: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ط

�س ا�@ح<�

ا���� =+�ان ا���< ا���

�1 5ا ا���3ز�� 1 ا9���رة N-1$ مd��ن م�]��Dت أزم� أ )D��ظ، ا����ض، ا��Y')VF ا�=$W ا�</�د��

94

2 W$=ا� Y' ة�ا9���رة N-1$ مd��ن م�]��Dت آ�ر�M ج )D��ظ، ا����ض، ا��VF(ا�</�د��

95

3 dم N-1$�1 5ا آ��ف ��ن م�]��Dت آ�ر�M ج�ة، وأ )D��ظ، ا����ض، ا��VF(ا���3ز�� 'Y ا�=$W ا�</�د��

96

Page 10: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ي

دور ا����� ا(!�د�� �$ ا�!�م� م4 ا�زم�ت وا�Bارث

�اF =��ان: إ=�اد-= G��)%

)IJ�اف

�ا�زاق ا��2$. د.أ-=

L:��ا

������� � ��� ��� ������ ��� ���� �� ��� ������� )���� ������ ����� ( ��

� ���� � !"�# $� %�&� '���� ��� ����( � ��� �� �)���� �� !"� �* + ��%��

�,-�� .� / ��)�,�* ��# 0�1 ( +#*.(

� !"� +�� � ��1� �� �-� �� �-� �!� ������� '���� �( ��� ������ �-�%

� ����)�,�* ��� ( � �� �� �-� �� $ � )�,�* ��# ( 3-� �� +�4��# $%,% $� � 1�#

� ��% �� ���� � !"� 5* � ��% �,1( )�� �$�"� �� ��% �%�� ��"� �-� ��#

� ,1� �/%�1�� ��#-��� � 6�.

�� ��-7���� ���8��� .*� $��7%�� 5�8%� ��� ������ 9:�%1 ��4( � !"� �#7( 41

5; �� <��� </%� �( � =&�# .�;� �� ��� �� )�#�� >�?�� � 3-�%� ��� � ����.

�1� ��8���� �18�� $�� # ������� ������� $� %�� $�� ��� ������ 9:�%1 ��4( � �

$��7%�� �-� �!� +# �� ���� � !"� ���; �,��1%)#7��( ,�� $� �� �@ �-�

+� �� +�#�@

Page 11: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ك

�8# ������� '���� $� %��)�%������� ( ���/% �� 7���� $��� �� �( � $A�� �-�

0�?�� �-� �� B% C* #7��.

� !"� ���; � �,;� �� #7�� �-� �!� ������� ������� �( ��� 9:�%1�� �4%

�% �%�� �� �"� D7"� �18�� ��% $� �� �����,?�% .

B#1%% �%�� ��"� �-� �� ���7 � ���� � !"� +�� # $� %�&� C;# ������ ��(

� ���� � !"� 5*#.

+E7 � )���� �� !"� . $E�F� + ��%� G#� �� ���7%�� C;# ��( � �

C; ��� ���;� ��:���� �&���� H-% �� ���7% �� E�� ��� !�,/% 41 '� �%

H��� � � ����:���&� $�*"�# �, ���% �� !"� � ���� 5* � ��% �%�� �� -� ��

�,%/��� �� �� �( � .

Page 12: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

ل

The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and

Disasters

By : Nesreen Abdullah omran

Under The Supervision of

Prof. Dr. Abdel Razzaq Al- Dulaimi

Abstract

This Study aims to know the role of the Saudi press in dealing with crises

and disasters as one of the priorities of theses newspapers was doing in

for crises and disaster at all stages ( before , during and after).

The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach by using the tool

The study concluded that Saudi newspapers focused on the second

stage of the crises and disaster ( When they occur) then the third stage (

after the occur) while they didn't care as required of the first stage

which is most important as they warn of the crisis and disaster and limit

their resulting negative effects.

The Study suggested that there is high use of the internal pages' site in

publishing the news concerning with the crisis and disaster so the reader

has to find these topics.

The study also indicated that Saudi press' has a lack of interest in press

arts when it addresses the issue if crises and disaster, it focuses on using

the news. There is no interest in art of cartoons in Saudi newspapers

Page 13: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

م

despite the importance of the lampoon in embodying news as well as its

strong influence on readers.

The study recommended that it is necessary to focus on the stages of

crisis and disaster, the first stage in particular which predicts the

occurrence of the crisis and disaster.

It also recommended that media needs advance planning in dealing with

crisis and disasters by processing specialized media staff in such

emergencies it also needs to intensify the dissemination of information

that warn of crisis and disaster and strengthen these information with

numbers and statistics which is significant in data processing.

Page 14: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

1

��� ��V�

����!� H��� ���M

���W�� :

<��� �-�% I��� +:�,�� �/�1�%�� � -��� $�?%�� � $A�� �-� �-� �,1( &� ���4#��

$�� +� �� �,1� 9%1� �J�74"� C��� ��,% �%�� ��:�#�� ����#��� ��7 �� $� ( C!/��

��� �� 9%1% �%�� �����%*&� :��7�� ��� ���;� ��#��F� ������ � '&6� ��:

��7 �� .

# <%1#% I��� ������ �1� �#�� ���%&� �� ����� �?%-� =�?� ��1� �� ��� /�� 5� /F�

H�1�# �� �:� �� ��# �4���1����1 / +�#(2010 �;"� '����% ��8%� �?� �

� )���� �� � /�1�� �?� C4�# ��75.5 �;� �� �?�� � ��1�%��� �� &� ��-#

��;� �� 4��� ��1��� �� &� ��-�% �1 ���Munich Re 2002,CRED 2009)( �

���#�%% �%�� � "� �-�� �8-�%��# ���% �( �,1� � & $���%�� �� C�76� $�*"� H-% �%�

� �,:�1#( ^�( �,1 .��% )��-� #�"� "� + �%% �%�� ��� %/ �� 3�4��

��-#?%� �� �� 1%�� $,%��-�% $,*! ��� ).Munich Re 202,Cred 2009.(

��� ��%"� �� !"�)��� " �,1( )�� ������ /�� $E�F� +:��� �� �#�7 C��

G��1 �-� ���`%# ���% �� -� �� ��� �/���� �( � ��& ������ / 0�;F =���� �.��

�� G �# �-�B% a81�� �?� ���4#�� I(�"����� " b:�;8�� )���� �� !"� �c�

�#7"� �/ ��% �:���� )����� �$E�F� +:�� � ���� ���`%# ���% �C d ��

Page 15: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

2

<��� 3�� � �"����/ %1� ")�� �-� ����?% �� !�% $E�F� +:�� �( ��(

�:���� �#7"�

0��7"� C� � ��� +:���� ��� � �% �� ��1��1F� . %/ �� �� .?% �%�� b:�;8�� )�����

^ , /�� �1� )�#�� +d��%�� ��4#�� 0��7"� �� �� -� ��# ���� � �) #(

��8�-72009.(

=����� C�7"� �?��� ��,4 )�� �)���� �� !"� � � �-� ��#��� �?�1 �� ��%%

+�4 I��� "� ��?�1 �� �!A �%�� ����#��� )���� ��� ���;� �������� 3��� �

4( ����# $E�F� +:��� �� C�� �,11� �,���.

�`#1� )���� �� !e� � E�F� +�1%�� �c� �$E�F� +�/ �� �� ��#�� ���B% � $A��#

=�1��#% H�1� �( &� ��,1 +� �� =���� =�� �,�E7 $E�F� I�d� �C�� +�� # � �(

� !"� C��� C� +�1%% �%�� f�� 1�� �,�;% �%�� �1�� ��,/ �� =��;� ���#%� =��#%

�( �-� f�� 1�� ��� G8%% ����8�� $,��� f�� 1�� ��� ��;� �,# � d� �%�� ��8�-8��

+�� .#B# % �( 3/� � !"� : ��/81&� �-� �C�&�� �-� ������%�� �-� ��

���1&� �-� )�� �����2004:J164.(

E�F� +:�� �( &� +�� �� H-% �� �( . !�% �%�# ����� /�� $)3-A"� �-� ( �-�

+�� �� �- �( � !"� )�� �* �� -� �� 41 �� +�� �� ��� � C��� �-�

�* � ���� ( � !"� 5*# j#1% �%�� ���"� ���7 +�� �� $�( � ��% �%�� D7"�

�/ +�4# �,%/��� �,�-� 0;�� ��-�% $% +�� �� �, �� .1 % �+:���� ��� +E7 � �

D� =��81 I�/� & �,�* +�� ����;�� ��� � ���� ( � !"� �#7( 41 �( ���7

Page 16: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

3

$E�F� +:�� �-� , /�� �� %�� �#�1 �� �� ���� /�� a81 �� 3��� G-?�� C� �

��% )���� �� !"� �*

�%�� ������ 9:�%1 <��� ��-7 � ��� � ��8% ��1�# ��� �1�,# ����� ����(" D�

�� !"� 0�1 ( ��� �� $E�F� +:�� �-� , /�� �� %�� " $ '���� $ ��!8-%�� �(

0�1 ( , /�� �,�-� � %�� �%�� $E�F� +:�� � �? �� �%B% ��� �� �����F�

�� !"�). ����2000(.

�� !"� $E�� �( ��� �?#���� ������� �4% )���� �� !e� =�#�/%� ��� �( 3-�%�

��� �� �,��� +�%1 �( +��1 3�#�" =�#:�A ���� =�#��A <1�� �����#��� ��1 "� ��������

������.

E�4 ���% ��� � �� ��: �� C0? �� ����� /�� $E�F� +:�� 51% $A

-� , /�� �� %�� �#�1 5�8%� ��1 ; �D7"� �� �-�� � ��� ��#�� ��# �( &�

+ )Graber,Doris( C0? �� �� E�&� �-��-� �( �-� �?8%� �� !"� $E�� +�/ �� �

�� �- ���� �4� � 1�#� �D7"� +��%&� +:�� � ���A �� �,# �81% ���% C!�

!"� ���`% ��� �/�� �� $,1B# +� �� +�#� �-� ��!8-%�� �c� �C���4 �-/�� �?��# ��

�� � # � !"� . �,# �- ��%� �%�� G��� +;�( �� ��8%-� ������ �*�� $,��� ���8����

�,# �?-�% �� ���;?��# �#%% �%�� C�?� �� �E�4 �� �� ��8%�� H��

)Graber,Doris,1993,148.(

��#� �� +:���� !� %% � �)�E/ �� '���� ( ���! # �� ��;� �-� ����� D7(

�� E�&� +:���� ��/% , /�� � C�#� ����( 3��/1� � $A�� �-� �I��� /�� . %/ ��

Page 17: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

4

)��!8-%��� ( 3�1 �-� ���%�� � �1� �,%����# �� ���4# ��#� �� �-���� � ��! �%��

%7&� C!� �>�?-� b�%% �8������ ���1E�F� G��� $�*( � C�#� � �#� ��� ��# � ��

C�� �� +��/% <1�� c# >�?��� �=�� � �, �?% �%�� ���; �� �#7"� �� �; �� +:����

���8�� �������� <%���/%� G��%�& I��� 5; �� ( . �-�� ���� �� a���� �-� H��

)��% �%�� �� E�&� C�� �� �4��% <1� �& �?-% ��� ���!8-%��� G-?�� 5�1( � 51 I( <�

<�� <� G%& �%�� +���8%�� +�# 9 �1#�� +� C���4 � �; ,� �^��%&� $�� (

) ��*����19970 :J60.(

�,%��%� � ��%-� $:E �� �*�� ��%7� � >�?�� ��#� �� �-���� �� % � � . ��1�� � .

� =�?�& �8���� 5; �� ( C�� -� 5/�� �� ( �C�� � ��B%�� �� >�?�� 3A ��

5�/%�E� �-#�* �? �,1�� C�� �� $��7%��.

$�� .-� $����� +� � ������ �;�%2009 �1 "� ���#��� �,1 �� !( )�� ���

��� �I���%*&� ������� "������� ��#��� ��- -� " �� !"� ��� � �#� 3��1

� �)���� $� ( ���4 G-* �/� ���� �� $E�F� +:�� �,��:� �E#�� +�/

, /��.

.-� �� ,� �*2009 <�-� G-�( �!�17�� �!1-81� s# � ��� "�!�17�� �!1-81� � !( "

� ��/� ���� �� $����� .; �� �<�-� C����� �-� C�?�� $�� ��4%1� ���� =��1

����� � �1 +�/ �������� �/��� ��� 3�B%�� �/� .�% �� ����� " �� b#�( $����� �( I(

'*� ������� �#��%�� ��7%� �� �1 �� ��:�,�� +�-� +7� � �� >�� �:�1 %�� .;

Page 18: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

5

���4%1� � ���� � !"�) ���-�2009( �1-�( ��?�1 �� +7�� � �� 4%1�� �

�� C��� ��:���� �� ������� �!�17�� �!1-81( � # ��#��&� ��� �( ����� C�!

��� .8%�2000

�,1 ��% ����14�,1 �84 � 1�# ��?� ���� 95 % ��("�1EA �� ���7 " � ��� )��% ��

���8�� �4%1&� � C���/ �/ �,/� � ��%�% <%�! �( ������� ����� C�!�

��� ���*%�� �4% )�� �� -� $� ���,1 �� ��7�1 �� ���`%-� �1 �!% �%B% �,1(

�'����)���"� G4�� C��/18 a��A� 2009 ( +� ��?#� �,�� ���� G-?�� � ( �

$�����.

# �1 ,4 7�( ��2009 �1�� �;�% �*�� a81 �� $"C�/ " 3#�# � �� ���

�,%��; ^� �� "� $� +E7 � �� �%�� +���� 123 � C�#� =�����( ��?� �=��74

�=��#� =�� � �,8-7 ��% �1�� �� 5�4 ��A �%�� �+���� �� "� ��� 0�/ a�1��

)���"� G4�� C��/2 ��#�2010 .( s# '��� C��� ��� ���;�"H� �� C��# " �%��

C�/ �1�� �-� ��#-� ������1� ��% �%�� ��?�1 �� �,1 �1��% �-� 4�# �� ��� B% 3#�#

�?�1 �� �� ���/�� ��� �� �#�1 5�8%�.

� !"� ��� ��( �?�)�!�17�� �!1-81(( � ����)C�/ +�� ( �?� ��� ������� �,%,/� �%��

��7 .; �,%,/� ��8�� )�#� �:���� ���� %/&� ���1�� �� %d �� � ������

:� �� +#* � �,%/��� � �G-?�� � ���� �� ��1�� �� +�/ I��� "� ����%7 �� ���

��- �� "� �� �1� ���7 �I��F� ���8�� 3#�# � �� �%�� � ���� ��% � =��7

���8�� �#�� G:�?��� ��?% �1/� 0�41� �C�/ � �� �� ���:� �� �#��� #.

Page 19: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

6

� �( � ���� ( � !"� 5* �1� ���#��� � a��% �%�� $E�F� +:�� ��� , /�� B/-

� � 4�1�� �# �?� �8%�% .*��� � /% ��8% �� +:���� ��� !/�% ��� ��� �.*���

� !�� 'E%7� . %/ �� �� H��# �-��/% G:�?��� 0�87� ����:� �� +#* � �,�-� �- �

� �,�81 �;� �%�� ����� /�� +��%&� +:�� �% +���� ����%�� . %/ �� �-

�� !"� 5* �1� $,����%# ����� ���:� �� ��� 5/-� �/���� �� <� ��?�?��� C���

�%�� � !"� )��% $ � �< � ( �,%? +:���� ��� �?8% , /�� G-* ���!� �)����

G:�?��� 0�87F =��1 � �� ��� I�d%.

�X�!Y�E� ����� �!�C�:

�� ������ ��� �-�4 + %% +�d��� �-� �#�/F�) +E7 ������� ������� � ��

u )���� �� !"� ( �,%� �" =��1 ����`%�� ��� $� ( '?% �%�� ��*� �� ��� +�-�

�,/E� G� �?�� 3�#�( ��� $ � , /-�.

�/v� ���% ������ ��� +E7 � � ��#�� �c� <�-� �# �?-�% �� �����%�� �-:�"� �� �#

)���� �� !"� . + ��%�� �� ������� �������:

1@ )���� �� !e� �,%��`% �� ������� ������� �!� +�� �� I( �-�) +��

� !"�(u

2@ u)���� �� !"� ���; � ������� ������� �,%��7 �%�� ���� �� $/��

3@ "� ���; .*� � u������� '���� �� � ���� � !

Page 20: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

7

4@ ���; � �,��1% 0�1 ( ������� ������� �,% �7%�� �%�� ��8���� �18�� �

u )���� �� !"�

5@ u)���� �� !"� ���; 41 �� � �7%� �� ����A#�%�� ��1��� �

6@ u)���� �� !"� ���; �� � �7%� �� �� -� �� ��� �

7@ ��( � u������� '���� �� )���� �� !"� ���; 41 '�

8@ u���; �� ��� 41 +E7 � '�,%� �� , /�� �

9@ �!1-81� � !( ���; 41 0�1 ( ������� '���� �,% �7%�� �%�� �&� %�&� �

u�!�17��

10@ C�/ � �� ���; 41 0�1 ( ������� ������� �,% �7%�� �%�� $�?�� � u

����� �PE:

��� �?#���� �-:�"� �� �#�/F� #� ������ ��� ����:

1@ '�,# �,�* ��# +#* )���� �� !e� ��8���� ���`%�� D%� �-� '�%��

�,/E�� G� .; ���`%�� ��� ��*� ��� +�%��.

2@1� ������� ������� �,% �7%�� �%�� ��8���� �18�� �-� '�%�� � !"� ���; 4

���� ����; �� ��,� '���� H-% �,%��7 �%�� ���� �� ��� ���;� �� ����

)���� �� !"� �* ��8���� ���`%-� ����� a�" +���.

3@ � !"� ���; 41 0�1 ( ������� '���� �,% �7%�� �%�� $�?�� �&� %�&� ���

� ����.

Page 21: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

8

����� � �PE :

)�� � ������ ��� �� �( �%B%:

1@ ������� C�1 ��� ���;� �)���� �� !"� $E�� s# �?-�% �� )�#�� ������� C�1

��� %/ �� �� +����� ����#��� )���� ���� �� �� "� �4%1� C��� ���1% �%��

����%�� </ �-� ������� � � ��/�-7��.

2@��� ��% �( � � �? �� ��,� =�4d + % ��#�( I��F� ���8�� 0�/ � ��� ����

)���� �� !"� 5* ��# &� G:�?��� '4� �-� C��?�� �A ��#��� ��-���#.

�Z � ����� ���� �![��:

1@� +�� ��8���� ���`%�� " :���� ����� ���� " �� � ��-� ����� '�� ��

)E � ��% ����1 � ������� ������� + % �,1( �#%�� �-� ��������# �8-%7 G��1

���`/�� .�!%��.

2@����-� ��1� !�� ����� : � ��*��� C%8�� +E7 ��/(20 +�#� 2009 �1-�( � 1��

�7�� � �����% �/ ��� ���;� �H��� �� �� 0�# �/ �� �� ����� ����� � �1

# I��� � ��� 3#�# � ��# C�/ �1�� ���� ��,� ��"H� �� C��## " ����� '���

��%�%�� ��1#�� 0�"�%� �31C�/ � �� 5* ��# $���� a81� # ��� .

����� ���!���:

Page 22: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

9

1\���� :� +���"� ���*% 5 / )��� B%�� ( �������� �,# $?% �%��

)�1 2007: J275( �� <# ��? �� � <# $?% �%�� ���*%�� 5 / � ������ ���

)���� �� !"� +E7 ������� �������.

2\���� : �!�%�� ��`% ��� I�d% '�B �� �� f7% ���� ( �)�� ( '* ��

���� �� � !"�� ����1� +�8# ( ���#��� +�8# � !"� B41% �( �� � $:�?�� �/�%�%�&�

�%% � ��� �/� �,# 3��( I��� I��F� ������ �� # G-) �$���#�2003:J27.(

3\����� HI�? :<1B# '�� : �,4��% �%�� ��:�1 %�&� ������ ���8-�� +��8%�� ��- �

�,# � �����%*� ( ������ � !" �� %� �#�/%��� H�� ��8-%7 �� �� E�F� ����d ��

)�� 0�1 ( �% �41% )�� �. %/ �� �*�� a81# ��� E�F� ���`%�� 9 �# � !"� ���

��� +���8% � ��! �� �-� '�%-� �� E�F� �-���� �-� ��� /�� �� %�� �#�1 ���!%

� !"�) ��� 42000:J150.(

4\�[���� :�� C�#� �� "=� ��� �� 0� C�#� =��;( =����4 =�� �% 3#�� )�� "

)Webster,1997:390( � � �� � -�"Disaster " � �1� ��1�%E�� �`-�� � �?%4

����? Dic ��1� �� ���#-��� C?�� �1�% Ustrum � -�-� ����� �1� �� �� /1�� �1�%

�"�:���� � /1�� " (".����� 0�."

�,� � !"� �� ��!� % �,�:��7 !#% ��8��% � ���� 0� -��� '�� " :8 � ��� ��/

$��% ���4#�� ���� �� :��7�� � =����� .*% {��# +�4# �� ��� C����� H#% ����B

�-�� ��%8� %�% �E�4 3#�% ���-� �� �� ��) "�I�� 2005:J54.(

Page 23: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

10

5\� ����� ������ :���� ����� ���� ��� ��� '���� �1� �,# ��?�.

6\���� �V ��: ���� �8��� �� ���#`�� �?�1 �� � ��#��� �`-��# ��% ��� � �

$�� �1 41�� �����-� ���� ���d ��1958 $� �� ���� � +"� ����� �� �

�#���3 �/��� I� 1379 G�� �� s�28 �� 1960 '�� ��� � +� �� H�� � $

$��#"���"� ����� ������-� ���8�� ����- ��" �( ����( �?� � ���� 8`�� �#� �

����% a(� �,�- � ����� ��� . $*# =��* 0�!�� a-/ ��( $ 13417 ��

1 3/ 1379 G�� �� s�30 # ��� 1359 $ ����� ���� �-� �� ��� �?�� ��# $

$* ��- �� $� �� ��62 |��%# 24 ��#�4 1383 G�� �� s�9 ��1� 1964 }0�1# $

�* �-� $*# ����� 0�!�� a-/ 600 |��% 20 ��#�4 1383 G�� �� s�5

��1�1964 ����- �� $��1�� ��� �,1� ���8���� ��-�"� ����d �� $��1 ��81% �*c# $

� �� / �,�- � ��8�� ��-�( ����d �,-� j41� �E/ �� '��-� ���8��

� ����� �� ��������� ����"� ���8 �� �,� �� �� ��� ���� �8��� � +"

�� ����d ��11 ��1� �� I�� / 1384 G�� �� s�17 #%�( 1964$ .

)�����1978J�413( .

7\�� �� �V ��: ���8���� � � ��� ���d �� ��% ����� �� � �8��� ��

�# ��% ����% a(� ������ �?�1 �� ����� � ����� �� �8��� +( ��

� $�� ����� ���B% �I����� ~��#1383 G�� �� s�1963 H-% % $42 4%1% =���

� �( �,# + �� ���-�� �� ��#4 ��� ���;� �,/�7 ��- �� +7��1500 '�

��#�

Page 24: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

11

��#� �,%��8� ��� ^�%� ����1� ��� ������60 ���80�� � ��8� ) . .*

������ C��/com.alriyadh.www://http(

8\���� �V ��: 7( �� �41�� ���#��� �����-� ��� ���d �� ��%

�?�1 � ( +��8�� ���7 � "� �,��( �%�� ������� �� �:41( �%�� ��8���� ����d ��

C��/ � ��� +( �� �H��1� ������� 31/ ���)���� ( $�� ��2001 ��% �

C�/ ����� �� ����#� !�� ��#( �����: ��% !�� � E �,� �,#( � �8�����

�,#( $� ���).����� C��/ .* sa.com.alwatan.www.(

9\� ��Bd� �B�!VB): (H1N1�� �,%&�� ��( �,� �%�� �-� '�%�� $% �H��� ��

+�#� �� a�8��2009 ��E� � =��/ ���/ a�� � �H1N1 �-� a�8�� I%��

�� �8-%7 ����� �� 7 � ��1�/ ��1� ) ����� 4�� ��� ( �� �!�17�� �!1-81�

7�� �!1-81� � ��1 � ����1F� �!1-81� ����� 4�� ��� ( �� ���� �!181� C�/ �� �!�1

�#( ���( ��( ��!17�� $�/ �� )�� ����8�� ��� ��# f� �1&� �( b/��� � �

��1�/�� �( ��/ �� ��#�� �( &� ����#�� �� =��8% ��� H��� �� �� ������ +�� �( $A

;��( 3#�%& �%�� �&E��� �-� C�/ �� ��1�/�� <#�4% a�8�� �-� C�/ �� C���4 =�

a�� . ���/�� a�8�� 9 � �( ��1&� �� �/ �� � ��#�� �/ � � ����1&� ��

� � ��6� �%� 0�#�� �% ���d� � ��� �=��%� �( �&E� 9%1�& �� � �� �!1-81&�

�/E� +7�% ��# �%� �84% �, �� �� � �� �!1-81"� <#4% �&���� $�� ���! .

)���-�2009:J8�7(.

Page 25: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

12

10\f�K �[��� :# �1 ,4 7�( ������� �� C�/ �1�� # �-� � �� ��2009 3#�# $

�,%��; ^� �� "� $� +E7 �E#�� �,� �;�% �%�� +���� � ��123 �=��74

��% ��1�� �� 5�4 ��A �%�� +���� �� "� ��� 0�/ a�1�� � C�#� ����( �?�

� � �,8-7=��#� =� . ������� )��#E� I����� !� �� a�: 3��#"�1# +� / " �?�

�81�"C�/ � �� " ��� �1�� �� 3�%�% $� ��%�% �1# �/ $��� ��� ����#��� � ����#

� ����) .�������� )��#E� I����� !� ��2010(

11\g��� f� �A: �% ������� �� ����1��� C��# #�( �� ��� {�8% �/�%1 �1

C�/ �1�� # ���7�� ����� '��� . ��� G��1 �� ��# �� C��#�� �� ��� �� G � +��

� �( �� ���% -�� ��#( !�/%� +�# ��% ( C4� � �(1.7 �% -��

� {-#� �$:�* �#�% �� C�/ �1�� �� C��#�� ��� ��� ����( C�� �?%- +�#/�� ��# <�

1300 % 18=�;� =�% .

C��# +�4% "H� �� " C��#�� .8%% �C�/ G4 0���( ���% � �" =�4�# =����,%125

��/��/�� ���� �� �:�� ����?% 3�� �#�� b�� G� =�% . � �( =�� � �,�� �8�

1200G8� � # ������� �� �-� ������ '��� ��� � 9�,� % '�( ��� 7

=�� � C��#�� �� |;% �%�� ����� '��� ��� � 3�� . � - �� ��� �� �#�1 !�/%%

������� ��/��/�� ���� �� �:�� �-/� � �� ��6� 3�� % ��- ���#( �,��17

���,1 �� 3�� % ��- 2005 � �( C���!# I( �$23 ��� �� � 3�� % ��-

Page 26: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

13

- ����1� )E +E7 � . C��# �-�"H� �� " $�� �1 ����"� ���:� �� G-?� =��/��

1987 �( &� �$

$�� C�/ �1�� �-� �-�� �%�� C�!`�� �� "�2009 C��# �-�4 $/� ���! "H� �� "

C��#� �?�E �� �7#%�� C��# �E81� ��# �C�/ �1�� � �����,% �7 �84�"H� �� "

8%� �1�� �� ��;�8�� .1 � ������ I��� �#�%�� ���� � * C���� # C��#�� ��� 3�1 5�

C��#�� � ��� �� G��% ���,1� +�� �� C�/) . ����� ����� C��/15802.(

Page 27: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

14

B��� ��V�

����!� h��B� ���J

��� ��A��:

=&( :������� �������:

=��1� : ����d ��������� ��8����

B�[� ��A��:

)���� �� !"� $E��

=&� :)���� �� !"� $E�F ���1�� �"� $���8 ��

=��1� : � !"�)�%�� CB41��(

=� �� : � ����

���[� ��A��:$E�&� +:�� �-� �� %�&� ���1

�A�� ��A��: �?#���� �������

Page 28: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

15

%$ا��� ا&�

�� ا#"�ر ا+*�ي ��را

: ا�-�, ا�ول

ا����� ا(!�د��: اوً.

�#�"� I�8�� f;1�� ����? �� ���� �� -��� $�?%�� C��� �� ������� . ��% �*

$�� ��% �( �1 ������� � ����� ���4%1� $�-�%�� �%# I����� �,��� �� �������

=� � %�� � %�� �E#�� ��� �� $-��� 4%1� )�� ���?�� �1�� �� �� < � �% $�-�%��# =��#�

���� 1 ��� D�( � ��1� ��# �1� ���!%� ��8? �� �� -�% �� ��� ��� �E#�� 5#

�� �� �� .#�� �� ���B% �$�-�%�� �4%1� ���? �� 1# 3�4�� ���( ��# �#�"� �8����

�#% �������� �� D#����E/ �� '���� ���� �� 3�4�� ���( D .

)�����1978: J107.(

�8��� +( ���( )�� �������� |��%# ������� ��#��� ��- �� �� $E�F� |��% (�#

��"D?�� $( " $��1343 s� /1924 .#�� -� $��1 +( �� )�� 3�%��� |��%# �$

$�� ���#� ��1347 s� /1928� ���%# $ $�� ����F� ���B% 1368 s� /

1949 $�� ��!8�-%�� a�B% � $1385 s� /1965 �-�-� ���%% ��7( H�� ��#

� ��� �� ����? ���� . %/ �� � �7 ���,%� ��#"� $E�F� �&�/ �� ��!�/1F�

�<#��� $E�F� $�* + �-� � :�?�� GE7"�)��E���1419:J100.(

Page 29: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

16

���� � �*�� �,� � E # �,%B41 �1 ������� ��� : 9 � �,� ����"� ����� �,�

�� �,1 ��8-%7 =��� �&"� ���,��� �,4 �?� ���8���� ����d �� �,� �'����

'�# G-�% �� �,1 ��1, �� �,:��( ��,%�,/% �,%��- )�� � �������# �#%

I����� . %/ ��.

��� � B% �� ��� 0��( �� �,%*��� ��� D�( �#� +�4# �,%B41 '�# ������� ����

�%�� '���� �-� �#��`�� � ��� �1�� �%�� ���8�� ���- ��# ������� � B% )�� �. %/ ��

�,-�/ � # �'��-� �����%*&� ���?�� '��;� �� � ,�( ����,��� ���� +E7 ���

��#-�% ��% �-� C��* �A ���`� �� ���- �� � � 1�� ��� $�,�� ��� ���;� ��,/�%1�

���� �� �:���� � �* #�( �-� +��-� $,?#��% $ � �'���� HE � ���� �� C�1��

'����# 0�?%&� ���� �� �� ���� ��1E�F� 41 � �??�% ��

)����1410�:J15�16.(

HE ��%�� ��� ���8�� ���- �� ��( ���8� �7�% +E7 � ���"� 0�e� '����

+�/ �� ^���� �� ��� �� ��4�?1�� ���;?�� ��/% $,:�( �$,8*� �� �#�%-� $,8��

,�-� D7"� 0�"� $� ()����1410s� :J17.(

� B% )�� ���#�( �`#� �,%����# �1� ������� ������� 3���� �� D7( + �� � ,�(

��/%�# � �1�� �,%����# �1� ������� '���� �-� �� :�?�� +/ �� �� $,�� �,��d� ��

��#�"� ����/%&�# $� B% ��� ���;� �$,�� $,%��? a�� ���� ����� ��8? �� 0�#�"�

��#-� ��� B% ��� ��#�"� �`#��� ��� ��( �?� �H��1� ��#��� ������� �� C�:�� �1�� �%��

Page 30: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

17

� )�� ��,% , 0��( �� '���� �* +E7 � �,%B41 �1� ������� ������� C�� �-

��� ^� �� �,%`��# ��� ���;� ���#�"� ���; �� �/��� �-� �,%� � %�� +/ �!�%

��#�"� ���;?�� � ������ �B4# �� E��� H�� �� C���� ��� �;�( � ����; ��) | �4��

�1982 : J319.(

�*E�1� � ���� �� ��,%��#%# I����� . %/ �� B% �%�� ��1� �� �� ����� 3��� � ,�( � �

�%� H��1� ��% �1�� �%�� ���8�� '���� .� / �8*% )�� ��:4�1�� ������� �������

��81 +�8# ��* �*� '*%-� ��;� �%�� D?�� $( C��/ �,�� � # �3��� 0�,%1�

� �,1!7 ��# � ����� $!E�� G�� �� B% ��# ��-� ���� �,1�� �G��

3��� 0�1 ( ���� � %�� �-� !�!����#� H- �� J� +;8# �C�/ �� ���-#��

)�����1978 :J123.(

=����� ���"� �,� +E7 ������� ������� �,%�� �%�� '�-� ��#-��� ��� B%-� =��#%

�� � "� � �������� �� �" H��1� 0�!�� a-/ a�: �,��� �� !�!����#� �# +�

� ��% �%�� '���� 9 � C�� ���8�� '���� HE �-� ^� �?� ��,# 0�?%E� <���

�,�-� �� :�?�� D* 5� /%�� +E7 � '���� ��� ��?%� ��,�81 �� ��) �� ��

G#����:J390( �� ��,� 3/%�� $� <1� �� � ������� �E#�� C��/ �-� �� :�?�� D� ^%?

<1( &� �������� ������� �-� 9 �-� ��*% �� �� B%�� a��1% $-� �C�1�� 0�� ����

�,%?#�� � D*( ��% 9 ��� �,� +E7 ���� +��% �%�� ���8�� '���� �( ��d �� �

����d �� G�� �� �"� ��� ���� � %�� +���# ��,��� �,%��- +�?%1� ��# ��8����

�,� )�� �������� �����-� ���1�� �� � %�&� |�% �,4 �,��� ��� �( ��� ���;�

Page 31: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

18

���"� ����� �,� +E7 ��� ��% $� �%�� �&�/ �� �� ���7% �� '���� � ������

)G#���� �� �� :J391.(

L��� �!����:

���� �����\1924\1959:

�( ��%�� �-/ ( �8��� ���� �-� C�?�� C0�8��� <�81 �� D� ���1� +� �( �1�%

( C��/�� ���� !��% � <�1 % H�� � ���� � 3-� ���#� �� .#�� �� $��1 G#��

'���� ��# ��- �� �,� +( � ���"� ����� �,� (�# �* ��,#-�� �%�� �-/ ��

$�� ��-�"�1932) .�����1978:J108(

� B�[� �!���� :

��� i�� �X� :1959\1963

�1�� �%�� '���� ��� {-# �� �#� �8�� $7;% �-� �-#? ������� �( � ���� �(

��1�� �� � � �? �� ��#-��� ��� ���;� �8��� ���#( 3�?�� ����� H�� �� ��%

���( � ���� ���1� �D7( '�� ���c# � ��-� �� ��% )��# �,/ �# '���� 3

�� �,/�7F ��8���� +� �"�# �� :�?�� �,/ ������ �� ��;%% �8��� �1�� +�

.�� �8�� D%� ) ../ �� J �G#����109.(

$�� �� 0�!�� a-/ ���1959 �1�� +� �� ��% )��# �'���� 9 � C; ��� $

��* �� � C��/ .�� ��8���� +��% �* C��/ 9 � ?% �'���� 9 � �?�� $,1�# �

)0�� ( C��/ . � � �� �� # +� / b��� � � ����� ��� �%��)C�1�� ( ��� �%��

Page 32: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

19

$��# 9 ��� ��# ��� � � �� �� # ���#��� � �( �����"C�1�� " �� ��%4�

1�� C��/ �� <%�� ���#��� � �� � +� / � � D%4� $ ��,/�7� {-# # C�35 '�(

0�/F� ��� �-� � ���� �?�� +��.

C��/ �/ �1� C�/ ��)���� ( C��/ . !�!* ���� ����� ��� �%��) �E#��

������� ( �1�� ��4 ��d� ����% a(� ��� 41�� .#��� ��4 ����% �1�� �%��

�� ��%4� �E#�� $��# ��� �C�/# ����% ��%8����� �#�1��# ��,/�7� ����%

��,# ��% ��?# �?� ��� �1�� �� C��/ �A H��1� �,�� ��� ��� $� C1 �� �1�� -�

$�&�).����:1978� :J110(

�[��[� �!���� :

� V��� ����j�� �X� :1964

|��%# ��- $� ��10@1@1964 ��-�"� ��8���� ����d �� $��1 �-� �?�� ��# $

=� �� ���d +� + �% �����-� ��-�( ����d 0�41� �-� J1� 0�!�� a-/ �*( I���

����� $,�1 % �������� ��1�� �� � �� / < �?� 54 �� C�#� � ��,� =�!�

$��1�� ��� $���" =�?� �( ( �8��� ���� !��% �) .� ����1978:J393(

������� �-� �� ��� $��� �# �,� H- �� �,� �� �� I��� ��8���� ����d -� $��1

|��%# � !�!����#�18@6@2001 <?#�� �� $��1�� ��� '-%7� �C�� �� E � ��%� $

C�� �� J1% �� ����8��-� �:�� 0�41� C; ��� <%�4c#)27 ( ���8��-� �:�� 0�41� ���

# �1�% ��-?%� ���#%�� ���74 ��� �������� ����81%�� ��:E�� ���% ���8���� �:4

Page 33: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

20

�� $E�&� �! �* �� �* ��,%����%7� �,%� , 2@3@2002 ��:E�� �� %��# $

�:�,�� �����%7� $�, ����% �,1 .#��� 3�#�� � ;% ��8���� ����d �� $��1� ����81%��

1� 3-�# �E/ �� '���� ��% 0��d � �����B% �1/� �-�4% ��%7� $% �:�,�� 0�4

I����� ~��#� �# ��%)����� C��/ ��% a�: (�����B%�� �1/-� =���:). �� /

�$E�&� ���? �� C�! �������� � �1"�1422.(

k� B�[ :� ����� � V��� ����j��

�� ������ ����d �1� $��� ������� �� �/� :

���-� $��� �� ���d �1�� �� ���d �41�� �����-� �E#�� ���d �41�� ���#��� ��

C�!/�� ���d �$E�F� ���#�-� �� ���d ���8���� � � ��� ���d �41�� �����-�

��� ���d �41�� ���#��� �����-� ���� ���d �41�� ���#��� �����-�

41�� �����-�.

1@ �����!� H� � �� ���j� �CB�� ���A���:

�8��� ���� ��� �� ��%)$��� ( ����d �� $��1 �� . ��8���� �,%�� �(�# �%��

$�� ��8����1964 ���c# ������� �� $E�&� �8�� +�/ � �#71 �� � �1� �$

��*4�� �?�1 �� � �8���.

|��%# +"� ����� ��21 ��#� 1965 C ��% �1�� s� �1� # 5#�"� ��

$* ����� � =��#%�� ���#�� '�1 C��/ ��� ���% $ ����8�164 |��% �24

a� 1966$.

Page 34: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

21

$* ����� � =��#%�� 5#�&� �� �� )E ��� H�� ��#514 |��% �8 # %#�

1971��8� C4� �%1 �# . $* ����� � =��#%�� �� � C��/ ��� ���% $ 1320 �

|��%4 �1� 1978$.

$ �� �?% �� ��!�/1F� � �-�-� ���� ��,4 H�# �� � � �,%��� a-/ ���: ��% �*

� � �# !�!����#� =����� �,%��� a-/ ���: ��%� + �!�� ~��#� �# � �( ���# �%(

=����� ����% a(� ����� ��� b��� ��-� $���� �� �� �+�?���+���� ~��#� � � .

com.alyaum.www://http

2\ �CB�� �����!� �IA� ���j�:

�-�4%)41�� �����-� �E#�� ���d ( �� ��� ��� /�� �1�% $,1 �=�;� ��4� �

�� �,�� �( �4�# �%�� ����d �� ��,�2 a� 1964 �� 3�7%1& $ 3:�1 ����d -� $��

��%-� a�: �$���� �� -�) .J �����401.(

��"� $� ��15 a� 1964 �� �� � C��/ ��� 8 $��# ���8� )�E#�� C��/ (

�E#�� ���d ��.

���d �� ���( �*@=���#�( =�?�- @ ��� ��� ��� C��/�� $/� �� �E#�� C��/�

� � �#��� $� G�- �� |��%# G�- �� ��� (�# �* �C��/�� �-�� $� � 5#�( +7@8@

1971 |��%# ���� �� '*% $ $25@1@1972 ���#�( �-/ ���F =�����%�� $– �(

�� ��� G�- �� ��� ��� �#��� $��� a81 �� =��%52�- 'E`# ��8� .

Page 35: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

22

$��# �-/ �� ��� ��� �*)�E#�� ( �,%�% 3%�)����#�( � ( �� �#� $� +� ���

�� ��� �E#�� C��/ . 41�� �����-� �E#�� ���d . =����� �E#�� C��/ ��% a(�

I�* ��8����#� ����% �� ����� �-� .com.albiladdaily.www://http /

3@ B�� �����!� �B ��� ���j��C :

a� 7�� $� �� �,1 ��� +( �� �C1 �� �1�� �� �8��� ���� �� � �-� a�(8@

4@1937C1 �� �1�� ��# .

$�� ��1963 C��/�� � �* �41�� �����-� �1�� �� ���d � C��/�� ���- �-?%1�

�* '�1 3�?�� +E7 =��� =� 1 � 1 C���� ���%#.

�1�� �� ��� 41% ����� �8��� +( �,1� ��8% �,1�� ���8� .#( �� C +"

=���#�( ��% �1�� �����`%8�� ��� . $�� �1� �� ( �,� ��% a�: +( ���

1937 �+:� �� ��� C��/�� 3��� b#�( )�� ��%�� ���: ���� �� � ��%

�� ��%�� ���:� ��7( ���� �-� H�414@7@1939 =�� ��#�� )�� s ) �#���

���� C��/��) .(�����1978 :J405.(

� C��/�� �� %�� �* 5#�&� �� ��% ��% ��#�� �( ��� �1�� �� ��% $

$�� ����# �%� C1 �� �1�� ��1963 $� �� �$27@6@1963 $�4� ��%�� ���: ��% $

� �-� � � ��% � 1�# ����C��&� ���:� ���� ���7 ����� ��%�� �� 3�1 ���.

Page 36: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

23

.�%� �* �,7��% �� � �� �% +�� # ��8���� ����d �� �,� �� �1�� �� �8��� �

��� f�7�� +7���� �� 3%�� �,��� b#�( �,%��8� ��� ��! �,��!% .8%� ���4%1�

#%� 4� ��1� �C���% �� �, ��*( 31�/ �� =�� �-*� =�#%� ��8-%7 �� ��- �� �� �� =�

C��?��.

�� ���#� �1��� $7;( �1�� �� ���d � .#�%�� 41�� ���#�-� $-��� �� �1# �� ���

��% �( ��� &�# b#�( ������� ��#��� ��- ��)C1 �� �1�� �� ( +�� ���/�� ���,� ��

3/%�% �1�� �( ��# 5#�"� $��(�� /�� $� �� ���� �� . C!�/F� �`-� ��� +( ,�

�� /�� $� �� ���#�&�20@2@1402s�.

��� C��/�� ���8� ��� ��! C%8�� H-% ��24 �� / �%�� G�E �� ��� ���;F�# ��8�

�8��� G�- �,1 ���7% G�E �1�� �� ��% �0��#"� $� ��� +��� ��� ��

"��� 3�E ����;� " ���? G�- +( �a� 7 +� ���"0��#"� " G�- ���#�&�

��1�# � � G�- ��� ���;� ��� E�F� �:4��"a�1�� +��( " $� +� C��/�� . ���

5#�"� ���,1 C!�/� ���� .

�� =����� �1�� �� C��/ ��%36 ��� C���!-� �-#�* ��8� 48 �� ���7 �B� ��8�

��1 �� �# I!�A =����� 41�� �����-� �1�� �� ���d C��� a-/ a(� ��8-%7 �� ��#

+� ��� �# �,� =����� ����% a(� ���8 �-� � � ���d �� $�� �� �1� ��#�

��?�.

[email protected]://http

Page 37: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

24

4\ � V��� ���� � ���j�:

���B% $�� ��8���� � � ��� ���d 1964 ��� /�� ��?� =�;� �� E � ������# $

� � ���d -� $�� �� ������ !�!����#� 3�7%1� �,�� ?% ���� %/� C�� �� ���

��%-� =���: ��/��)�����1978: J406.(

� �( �6� H-% %60� ��� ��,/�7 ��- �� +7�� 4%1% =��� � � ��� ���d �

���%�� �1�� �-� ���#� .#( ��8����:

1@ ��� ������� � ����� �� ��#��� �`-��# ��% �� � C��/ +( �� ����� C��/

|��%# �,1 +"� �����11@5@1965 �%� ���% %�� ���8��� � ��� ���#

�� ��% ��#�(52 �,1 �� � ��8� 32�( �* �1- s# =�����( ��80@100

��8�.

2@ ��- �� � ����� �?�1 �� �� ��% ��8�� ��#� +( ��% �%�� � � ��� �-/

�/��� I� �� ��/�� � � |�4�� � E��� ����( �� ������� ��#���1372 �-/ � s�

� ��,442 �� ��% ���#�� C��/ ��� H�� ��# ���% $ ��8� 4 �� ���8�

8�1375s�.

�� ���#�"� � � ��� �-/ � +"� ����� �� ���8���� ����d �� $��1 �� ��#

20@4@1964 ��#� =����� � � ��� .#�% ���8���� � � ��� ���d ���#� D��c� $45

���50�7�1 .

Page 38: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

25

LE MONDE diplomatique@3: ��1� ,4 �1 ����� C��/ ��% 2009 �7�1��

� ��#��� C��/ LE MONDE diplomatique +� �`� ���#B# ��% �%�� ���18��

�����%*&� �������� ���;?�� ���1%� ����� ��� ����� 3�%��� � �#71 �,�� 3%�� �$�����

�� ,4 +� � ��1� �� �� /�� �� ����� . 5!% .#�% $����� �� �17���� ���8��

��8� ���#(.

-/ a(� |�4�� ���d �� $�� �� ���#� � � �; %���� ���� =����� �,%��� a

I����� ~��#� �# ��% ����% a(� ������ � ����#� �# b���.

com.alriyadh.www://http /

5\ HI�M� ���A�!� ��� ���j� :

���B%) ���#�-� �� ���d $E�&� ( ��1964 �� �=�;� ��4� � $15@3@

1964 C��/ ��� $)C�1�� ( �� � � �� �� # �� � C��/8 � � ��� ����8�

� ��� ��%�� �1�( + ��� C4�# � C%� ��# +�?%�� $ ��%-� =���: ����! ����

� � �� %���� ��� H�� ��# ��%-� =���: 37%1� I��� 5�� =� �� =��� �1��

���d -�) .�����1978 :J410(

=��� H- % �%�� ��#`�� �?�1 �� �� C����� ���d �� �� 41�� ���#�-� �� ���d �1��

�&� )��B# C!,/ ��8���� ���/%�� +� �"� � ���A C�1�� C��/ .#�� ���#�-�

'�A�1!�� '���� ���#���.

Page 39: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

26

����d �� .� / ���#�-� �� ���d � ( ����% �%�� �8����� $��# �� � ��8����

��% �%�� 41��)C�1�� ( �%�� �8����� $��#& <�� ��% I��� �-#�� $��# C� � �,1c�

����% . b��� �# � �( ����% a(� �8�� $E����#� $%�� =����� ����% ��

'���# .sa.com.alnadwah.www://http

6\ �CB�� ���A��� �����!� f� �K� ���j�:

$�� +:�( �� 41�� ���#��� �����-� C�!/�� ���d ���B%1384 ��1� � s�

=� �� =��� a� 7 �# ~��#� �#7%1� �%�� �� ��� ��� /�� �- � �=�;� ��4�

��� !�!����#� ���d -���%-� =���: $-�.

�� � C��/ �� C�!/�� C��/ 41�� ���#��� �����-� C�!/�� ���d ���(

|��% � H�� 0� E +� ^�#� =�%*d ���#�( ����� �� ��% �1�� �� �/20 8�

1384 ���#�( �-/ �C�!/�� $��# �� � C��/ !��% � �-� ���d �� �-��% �* �s�

$�c#). %/ ��) ( ����1978J�415.(

�-/ �������� I��1 �-/ �� *�� $����� �&��%&� �-/ C�!/�� �-/ �,1� ���

'�� � ���d �� ���% � C��/�� .#�� ���7 .#�� C�!/�� ���d � �����? ��

���/% ���#� � <# $?% � �D7(.

�# G-� =����� �,%��� a-/ a(� ��� �# '��-���#� ����% �� G-� �� ~��#�

H�� �� � � �# ���7 ����% a�� �G�%��� . htm.sp/[email protected]://http

Page 40: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

27

7\ �CB�� ���A��� �����!� ���� ���j�:

C�!� ���� C��/ a�d ��� 8`���#� � �( $�?% ���d 0�;�( 0� �B# $E�F�

|��%# ����3 8� 1384 ����d �� � �*� � $��( ��;# ,4 � E ��#

��8����.

�� C�/# �� ��� ���� C��/ ���8 $� 41�� �����-� ���� ���d �� ���8�

18 #%�� 1968).� ����1978 :J413.(

���� ��%�"� =����� �,%��� a-/ a(� $���� �� �� � ���� �#���� ��� � � %

3�#� � �( %���� ����% a(� ���* ��� ��%�&� .

�`-��# �� ��� ��!�/ I��� C��/ ���� C��/ �� ���#� .#( ���d �� �� ���

�-/ ��� ���;� �=���#�� ��% �;���� 3�#4��# �1�% �%�� I��1�� C��/ ���!�-/1&�

�?-A( C( �� �:4# �1�% C�/ �1�� # ���:�� !� �� � =���#�( ��% �1�� �%�� Dd

��1� ��2001. sa.com.okaz.www://http /

8\ �CB�� �����!� � �� ���j�:

7 � "� �,��( �������� �� �:41( �%�� ��8���� ����d �� 7� �� � ( +��8�� ���

C��/ � ��� +(�� H��1� ������� 31/ ��� �?�1 )���� ( C����� �������

$�� �� ��� ���d ��2001 �����: ��% !�� � E �,� �,#( � �8����� ��% �

=���: �-�?��� �� �-� '�-�% $% � �,#( $� ��� C�/ ����� �� ����#� !�� ��#(

Page 41: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

28

�I� �`�� ���1* �,�(% �( G#� � �/?4�7 +� / ���*� ��# ��%-� =�8-� .

sa.com.alwatan.www

H-%� =�?#�� 41�� � ��1 �%�� �&�? �� ��# 41% $��� ������� �� <1( �--� �� ��&

���& H�� . ��� ����#�� �� )��%% �%��=�� E�� =��% ���.

�8��� �c� +� �� +�#� �-� ��#1/"� �E#�� �� ��#��� '���� � ������ ������� H-% %

.% %%&� �� E�F� ����� � �,� ����� ���- � ��% ��1� �� 41% �%�� ��"� G4��

1� �� ��� +�%& ����� H-% ��� ������� �;�"� +7�� �8��� I( <# � ���� ��?%

������� . +���% ��� ������� +#* � �#��� 9�-7�� ���,4 �%�� ���%�� !#( �

$�� %����2001 $��1%# � E�F� +�/ �� �� ��- ��-� ^� ��� �-� ���/ �1�* J1 � �1�

�41� ��- ���� � ��: �� '��% ��� D�( I��� "� �+ ��� ��� ( +7�� ���7�� $,1�/� 0

���7�� ��/-�� �� �1 ��)�� �����2011: J154@155.(

Page 42: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

29

ا�-�, ا&�%$

إ=@م ا.زم�ت وا�Bارث

kM� :������ ����� HI�J � ��B� ���� H P�V��

)�# �� =����!% =� � %�� ������ �?�� ����# ��4��� �?�� � C�7"� �?��� ��,4

!"� $E�� �� ��7%�� )�# �,� � � ��/�7�� �-7���� ���%� �� �-� )���� ��

��� "� $E�F� ���7 ��� !"� 0�1 ( $E�F� ��,/% '*� � �1�? ����? �A

����F� �-� ��/( �%�� )�#�� � �( ������� �-� !��%�� ��E� �,�� ��1�#����

E�F ���1�� �"� �c� H��� ���!8-%�� ��% ���% ����`-� C��� �1�� �� !"� $

� B%�� f�� 1 ����1 �� �:�� � � � =����#� =����% �.

$E�F� +:�� +�1% ��� �� �,� E �-�4% �* � E�F� �1 �� � � !"� ���� ��

���#7F� ���`%�� ����%��#@������� �������� �`#��� ��� �� !e� @-� �!� )�� �

H�� ���-7���� ����!1�� �������� �� !"� 3��F� '1��� )��� �*���� 5����

������ ���� 9,1 �-� !��%��#) .� ��#�42005:J232.(

� $A��# ������� �� ��#�� +#* � 3-� �� $� %�&� G-� $� �� !"� $E�� �( ��E�

��� �?�1 �� �� )���� �� !"� C � (�# $����� �� $-��� ��,# $� %�&� �( &� =�7d ��#

�,4 )�� ��4��� �?�� � ��1�1� �� ��" ���1% �%�� ������� )�#�� �� C�#� C���!

�� !"� C��� )�# ������ $���� 1�� G��� �� �� E�F� �����%&� 31�/��

� �1% I��� �)����

Page 43: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

30

1 �� ����% C�%# �� �� ���1�1� �� ���,80 % 3%� �* �� !"� C��� +�/ �� 3%� �

$�� ��#1988)." '�4 �IE ���1997.(

+ � �,1 �/ �� �c� ����7% �� �� E�F� ������� � 51�� ��� ,� ��# �%�

���1�� �,%&�/ ��# �#�� ����1 � ������ )�#�� � ��! ��� f�%�% �����# ��?�#�%��

����1 �� �:�� � � � ���#� ���% � � � 1� .*��� �� �/ �� �� �D7( ����1 �

���7% �� ������� � 51�� ��� �?#� �%�� � E�F� � B%�� f�� 1

)��� 42001:J150.(

����� HI�? H�XV� :

� �� !"� $E��" �,# +�%% �%�� �� E�F� ���- ��� 5 / +#* �� E�F� +:���� '-%7

�,%#�� )���"� ���`%� �� !"� )�� ��# 0�1 ( ." ���� � !"� �( � $A�� �-�

<%�* � �� !"� )�� � ! D#��� <%� �( � %�� $E�F� �( &� �� E�� ��B� =����(

% � !"� ������% 0�%�� �$���� I(�� <�/% �� B%�� �-� �-:�,�� $�� ���#-��� �,%�� B

'*� ��).��� !2010 :J18.(

<�E7 � �� � )�� ��� !"� C��� �� $E�F� � �-� �1��( �� +?�� {��#1& �1-��

�� 1% ���? �� ���� 41� � ����� 3����"� G��� $�( � �� �a�1�� +?� �#��7

���� �� =��#� =�� $E�v� �( � � H�� �� ���� �� ���� C���! '�,# � -� �� #7�� +

$,�� �/� $,%���? 'E%7�# ��� /�� ��:� '-%7 5�1*� '�? % ���% ��� '�,� <1� ��

Page 44: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

31

� �* #�B# ��� /�� ��!% �-� + �� ��� �1� +� �% C��� ��d +E7 �

������� �� -� ��)�� �����2011.(

k� B�[:� l���������� fmCB�� H�XV� :

���� H�XV� :

� !"� b-�� ��%��crisis �� b-�� �� ��,# #�� ��� I��� �1�1��� �#��� )�%�� �

$�%�� 0�84�� ��� � � �;8%� �� -� � ���� ������ �-� (�% �%�� ������ �:/�8 �� ���`%��

C���� $ ��%�� ��� ( .�#"� <- �%�� �* �� 4� .#���� �?�� +E7 C +" �

�%�� ���1��� ����� +�/ ��# ��*E��� ��� I��� %%�� C�� �-� ��&�-� ������� +�/ ��

�-� ��&�-� 4� .��%�� �?�� �� $�7%�� $ ����-� � �,� �?#%� 7( �� .���% �1��

E��� �% �� �-��8�� +�%�� ����� ( C��7�� +��4 �� �����%*&� �������� ��*

���� %/&� . �� �#�%-� ���4��� �?�� ���1� E �� D7( C b-�� �� ��� ��%�� $

�,%� �`-# ���� ������ ����� �� 3#�% $����� ��� I��� I���%*&� � ��� ������

��1� �� �� ����� 3��� �� .�( �?� <�81 �?�� � ���1�� 7�� �� � ( =� �7%� b-�� �� b#

��� %/ �� 3��( I��� �*E7"� ��� %/&� |�8%�� ���� '�� a81�� 0� -� +#* �

��1� �� �� ����� 3��� ��# J�7�� </ �-� ����1��� . <?-�( ���1��#��� ��

'�� 5� %/&� 0� -� ���%�� ���1�1� �� �� ��1����� �/81&� �-� ����A ����

������ ��# �4 ��� D�( � ����� �(�� . %/ � �1% �� �B41 �%�� ���� %/&� �

�,%�� %/ +7�� 3�%A&�# ���� %/&� ��?#���). ���1� +�2010 :J135.(

Page 45: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

32

$�� ��� ./� � -��� �,-��B% �c� �� !"� $�* � $A�� �-�1962 b#�( � �1� $

��� ���%&� ��# �*�� H�� �� =���4 $����� +�* �* ����� "� C��% �� ���&�� �%��

�! �,1��

� 1� ��/�%�%�F� �� )���-� +�/ �6� ��# ��� $� <1( �� 1�� �# ��� "� 5�����

� !"� C���) .�� � 2007 :J92.(

�,1B# � !"� �1�� $�� '�� " �� ���1� ���%� �%�� �#��1 �� ���-�� �/��� ��?1��

� �%"�)� I� ���1993:J17(� +��� �� ( +�% ��?1 �#� # �,1( 91��# D� � ��

���; ��#)."�����1987J�23@24.(

+ �% �C?%� �A �/� C%� ��:�1 %�� �:�� ���� � !"� �( b;%� ��8��%�� ��� �

C���� ��7 �,%��� �� .;� C� �,� � �� �( � ��#�� +�� �* �-%7%& �%� ��

� ��� ��# �,1�# =��;� =�*� H�1� �( ��� �,#1� �.:�*�� )���"� � ���`#

�( �� ���� �-�4 �� 'E7�� 5���� ��*��� � ������ ��:�4�� ���-�� ��

� ���� � !"� ��-�4 �� � !"� ��# $���8 �� �-%7% ���-�� �� +7��%%� ). G#�� ./

!�� :J3 .(

G�?�% G�% �%�� ��#���� ��# �/� �/�%1 �;�� $�� %%�� � ���� �� �-�4 ���

0!/ �-� d% �%�� ��4#�� ���� �� :��7�� ��# �,1� 9%1� �* ��,��� +��� '���"�

�,1� �,-�� $�1 �� �,/�� ��# � �( ��� f�%�%& �� ��0�?# ��,%& �,1�� $��1�� � �,: .

=��?� =���� =��� �7B%� �,-� ��d�%�� $%� $� ��� �-�4 �� �( � !"�# �,�#% �%�� �*E���

$� �%�� �E�4 �� $��% �� 9%�1�� ��, %�� �#� # ��1� -� �#�1��# ��"�� �� !( ��� +�%%

Page 46: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

33

<�-� �3��1 �� �*�� �� 3��1 �� +��� �/% " "� ��� �-�4 � !( +� �c� �-�4 +� ���

� !()."�I�;7��1990 :J19.(

�-� G�8%� H�1� �?#� <1� &� �� !"�# �?-�% �� ��8��%�� 51% C � � $A�� �-�

.� ��7�� .; ���-� ������� $��1�� � 3-�%% �%�� �� !e� �1� �� ����:�� ��1���

���7( � )��� �*� �,/� � D�?�� ����%�&� �&�� �1� � ( � 9%1� �* � �/���

� !( ��( 5*.

����� n�BE :

�� !"�# � %�� �%�� ������� '4�%@$�� +�4#@ + ��%�� ���#� �� 'E%7� �/ ��

� !"� 51� =��#% H�� ��� !"� �* . 3�� H�� �C���� =���1�( �� !"� 0� -��� '1��

%-� )��# +� �, �7%�� �%�� ���� �� '�1�)�+��� �� � 2007 :J86.(

�� !"� '1�% ����� H�1,�–� � ������( ��- �� G� : �,� �1 !�� D� �� �� !"� � 1

����%�� 5�1"� ���:

1@ �:/�8 �� � !"�immediate crises : � �j/�8 +�4# )��% �%�� �� !"� ��

�� !"� H-% �- ( :��� � �#��� + �� � �1 �� ��% ��8��� )��� � ���/81&�� G:�

�������� H���� ��:����.

Page 47: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

34

2@ ���� �� �� �? �� ��� �� !"�Emerging crises : �� � �� �? �,� �%�� ��

�� !"� H-% �- ( � �=�?#� ����4%�� : ���?�� �� ���`%�� ���- ���� ��#�;�

� �1 �� �-� C d �� ��1�?��.

3@� �� !"� �1 ! �Satained crises : �%� ( ,4 C��� %�% �%�� H-% ��

+ �,� +-� ��/�F �,/�� +;�( +�# � $A�� �-� ���1�� : �� !( ����:�4��

����� / � �1 �� ��# ��*��� �� ."

���� o�A�E:

3��# 51%% '-%7% 3�#�"� ��� ��� !"� )�� 0� '?% C���� 3�#�( H�1� 'E%7�

��# � ��,���% �%�� ����d �� ��,� % �%�� �����?�� �� !"� �,�� )��% �%�� �&�/ ��

3�#�"� ���:

@ +!&!��� ����#��� )���� �,##�% �%�� �� !"� + ����1F� C��� �� �/�7 �&��

��1�;�8�� ����"� ����#��.

@��*�1�� ( �:��7�� �� -� �� :� �1�� �� �1 �� �,�-� �1#% �%�� �� -� �� ��%

��% C��F� ��/�%1%�� �c� �C&�# E�� +� �F� 3#�# ��*�1 ( �:��7 ���* ����d ��

� �1 ��� =���1%�� C����� ���?�� ��% �( C;��# $!-%�� ��� �:��7 ���#

?%�� H�� �� 9%1�� �=�;�( �� �:��7 ��4 �� �� -� �� D%� � �( �-� ����1� ��

��/%�# ��� I��� .*�-� $�-��� �A H��F� �� 9%1% �%�� � !"� ,� ��� I�d� �

����F� ��?�� ��� a��� .

Page 48: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

35

@�, �?% ����?% �� G�87F� e� j��7�� ��8%�� : ��8����� 31�/�� 3�-`%# H��

��74�� b��� �� $�7% �%�� ��1��/�� ��7%� 0�1 ( �E �/ �� 3���( ��#�?�� �

����?��

�,#��� �-� �?�;�� $,����( G�?�% ��� �����# � �1 �� ( ���d -� �d���� =�� � 0&d�

� !"� �-� I��� +-7�� )����.

@��%�� � /�� : ��� . $�/�1E� ��`%�� ��%�� �&�� +� </ �� '?� I���

�%�� C��������/# $� +� �%B%.

@���/ �,#�#�( �� �-8`�� �E�4 �� ���( �/��� : +-��� +;8% �%�� C��F��

� 1� ������ �� )�#% & ���� ����� G�# �E�4 �� 0�,1� ��� b1/% ��-,���

,�� �� $%� �%�� �;���� �E�4 �� ��� �" ��?1�7 �� !( ��� �,-��% ����?�% �-� + �% �

I�/ +� ��� f�%�� � +-7 �/# C�% ����1� ��% � C���.

@����4F� : � � =��1 �� !"� 341 3�#�( � =� , �##� ��% � =�� � ����4F� �� ��

$,%���% $,8*� �1#� �,� �#�/%� ����� a�1�� ���( �� ��#��;&� � �� %

�,�-� 0�1#) �� !2010 :J8. (

������ ���� �� :

5; # �?-�% �� ������� ���1% "�,%��� �� !"� " a��( �-� �� !"� �% +��

�� !"� H-% �,# % �%�� ��"� . % �� !"� �( �-� �� !"� ���� ���#�( '4�%

�8-%7 +�� ��B#) .�� � 2007:J91.(

Page 49: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

36

�( �-� � !e� �� -��� f�� 1�� G8%% � !"� +��–C��� @ �-� +�� .#( ��� $�?%�

���%�� �1��:) �� �����2004:J164.(

1@�����%�� �-� �� : �1� G�"� �� ^-� =� ,# ( =��;� � 0�4 �,�� ��� �%�� ��

�1� $E�F� �-� 3/� <��� +�� I��� D� �� C�4�� ( ��/%&� ( $��� �� ��� �A '* #

?%�� �(�,/� �� �� !-%� �:�,% <#�#�( �� ��.

2@C�&�� �-� : . + ��%� �( �1� $E�F� �-� 5��% +�4# �%4% � !"� 1% )��

�,/� �� 3-�( �41� �*� ���*�# � !"�.

3@�/81&� �-� : �-� '1��� C�4�� C?�� � ����� �/�# !� %% �%�� �-� �� ��

� �1� $E�F� �#��%�� .� / ��7%� �,%�7 � !"� 3�#�( ���`% �� .� / H��

���� b���� � !"� $�� '* �� 3��� ��0�/F�.

4@���1&� �-� : ( ������� ���?� �,1��?� � !"� �4E% �,�� (�#% �%�� �-� �� ��

� ���d� �-� �� ��� �� $E�F� G%�� �-� .?� �,� C�� �� =&� � !"� 9:�%1 �/��

� !"� 5* +#* =��:�� ��� I��� ���#��� .;�� ��� + ��� 3-�B# C���� ��� .

:م� �م ا�Bرث�: ث�&�

�,1B# � ���� '�% : �� �8�( ����#� + �� ( I4# +�� 3#�# =E�� ��* � ���

�'7�� �;8�� � =�/ ���4( C#%� ��4# ���� :��7 � !"� �� '-%7% �,1��

�,%�� B% � +�-?%�� ��d�%�� ��� F�# �3�#�"� �� �� ��;� �,1� �� . $� ��� � (

C��7 � !( �-%� =��� / $*�8%% D7( )�� �-% �,1c� +��� ��� �,?�� �/� . ��# �*E���

Page 50: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

37

?-% +�%% $�� �� �?#% �%�� )����� =�;�( ��##� �*E� ���-�� ���?1�7 �� !( ��� =��:� .

+#* . %/ �� �� +�8��# � :�* �1�� �� !( �� '4��� �� =�##� ��%� =�� � )���� �( � �

�,1( &� �� ���� 5*

0��A ��% C%%� �1�� �( ��# +��� �?�1 � �,/�7� �-� + �%� ��� ���� �� �1��

#�% �� �� ��*��� �� $�� ( ��,%�� ( +��/%�� !#% )���� ��# �c� <�-� �'�4F� ��

�,-�8% �� !"� �1�)G#�� �� �� ! :J4.(

�� +-7 �� �84� �%�� ��%���%% ��%1� +E7 C�/ �� ��* �%�� � ���� H�� �- ( �

�-�d �A G��1 ���"� ��# �� ��1���� ��� / �� ��# 0�1# �?�1 -� ��%�%�� ��1#��

8�( ���-��,�� ����; 5* �� � .

����� f��? ����:

)E �/ �-� G8%% )���� C��c# �?-�% �� ��0�/F� ����41�� + / ��8�1�% ��

)���� C��F �����( +�� :

1@ � ���� +#*� �-� : ���7%�� + 4%Planning ��!��/�� Preparedness

��*% �� ��-#?%� �� )���� �,/� � d#1%�� ���� H�� � ;%� �Forecasting

�1� � ���� �,/� ��0�/� G��1% G#� �� �;�%�� +/( � �- %� �� )����#

)���� . + ��%-� ��#��% ��- � ��1��## $��?�� �,�*.

2@ � ���� �-� : � ���� �,/� ����41# G-�%%Response ��� � '�87%

Mitigation �A� . ��#�1 �� �Relief Rescue 0��e� ��16� C���%�&� ���� �

� ��-� �� �� I4#�� . /%-� ���#���Recovery.

Page 51: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

38

3@ � ���� ��# � �-� : �1#�� +��B% C���F ������ ��0�/F� 9��%��# + 4%

� ���� 3#�# 3�7-� �;� ��Rehabilitation �� �&� 0�1#�� C���� $ �

��# H��

4@ ���/,% ��� � ���� ��( �%�� ��4#�� ��� / �� ���% C����Resettlement .

)��-? 2003J�43.(

�[���� pY��d:

3#�% �����% ��#�%% )���( �� +�% ��?1 � ���� ��%@�,�* 0�# �1�@ � ��

.���� +�8�� � ��1�� � � '�;� � %%�� � ����� �/� ���� / ��,%,#�/ �-�

( �� -� �� C�1� =��1 �����% �� �, ���( �,#�/ �-� C�?�� �� H4�� � ���� �/%

C���� ���,% � <- % � � �,%,/� �� %� ��,/� �� 0�1 ( ������ ��81�� �`;-� ��,�?1

C�%# ��41( +:�� 3����( ��� �,%/�� �<%��-% ���1&�@����-?% �A@ �,/� �

����8�� �&��%&� � ����� �/� �-� � ��1% ��1 ��/�� ���*% �� �A ��:�/8�� �, ���(

�,/� � �,8��% �,%��� ��� ���% �� �� �� ��1�� F� ��*���� �� $��%-�

� ����).���1� +�2010J �24.(

����� n�BE :

$?% I��� �1 �� 51%# � ���� 51%% ��� $�?1% �<�E7 �:) J �G#���� ./ ��32(

Page 52: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

39

���1 �� ����#� : ��/�� ( ��/��/�� ��#��;&� ( ���`%-� �/�%1 )��� I��� +"�

)+���� ����#�� +!&!���(I4# +� �� ( B�7 �/�%1 )��� I��� � �1� �� �) G:���

81&� ����?�� 3E?1� )��� �.1�� �� +!�1 �����A ���/.(

�1� �� $�?�� :��-%7 �� ����1��� ����#��� )���� : C��� ��;% 3#�# )��% �%�� ��

51�� ��� �- ( � ��1��1� + �� . ����#� : G��1 �� D��� �� )��% �%�� ��1�;�8��

�� "� +���� I�/ �� ��41 �� 0�1## ���1F� �����% 3#�# �� "� C�!A 3#�#.

���[� ��A��:

����� � ���d���� � ��B�

HI�J �Y��� L!� �����M � ��B :

�� ���� %/&� $��1�� $E�F� , /�� ��# ��* �*E� �/ a��( �-� ���1�� ��� $?%

G�?�% �� �����% <%�/�� �#-% �%�� �� -� ��# ���!%� $E�F� +:�� �-� , /�� � %��

������ B% � E G�?�% +E7 � ��/��%�&� :����-� ���8��� ����� . �4�� �( ��

+:�� �,�#-% C���/ �� -� �� )�#�� ��� <���� ���;?�� ��# ��/% � A � �8�� <#

C��� $E�F� . ��:�?%1&� ������ + ���� 3�-% �,�� '*� �� +�4%% ��1� �� �-� �� ��

, =��� ��;* ��/% =� ..��# ���;?�� ^�� a� �� ���7%�� +E7 � $E�F� (�#� $

���"� ��� ���� %/&� ���81�� $,%�/��%�� 3��1� I��� +�4��# �,-�-�% �� -� �� ��%7� .

Page 53: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

40

�8-%7 �� .�;� �� � ��:�,1�� $,8*� ����% $,��� ��� �� �!7 �� �-� � B%�� $ �

)� ����2003J�164.(

+��� �� � � �� =E?1 C�� � �1��# #%��) �+��� ��2003J�282 ( ���1�� ��� ��

$���� I(�� +��%&� ��# �*E�-� ��-� C�1 $�?% �� ��- �4 �� . � � ����#�� �-:�"� 31/%%

. %/ �� �-� �#� � B% �,� +��%&� +:�� �1�� ��� .1�� ��� <%��;( � $�( �( ���

���� %/&� $-��� �� �:���� � -��� +� �� ���1�� a��% �� �+��%&� +:�� �� d� . %/ ��

�-�81 f�� 1 �/ ���� �-��8% �� ��1��� � �#� � �1 � C����� ��� �1-� � �����

9:�%1�� 3�#�"� � .

* �*E� �/ a��( �-� ���1��#��� �� �� %�&� f� 1 ,� +:�� , /�� ��# ��

��� %/&� $��1�� $E�F� . $E�&� +:�� �-� � %�� , /�� �( �-� f� 1�� ��� $?�

��/���� ��� G�?�% �� �����% <%�/�� �#-% �%�� �� -� ��# ���!%�.

$�� f� 1�� ��� $�* � +( � � �%�� -� I� ���1976 $�� ��# � �� ��� $

1989) .��%41987 :J126.(

�-� C���!% C�# �� %�� )����� . %/ �� �� ���"� �( �� f� 1�� ��� �� C�� $�(

� # G-�%� � �� <�/%�� �� -� ��# $���� F H�� $E�F� +:�� � C� %� �� �� -� ��

$,%�� %/ �� )��� .� � ������( �-� �� %�&� ��� �/� 51 '*%�:

*. %/ �� �,1 �1��� I��� �?%�&� $�� ( 5���� ( ��`%�� �/�:

Page 54: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

41

'� ��-��� �8����� ��� �� � B%�� � #�( �* G�?�% �-� $E�F� +:�� C�* ��

��%� �� ' � !� % +�4# �� -� �� +?1 ':��# +:���� ��� $?% � �1� ���!%

� �?%�&� $�� ��`%�� 5���� ���! � -� <1( �%8� ���� %/ �� �� )��% �%�

��� I�d� � $�?�� ���B% <�/%�� �� -� -� <%/�� ���! . %/ �� �� �� !"� ����`%��

�/���� C� %��

< �?%� �-� =��� %�� �( , /�� b#�� '��� ��� + �� ��,1� )�#�� �� -� -�

� �� �� -� � $E�F� +:��. %/ �� �� ) . J �� � �+��� ��282.(

*. %/ �� �� �� -� -� �� � $E�F� +:�� �� �( �/� :

��� <��� ��% =E C8��� , /� �$E�&� +:�� �-� �� %�� � , /�� '-%7�

� �1�� ��:8� H�� )��� �( �� � � � ��,�-� � %�� ����-?%�� $E�F� +:�� �A D7(

��� �-�%�� ���� %/&� �,�:��7 �,��� =�?� , /�).J �G#�� �� ��%4127.(

Page 55: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

42

�A�� ��A��

�WA��� ������

+ 4% ��&�/ �� '-%7 +��% ���/�7 ��-7�� C�#� �����% �#��� $E�F� </��

���� C���"� . �( ��E�� � "�%"1 �=��1 =� � ��#��� $E�F� +�!� ���� ���

��!�/1� <1 3-� �� $�, �� D%� � +*( �<,/�% �%�� �����%�� D%� � +*( .

�8�� �% � 5�( 5�?�c# �%% ��#��� �� E�F� ��� �� �( �� + %% $�"� �*�8 ��

JE7%�� �,%��� ��� �� ��� �#�� �-� ��?�� �#��� � E�F� I�1�� ��,1�1�*

<-:�� �� � E�F� 0��"� D%� .� �� ���% ���� �� d�� ���/ � ����

���� <%&�/ ) �;71999:J3.(

�,1 ������ 5; # �*E� �,� �%�� ������� ��## �1��%�&� $%:

� A��� ������ :

1@4#�� ��� �# � � ����)2003 ( ��8���� ���`%�� ��1�# ���/8%�� )���"

����� �1�� �� ��#��F�.

$��?% �1�� ���� %/� ���� '�% �%�� ��8���� ��8��� ������� � ; ������ ��� ��%

�-� !��%�� +E7 � �8���� 9, 1�� )��#�� $�7%�� � � )���� ( ������ �� �� 4 $,�

������ ��� % �%�� ���;?-� �� �# �� H��� D� .

��� ������ 9:�%1 �-�%:

)���( 5*� �1 !�� ��*%��# �#%� ������� '��-� ��1, �� ��� �� D%� �(

. � �!%� I��� �*�� � �+�-�� � C7B% ����� �� ���/8%�� � �� �� ���/8%��

Page 56: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

43

I( ������� '���� .� /� C�7"� ��#��� ��%�� !�,/ �81%�� ��� 3-�%� "� �(

<-���8%# )���� ���`%� <�� <�� !#".

�&�# $���!% )���� ��� ��� ���8���� ��-�� �� !#( )�## $� %�&� �( ��� ��-7

� �� ����� �� �� � �� �8����� �� ��%�� !�,/ ��# G��1%�� C0�8��� ����� ��%

���� ��� �1�� �* �)���"� � 51�� ��� + � ��1, �� ���`%�� D%� � ��!% �%�� +

)���" �,%��`% �� ������� '���� ����� �� =��-� �#:�A ����:�� � E �� + ����

�B�� �%�� '��� +� �� ��*% �1�� )���"� ��� + �( � $A�� �-� ����/8%��

�,�*�.

3@ ��� ���� �#`�� b��� �#2001��1�# $ : �-� ������� ��� �/�� C�%��( �� %�� D�

������� �� �� E�F� ������� �-* �( )��#�� �,�� ��� �%�� ��� !"� 0�1 ( $E�F� +:��

�� , /�� �( ���7 +�/ �� ��� ��� ������ <�/%� <%��� ��� !"� $E�c# G-�%� � ��

�%� $� �������G#���� �� ������� � 51�� ��� + � � .

� ������� ��� �/�� C�%��( '* ��� �-� !�%% C� � 9:�%1 ��� ������ �-�%

s� �,%��`% 0�1 ( �,*��1 �,��1( 'E%7�# $E�F� +:�� 0��(" # %#� � 4� I����� � !(

�,%�����% "/�� 0�/F =��?�#�% =�/� 1 �1�� �%�� C�%��"� b1 )�� �����-� �1��� �� 31�

43

��-� �� $E�F� +:�� 0��" $��?% +;�("������� " ��� ��,%�����% � !e� �,%��`% +E7

���%��# �� !"� �� ���� �?�*� ����� �� -� 0���� +E7 � ��-� �� �� ��� '����

�,�-� $��� %��.

Page 57: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

44

=&�d� ������ �� )��#�� ^� ��� �/�� C�%��( �,-;8� �%�� $E�F� +:�� +� =��%8

D%� �� �-� =E�;8% �� � ����� '�� a 7 !#( �1�� ������� �� ���4 �����

�� �1���� I( 3�� �-� �� :���� ������%*&� �C�!/�� ����� ������ . ��� 3#�#

� ��1, +�4# ��#7�� C�� �� �,��1% ���4%1�����/ 3�%� �/� ���; . �-/ �-/�

'�1�� !�/%% �#�1# +�;8%�� �� � �* �-�( � � ���)56,7(% ��# H�%4� 3#�# H�� �

�,�� �1���� ���(.

4@ ��� ��1,# ����� ����)2000 (��1�# : $E�F� +:�� �-� , /�� �� %�� D�

�� !"� 0�1 ( ��� ��:

��*E� ���#( ������ ���1% 0�1 ( $E�F� +:�� �-� ��� �� ��� �/�� �#-� �� %��

��# �*E��� �,# <%? D� ��,�-� ��� %�� 3�#�( �, /�� D�� �,%� �( 3�%% �� !"�

�84� �%�� 9:�%1�� � ��� ��� )��#�� J-7 �+:���� ��� �-� �� %�&� ��# �? �� ���

����F� $ '���� $ ��!8-%�� �( �� � %�� �%�� $E�F� +:�� � �? �� �%B% ��� �� �

�� !"� 0�1 ( , /�� �,�-� . ��# ��:���� ��&� ��� G� �/ �� 9:�%1�� �8�( � �

�� !"� 0�1 ( �,�-� , /�� �� %�� 3�#�B# G-�%� � �� )E �� ��� �� $E�F� +:��

� �? �/� ��# ��%*&� � ����� �/� �/ �/� ��� �� $E�F� +:�� �� , /�

�,�-� ��� %��.

Page 58: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

45

� ABK� ������:

1@ ����Wisenblit )1986 (��1�#:

Crisis Management Planning

�:� � 7 �-� ��/( ��� !"� C��F ���7%�� ��8�� �-� '�%�� ��� ������ ��� '�,%

��� 9:�%1 �,�( ������81%�� 0��d�� � ��� J?1 � �1��� ���� �� �#� �� ������

�* ��,%,/� �-� $,%��* �� �? �� ��� �?%8� $,1( � � ��� !"� �,/� � ����%�&� ��

��)98 (% � � � �+� �"� C�/%�� +�/ �� �� !"� � 3, & <1( ���� �� �

�( &� �3:�;�� � -� �#�1��# +����)50 (%�� $,1 . + ��%-� ��7 �/% & <1( �

�� �?� H�� � $A�� �-� ��� !"�)97 (% ��� �-� $,%�* � �? � $,1( $,1

$,%��4 �( �-� ��#�/ �� .� / +#* � 5� /� H�1� ��� �* �� !( ��*� ��� '�%��

�� !"� � ����%�� 5�1e� +*"� �-� �;� �� :��4 �� �����1��� )����� ���:�#�� +

�;` �� ����4F� �� �1"� . + ��%�� '*% ���/%1 �� �� 3���� ����� ��� ��#��;&�

'1��� +� �( 3��F� ���?�"� .

2@ ����)1994( �FrederikK Ku,Soffin and Stan��1�# :

Balance of Newspaper Coveerage of u.s. in Gulf War

�%�� ��� ������ ���� D%� �-� �� �( �"� '���� � .�% �/��� ��8�� �-� '

��& D%� �-� =���!% �"� �,1B# !� %% D7( '�� .�% . C��% �� ���&��

3��� ��� �; ����� �G���� �-� 3��� . ����� H:�( 0�" ��/�4%� .

Page 59: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

46

"� �1�� =���!% �"� '���� �( ������ 9:�%1 �,�( �* ���( +��% �-� �*

��� I�d%& )��# C��* �1�� =���!% +*"� '���� . �1�? 3��� �; $� ����� H:�(

�,:�* �1� 3��� . ��1? 9:�%1.

�WA��� ������ L!� G !���:

��� )���� �� !"� C��� +�/ �� ��/( �%�� ��?#���� )��#"� ������� 9:�%1 �4%

�1� �( ��� !"� $E�c# $� %�&� ���%�� � ��?�1 �� �,� ��%% �8-%7 )�� �� !( H

C�� a��%# $� %�&� ��� ���;� ��*"� ��� + � $���1/% �� E�� ��� 3��%" C���

�� !"� " �� 3��%�� !�� ��� �/�� ��# � �* �?� �3��%�� !�� ��� �/�� ��

��1���# ��� ( C�� a��%# ���#����"�� !"� C��� " ����% '�,# ������� �,/ �# ��

)���"� �� !"� ��� �,/� � �,�81.

. + ��%-� �-#?%� ���7% ��� ������� �� �� E�F� ����d �� f�%�% H�� 0; ��

�� �� <�-� !�1�� ��� � !&� +�� ���- � � C��8%�&� +E7 � �� !"� �1%�

�������..

! ��A �WA��� ������ NOP �� �B���� � ���� :

��� �� ���� +�� � !"� C��� C� . ������� '���� + ��% ��� �-� !��%��

���7% .;� �� E�F� ����d -� ����% 9:�%1# f7-� ��,,/�% �%�� ��*� ��

���� �� !"� . + ��%-� �-#?%� ) .

Page 60: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

47

���[� ��V�

����� � KXB�

- �,%1�� ������ . %/

- ������ C��(

- +�-�%�� C��

- +�-�%�� ��:�

- C��"� ��# G��

- ��1��#-� ��:���F� �/��� ��

Page 61: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

48

���[� ��V�

���� � KXB�

� �7%�� ��,%���A ��� +��� +/( � ��1�? �� ��8��� ������� � ������ ��� ��%

+�4# ������ D%� � I����� �1� �� '�% C��( �,1� �� ; �� +�-�% C��( � ��#��

�� � $�1 ��; )(Berelson,1952,18.

� � ; �� +�-�%" �� � ���; � �%1 �?��# <-�-�% +��%&� ����� 3-�(

���`% �� a��* '�,#) " ��7( �#1998 :J205@206 (����# <�� $��

1952 <1B#"� � $�1% ��; +�4# +��%E� ����� � ; �� '�� )�# C��( "

)Berelson, 1952: p2.(

+��-� ���% �%�� 9��1 �� ��( ��� I��� ��? �� �8��� 9,1 �� ������ ��� �� %��

� �?�*� ����� �?��# ��1��#�� .� /% � ��B%�� ��-�4 -� G�*� + �� '� �-� �

�!��%�� 5�1( � 51 I() �����1976J �125 ( '�%�� ����`� 9,1 �� ��� $��7%�� $%

������ +� ��;?�� J:��7 �-�.

$�1 �� ��; �� '�-� =�� �# =����1�% ��#%��# �� ; �� +�-�% C��( ������ � �7%��

�� � .#B# C��6� ��� !� %% �+��%E� ����� D%� -� � ��� $��%1&�# + %% ����:

�� ��� '��� ���; �� ( ��:����1989 :J149.(

�X�B �� ����� ���K� :

�� ��� ������� '���� .� / � ������ ��� . %/ ��%.

Page 62: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

49

$% ����� G#���� |��%��# ����� ����� ���� '�� ����( �� ������ �1��

.�!%-� =�?� �1���� ��%7� �?�1 �� ���� + % )�� ������� ��#��� ��- -� ���`/��

��*4�� �?�1 �� + % ���� C��/ ������ �?�1 �� + % ����� C��/ ���#`��

'�� �/�& ��8�� ����d � .;7% ������� �� '���� .� / �( � ��& ���#1/��

�� C��� �8��� D� �� ��)D?�� $(.(

$/� {-#�1���� )96 ( .*�# =����32 5#�&� G�#�% $% �( ��# H�� �8��� +� � =����

� ��8���� �18�� '-%7 # ������ .; ����"� ���� � ; �� +�-�% ��`� ����1���

G�?�% ( �?% ( #7......

$* +�/��)1(

����� �B �

$���@,4��@�1��� �����)����� $*( ����)*����� $( ����)����� $*(

20@4@2009 14910 15577 3125

28@4@2009 14918 15584 3133

6@5@2009 14926 15593 3141

14@5@2009 14934 15601 3149

22@5@2009 14942 15610 3157

30@5@2009 14950 15617 3165

7@6@2009 14958 15625 3173

15@6@2009 14966 15633 3181

Page 63: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

50

23@6@2009 14974 15641 3189

1@7@2009 14982 15649 3198

9@7@2009 14990 15657 3205

17@7@2009 14998 15665 3213

25@7@2009 15006 15673 3221

2@8@2009 15014 15681 3229

10@8@2009 15022 15689 3237

18@8@2009 15030 15697 3245

26@8@2009 15038 15705 3253

3@9@2009 15046 15713 3261

11@9@2009 15054 15721 3269

19@9@2009 15062 15729 3277

27@9@2009 15070 15737 3285

5@10@2009 15078 15745 3293

13@10@2009 15086 15753 3301

21@10@2009 15094 15761 3309

29@10@2009 15102 15769 3317

6@11@2009 15110 15777 3325

14@11@2009 15118 15785 3333

23@11@2009 15127 15794 3342

Page 64: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

51

30@11@2009 15134 3088 3349

8@12@2009 15142 15809 3357

16@12@2009 15150 15816 3365

24@12@2009 15158 15824 3373

����� f�E:

�� C41 �� ��8���� �� �� +�-�% �� =� ��7%�� ���"� �( � � ; �� +�-�% ���

���� �:����� � E�F� f�%1&� ��� 0� �1 ���� ��-?��� ��� ��� +�-� �E/ �� '

)�����2006 :J26 ( �� :�?-� �1-��� ����%&� H-��� +�-�% ���E � C��( =�;�( �

+��%&�#) "�7( �# :J205 .( <1( � �" � ; J�8� $�7%�� $�%1 0�/� I(

�-/� �� �� -� ��) " � � �H�1� �1998 :J205.(

� � ; �� +�-�% 3-�( $��7%�� $% �,%-:�( �� �#�/&� ������ '���( G�?�% ���`�

�� -� �� . / ���( D��� ��% �%�� �� ; �� +�-�% C� %�� +E7 . C� %�&� �1 ;%

)32 ( �-� ��! +�-�% C��)7 ( $* G�- �� �� ��; ��:�)1 ('�4� �� �1�#

$* G�- �� � ; �� +�-�% C� %��)2.(

� !��� f���:

�:!/%# (�#� H��� �=�� � =�8� � ; �� ��1� '� ��� ���� � ; �� +�-�% ��

�,# J�7�� ��%�� 3��� �,:���� ���� +,�� �����( ��1� ( ���� ��� � ; �� .

Page 65: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

52

$��?% 3�� � ; �� +�-�% �� �����( ���� a 7 H�1��� ����#:

)l��X��1974 :p29\30(

)1( � -��� C��The Word Unit

)2( C�8�� ( 5; �� C��Theme Unit

)3( ���74�� C�� Character Unit

)4( ����F� ( 41�� C�8 C�� Item Unit

)5( � !�� ���� �� a��? C��Space and Time Unit

=� �/�1� =�81� �,��� �4 �� +�-�%�� ���� �( � �,1" 5; �� C�� )��#�� $�7%�� �*

������ +�-�% '���( . .

��7%�� =���4 ������ �( � �� C�8�� ( 5; �� C�� �$E�F� )�# �� =�

D��� ��% �=���4 C���� �� �( � ; �� +�-�% ���� $�( #�( C���� ��� + %

$�?�� ����/%&� ��:����� �� E�F� �� �� +�-�% �� �����"� �� �����

����?%� ��)J �G#�� �� �����78( ����-� 3%���� +�1% $��% C���� ��� �� �

D7"� )C?8�� ��- /�� �� -��� ( �1� �� $�7%� ���; �*�# ��d�1# ����%7� $%� )��

��/%� �1�� �� ���"� ��� ��% 0; �� ���%� >�?-� <-��% ��� 3%���� '�,� I���

�-���� � ; �� ( 3%����)C��/��( � �

�%�� C�8�� �$���� I(�� �-� ��� �� ���;?�� "� C?� ( ����# �- / �,`��%

�,���* ���� +,�� +�-�%�� �� �-�4 � %& ����) ��� ����#�1983. J140.(

Page 66: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

53

� !��� ��Y� :

+��% I( ��:!/%�� $,8 # �� ; �� +�-�% �� ��:8�� ����% '�1�%�� ��- � �#%%� =�#��A

0�!/( ��� +��� )���� ( ��8�� ��� �a��?�� ��-� �-#�* ����� � =�?#� J:��7

��:8�� �-� ����( +�4# '*%� � ; �� +�-�% ^�/1 �" �=�?�*� =�8� �,8� $%� ����

#%�% �� ; �� ���#� . )�#�� �-�4 . �,8��% �,�; �*� +�-�%�� �� � �7%� ��

��#�� � �`��# C�, �*� ��� f�%�% �#�� +�� �� �( � ��- ��� ���) ). �#�

���� ��1982:J283 .(

�,1( �-� +�-�%�� ��:� '�% " ������c# )��#�� $?� +:��8�� ( ��8�1�%�� � �� /

� ; �� ��� '� �� �, �7%�� ��� �+�-�%�� '�� ���%� � ; �� ���1� =�?#�

-�%�� ��1�� � b�%� � # �+ 4�� ���; �� � �1� �#�1 �-�B# <8�1�% f�7%�� +�

�� +,� 3-��# 9:�%1��). "G#�� �� ����� : J88.(

����� ���� �8��� � +� �� C�/ � �� ��!�17�� �!1-81� � !( ���; � =�?�

�81� �� �,-�-�% ���� �,���* ��- � �-� ����� � # �,�#; ��:8�� ����% $% �����

���%��� :

kM�E :�Q��� �Y�: ��� )�� � 5; �� ��# $� %�&� D� b;% �%�� �:8�� ��

��:? �� �����Readership � �? �� �� �%B% ��"� ��8��� �( �-� �'��-� �#�1��#

Page 67: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

54

��# ���8��� ��?# $ � ���� �%�8� $ � � �� �� ��8��� $ C�7"� ��8��� �,�-%

H��).G#�� �� ����� :J100.(

$% �?� <�-� �� ��:� )E ��� �:8�� ��� '�1�% :

1/1\L��� ��V�� : ( ����:�� �8����� �1�� 0�� �8����� � ��"� ��8��� ��

G�- ��.

1/2\� !d�� ��V�� : ��8��� ��"� ��8��� ��# .?% �%�� ���8��� ( ��8��� ��

C�7"�.

1/3\f� d� ��V�� :8����� �� ��8� 7( �� ( ����:�� �8����� �� �1�� 0�� �

G�- ��.

k� B�[ :V��� �V� �Y� : �1� �� E�F� C�� �� ���7B% �%�� +��4"� ��8���� �18��# ��?�

a�( C�� G� �,1�# !�� %�� $%� ��1% �� , /-� �, ��?% ) ��12004 J �36 .(

�� ��8���� �18�� � 5�1( ��#� ����% $% �*�-�� �-� + %4% �:8�� ���:

2/1\�Ad� : �� $E�F� �,�-� � %�� �%�� ����%�� +��4"� $�( � �8���� #7�� #%��

�E�4 � <�� � $,# ��� �� $�����# J%7% �#7( 0�#1( � $, ,� � # ��� /�� ��!%

)���"� H-%# ���7�� ����8%�� �E�-�%�� $��?% . )���( . � � <1(" �� a��"� /�

0�1#

)����� +�? ��� ��� �� �,1��( .� /# ������� �,�-� $?% �%�� C�� �� � ��8�����

�?%��) " ��#-41984 :J27 .(

Page 68: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

55

2/2\� �W�� : � �� / �!�% ��; +�4 �� $�?� I��� I��%�� �8�� �

��;* ( )�� +� 0�6� �� -� �� .:�*�� � �( ( ����74�� � ���74 (

��1��� ��� � �1�@I�#7� .��� �/ . @ ( ��8%�� ( '���# �� � b ��

���# =�#�� C��� ��� +���"� �� '*� �� )���"� ��# �#�� G�-�%�� ��?�

��1��#�� ( ����;%�� $��� ( ���74�� ( ���; ��) ��-�2002J �117.(

3/2\G W��� : . %/ �� � �8���� �,�?%-� ��;* ( �-�4 ( C�� ( #7 �-� $?�

��� +�-� �,1�# f�!� $ ����A 0�� ( ��1��# � C�� �� . /# $?� $ �<�� ���� I���

G�?�%-� �,��� �%�� C�8�� ( �-�4 �� ( ��;?�� fE�� +��� ) . ��-�2003 :J118 .(

2/4\��W�� : 0�( �� �8����� ����� �� 4�# +�4# #�% �%�� ��8���� C��"� �

����� �-� �� $���� I(�� + 4% �%�� ���;?�� �� ���/�� �� ��� )���"� �� �,#�%� ��#

.. �,%�&&� �����#( '4�� � # �,�-� G�-�%�� ���/�� )���"� ��8% ^4 +E7 �

�8-%7 ��)#( ���! 1985 .J179.(

2/5\V��� � ��� : ��8���� �-#�? �� (" G:�?��� '4� �-� $?� I��� ���� �� �

�%�� ����74�� ( ���74�� . +��8%�� +E7 � �,��� ��� �%�� '�� �� �� -� ��

�� �-#�? �� �� 0�� $���� I(�� ( 0�?�� $,% C� ���;* �� �8���� ����� =�,/ ���74

�&��%&� � D7"� +:���� G�� �� ( � </� )." �~� ��1996 :J11.(

2/6\� ��� ���� : �� C�#� �%������� �� " �?��# ���74�� $�?% C�%7 C��

�;��%�&� G�� �� ���/�� )���"� �?%1% ( ��B�7 ( �B�7 ,�% )��# ����� �

� ��1%���� $���# ( $�� ��74 ( ������� �?1�� � � �%������� + �� �J1�� �

Page 69: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

56

���/�� )���"� � )��) " �C�;?��2008 :J173 .( !��%�� D/ ������ ��� ��

C�/ � �� �!�17�� �!1-81( ���; # G-�% �� �%������� �-�.

2/7 : �I�J: <1( �-� '�� "'�,� � �� 5�� ����%� ��41 ��-� �� $E�F� ���

)� �7 ( C�� ( (��� /��# +��%&� +:�� #� �,� 9�%��) "��� ��2003:J187 .(

k�[��[ : � ��r�A �� ���B�� �Y� : �� � �%�� ��� E�F� C�� -� ����#��� �/��� �� ��

�#% $,��� ��� 5�#�1� G-7 �0�?�� �-� $7; � B% G�?�% �, ��7%��# 5; �� �� �B#

)�����1983:J101 .(������ ��� �� �,# ��?�:

3/1\� Y�� ��B�� : )��# �I#7�� J1�� �-� ��&� �� �( ���1��� �( � ���

���# >�?�� ��#%1� �8-� C41 �� �� E�F� C�� �� � ; �� #��) �.�#2005 :

J146.(

3/2\h�B�[� ��B�� :��� ��( � �?�?� ( C�� + �� ���:�� ��1�-� C!!� �� ���1

'�� �A ���:�� ��1��� �,�� ��� �%�� ��8���� �� 1"� . �%B� �C���/ .

3/3\���� �������� : #�% �%�� �1- �� ( 0����� 0�;�#�� ��18�� C��� H-% ��

, /�� 5�1*F C�/�� ����7# $�%% �#7�� � ; �� �� �� -� � � � ���#

#7��)J �G#������ ��96@97.(

3/4\���J : �8���� � 1��# ���% ����; �� ��# +� $�� I��� f����� <# ��?�

��8���� �� �� �#7"� � ��� � �( <��� ��1"� �8� �!�#� '�,# ���8��� �-�

�,�81 ��8��� �� C41 ��)�����/12002 : J237.(

Page 70: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

57

k��A� : ���!��� ���� �Y� : +:�� ����d �� J�74"� ��8���� C�� �� �� # ��?�

�,1 �#7"� �-� �� E�&� �-���� +��% �%�� �8-%7 �� $E�F� . ��� � �� ��?%�� ���%%

��%�� ��� ��� �, �* � �,1 #7-� �-*�1 ��1�� ��� �,1 � a�( C�� G� #7��

7 ��/�)J �G#�� �� ��191.(

��� �� �� �,%��� �� � ��#�� � �* �* :

4/1\V��� o��B�� : �%�� ����� a81 �� ��� 0�� �8����� 3���� + �� I��� ,�

�-�� � �" ( �8����� 3���� + �� ��� 0�� �,/�7 � ( �8����� �,1 ��%

�� E��.

4/2\��Y�� ���� :? �� ��:� �� � �,/ � +:� �� ������ ��� �� <# ��

)���� ��.

4/3\� ����� s�AB� ����� : ) a� (

�� �� . /# $?% �$E�&� +:��� ���` �� ����1��� D��� �,1B# 0�#1"� �&�� '�%

% ( b#�� G�?�% �-� � � ���% ��,�� ��%4 �� '���� �-� �,��!% �� E�F� G�?�

��/���� ������ '���() . �G#�� �� ��1129.(

4/4\ ����d� : H�� �A 0�#7�� ���1, �� 0�#�"� ������ ��� �� <# ��?�

4/5\��O?/ �� �V!� : �����F� ���� �� �� ��?1 �� ��?%�� �#7"� �,# ��?�

��:�;8��.

4/6\�B��B? :�?�-�%�� �#7"� �,# ��?���1%��&� ��#4�� �� ��?1 �� �.

Page 71: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

58

4/7\g�O � r :�8���� +�? �� 3�%� ��# ����% �� ����;�� �,# ��? ��

k����d : n�t��� �CB �PE �Y� : �,# ��?�" $:�?�� ( 3%���� ���� �%�� '���"�

�, # ��� +��%&�#) "J ��:����159:1989 (+ 4%:

5/1\� Y�Q� � ���� �PE : � ���%�� ��� ���;F�# ���? �� ���%�� 41 �,# ��?�

� �7# �#��F�.

5/2\� KI� � ���� �PE : fE��� G�# , /�� ���% �,# ��?�) C;# ���%���

C�/ � �� +E7 �� &� +����# ��;% �� C���� ( ��!�17�� �!1-81� ^�?� $��7%��.

5/3\� Y��� �PE :%�1� : $,�-� �-� C����� ���"� ����74 �� � �%�� ����

��� � ! ��� . %/ �� �,�� H�4 � �* ��� ( �� -� �A #%�% ��A" . )

�$�� �2005 :J64(.

6/3@ g�O � r: �*E� ��� =��#7( � ;%% �( �� � �%�� ���#7F� �� �� �,# ��?�

�A ������ .* ���; ��#��/E��� ( ��:�*�� ���%�� '���B# �� 4 ��.

k�����1\ : �M����M)� ��Bd� �B�!VB ���E : ( ���; �,�#%% �%�� 3����"� ��

�,/���% �%�� �-�4 ��# �� ��� '���� 0�* 5�1*& C�/ � �� �!�17�� �!1-81� � !( .

��� � �*:

6/1\� V��� �M���� :% �%�� �� ������� 5�#%& , /�� '��� ���/ 3��7

� �-���.

Page 72: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

59

6/2\� BIW� �M���� : ���; �� $���% +E7 � 0�?�� +?� 3��7% �%�� ��

���:���F� $�*"�#.

6/3\� V �d� �M���� : ��#-� � ( ��8��; )�� ���� %�� �� '4�% �%�� ��

-��� � %�� +�� �� ��� �� �-� a��1%�:��7�� ����.

4/6\g�O� r :�&� %�� I( + %�%& �%�� ���; �� �,# ��?�.

k�����2\ :H W� �Y�)f�K �[��� ( : ( ��� +�4# +��%&� � ; �,���� �%�� $�?�� ��

��#�/�� ( ��#-� �1�� 0�� �1 ;) . �� ����#�1982:J171.(

a��( �-� �,8�1�% $% :

6/1@ � A�K ? H Q:�� .��4 � ^E�� �+ ��#�/�� � �* + �% ���#� ( �� -� $��7%�

��� '� .��4 ���%�% ��1#.

6/2@ � A!� H Q: + ��#-� =� �* + �% ���#� ( �� -� $��7%��� : �C �% .��4

� �� �I��� ���� �+��.

6/3@ ��!�d� H Q:�#�/�F� $�?�� � +� $��7%�� �,�� $% �%�� �� a81 �� ��#-��� �

5; �� .

4/6\H Q ���A :5; �� a81 �� ��#-� ( ��#�/�� =� �* + �%& �%�� ��.

Page 73: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

60

k��A�� :�Y� :������ : .; � ; -� C��/�� � ^�% �� $/��� a�?% �%�� �:8�� ��

� -� )��# < ��?% 5; �� ��# $� %�&� D� ��� $/��� �1� �4� )�� �+�-�%��

�!$� %�&� ����!� �-� E��� H�� ��� ���� �� ��).G#�� �� ����� :J100(

L�? ����� NOP � ���Q� :

8/1@�#� : � #�()212 .(8/2@ ���% :� +*( )212.(8/3@ C�`� ) :100$� .(

� !��� f�E ��A[� G��:

"��* C��"� ��% �( �1� # �)�#�� C��B# G���� a��? G-�%�<-/" � �� a��* �-� C "

) ���!����2004:J64( ��8��%�� +�-�%�� C��( �� D/ I����� G���� � ��B%-�

9��1 $E�&� $-� �� C#7�� I� � ���%7 �� � ��� �-� +�-�%�� ��:8� ��:�/F�

�#& �<���?� ��; � =E�� a�?% �,1( � ��B%�� �,%�� 4 �-� $��-� )�#�� �� $,:�� 0�

��7( ����8�� ����:�� +�-�%�� ��:8� ��:�/F� �� ���8 �� ��8��%�� +�-�%�� C� %��

��:�,1�� �,%� �� C� %�&� �� ��; �#%�&� ���# $�d�� $,%���E .(*)

��# ��@ �:���F� $,8 ��# @ a��?�� ���( �� �� -� �� ���E?%�� D� a��* �1��

�� � � ��1 !�� �1���� ��-�-�%�� ������ ��:8�� �,�81 '��� ��% . <1� �1� # ��,%

I;��

+�-�%��# � :�?�� '-%7� � , �-�-�%�� )�#�� C���� ���� �� �,�81 �� -� �� �-� +����

� D��c# +�-�%�� ��# a��* �� � �)�#�� C���� ��- � <�� $%% I��� ��*%�� �`%(��%?���:

Page 74: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

61

��"� �?���� : +� +�% C; �1� # �C�� �-� +� +�-�%��# �� :�?�� ��# G��%"� ��

<�81 � ; �� �-� <%��� +�-�%�� ��:� G�#�%# �,�81 9:�%1�� ��� $,1 .

��1� �� �?���� : 9:�%1�� ��� +�-�%��# �� :�?�� +�% C; �1� # ��1 !�� G��%&� ��

�%# �,�81 �s8-%7 ��*( �� I/( � � �� <�81 � ; �� �-� <%��� +�-�%�� ��:� G�# .

) �����1996:J126.(

�s�# +s�-�%�� ����( �+�-�%�� !� %�� ��- � $� %� ��#� ���1� �� �?���� � ��#�� � �7%�(

1 +"� +�-�%�� 9:�%1 ��# ����# ���E%7� ��/ �* ���"� ��- ��� �-� ,4 �; 9:�%

�%B� � ��� ��-7 �D7( ��:� ,�( ��:� 0�8%7� ��� H�� I�d� $� ��1� �� +�-�%��:@

����� ��� +�-�%�� �%-� �� $�% G�8%� �-� �-�� �%�� ��:8�� ��)8 ( ��:8�� 5 / �

{��#��)9( ����� G�#�% �1� �)�%��� ( ����� ��# �/� �-� � ��#�� �-�� ��# �� a��?�

��:

2× 16 = 8 =88%

9 + 9 18

�`-# ��# �� �/� �( ����� �� +E7 � b;%�)88 (% �1 -� ��� ���7 ����� �/� ��

�#�1# ��! �� G�8%� �(75 % �,�-� �� %�&� �� �& �;871 ��% �#�s1 ��% � 1�# 90 %

��# �� � ����� �#�1 ��� ) ��� ����#�1983J�222.(

Page 75: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

62

��B� A!� � Y���J �K����� :

9 �1# �:���F� +�-�%�� ���- � �� � ��#�� �� %��SPSS �-� ��1��#�� +�7�� $% ��

7%�� �`� �8��� 0���F� #� ��1��#�� ��,� ��:���F� �/��� �� � % �%�# ��� f�

'���( �� 3�/% �?�*� 9:�%1 ��� +��� ����`� H�� ���: �� 3�1�� ����%��

������ �&d��%.

Page 76: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

63

�A�� ��V�

����� iY��B

=&�: ������� '���� �,% �7%�� �%�� � ���� � !"�# �?-�% �� ����%��

������ .; .

=��1� :-81( � !( ���; � ���7 �� ���� �� �� C�/ � �� �!�17�� �!1

�8����� :

=� �� :�8����� �� �� �� .* .

=��#� :� �7%� �� ��8���� �18��.

=�� �7 :����A#�%�� ��1���.

=����� :� -� �� �� .

=��#�� :41�� '���(.

=�1 � : �,- �% �%�� �&� %�&� �C�/ � �� ���; �,- �% �%�� $�?��

!� ���; �!�17�� �!1-81� � .

��� �� �� �� ��� �`% � ��#% 'E%7E� I���"� ���#%�� +�-�% 9:�%1

�#%7� 9:�%1)LSD (��� �� �� �� ��� �`% � ��#% 'E%7E�

Page 77: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

64

������ ����

������ ����

���� ������� �� !�" #���� $%��&��� '�( � ����� ������� %� )*��� �� '����� �(��+

�������)- .�� �(�/�.(

���� : ������� ����� �� �������� �� !"� ���� :

#$� ���%)2 (

��*��2�� �*��(��3 ��*3 ��� �4���

������� ' �����*5�

������� �.���� �������%

' ����4�����

������� �.�����������

��*5� '.� 10 6.3% �4����� '.� 3 8.6%

��*5� )��4� 139 88% �4����� )��4� 11 31.4%

��*5� �7. 9 5.7% �4����� �7. 21 60%

!�����

8������ 158 100% 8������ 35 100%

��*5� '.� 5 5.6% �4����� '.� 28 22%

��*5� )��4� 77 85.6% �4����� )��4� 66 52%

��*5� �7. 8 8.8% �4����� �7. 33 26%

9��"

8������ 90 100% 8������ 127 100%

��*5� '.� 5 6.4% �4����� '.� 2 3.2%

��*5� )��4� 68 87.1% �4����� )��4� 8 12.9%

��*5� �7. 5 6.5% �4����� �7. 52 83.9%

%:���

8������ 78 100% 8������ 62 100%

Page 78: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

65

"�&��� � ��� '������ %3 ;�< =.���� '����� ����� ��/��� �!�17�� �!1-81( � !(

�-� �-� ���� ���� ����� C��/ � +� �� !�% �* �C�/ � ��)� !"� 0�1 (( �

����� C��/ �� ��0�1 ( +�1%-� �#�1 �-A( �`-# )��)88 (% ���� ��)85.6 (% ���

%:��� ����� �>(.)87.1 .( �5���� �4�+� �( ���� %3 %� � �� �� �!�% C�/

� �-� )� ���� ��# ( ����� C��/ �� +�1%�� �#�1 �`-# )��)60 (% �� �#�1�� �`-#

���� C��/)83.9 ( �� �,��� � ���� +�1% !�% )�� �H�� �� ���� C��/ ��4

�-� )� ���� 0�1 ( ( �,%#�1 �`-# ��)52(% �1�� � ��% ���� �( ��� H�� D!�� �* �

/� ���� .* C�.

'���� $� %�� $�� G#���� +�/�� � b;%� �� ���� � !"� +#*� �-� � �#�1��#

� !"� +#* �#7"� �#�1 �`-# �� � +�� �� $�( ��% �%�� �-� �� ��,# ��/ +�4# �������

���%�� �-� ���� ����� ���� C��/ � +� �� )6.4% �6.3% �5.6(%�1��# � �#

.* �� �%�� ���� C��/ �� � ���� +#* �#7( �#�1 ��8%� C�/ � �� ���; �

�`-# )�� )����)22(% �#�1# ����� C��/ �,�-% �)8.6(% C�7"� �#% �� �� �0�/ �

�#�1# ���� C��/)3.2.(%

�����( :� �� )�% (���� ��!��*�� �!��+�� !� ��,�-� � ��* �� ��� �� ����

������� :

� �� �!�17�� �!1-81( � !( .�;� � ������� '���� �,%��7 �%�� ���� �� ��� �

���%�� +�/�� �� ��: �� �#�1�� ����%�� ����!%�� f�7%�� $% C�/:

Page 79: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

66

#$� ���%)3 (

��!��*�� �!��+�� !� )�% (���

)���%�� ��� �� ������� ����� ��� ��%

��� �� ������� ����� ��� ��

%

��.� 5 3.2% ��.� 1 2.8%

:���� 61 39.1% :���� 11 31.5%

��>� 90 58% ��>� 23 65.7%

!�����

8������ 156 100% 8������ 35 100%

��.� 8 8.9% ��.� 8 6.4%

:���� 19 21.1% :���� 32 25.6%

��>� 63 70% ��>� 85 68%

9��"

������8 90 100% 8������ 125 100%

��.� 7 9% ��.� 7 11.3%

:���� 23 29.4% :���� 15 24.1%

��>� 48 61.6% ��>� 40 64.6%

%:���

8������ 78 100% 8������ 62 100%

$* +�/�� 9:�%1 �4%)2 ( )E �� '���� �� C�`��� ����� �� $��7%�� �#�1 5�8%� ���

!( ���; � +�� �-�( �-� ���� C��/ �-�� �C�/ � �� �!�17�� �!1-81( �

�!�17�� �!1-81� � !( ���; �� �`-# )�� ��#�1)70(% �#�1# ����� C��/ �,�-% �

)58 (% �#�1# ���� $ � )61.6(% ��1� �� �/��� �� ���% �� ���� �� $��7%�� 0�/ �

�!�� )�� �)E �� '��-� C�`��� ��# $��7%�� �� �#�1 �-�( �-� ����� C��/

Page 80: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

67

�`-#� ���% �� ���� ��)39.1(% �#�1# ���� C��/ �,�-% �)29.4(% C��/ $ � �

�#�1# ����

)21.1 .(% �`-# �� �#�1 �-�( �-� ���� �!�� C�#��� ���� �� $ � )9(% �,�-% �

�#�1# ����)8.9(% �#�1# ����� $ � �)3.2.(%

3�ام .� <Y' �R ا9 P1Dأ P1D ظ��D i1=ة ح� ���� ���`��D�[��� �R>��� Cت آ�ر�M ج��

�`-# )��)68 (% �#�1# ����� �,�-%)65.7 (% �#�1# ���� $ � )64.6(% 0�/ �

�#�1 �-�( �-� ����� �-�� )�� ��1� �� �#% �� �� =�;�( ���% �� ���� �� $��7%��

�, ��7%�� �� =�;�()31.5 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)25.6 (% �#�1# ���� =��7�)24.1.(%

�#��� ��% �� �� /��� �-� �,1��`� C�`��� ����� �� '���� $��7%�� D!�� �*

'���� �� C�/ � �� ��!�17�� �!1-81( � !( � =E� ���1% �%�� .�;� �� $/�� �#�1��#

$* +�/ �� � � ��� �)E ��)5 (� #7�� �� �-� #�( +�4# �� %�&� ��� �4� I��

��� $��7%�� $�� ��� ���;� �C�#� ����� ���� ��� f�%��& C�����# � �8����

$* +�/�� � ��#% � � ����;%�� $��� )6 .(

��(��( :������� ����� �� �������� �� !"� ��,�-� �$� :

#$� ���%)4 (

��(��3 ��*3��*��2�� �* ��� �4���

������� ������ ����� ����

������� �.���� �������%

���� ������� ����

������� �.�����������

!����� ;��� 31 19.9 ;��� 5 14.3

Page 81: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

68

��(2�� 113 72.4 ��(2�� 29 82.9

���2� 12 7.7 ���2� 1 2.8

8������ 156 100% 8������ 35 100%

;��� 19 21.1 ;��� 18 14.5

��(2�� 64 71.1 ��(2�� 91 73.4

���2� 7 7.8 ���2� 15 12.1

��"9

8������ 90 100% 8������ 124 100%

;��� 19 24.4 ;��� 6 9.7

��(2�� 56 71.8 ��(2�� 52 83.9

���2� 3 3.8 ���2� 4 6.4

%:���

8������ 78 100% ;��� 62 100%

����� ��/� ������� �?.��� ��������� %3 ;�< =.���� '����� !�% �* ��8���� �� �� .* �

���8��� �� C�/ � �� �!�17�� �!1-81( � !( � +� �� C���� '���� .� / ��

C��/ � +� �� 3�1�� ��� �`-# )�� ���-7����)���� ���� ����� ( ���%�� �-�

)72.4�% �71.1% �71.8(�# � C�/ � �� �� ���%�� �-� �#�1�� �`-# � 1 )82.9% �

73.4% �83.9 .(% ��"� ��%�8��� �-� ��8���� C�� �� �/�% �#�1 �1�% �( ��E�

,��� ��� �C��/�� �� ��� �� � ���� ( � !"� ��7 ���%#� � -� +?� C�7"�

"� ��"� ��%�8��� �� C���� �#7"� ��% �� ���� ����� C��/ � +� �� C�7

�C�/ � C����� ���� C��/# ��"� ��8��� �� �#�1�� ��� ���! �� �C�/ � ��� �#�1��#

�,�� C�/ � ��� �#�1��# ��"� ��8��� �#7( �#�1 �`-# )��)14.5 (% �� �`-# � 1�#

Page 82: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

69

����� C��/)14.3 (% �#�1# ���� $ � )9.7 .(% �#�1��# �!1-81( � !( ���; �

.*�# ���� C��/ �� ��"� ��8��� $��7%�& �#�1 �-�( �`-# �!�17�� )24.4 (% �,�-%

�#�1# ����

)21.1 (% �#�1# ����� C��/ $ � )19.9 .(% ���� �!�� C�7"� ��8�-� ��1��#

�`-# �� C�/ � �� ���; �� �,� $��7%�� �#�1 �-�( �-� =�;�()12.1 (% C��/ �,�-%

�#�1# ����)6.4 .(% �#�1# ����� $ � )2.8 .(% $��7%�� �� 3�1�� �#�?% � 1�#

�`-# ����� ���� �%��/ ��# ���# G�8# � !"( ���; � �#�1��# C�7"� ��8���

���%�� �-� �#�1�� )7.8% �7.7(% $��7%��# '���� ��� 7( �� ���� �0�/ �

��8��� �#�1# � !"� ���; � C�7"� )3.8.(%

������ : �!��+�� !� ��-�� � �/����� �� ������� ������ �!�� ���� ����� 0����1)�% (���� ���!��*��

#$� ���%)5 (

��*��2�� �*��(��3 ��*3 ��� �4���

������� %�������� ���

������� �.���� �������%

%�������� ���

������� �.���� �������

%

�.2 89 56% �.2 14 40%

����� 34 21.4% ����� 10 28.6%

����� � 10 6.3% ����� � 2 5.7%

'��� 18 11.3 '��� 9 25.7%

!�����

-�� � �

4 2.5% -�� � �

0 0

Page 83: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

70

��������� 4 2.5% ��������� 0 0

8������ 159 100% 8������ 35 100%

2�. 40 45% �.2 31 25%

����� 14 15.7% ����� 18 14.5%

����� � 9 10.1% ����� � 17 13.7%

'��� 19 21.3% '��� 47 38%

-�� � �

2 2.2% -�� � �

7 5.6%

��������� 3 3.3% ��������� 4 3.2%

%@"� 2 2.2% %@"� 0 0

9��"

8������ 89 100% 8������ 124 100%

2�. 40 52.6% �.2 18 29%

����� 21 27.6% ����� 11 17.7%

����� � 5 6.6% ����� � 9 14.5%

'��� 8 10.5% '��� 21 33.9%

-�� � �

0 0 -�� � �

0 0

��������� 1 1.3% ��������� 3 4.8%

%@"� 1 1.3% %@"� 0 0

%:���

8������ 76 100% 8������ 62 100%

� ����� ��/� ;(" *��� �� � ��� '������ %3 ;�< =.���� '���� ��)�8���� #7�� ( ��

C��/ �� �#7"� �#�1 �`-# )�� �!�17�� �!1-81( � !" �,��1% �1� )E �� '����

Page 84: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

71

�����)56(% ���� �)45 (% ���� )52.6 .(% C��/ �-� G#�1� ��� �( ��� ��

)�� C�/ � �� +�1%� �#�1��# ����� �,�� I#7�� �8�� �#�1 �`-# )40(% �� �`� � 1�# �

���%�� �-� ���� ���� �%��/ � +� �� �8���� +�? ��)38% �33 .(% ��� )��

+�#*� �(

C��/ �( H�� �� ���� ( � !"� Cd# �� �1�� ��� �#�%��� �-� ���!� �&�? �� 3�%�

�� ���� C��/� �/� �C�/ �� ��% ���� .* C�/ �1�� +7�� .#�� ��% 3%

� ���� . $� %�&� �%������� �� ��% $� '���� .� / �( G#���� +�/�� � ��E�

� 51�� ��� +� �� $% )�� �'*� �� ��� �� �%������� �� �( � $A�� �-� ������

��� �#�1�� ��� �-� �� ���8���� �18��)0 (%� ����� C��/# � � �C�/ � �� �

+ �� < ��7%�� ��� I��� �8���� )����� �� �-� ������� '���� �� %�� �-* ��E�

)����� +E7 � b;%% �%�� "� ��# ^4� �8� <1( � ��& $, ���; �� ���

�8�� ��� �- �( �������� '���� �( G#���� +�/�� � b;%� ��� ���8���� �-#�? ��

)�� �#�1# ���� C��/ �� C�/ � �� ���; �� < ��7%�& �#�1 �-�( �`-#

)5.6(% , �#�1# ����� C��/ �� < ��7%�& �#�1 �-�( �`-# �!�17�� �!1-81( � !( ��

)2.5 (%���� C��/ �� < ��7%�� ,�� $� � 1�#.

��� �* :��� �� !"� ��-�� �� �*�� �� ����2������ �������1�����

#$� ���%)6 (

��*��2�� �*��(��3 ��*3 ��� �4���

������� ����7������A�.����

������� �.���� �������%

����7������A�.����

������� �.�����������

Page 85: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

72

%���"����

146 39.2% %���"����

35 39.3%

%���""�

81 21.8% %���""�

16 18%

������� �������

100 26.9% ��������������

30 33.7%

��:< 45 12.1% ��:< 8 9%

!�����

8������ 372 100% 8������ 89 100%

%���"����

77 51.3% %���"����

109 40.2%

%���""�

32 21.3% %���""�

40 14.8%

��������������

18 12% ����� ���������

55 20.2%

��:< 23 15.4% ��:< 67 24.7%

9��"

8������ 150 100% 8������ 271 100%

%���"����

73 42.2% %���"����

52 45.6%

%���""�

40 23.1% %���""�

23 20.1%

��������������

42 24.3% ���������������

28 24.6%

��:< 18 10.4% ��:< 11 9.6%

%:���

8������ 173 100% ������8 114 100%

Page 86: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

73

#�� '����� ����� ��/�)6 (� �� $�������� B ��� ���� %3 ;�< ��1�-� �,��1% �� �!�

�( ��� �4� ��� ����:�� ��1��� �-� � ���� � !"� ���; � ����A#�%��

$� %�� �-� }0�1# �,� '���� +�1% )�� � ����( +�4% )���� �� !"� ���;

0�?���,1� �/%�1�� ��7 -� =��1 .�;� �� � 51�� ��,# . $��7%�� �#�1 �-�( �1��

�#�1# ���� C��/# �!�17�� �!1-81� � !( ���; �� ���:�� ��1�-�)51.3 (% �,�-%

�#�1# ����)42.2 (%

��1# ����� $ � )39.2 (% ��1��� $��7%�� �� �#�1 �-�( �-� ���� C��/ �!��

�`-# )�� C�/ � �� ���; � �#�1��# ���:��)45.6 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)40.2 (%

�#�1# ����� $ � )39.3 .(% �!� ������� ������� �( G#���� +�/�� � b;%�

�`-# �� I1� �� ��1��� � #�( �#�1# ���:�� ��1��� ��# ����;�&� C��� $��7%�� �-�

�7%�� �#�1 �-�( �#�1# ����� C��/# �!�17�� �!1-81( � !( ���; �� �-� $�

)26.9 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)24.3 (% �#�1# ���� $ � )12 .(% $��7%�� ���

�`-# )�� � !"� ���; � #�( C�/ � �� ���; �� �-� ������� �������

�#�1# ����� C��/ �� �, ��7%�& �#�1 �-�()33.7 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)24.6 (%

�#�1# ���� $ � 20.2 .(%

������ : (���� ��!��*�� �!��+�� !� ��-�� �� ������� ���+� �� �+� �� ����

1)�%

Page 87: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

74

#$� ���%)7 (

��*��2�� �*��(��3 ��*3 ��� �4���

������� �������(7���

������� �.���� �������%

����(7������

������� �.���� �������%

�������� ���

19 12% �������� ���

5 15.6%

'���� ���� 54 34.1% '���� ���� 14 43.8%

)�.�+� ����� ����7���

42 26.6% )�.�3 �5���

1 3.1%

%���2� 23 14.6% %���2� 7 21.9%

�"��</%��*�(� 0 0 �"��< /%��*�(� 0 0

������� 0 0 ������� 0 0

D�� ��A 20 12.7% ���� 5 15.6%

!�����

8������ 158 100% 8������ 32 100%

�������� ���

13 15.9% �������� ���

19 16.1%

'���� ���� 32 39% '���� ���� 27 22.9%

)�.�+� ���������7���

12 14.6% )�.�+� ���������7���

5 4.2%

%���2� 14 17% %���2� 19 16.1%

�"��</%��*�(� 0 0 �"��</%��*�(� 11 9.3%

������� 0 0 ������� 0 0

D�� ��A 11 13.4% D�� ��A 37 31.3%

9��"

8������ 82 100% 8������ 118 100%

Page 88: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

75

�������� ���

13 15.7% �������� ���

7 11%

'���� ���� 30 36.1% '���� ���� 15 23.4%

)�.�+� ���������7���

15 18.1% )�.�+� ���������7���

0 0

%���2� 18 21.7% %���2� 15 23.4%

�"��</%��*�(� 0 0 �"��</%��*�(� 0 0

������� 3 3.6% ������� 4 6.2%

D�� ��A 4 4.8% D�� ��A 23 36%

%:���

8������ 83 100% 8������ 64 100%

���� '����� ����� ��/��.�"� ;(" ������� B ��� ���� ����"� ;�< =. )+:� �� �� �� (

�-�( �`-# )�� �C�/ � �� �!�17�� �!1-81� � !" �8���� +�1%�� $�� � =������ =���

�#�1) +:� �� �� -� ( �#�1# ���� C��/ �� �!�17�� �!1-81� � !( .�;� ��)39 (%

�#�1# ���� �,�-%)36 (%� �#�1# ����� $ )34.1 .(% ����� C��/ �!�� � 1�#

�#�1# C�/ � �� ���; �� +:� �� �� �� �-� �� %�E� �#�1 �-�( �-�)43.8 (%

�#�1# ���� �,�-%)23.4 (% �#�1# ���� C��/ C�7"� �#%�� ��)22.9 .(%

=E�-* ��� � %� �� C��/�� � �-� �� %�&� �( ��� � � �#�1 �-�( �`-# )�� =��#�1

�#�1# ���� C��/# �!�17�� �!1-81( � !( ���; �� �8���� 3�1 -�)15.9 (% �,�-%

�#�1# ���� C��/)15.7 (% �#�1# ����� $ � )21.(%

Page 89: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

76

�#�1# ���� C��/# �� ���� ���; �� C��/�� � �-� �� %�E� �#�1 �-�( �`-#

)16.1 (%� �,�-% �#�1# ����)15.6 (% �#�1# ���� =��7�)11 .(% C���� 3�1�� ���

H-% �� �( � $A�� �-� C��/-� ���7�� ��� �� �-� �� %�&� $�� ��� G#���� +�/�� ��

�8��� ��" ���7�� ��,�� �,�E7 � ,�% �%�� ��� �� .

7( ��� � �#7( �/ ��� G#���� +�/�� 9:�%1 ,�% D)H�� �A �:� ( ����% ���

�-�( �`-# �� C�/ � �� ���; �� �:8�� ��� �#�1 ��8%� ��&�? �� 3�%� ����;��

���� C��/ �� �#�1)36 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)31.3 (% �#�1# ����� $ �

)15.6 .(%�� C��/# �!�17�� �!1-81� � !( ���; �� �,� �#�1 �-�( �`-# ��

)13.4 (% �#�1# ����� �,�-%)12.7 (% C��/ �1�� H�� �A �:� $��7%�& �#�1 +*(

����)4.8.(%

������ : !� ��-�� �3� �4* 0 �/5�5�� 6�7 ������� ����� 6��� ���� ���8"�)�% (���� ��!��*�� �!��+��:

#$� ���% )8(

��*��2�� �*��(��3 ��*3 ��� �4���

������� �/� B�� �8�&����

������� �.���� �������%

B�� � �/�

8�&����

������� �.���� �������

%

��"��������

70 45.5% ��"��������

26 74.2% !�����

��"�����@"

55 35.7% ��"�����@"

5 14.2%

Page 90: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

77

����"� 18 11.7% ����"� 3 8.6%

D�� ��A 11 7.1% D�� ��A 1 2.8%

8������ 154 100% 8������ 35 100%

��"��������

36 40.4% ��"��������

45 35.7%

��"�����@"

36 40.4% ��"�����@"

36 28.6%

����"� 11 12.3% ����"� 28 22.2%

D�� ��A 6 6.7% D�� ��A 17 13.5%

9��"

8������ 89 100% 8������ 126 100%

��"��������

34 43.6% ��"��������

18 30%

��"�����@"

33 42.3% ��"�����@"

36 60%

����"� 7 9% ����"� 5 8.3%

D�� ��A 4 5.1% D�� ��A 1 1.4%

%:���

8������ 78 100% 8������ 60 100%

Gول ر����ئ` ا�� �-�1!� ) ا���D-�(إ�P ار�ع <�R أه�اف ) 8(-81( .�;� 41 0�1 (

���� C��/ �� ���%�� 3�1 �1�( �`-# )�� �C�/ � �� �!�17��)64 (% .�;� ��

�,%��#% ��� '���� �� '���"� � �#�1�� ��,� ����� 5�8%&� +�-�% �� � �C�/ � ��

���7�� �,%���- � $A�� �-� � ��� 5��?-�.���� C��/ �!�� �� �#�1 �-�( �-� �

�!�17�� �!1-81( � !( 0�1 ( �`-# �� ��:�*�� ���%�� '���"�)45.5 (% �#% �� �� �%B%

Page 91: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

78

�#�1# ���� C��/ ��1� ��)43.6 (% �#�1# C�7"� �#% �� �� ���� C��/)40.4 .(%

C�/ � �� ���; � �#�1��# <Y' �R أه�اف P1Dأ P1D ة ا����ض�ا���� ح=i1 ج��

�R>�. �-ا����ئ ���D��1-&� ج���ة D��ظ .�<�R %) 74.2(ا�)35.7 (% �R>�. VFا�� GM Vوم

)30 .(%

VFة ا����1 5ا ا���3ز�� 'Y ج�� <l� �Rه�اف ا������D ا�/,ج-� أ��Mء أزم� أ P1Dأ i01.

�R>�.)42.3 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)40.4 (% �#�1# ����� $ � )35.7.(%

1� ��� ��!�17�� �!1-81( �*�?� ���; ���1% �%��� ��:����� �#7"� ��#� �#�1 H�

���4�� �,%��1 �� )����� D� ��,%� �" .1? ��8% ( ^4 �/ �� �� � ���

�#�1# ���� C��/ �� �#7"� ��� + $��7%�& �#�1� �-�( �`-# ��,� ��1� ��

)12.3 (%���� C��/ �,�-% �#�1# �)11.7 (% �#�1# ���� C��/ $ � )5.1 (%

�!��

�#�1# ���� C��/ �� C�/ � �� ���; � �#�1��# ��:��� '���( �:� �� C��/ �-�(

)22.2 (% �C�/ �1�� � ��%�%�� ��1#�� �/��� .��4 � 0�,%1&� 3* �� )����� � ��

0�/ H� �� C��# '�8/% ����� '��� ��� ���; 41� �1� �� !� �� �� �

�#�1# ����� C��/ ��:��� '���( + �% )8.6 (% �#�1# ���� �,�-%)8.3 .(%

ا.����.ت ا�(�:�م� ��ا�42 أزم� أ%���%Nا ا:+�ز�� وا'�2 ا�(�:�م� �$ آ�رث� : ث�م+ً�

�ةP:

#$� ���%)9(

��!��*�� �!��+�� !� )�% (���

)���%�� ��� ��� � ������� �����#�5�� ������� ����� ��� ��

Page 92: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

79

��� ��% %

�9�, ��� ��� 45 28.7% #�$

���%�7

22 62.9%

��45, ��� ��� 47 30% ��+� #�$ 8 22.9%

���*� ��� ��� 65 41.3% #�$

9+�*

5 14.2%

:�����

;� % �� 157 100% ;� % �� 35 100%

��� ����9�, 19 20.7% #�$

���%�7

48 38.7%

��45, ��� ��� 35 38% ��+� #�$ 54 43.5%

���*� ��� ��� 38 41.3% #�$

9+�*

22 17.7%

<��,

;� % �� 92 100% ;� % �� 124 100%

�9�, ��� ��� 17 21.8% #�$

���%�7

19 30.2%

��45, ��� ��� 26 33.3% ��+� #�$ 22 34.9%

���*� ��� ��� 35 44.9% #�$

9+�*

22 34.9%

09���

;� % �� 78 100% ;� % �� 63 100%

����� ��/� $* +�/�� )9 ( �!1-81� � !( .�;� �� ��8�7%�� �&� %�&� �#�1 5�8%� ���

$�� ������� ���; �� �� -� �� �-?� ��� �* H�� �)E �� '���� �� �!�17��

� �&� %�& �#�1 �-�( �`-# )����!�17�� �!1-81� � !( � 31�/�� ��� �� �,1� )�#�

���� C��/# '�7%��)44.9 (% �#�1# ���� ����� �%��/ �,�-%)41.3 (% +��

� ,1 .

Page 93: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

80

)�� �C�/ � �� �� '���� ��� ��#� ��#-��� ��#�/�&� $�?�� 3�1 �%�8% ��� ��

�;871�)#-��� $�?���� ( �,%#�1 �`-# ����� C��/ ��)22.9(% ��� ��8%� � 1�# �

��� �#�1��)43.5 (% ��# ���� C��/ �� ��#-��� $�?�� �#�1 ���% ����� C��/ ��

�`-# )�� ��%?#���� ��%#�1��)34.9(% ��� 5�8%� ��# ���� �*E� H��1� �( ��E� �

� ��� � � ���� 3* ��#����� $�?��'���� H-% ���.

�� �#�1 �-�( �`-# ��-%7 =� �* + �% �#7( �/ ��� G#���� +�/�� 9:�%1 �4% � �

���� C��/)34.9 (% �#�1# ���� C��/ �,�-%)17.7 ( % �#�1# ����� $ �

)14.2.(%

=�� !�� )�=��� �4�*>=� ���9 �� ��� �� ��, �� �9?��� @��� �+�*� �8 ��� ��

4� A(������ ! ��.�2� #��2��� #�)B ( '������� %��(���� %����7�)10 (D�� ����� %�.� .

#�� '���)10(

� ��:��� ������ ��" ��>��� �7.� B@�2@� E�� +� %��.��� '�( � �����

%��.��� ���� ��7.���� 8���� ��� �� ����� :FFFFF������7.����

B ��5���

��"������ %�. 1330.53 2 665.26 16.45 0.00

'FFFFFFF2�� ��"������

1658.45 41 40.45

8������ 2988.98 43

'����� %� G&��)10 ( ����� H� ��5��� I���� �>(. ��:������ %�. =����� %�.

��� H� ���� %3 -� )B ( �>(.)16.45 ( ����� 5� ��5��� I���� ��" ���� �

Page 94: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

81

0.05;�� ��/� �� � $ ��" ��:>��� I���� ����� < ��5� ��� ����� ���� J��

����*�� ������ B@�2K. � ��:��� ������ . ��.�2� )���� #� =����� ���� ��� ���)LSD(

#�� '������ ���7.�� �������(�)12 (��.�25� ����� G&�� .

#�� '���)11(

��.�2� �����)LSD( ��" ��>��� �7.� B@�2@� � ��:��� ������

������� ' ����� ��:������ %�. =���� ��5���

'.� L L

)��4� L

!�����

�7. -12.67 0.00

'.� L L

)��4� - L

9��"

�7. -12.27 0.00

'.� 12.67 0.00

)��4� 12.27 0.00

%:���

�7. - L

�د ا�� ) 11( ��md مV ا���ول D Y' ف,��0-� ا���ة .�ن ا6خ�� �/R�اد ا��>�وح�

�� G�NR� ( V وا��Mء اBزم� وا���ر�M(ا�5م�-� اn&�ت ان ج���ة ا����ض وD��ظ 'Y ا���ة

�د ا���اد ا��>�وح� 'Y م�ح�1 D id3 ح-o1. p ا��ق ) ./�(ه��ك '�وق اح=�ئ-� .-��� ا

Y ح-V ان ج���ة ، ')-12.27(وج���ة D��ظ ) -V-.)12.67 ا����9>�ت �����ة ا����ض

Page 95: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

82

Y' د ا���اد�D Y' ان ه��ك ز��دة p-د ا���اد ا��>�وح�، ح�D Y' آ�ن ه��ك '�وق VFا��

H&� '�وق)م�ح1�NR� Y وا��Mء( G� زم�Bا � .، 'Y ح-V أن ./

Page 96: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

83

v��d� ��V�:

�� ����� iY��B�

- 9:�%1�� �4*�1

- ����%��

- ���%? ��

Page 97: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

84

��V�v��d�

�� ����� iY��B�

����� iY��B �CQ�B�:

�� ���� � !"� )�� �-� �-� �!� ������� ������� �( ��� ������ 9:�%1 �-�%

� ���� � !"� � ��"� �-� �� �-� 3-� �� +�4��# !�% $� �����# � ) +#*

�, �� (% �* �%�� ��"� �-� �� �� �( � $A��# �`-# )�� �� !"� � ���� 5* � ��

�!�17�� �!1-81( � !( �#7( �#�1)� !"� 0�1 ( ( ����� C��/ ��)88 (% ���� ��

)85.6 (% ���� C��/ �� �`-# � ��)87.1 .( � �� �� =&�1% �"� �-� �� �( ��� ��

� �-� �� �!�% C�/)� ���� ��# (�1%�� �#�1 �`-# )�� ����� C��/ �� +)60 (%

���� C��/ �� �#�1�� �`-#)83.9 ( +�1% !�% )�� H�� �� ���� C��/ ��4

�-� �� �,��� � ����)� ���� 0�1 ( ( �,%#�1 �`-# ��)52 .(% ��8%� 4�# �� 3#��� +��

$* +�/��# ����� � ���� � !"� +�� �� +�1%��)2 (C� ���#�� ��� � !"� ���% �

� ,1 +� 5* 0�1 ( � ����.

�� �-� ������� '���� !��% ������ 9:�%1 �,�()�8���� #7�� ( ��8%� )��

�!�17�� �!1-81( � !( .�;� �� #7�� +�1% �#�1 �.�� �>(. -� -@4�� B ���

Page 98: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

85

!����� ����� ��.2+�)56(% 9��"� $)45 (% %:��� )52.6% .( �����.� $%,% $�

�18�� .� /#

��8����@+� �� +�#� �-�@�%������� �8� �,��1% �#�1 �`-#)0 (% !����� �����.

��� �4���.

�#`�� b��� �# ��� ���� . G8%� ���2001 a 7 !#( �1�� <1( �,/:�%1 �,�( �%��

3�� �-� �� D%� �� �-� =E�;8% �� � ����� '���� �1���� I( : ����� ������

���� ������%*&� �C�!/�� .�1, +�4# ��#7�� C�� �� �,��1% ���4%1� ��� 3#�#.

$��A 0�� �� ���:� �� �-� ������� '���� �� %�� +�-�%�� 9:�%1 �,�( � �

�#�1 �`-# )�� �)���� �� !"� 0�1 ( � -� �� �-� +��-�)� �� �� �� +: ( ��

C��/ � +� �� �!�17�� �!1-81� � !( .�;� )���� ����� ������ ( ���%�� �-�

)34.1% �39%�36 .(% ���%�� ��� �-� C�/ � ��� �#�1��# �`-# � 1�# )43.8% �

22.9% �23.4 .(% =��#�1 =E�-* ��� � %� �� C��/�� 3�1 �-� �� %�&� �( ��� � �

( !�/%% $� )�� �-� �� %�E� �#�1 �-�)�8���� 3�1 ��) (16.1(% �1�� I��� "� �

�( b;%� �%�� ��:� �� ��� �� � �� -� �� $,�?-%)C�/ � �� ( d��#% �,##� ���

�/��� �1�� -� ��%�%�� ��1#�� +��4 �/��� �� ���A C�/ �1� ( �� ���:� �� 0�� ��

C��#"H� �� " �� �( +���# C�/ � �� 5* ��# �( ��( !�!����#� �# ~��#� H-

�8� ��#� I��F� ���8�� 3#�# � �� �,1( ��#% �� �� ���� �� ���:� �� �#��� #

Page 99: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

86

$� ����� ����� �� ������� ���� C��/ �41 ������1 # ���2009 �� #7 �

��1�# ��"� �,%�8�)�� �-� 3��� �-�� ~��#�C�/ � ���8 .. G:�?��� ��?% �1/�

��� � �:�� +:��% �1� "� �,1 �1 %��( $A��# �

� <1( &� , /�� a81 �� �#�/�� � B% � #7�� ��,� ��� � @D7( �,/@ �?8�

&� I��F� ���8�� '4� �-� C��* �A �,1( ��#% �� �? �� � =�;�# ������� $E�F� +:��

* ��#� !( ( � �� 5.

'��-� ��1, �� ��� �� D%� �( ��� �4% �%�� 4#�� ���� . ������ ��� G8%%

)�## $� %�&� �( ��� J-7 � � ����/8%�� 5*� �1 !�� ��*%��# �#%� �������

�� ������� '���� ����� �� ��-���# =�#:�A ��� )���� ��� ��� ���8���� ��-�� ��

%)���"� � 51�� ��� + � �,%��`.

� !"� �#7( 41 �� ��-7���� ���8��� .*� $��7%�� 5�8%� ��� ������ 9:�%1 ��4( � �

5; �� <��� </%� �( � =&�# .�;� �� ��� �� )�#�� >�?�� � 3-�%� ��� � ����.

��1% �� �!� ������� '���� �( ������ 9:�%1 �,�( ����A#�%�� ��1�-� �,

���:�� ��1��� $��7%�� �#�1 �`-# )�� ���:�� ��1��� �-� � ���� � !"� .�;� �

���%�� �-� ���� ���� ����� C��/ �� �!�17�� �!1-81( � !")39.2% �

51.3% �42.2 .(% C�/ � �� .�;� � �?#���� ���%��# 3�1�� �`-# ��� �� )39.3% �

40.2 �45.6 .(% )�� � ����( +�4% )���� �� !"� .�;� �( ��� �4� ���

�/%�1�� ��7 -� =��1 .�;� �� � 51�� ��,# 0�?�� $� %�� �-� }0�1# �,� '���� +�1%

�,1�.

Page 100: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

87

�� ����:

1@ !�,/%�� +E7 � ��"� �-� �� ���7 � !"� +�� .� /# $� %�&� C;

���7%�� � E�&� .

2@ �� 3#�%� I��� ���8�� '4� �-� �� D%� �� �-� $E�F� +:�� �-� �`#1� � �

���� ���-% �� ^�"� �� :��7 5* ��� I�d� ��� !"� )����

� ���� 5* +#* "� �/��� .

3@ � )���� �� !"� �#7( ���`%� ����7% ��-�� ���8�� !�,/%# $� %�&�

� C���� �#7"� ��1��#�� �-� �?� �� %�&� $�� ���� �� ��� +!1�� +E7

��:� ��� �� .

4@ �� !"� .�;�� '���� +�1% �� ��8���� �18�� ��� �-� !��%�� $��

51 +� <# !� %� � � ���8���� �18�� +� .�;� �� + %4% �( 3/� +# �)����

�8-%7 ����1*� 3����( � 5; �� �� �B# �?-% �� �4���.

5@ <-7�� '7�� G-?�� �% �� �� >�?�� '? % �%�� �� -� �� $�*&� 41 , )��

C�#� �41 �%�� ���:���F� $�*"� $�� �( +�-�%�� +E7 � � ��#�� ���&

�#��F� C���� �&��� ����� ��.

�����W�:

�� � ��#�� ^%?% ������ 0; ���-:

Page 101: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

88

1@ �?� �+�%�� ��`%�� �� �����# $�%� J�7 .#�� �,� )���� �� !"� �" =��1

�*�� + �� �( � ��& =��/ =� , �C�# �� +�� �� �� � E�F� ���7%�� b#�(

���# �� �,/�� ^�/1 �� � , �� + ���� ��( � �)���� �� !"� C��F $,

���� �� !"� �,/� � �,/�� +�# �1� � !�� + �� � C��8%�&� � �#& ��� �)

���� $��?% +E7 � ���%�� �-� �, � ��� /�� <�/% �`# H�� �� E�F�

0E7F� '���F� ��?1F� ���- � �� ���4 �� � !"� C��� G�8�.

2@ )���� �� !"� �#7( . + ��%-� ����7% ���8�� �/ � �#&.

3@ �� !"� �* ������� '���� + ��%� ��� <#4 ��;� ��7 H�1� ��� �(

)����.

4@ � $E�&� ��� �B# +�% �%�� �� ���� �� ��� ��,/-� ���#%�� � +�-?%��) $E��

� �(

5@ +E7 �,:��" =�� -� =� �?% �8��� +� $��?% � �#& � �� ( � !( +� 0�,%1� ��#

���� �� !"� '�;�� ��?1 �-� '*�� �, ���% C?�� ��?1 ��� � H�� �)

�,%/��� .

Page 102: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

89

�K��� ��Y�Q

:� A��� �K���

:o���

@ +�-7 b��� �.#�� #( )2004 .(f������ �����K�� � HI�J� ����M .�� � : ��

.�!%�� 41�� �����-� $*"�.

@ G�� ���! #( )1999 .(��W������� H!� � � .C��?�� : $�-�%-� C��?�� �� �/ !�

^%8 ��.

@ � �( �$���#�)2002.(���� f��:���� ���B� .���1��&� : ���#��� ��1�� 0������

41��.

@ ��%7 �� �,%��)1974.( lG A���� � ��B� � � ���� ���t� � !�� �� �C��?��

'�� ��.

@� �I�;7�� � �( ��)1990 .(����� f��? :��#� �#%� C��?��.

@)�� � �+��� ��)2003( �� [m�� �� ��B� ����M H!� w��A�.C��?�� : �� ����� ����

.�!%�� 41-�.

@~��#� ��*����)1997(�h� P��K� ���K�� ����� .����� :����#��� �#%�

@8� �# ���7 ���1� +� )2010 ( ��� � ������ ����� �XK�� � ����� ���

����!��� .����� :.�!%�� 41-� I�1�� ��.

Page 103: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

90

@��4%� �#,�� ,a�� ��,�# 3 )1992(.���t�� � !�� . � � � /%

�#���/�� :41-� ����*.

@ �� ������)1404s�.(� ����� � A��� ��!��� � ������ ���� ./C� : �1�� �� ��4

41�� ���#�-�.

@ �1 � � �3�/� )2003 .(�P����� �X�mCB ����M �Y��� .C��?�� : 41-� /8�� ��

.�!%��.

@� ������)1996 .(���t�� � !��.�2 C��?�� :3%��� $���.

@� �� ����)2006.(�!�� ��A� iP�B� � �����:C��?���$E�F� )�# : $���

���3�%.

@� � ����� )1983(����t�� � !�� C��?�� � :3%��� $���

@ �'��-���#� �C! �)1965(xAPO�� xd ��� HI�J .C��?�� :�#��� �8�� ��.

\ ���4 � � �IE ���)1993(� l � ����� � !�� o��K� ����M f�� C��?�� : ��

�/ #� .

@ 3��( �;7 )1999 .( HI�J������.G4 � :�� E�F� �#%� ��.

@ � � G�!���#��� �����)2004.(���[� H���� � ����M� HI�J �� ���C .�� � :

�� -��� �:��� �#%� .

@ � � G�!���#��� �����)2011 .(A��� HI�M. �� � : .�!%�� 41-� C�� �� ��

���#���.

@ � � G�!���#� �� �����)2011( .������ HI�J .��"� �� � : 41-� C�� �� ��

���#��� .�!%��.

@ ���/���#� �.�#)2005 ( lV��� �Ad� ��C��?�� :41�� .�!%-� /8�� ��.

Page 104: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

91

@ ��,�/��%4)1978( �l� ��� ���� � x�� ��B� HI�M�#��� �8�� �� �C��?�� .

@ -� ��/�7�� �������� �� ������� ��#��� �-� 100 $�� ) ���� -#��� ������� �,� :

� ���#�-� 0�8��&� ��� 1419�(

@C�� ��$�� �)2005 .(� �VB� o���.� 1C��?�� � :41-� ����? �� ����

\� ��� �#� � � � | �4�� l 1982 l � ����� � A��� ��!��� � ������ fmCBl

����� :-��� ��41-� $.

@ I� ����#�4 )2005.(������ ����� f��?� B�� HI�J.C��?�� : ��#��� ��4��

����%�� G��%-� C��% ��.

@ � � � � �� 4 )2000( l ����M� HI�M l C��?�� :��#��� +�1�� �� / .

@���?���#�����1410.� ����� � A��� ��!��� � ������:�����.

@ I�4 a�#� �I� ���)1993 .(� y�� H��� � ����� f��? .C��?�� : $��"� !�

41�� � /%-�.

@ $�1 �-��C�;?��)2008(� �HI�� ��Q�V�� � B��� ������ :�1 !1��� ��� � �

.�!%�� 41-� �� -��� ��� ��.

@ ��7� '����� ����#�)1982( � ���t�� � !��� �I�M ������ �C��?���

@ ����#���#� ���� ���#�)1982( � xKXB�� � �WB � j� ��B ������ ����KM ��A�

� ��B��M lN���AE�

@ ��� � � ��!�)1410s�.(������ fmCB� � ������ � ����� HI�J �Y��� .C�/ :

G4�� ��.

@ � ��(��-�)2003(.� � V��� �A���� ��B�s�W� z�� � ���M �� !��� .C��?�� :

.�!%�� 41-� H�%��

Page 105: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

92

@ ��! I!�A �~� ��)1996 (V��� � ��!� � BV� v�� . ��� �� �:�,�� .#��

3�%�-� � ����.

@ � � ��-? )2003 :(B�BA!� o�B� v!K� l����� f��J �[ ��� �A��W����# �.

@ �� � ����I�� )2005 .(����� �K����� HI�J .�1.C��?�� : ��� �� ����

��1�1#-��.

@ G��� +����� � )2007.(����� f��?� ������ ..�!%�� 41-� /8�� ��.

@ � $������ �� )2003( �h� P��K� ����M � �d���� � 5�#� � : 41-� �1�%���

.�!%��

@ �$������ ��)2003( ��M���K��� HI : �#��� �1�&� $E�&� �� �����

�� � ������ :$E�&� ���?�� C�!.

@��-�� ����/1)2002.( x � f�[j�� ������ xY��A�� x��P�K� V��� {�dM

N���B�� .�#�:.�!%�� 41-� ��� �/�� �����-� C�� � ���d .

@ �0�1� �� ����#� ��1�� ��1 )2004(� V��� �Ad�� �2 ����� � : 3%��� ��

�� �/��.

@�� � ��:����)1989 (� �I�M� � ����KM ������ � ��A� iP�B�C��?�� � : �#%�

��� �� -/1&� .

@ �������� $E�&� C�! )1999 .(h����� HI�M f� ��.�����.

@ �'�!/ �H�1 � �!/ �� �)1998.( ���W� �!�� ��A� v�E � ) iP�B�

�!�� ��A�(l �2�� � �.#�� #( b��� � /% � :41-� $�� ��.

Page 106: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

93

� ���K� �Y����:

@ ��� ! � � )2010 (������ HI�J :l� P�V�� ���J � fE�Q $-��� 3��6� ��-�

�1%�# �� �/ ��1��1&�@:�!/��.

@ ��#`�� b��� �# ���)2001(�� HI�J �Y��� L!�� ����� �����K� fO���E ����� z

����� s�B[E.�%�/� ���� ������ ���1 "� $-�-� '��1 �� ����(.

@ ������ !� +E/ � �()1410s� .(A�P�J ���� � ���� f��? .����� : �� ����(

��1 "� $-�-� '��1.

@ �� �( �1�,# �����X�K� ����� z�������s�B[E � ���� HI�J �Y��� L!� �� �

)2000(

@ � $���� �#� �# ~� �#� ��E���)1419�( �#� H- �� ���74 �� �8�� ���? �� $��� �

����� �!�!��� .

@� ���� I�1�� ���� ���� ���M G�C� ���� ��M v!K�1967\1977 ����

�� �:�,�� ������ � �1 �� ������ +� C��?�� 3�%�-� � ���� ��� 1987 .

@ ��� ������ 0E� ��1���� � � ����QJ ����� �Q��� ��A� �OB? H��B � ���

���� ,2004.

���A�� �� ����� ���� �IK��:

@���� �# � � �4#��)2004(� �B �� � � A�P�J �� KV�� ���� � V��� � �y��

�� ��� C�! � %d -� $�? )�# ��� E�F� ��� �# � � $� &� �� �/ ������� $�-�%�

3��F� � $E�F� '* �� � �����.

Page 107: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

94

@��7( � ����)2006 ( L!� o��� ��B � ����� ����A���� o���� ��P�K�

G����� E�F� )�#�� �����-� �#�( �:�����.

@ ������� ��"� G4�� C��/)2@��#�@2009 ( $* ���11389.

@ �'�4 �IE ���� ���� ���B�� � ����� f��? I1��� %d ��# + � �* �

�)���� �� !"� C��F �1� ��25@26#%�� 1997 C�/%�� ��-� �� !"� )�# C�� �

a 4 ��� �� �/.(

@ �$�,����1)2003 ( f�V�� �QI� L!� � Q���� � [m�� ���� �������A $�? )�# �

��1�# .��%�� I1��� � -��� %d -�"G�#�%�� ���1�� ��# $E�F� ���*E7(" �-/ �� �

� C%8�� �� �$E�F� ��-� �C��?�� �� �/�.#���10@12 �� 2003 J �1461.

�B��B�� � B�����M �Q��� �A� �K���:

@ ��8�-7 #(� � HI�M �������� �XK����1%��&� ^�#���� 2007

@�����-� � ��Bd� �B�!VB |�W�l �� $E�� .* � ��"� ��1%��&� C���&��

��&2009

@!�!����#� �# ���7 H- �� �� -� C���*

http://kingkhalid.org.sa/kkDataBases.aspx

@E� ��#� ��/� f7% )�#���1%��&� ���#� �-/ +� C�/# �8�� �� a�� � 3

�?�1 �� �-� H� �� C��# C�7.

@ $��� C��/ .* com.alyaum.www://http

@ �E#�� C��/ .* albilad.www://http com.daily /

@ �1�� �� C��/ .* [email protected]://http

@ ����� C��/ .* com.alriyadh.www://http

Page 108: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

95

@ C�1�� C��/ .* sa.com.alnadwah.www://http

@ C��/ .* sa.com.okaz.www://http

@ ���� C��/ .* sa.com.alwatan.www

htm.sp/[email protected]://http م��Q ج���ة ا����5ة-

� ABK� �K���

1@Berelson Betnard,Content Approaches to the study of political Development. Princeton University, 1964.

2@Munich RE 2002. Topic: annual review, natural catastrophes 2002,

P.15 Munich.

3@ O'sullivan,T., John, H., Danny, S., Montgomery, M., Fiske, J., Key Concepts In Communication And Cultural Studio. London & New Delhi ; ROUTEDGE,1994.

4@ Soroka, N.S Aggenda Setting Dynamics in Canda. Toronto ; UBC Press,2002.

Page 109: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

96

)آ�ر�M ج�ة(ا9���رة N-1$ مd��ن

�د ا���اد: �ر�q ا�/�د: ا�-�م: اG9 ا�����ةD:

م��4 ا��دة $�

ا����

ا!+�ص� ا�+�ن ا����2 ا�Q�-2�ا��2

اه�اف %R� م��ر ا�!��م� ا����ع

ا�(�ح� ا'�2

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

�1 5ا ا���3ز��(ا9���رة N-1$ مd��ن )أ

�د ا���اد: �ر�q ا�/�د: ا�-�م: اG9 ا�����ةD:

م��4 ا��دة $�

ا����

ا!+�ص� ا�+�ن ا����2 ا�Q�-2�ا��2

اه�اف %R� م��ر ا�!��م� ا����ع

ا�(�ح� ا.����.ت

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

Page 110: ˇ ˙˝ ˛ ˚ ˜ ! ! The Role of Saudi Newspapers in Handling ...ل The Role of The Saudi Press in Dealing with Crises and Disasters By : Nesreen Abdullah omran Under The Supervision

97

�ة ���T ا(!�د�� P :+�ز��، وآ�رث�ا اN%���%رة أ���� آ�Rف ت���2 م��Vن ا

)G"�ض وا���ظ وا�B=(

5���ةم��4 ا��دة �$ ا: اوً.:

1- P2أو�- Y1أخ-�-3 داخ

: ا�+�ن ا����2 ا�(�:�م�: ث�2%ً�

1- �R2خ- ���� 3- *-�$ . إD,ن-7 آ�ر���-� -6 ح��p ص$Y -5 م��ل -4

:ا!+�ص� ا�Q�-2�ا��2: ث�&ً�

1- Y>-ان رئ��D2- YD�' ان��D 3- �-ح�dر-4 ص�رة إ��Fإ

: م��ر ا�!��م�: را)!ً�

1- Y$=وب ا�� �Rء ا�</�د�� -3=�ر م<�8ل م-2ا���Bن -4 وآ��� ا�=� -5 م3

�D��5ن /إذا16- i �� _-� ذ�s-7 ا

:أه�اف ا+R�: خ�م(ً�

_-� ذ�s-4 د�Dئ-� -3 �D ���D,ج-� -2����D و��ئ-� -1

�ً� : ا.����.ت: 1��د

1- �-F�D 6ت��� -� -2ا9,�D 6ت��� ., ا9���6ت-4 ا9���6ت W��3 -3 ا9

_-� ذ�G-� 4-s م3�G-�2- �-R19 G-� 3- �<1 إ���.-� : ا��-G-�92د9ً�

�ً!(�� :ا�(�ح�:

1- �-R9>� -2آ�� ص0-�ة-3 م