-ne (enclitic - it indicates a question) -ne? an (non) whether?or (not) -ne? necne whether?or not -que and -que…-que… both… and... -ve or (suffix to a word)(h)arena, (h)arenae, f. sand[pri], prior, primus beforea(d)sto, a(d)stare, astiti, - to stand neara, ab, abs (+abl) (away) from, byabdo, abdere, abdidi, abditum to put away, remove, concealabeo, abire, abii (-ivi), abitum to go away, departabicio, abicere, abieci, abiectum to throw awayabsens, absentis absent, awayabsolvo, absolvere, absolvi absolutum to set free, dischargeabsum, abesse, afui, afuturus to be away, be absentabundo, abundare, abundavi, abundatum to overflowac and, and also, and evenac si as ifaccedo, accedere, accessi, accessum to go to, come to, approachaccendo, accendere, accendi, accensum to set on fireaccido, accidere, accidi, ---- to fall upon, happen, occuraccipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus to receive, accept, take, hearaccuso, accusare, accusavi, accusatum to make complaintacer, acris, acre sharp, keen, fierce, eager, severeacerbus, acerba, acerbum bitter, harsh, grievousacies, aciei, f. sharp edge, line of battleacutus, acuta, acutum sharpad to, up to, near to, towardad dextram to the rightad/ffor, ad/ffari, ad/ffatus sum to speak to, addressaddo, addere, addidi, additum to put to, addadduco, adducere, adduxi, adductum to lead to, bring about (+ut)adeo so, so much, so faradeo, adire, adii (-ivi), aditus to go to, approach, undertakeadfero, adferre, attuli, allatus to bring toadhibeo, adhibere, adhibui, adhibitum to turn to, applyadhuc up to this point, stilladicio, adicere, adieci, adiectum to put near, addadimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum to take away, snatch awayadipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum to reach, gainadiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum to support, helpadmiratio, -onis (F) admirationadmitto, amittere, admisi, admissus to admit, receive, let inadorior, adoriri, adortus sum to attackadsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus to be presentadulescens, -entis (M/F) young man, young womanadulescentia, adulescentiae (F) youth, young manhood, youthfulnessadvenio, advenire, adveni, adventus to come to, arriveadventus, adventus, m. arrivaladversus, adversa, adversum opposite, hostile, adverseadversus, adversum againstadverto, advertere, adverti, adversum to turn toaedes, aedis, f. house, templeaedificium, aedificii (N) building, structureaeger, aegra, aegrum sick, unwellaeneus, aenea, aeneum made of metalaequo, aequare, aequavi, aequatum to make equal, make level, compareaequor, aequoris, n. an even surface, the smooth seaaequus, aequa, aequum level, even, calm, equal, just, favorable

aer, aeris, n. the lower atmosphere, air, mistaes, aeris, n. metal, usually copper or bronze aestas, aestatis (F) summeraestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatus to estimate, reckonaestus, aestus, m. heaving motion, rage of fire, swell of the seaaetas, aetatis (F) time of life, age, life, timeaeternus, aeterna, aeternum eternalaether, aetheris, m. (lit. space burning brightly), the upper airaetherius, aetheria, aetherium celestialaevum, aevi, n. eternity, ageaffero, afferre, attuli, allatum to bring to, inflictÿafficio, afficere, affeci, affectum to affect, exert influence onÿaffligo, affligere, afflixi, afflictum to strikeager, agri (M) field, farmaggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum to go to, approachagito, agitare, agitavi, agitatus to disturb, stir upagmen, agminis, n. train, armyagnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agni/otus to perceive, declareÿago, agere, egi, actus to do, drive, discuss, spend time, conduct, leadagricola, agricolae (M) farmeraio, ais, ait, aiunt, ain?/aisne? I, you, (s)he, they say, affirm, you don't say?!, really?ala, alae, f. wingalbus, alba, album (chalky) whiteales, alitis winged; subst.: birdalienus, aliena, alienum belonging to another, strange, out of placealii… alii… some… others…aliquando, interdum sometimesaliqui, aliqua, aliquod some, anyaliquis, aliquid someone, something, anyone, anythingaliter otherwisealius, alia, aliud other, differentalius… alius… one… another…almus, alma, almum nourishing, bountiful, kindalo, alere, alui, al(I)tus to nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherishalter, altera, alterum one of twoalternus, alterna, alternum alternatealtum, alti, n. high heaven, deep seaaltus, alta, altum high, tall, deepalumnus, alumni, m. nursling, pupilamabo te pleaseamarus, amara, amarum bitter, sourambiguus, ambiguus, ambigua tending in two directions, uncertainambo, ambae, ambo bothambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatus to walkamica, amicae (F) friend amicitia, amicitiae (F) friendshipamicus, amica, amicum friendlyamicus, amici (M) friendamitto, amittere, amisi, amissum to send away, loseamnis, amnis, m. stream, riveramo, amare, amavi, amatus to love, likeamor, amoris (M) loveamplus, ampla, amplum spacious, grandÿan or, whetherango, angere, anxi, anxum to throttle, cause physical or mental painanguis, anguis, m. or f. snakeangustus, angusta, angustum narrow, straitanima, animae (F) soul, spirit, life forceanimadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, -versum 4.88 to turn one's mind to, perceive, censure (+in +acc.)animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus to turn one's attention to, notice

animal, animalis (N) animalanimus, animi (M) mind, rational spirit, soul, (pl) courage, prideannus, anni (M) yearante before, in front ofante?quam, prius?quam beforeantea before, formerlyantepono, anteponere, anteposui, antepositus to put before, preferantequam before antiquus, antiqua, antiquum ancientantrum, antri, n. caveanxius, anxia, anxium (lit. feeling strangled), uneasy, troubledaper, apri, m. wild boaraperio, aperire, aperui, apertum to uncover, lay bare, openappareo, apparere, apparui, apparitus to appear, come in sight, be apparentappello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus to speak to, address, call, nameappono, apponere, apposui, appositum to place, near, serve, attachapto, aptare, aptavi, aptatum to fit (trans.), get readyaptus, apta, aptum fitted, suitableapud at, near, among, at the house ofaqua, aquae (F) waterara, arae (F) altararatrum, aratri, n. plowarbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum to think, believe, judgearbor, arboris (F) treearcanus, arcana, arcanum (lit.: in the strongbox, cf. "arc"), secretarceo, arcere, arcui, - to enclose, to keep offarcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum 4.9 to fetcharcus, arcus, m. bow, archardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus to burn, be on fire, desireardor, ardoris, m. heat, glowarduus, ardua, arduum steep, high, loftyargumentum, argumenti (N) proof, evidence, argumentarguo, arguere, argui, argutum to make clear, show, blamearma, armorum, n. (lit.: fitted to the body), armour, armsÿarmo, armare, armavi, armatum 1.30 to furnish with weapons, equip, rousearo, arare, aravi, aratum to plough, tillarrideo, arridere, arrisi, arrisum to smile at, behave kindly towardÿars, artis, f. (lit.: the craft of fitting things), skill, artartus, arta, artum (lit.: fitted), tight, narrowÿartus, artus, m. (lit.: fitting), joint, limbÿarvum, arvi, n. ploughed land, fieldarx, arcis (F) citadel, strongholdas, assis (M) as (a small denomination of money)ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum to climb upAsia, Asiae (F) Asiaasper, aspera, asperum rough, harshaspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus to look at, beholdassequor, assequi, assecutus sum to catch up with, attainÿassiduus, assidua, assiduum constantly present, persistantassuesco, assuescere, assuevi, (assuetus accustomed) to get used toastra, astrorum, n. (lit.: strewn over heaven), star, constellationat but, on the contraryat vero but in truth; for in truthater, atra, atrum (lit.: burnt), black, darkAthenae, Athenarum (F pl) Athensatque and, also, evenatqui but, on the contraryattamen but yet, neverthelessattollo, attollere, --- , --- to lift up, raiseauctor, auctoris (M) producer, founder, author, increaser, originator

auctoritas, auctoritatis (F) authority audacia, audiaciae (F) boldness, courageaudax, audacis bold, courageousaudeo, audere, ausus sum to dareaudio, audire, audivi, auditum to hearaudio, audire, audivi, auditus to hear, listen (to)auditor, auditoris (M) hearer, listener, member of an audienceaufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum to take away, bear offaugeo, augere, auxi, auctum to increase, praise, enrichaugur, auguris, m. or f. (lit.: bird teller, cf. "garrulous"), soothsayeraula, aulae, f. court, palaceaura, aurae (F) breeze, wind, airaureus, aurea, aureum golden, of goldauris, auris (F) earaurora, aurorae (F) dawnaurum, auri (N) goldauspicium, auspicii, n. (lit.: bird-watching, cf. "spec-""), omenaut or (for mutually exclusive alternatives)aut… aut... either… or… (for mutually exclusive alternatives)autem (postpositive) but, on the contraryauxilium,auxilii (N) aid, helpavarus, avara, avarum greedy, avariciousaverto, avertere, averti, aversus to turn away, avertavidus, avida, avidum (lit.: having courage for), eager, greedyavis, avis, m. or f. birdbarbarus, barbara, barbarum foreign, strangebasium, basii (N) kissbeatus, beata, beatum happy, fortunate, blessedbellum, belli (N) warbellus, bella, bellum pretty, handsome, charmingbene well, satisfactorily, quitebenificium, beneficii (N) benefit, kindness, favorbenignus, benigna, benignum (<bonus + genus) (lit.: of good nature), kind, pleasantbibo, bibere, bibi, ---- to drinkbis twiceblandus, blanda, blandum pleasant, agreeablebonus, bona, bonum good, kindbos, bovis, m. or f. ox, bullbracchium, bracchii, n. the forearmbrevis, breve short, small, briefc(h)arta, c(h)artae, f. paper, pagecado, cadere, cecidi, (casurus) to fallcaecus, caeca, caecum blind, hidden, secretcaedes, caedis, f. slaughter, carnagecaedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum to make fall, fellcaelestis, caeleste heavenly, divinecaelo, caelare, caelavi, caelatum to engrave, carvecaelum, caeli, n. sky, heavencaeruleus, caerulea, caeruleum (<caelulum) blueCaesar, Caesaris (M) Caesarcal(i)dus, cal(i)da, cal(i)dum warm, hotcalamitas, calamitatis (F) disaster, calamitycampus, campi (M) plain, level surfacecandeo, candere, candui, --- to shine, to be white, to be hotcandidus, candida, candidum shining, bright, white, beautifulcanis, canis, m. or f. dogcano, canere, cecini, (cantatum) to singcanto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum to singcantus, cantus, m. songcapesso, capessere, capessivi, capessitum to seize, catch

capillus, capilli, m. haircapio, capere, cepi, captus to take, capture, seize, getcaptivus, captiva, captivum taken prisonercaput, capitis (N) head, leader, beginning, heading, chaptercarcer, carceris, m. jail, prisoncareo, carere, carui, --- to be without, lack (+abl.)carina, carinae, f. keel, pars pro toto: shipcarmen, carminis (N) song, poem, incantationcarpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum 4.20 to pluckcarpo, carpere, carpsi, carptus to harvest, pluck, seizeCarthago, Carthaginis (F) Carthagecarus, cara, carum dearcasa, casae (F) house, cottage, hutcastellum, castelli, n. fortified outpost, garrisoncastra, castrorum, n. military camp, fortresscastus, casta, castum (cf. careo) free from, unstained, chastecasus, casus (M) fall, accident, occurrence, chancecaterva, catervae, f. band, troop, mobcausa (+preceding gen) for the sake of, on account ofcausa, causae (F) cause, reason, case, situationcaveo, cavere, cavi, cautum take heed, beware (+acc.)cavus, cava, cavum hollowcedo, cedere, cessi, cessus to go, move, yield (to), withdraw, grant, submitcelebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratum to do something frequently, honorceler, celeris, celere swift, quick, rapidceleritas, celeritatis (F) speed, swiftnesscella, cellae (F) storeroom, (small) roomcelo, celare, celavi, celatus to hide, concealcelsus, celsa, celsum high, lofty, haughtycena, cenae (F) dinnerceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatus to dinecenseo, censere, censui, censum to estimate, opinecentum a hundredcerno, cernere, crevi, cretus to distinguish, discern, perceivecerto, certare, certavi, certatum to decide by contest, fightcertus, certa, certum certain, sure, definite, reliablecervix, cervicis, f. neckcesso, cessare, cessavi, cessatum to cease, rest, hesitateceteri, ceterae, cetera the othersceterum but for all that, besidesceu, praeut, prout like as, according aschorus, chori, m. performance, group of singers and dancerscibus, cibi (M) foodCicero, Ciceronis (M) (Marcus Tullius) Cicerocieo, (cire), civi, citum to put in motion, stir, invokecingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus to surround, girdcinis, cineris, m. ashescirca aroundcirciter aboutcircum aroundcircumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatum to place around, encirclecircumeo, circumire, circumi(v)i, circumitum to go around, skirt, surroundcis on this sidecito quicklycitra on this sidecitus, cita, citum quickcivis, civis (M/F) citizencivitas, civitatis (F) citizenship, stateclades, cladis, f. calamity, disasterclamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatus to shout

clamor, clamoris, m. a loud call, shoutclarus, clara, clarum bright, clear, famous, renowned, illustriousclassis, classis, f. (lit.: people called together), rank, fleetclaudo, claudere, clausi, clausum to shut, closeclementia, clementiae (F) mildness, gentleness, mercyclipeus/clipeum, clipei, m. or n. (round brazen) shield (of Roman soldiers)coepi, coepisse, coeptus to have beguncogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatus to think, ponder, consider, plancognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus to learn, recognize, (in the perfect tense) knowcogo, cogere, coegi, coactus to drive/bring together, force, compelcohors, cohortis, f. (lit.: space surrounded by farms), cohortcolligo, colligere, collegi, collectum to gather togethercollis, collis, m. high ground, hillcolloquor, colloqui, collocutus sum to speak, talk, converse withcollum, colli, n. neckcolo, colere, colui, cultum to dwell, cultivate, honorcolonus, coloni, m. farmer, colonistcolor, coloris, m. colourcolumna, columnae, f. pillarcoma, comae. f. hair of the head, manecomes, comitis (M/F) companioncomitor, comitari, comitatus sum to go along, attendcommemoro, commemorare, commemoravi, commemoratum to call to mind, recountcommendo, commendare, commendavi, commendatum to intrust, conmendcommitto, committere, commisi, commissus to entrust, commitcommodus, commoda, commodum convenient, suitablecommoveo, commovere, commovi, commotum to move, excite, stircommunis, commune common, general, of/for the communitycomo, comare, ---, comatus to have long haircomparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatum to match, comparecomperio, comperire, comperi, compertum to learncomplector, complecti, complexus sum to embracecompleo, complere, complevi, completum to fill up,compono, componere, composui, compositum to put togethercomprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensus to grasp, seize, arrest, comprehend, understandconcedo, concedere, concessi, concessum to yield, allowconcipio, concipere, concepi, conceptum to catch, conceiveconcurro, -currere, concurri, concursum to run together, assembleconcutio, concutere, concussi, concussum to shakecondemno, condemnare, condemnavi, condemnatus to find guilty, sentencecondicio, condicionis, f. agreement, stipulation, circumstancecondo, condere, condidi, conditus to put together/into, store, found, establishconfero, conferre, contuli, collatus to bring together, compare, confer, bestowconficio, conficere, confeci, confectum to make ready, bring to an endconfido, confidere, confisus sum to trustconfirmo, confirmare, comfirmavi, confirmatum to make firm, establishconfiteor, confiteri, confessus sum to acknowledge, confessconicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum to throw, infer, discussconiungo, coniungere, coniunxi, coniunctum to connect, joinconiunx, coniugis, m. or f. husband, wifeconiurati, coniuratorum (M pl) conspiratorsconor, conari, conatus sum to try, attemptconscribo, conscribere, conscripsi, conscriptum to compose, enrollconsequor, consequi, consecutus sum to follow, attain toconservo, conservare, conservavi, conservatum to keep safe, maintainconsido, considere, consedi, consessum to sit down, settleconsilior, consiliari, consulatus sum to consult, advise (+dat.)consilium, consilii (N) counsel, plan, advice, purpose, judgment, wisdomconsisto, consistere, constiti, constitum to come to a halt, to be comprised ofconspicio, -spicere, -spexi, conspectum to look at attentively, gaze

constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus to set, establish, decideconsto, constare, constiti, (constaturus) to be certain, costconsuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetum to get used to, form a habit ofconsuetudo, consuetudinis, f. usual practice, customconsul, consulis (M) consulconsulo, consulere, consului, consultum to consult (+acc), care for (+dat)consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptus to consume, use upcontemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptus to despise, scorn, ignorecontendo, contendere, contendi, contentum to strive (+ut), struggle, hurry, maintain (+AcI)contentus, contenta, contentum satisfiedcontineo, continere, continui, contentus to hold together, contain, keep, enclose, restraincontingo, contingere, contigi, contactum to touch, seize, reachcontra against, facing, opposite, in oppositioncontraho, contrahere, contraxi, contractum to draw together, cause to shrinkcontundo, contundere, contudi, contusus to beat, crush, bruise, destroyconvenio, convenire, conveni, conventum to come together, matchconverto, convertere, converti, conversum to turn round, changeconvivium, convivii, n. dinner-party, banquet, feastcopia, copae (F) abundance, supply, (pl) troops, supplies, forcescor, cordis, n. heartcoram in presence ofcornu, cornus (N) horncorona, coronae (F) crown, wreathcorono, coronare, coronavi, coronatus to crowncorpus, corporis (N) bodycorripio, corripere, corripui, correptum to seize, snatchcot(t)idie daily, every daycras tomorrowcreber, crebra, crebrum recurring at frequent intervals, densecredo, credere, credidi, creditus to be credulous, believe, entrust, trust (+dat)creo, creare, creavi, creatus to createcresco, crescere, crevi, cretum to grow (intrans.)crimen, criminis, n. blame, misdeedcrinis, crinis, m. hair, lockcrudelis, crudele cruelcruentus, cruenta, cruentum bloodycruor, cruoris, m. blood, gorecrus, cruris, m. (lower) legcubile, cubilis, n. bed, couchcubo, cubare, cubui, --- to lieculmen/columen, culminis/columinis n. the top, summitculpa, culpae, f. guilt, fault, blameculpo, culpare, culpavi, culpatum to censure, blamecultus, cultus, m. cultivation, labor, manner of lifecum (+abl.) withcum (+ind.) whenever, whilecum (+subj.) when, since, althoughcum primum as soon ascum… tum… both… and..., not only… but also…cuncti, cunctae, cuncta all, whole, entirecupiditas, cupiditatis (F) desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avaricecupido, cupidinis (F) desire, passioncupidus, cupida, cupidum desirous, eager, fond of (+gen)cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus to desire, wish, long forcur why, for what reasoncura, curae (F) care, concern, anxiety, attention, cautioncuria, curiae, f. (<con- + vir) (meeting place of the) Roman Senatecuro, curare, curavi, curatus to care for, attend to, heal, cure, take carecurro, currere, cucurri, cursus to run, rush, move quicklycurrus, currus, m. chariot

cursus, cursus (M) running, race, coursecustodia, custodiae (F) protection, custody, (pl) guardscustos, costodis (M) guardiandamno, damnare, damnavi, damnatum to judge guilty, convictdamnum, damni, n. loss, penaltydaps/dapis, dapis, f. expense, feastde down from, concerningdea, deae (F) goddessdebeo, debere, debui, debitus to owe, ought, mustdecedo, decedere, decessi, --- to go away, departdecem tendecerno, decernere, decrevi, decretus to decide, settle, decreedecet, decere, decuit, --- it is fitting, seemlydecimus, decima, decimum tenthdecipio, decipere, decepi, deceptum to mislead, cheatdeclaro, declarare, declaravi, declaratum to disclose, make evidentdecorus, decora, decorum fitting, suitable, handsomedecus, decoris, n. grace, honordedecus, dedecoris, n. disgrace, shamededico, dedicare, dedicavi, dedicatus to dedicatededo, dedere, dedidi, deditum to give away, surrenderdeduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum to lead down, lead awaydefendo, denfendere, defendi, defensum to ward off, defenddefero, deferre, detuli, delatum to bring, bestow, announcedeficio, deficere, defexi, defectum to give out, faildehinc thendeicio, deicere, deieci, deiectum to throw down, destroydeinde thereupon, next, thendelectatio, delectationis (F) delight, pleasure, enjoymentdelecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatus to delight, charm, pleasedeleo, delere, delevi, deletus to destroy, wipe out, erasedeliciae, deliciarum, f. pleasure, petdeligo, deligere, delegi, delectus to select, choose, gatherdemens, dementis mad, ravingdemitto, demittere, demisi, demissum to let down, lowerdemo, demere, dempsi, demptum to take away, removedemonstro, -monstrare, -monstravi, -monstratus to point out, show, demonstratedenique finally, at last, lastlydens, dentis, m. toothdensus, densa, densum thick, compact, full ofdepono, deponere, deposui, depositum to put downdepre(he)ndo, -(he)ndere, -(he)ndi, -(he)nsum to light on, pounce ondescendo, descendere, descendi, descensum to come down, derive fromdesero, deserere, deserui, desertum to leave, forsakedesiderium, desiderii, n. (lit.: an influence from the stars), desiredesidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratus to desire, long for, missdesigno, designare, designavi, designatum to mark out, define, contrivedesino, desinere, desii, ---- to stop, ceasedesisto, desistere, desistiti, desistitus to stop, desistdespero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum to give up hope, despairdespicio, despicere, despexi, despectum to look down on, disdaindestino, destinare, destinavi, destinatum to fix in position, purpose, designatedesum, deesse, defui, ---- to be missing, fail (often +dat)deterreo, deterrere, deterrui, deterritus to deter, prevent, hinder, keep fromdetraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractum to strip off, take awaydeus, dei, m.; note special pl. forms: nom. di, gen. deum, dat. dis/diis goddevoveo, devovere, devovi, devotum to dedicate, cursedexter, dextra, dextrum right (vs. left) favorabledextra, dextrae (F) right handdi(v)us, di(v)a, di(v)um heavenly, godlike, divine

dico, dicere, dixi, dictus to say, tell, speak, name, calldictum, dicti, n. something said, word, assertiondies, diei (M) daydiffero, differre, distuli, dilatum to separate, spread, put offdifficilis, difficile difficult, hard, troublesomedigitus, digiti (M) finger, toedignitas, dignitatis (F) merit, prestige, dignitydignor, dignari, dignatus sum to consider worthy, think fitdignus, digna, dignum worthy, deserving, suitable (+abl.)dilectus, dilectus, m. mustering of troops, choice, distinctiondiligens, diligentis diligent, carefuldiligentia, diligentiae (F) diligencediligo, diligere, dilexi dilectum to esteem, lovedimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum to send forth, renouncedirigo, dirigere, direxi, directum to make straight, steerdirus, dira, dirum unlucky, fearful, dreaddiscedo, discedere, discessi, discessus to go from, depart, leavedisciplina, disciplinae, f. instruction, method, orderly conductdiscipula, discipulae (F) learner, student, pupildiscipulus, discipuli, m. learner, student, pupildisco, discere, didici, ---- to learndiscrimen, discriminis, n. dividing line, difference, distinctiondisputo, disputare, diputavi, disputatum 1.1 to investigate, discussdissimilis, dissimile dissimilar, unlike, different (+gen or dat)disto, distare, ---, --- to be distant, to be differentdiu for a long timedive/orsus, dive/orsa, dive/orsum (lit.: turned in different directions), differentdive/orto, -vertere, -verti, -versum to turn or go different directions, separateÿdives, divitis or (contracted) dis, ditis (lit.: blessed by the gods), rich, sumptuousdives, divitis/ditis rich divido, dividere, divisi, divisum to separatedivinus, divina, divinum belonging to the gods, divinedivitiae, divitiarum (F pl) riches, wealthdo, dare, dedi datum to givedoceo, docere, docui, doctus to teachdoctus, docta, doctum learned, taught, skilleddoleo, dolere, dolui, --- to feel pain, achedolor, doloris (M) pain, grief, sorrowdolus, doli, m. guile, deceptiondomina, dominae (F) mistress, ladydominus, domini (M) master, lorddomo, domare, domui, domitum 1.61 to tamedomus, domus (F) house, homedonec while, until, as long asdono, donare, donavi, donatus to give, present, rewarddonum, doni (N) gift, presentdormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitus to sleepdubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatus to doubt, hesitatedubium, dubii (N) doubt, hesitationdubius, dubia, dubium (< duo + habeo) (lit.: held two ways), doubtful, uncertainduco, ducere, duxi, ductum to lead, draw, consider (+ double acc.)ductor, ductoris, m. leader, chiefdulcis, dulce sweet, pleasant, agreeabledum while, as long as, untildum while, until, as long as, if only, provided thatdum ne provided only that notdummodo if only, provided thatdummodo if only, provided that, so long asdummodo ne provided only that notduo, duae, duo two

duodecim twelveduodecimus, duodecima, duodecimum twelfthduodeviginti eighteendurus, dura, durum hard, harsh, rough, stern, unfeeling, difficultdux, ducis (M) leader, guide, commander, generale, ex out of, fromebur, eboris, n. ivoryecce, en look! behold!edico, edicere, edixi, edictum to make known, ordainedo, edere, edi, esum to eatedo, edere, edidi, editum to give out, proclaimÿeduco, educare, educavi, educatus to bring up, educateeduco, educere, eduxi, eductum to lead forth, bring up, rear, train, educateeffero, efferre, extuli, elatum to carry out (for burial), to extolefficio, efficere, effeci, effectum to bring to pass, accomplisheffor, effari, effatus sum to utter, telleffugio, effugere, effugi, --- to escapeeffundo, effundere, effudi, effusum to pour outegeo, egere, egui, --- to need, lack, want (+abl or gen)ego, mei, mihi, me, me Iegredior, egredi, egressus sum to go out, go awayegregius, egregia, egregium extraordinary, eminenteicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum to throw out, drive outelephantus, elephanti (M/F) elephanteligo, eligere, elexi, electum to extract, selecteloquentia, eloquentiae, f. effective speech, articulatenessemineo, eminere, eminui, --- to stand outemo, emere, emi, emptum to buyenim indeed, of course, for, in fact, trulyenimvero but in truth; for in truthensis, ensis, m. swordeo, ire, ii (or ivi), itus to goepistula, epistulae, f. letterepulae, epularum, f. (lit.: religious performance), dishes, feasteques, equitis, m. riderequidem indeed, at all eventsequus, equi, m. horseerga against (friendly), towardergo thereforeerigo, erigere, erexi, erectum to raise uperipio, eripere, eripui, ereptum to tear out, snatch awayerro, errare, erravi, erratum to wander, go astrayerror, erroris, m. perplexity, mistakeet and, also, evenet and, evenet … -que both… and…et… et... both… and…etenim for, namelyetiam also, too, likewiseetiamsi even if, althoughetsi even if, althoughevado, evadere, evasi, evasum to go out, escapeevenio, evenire, eveni, eventum to come out, come aboutex(s)isto, ex(s)istere, ex(s)titi to appear, come into beingex(s)ul, ex(s)ulis, m. or. f. (lit.: away from native soil), banished personexcedo, excedere, excessi, excessum to go away from, go beyondexcipio, excipere, excepi, exceptus to take out, except, take, receive, captureexcito, excitare, excitavi, excitatus to call out, wake, rouseexcutio, excutere, excussi, excussum to shake out, drive outexemplar, exemplaris (N) copy, model, example

exemplum, exempli (N) exampleexeo, exire, exii, exitum to go out, go forthexerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum to keep busy, agitateexercitus, exercitus (M) armyexigo, exigere, exegi, exactus to drive out, force out, exact, completeexiguus, exigua, exiguum smallexistimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatum to valueexitium, exitii (N) destruction, ruinexorior, exoriri, exortus sum to rise, arise, appear, startexpedio, expedire, expedivi, expeditum to free the feet, make readyexpello, expellere, expuli, expulsus to push out, drive out, expel, banishexperior, experiri, expertus sum to try, put to the test, experienceexpleo, explere, explevi, expletus to fill, fill up, completeexplico, explicare, explicavi/explicui, explica/itum to unfold, set in order, stateexpono, exponere, exposui, expositus to set forth, expose, explainexsilium, exsilii (N) exile, banishmentexspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum to look forward to, awaitexstinguo, exstinguere, exstinxi, exstinctum to snuff outextendo, extendere, extendi, extensum to stretch out, spread outexter (exterior, extremus) from outside, foreignexterreo, exterrere, exterrui, exterritum to strike with terror, frightenextra outsideextremus, extrema, extremum utmost, lastfabula, fabulae, f. story, tale, plotfacies, faciei, f. appearance, form, facefacile easilyfacilis, facile easy, agreeablefacio, facere, feci, factus to make, do, accomplishfactum, facti (N) deed, act, achievementfallax, fallacis deceitful, treacherousfallo, fallere, fefelli (falsus wrong) to deceive, escape noticefalsus, falsa, falsum, (falso adv). deceptive, falsefama, famae (F) talk, report, rumor, fame, reputationfames, famis, f. hungerfamilia, familiae, f. household, familyfamulus, famuli, m. servantfas, n. (indecl.) divine lawfateor, fateri, fassus sum to confess, admitfatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatus to weary, tire outfatum, fati (N) fate, deathfauces, faucium, f. throat, gulletfaveo, favere, favi, fautum to be well disposed to (+dat.), favorfax, facis, f. torchfecundus, fecunda, fecundum fruitful, productivefelix, felicis fruitful, luckyfemina, feminae (F) womanfenestra, feminae (F) windowfere almost, about, hardlyferio, ferire, ---, (feriturus) to strike, hitfero, ferre, tuli, latus to bring, carry, bear, endure, suffer, say, reportferox, ferocis fierce, savageferrum, ferri (N) iron, swordferus, fera, ferum wildferveo, fervere, fervui, --- to be boiling hotfessus, fessa, fessum worn out, weakfestus, festa, festum festive, merryfetus, feta, fetum pregnant, fruitfulfidelis, fidele faithful, loyalfides, fidei (F) faith, trust, trustworthiness, fidelity, promisefido, fidere, fisus sum to trust, rely upon

fidus, fida, fidum trustworthy, faithfulfigo, figere, fixi, fixum to fasten, fixfigura, figurae (F) figure, form, shapefilia, filiae (F) daughterfilius, filii (M) sonfindo, findere, fidi, fissum to cleave, splitfines, finium, f. territory, countryfingo, fingere, finxi, fictum to touch, form, fashionfinio, finire, fini(v)I, finitum to establish a limit, endfinis, finis, f. (lit. fixed mark), boundaryfio, fieri, factus sum to be made, be done, happen, becomefirmo, firmare, firmavi, firmatum to make firm, fortifyfirmus, firma, firmum solid, strongflamma, flammae (F) flame, fireflecto, flectere, flexi, flexum to bendfleo, flere, flevi, fletum to cryfloreo, floreo, florui, --- to blossomflos, floris, m. blossom, flowerfluctus, fluctus, m. flood, waveflumen, fluminis (N) river, running waterfluo, fluere, fluxi, --- to flowfluvius, fluvii, m. riverfocus, foci, m. fire-place, hearthfodio, fodere, fodi, fossum to digfoedus, foeda, foedum uglyfoedus, foederis (N) pact, treaty, agreementfolium, folii, n. leaffons, fontis, m. spring, fountainfor, fari, fatus sum to speak, sayfore = futurum esse (alternative form of future infinitive of sum)foris out of doors, outsideforis, foris, f. (leaf of a) doorforma, formae, f. appearance, shape, beautyformosus, formosa, formosum shapely, beautifulfors, fortis (F) chanceforsitan perhapsfortasse perhapsfortis, forte strong, bravefortuna, fortunae (F) fortune, luckfortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum lucky, fortunate, happyfortuno, fortunare, fortunavi, fortunatum to make happy, blessforum, fori (N) open space, market place, public square, forumfoveo, fovere, fovi, fotum to warm, foster, cherishfragilis, fragile easily broken, brittlefrango, frangere, fregi, fractum to break (trans.)frater, fratris, m. brotherfraternus, fraterna, fraternum brotherlyfraus, fraudis, f. deceit, cheatingfremo, fremere, fremui, fremitum to roar, growlfrenum, freni, n. bridlefrequens, frequentis repeated, oftenfretum, freti, n. (lit.: where the sea churns), straits, channelfrigidus, frigida, frigidum coldfrigus, frigoris, n. coldnessfrons, frondis, f. foliagefrons, frontis, f. forehead, frontfructui esse to be a profit, be an asset to (+dat)fructus, fructus (M) enjoyment, fruit, profit, benefitfruor, frui, fructus/fruitus sum to enjoy (+abl.)frustra in vain

frux, frugis, f. fruits of the earth, resultfuga, fugae (F) flightfugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus to flee, hurry away, go into exile, avoid, shunfugo, fugare, fugavi, fugatum to put to flightfulcio, fulcire, fulsi, fultum to prop up, supportfulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, --- to be radiant, shinefulgor, fulgoris (M) lightning, flash, brightnessfulmen, fuminis, n. stroke of lightning, thunderboltfumus, fumi, m. smokefundo, fundere, fudi, fusum to pourfungor, fungi, functus sum to perform, execute (+abl.)funus, funeris, n. funeral, destructionfunus, funis, m. (rarely f.) ropefuro, furere, ---, --- to rage, be madfuror, furoris, m. rage, frenzyfurtim stealthily, secretlyfurtum, furti, n. theft, robberygalea, galeae, f. helmetgaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum to be glad, rejoicegaudium, gaudii (N) joygelidus, gelida, gelidum icy coldgelu, gelus, n. and gelus, gelus, m. cold, frostgeminus, gemita, gemitum twingemitus, gemitus, m. sigh, lamentationgemo, gemere, gemui, gemitum to sigh, groangena, genae, f. cheekgener, generi, m. son-in-lawgenitor, genitoris, m. father, creator, siregens, gentis (F) race, people, clan, nationgenu, genus (N) kneegenus, generis (N) descent, origin, race, sort, kind, classgermanus, germana, germanum born of the same parents, genuinegero, gerere, gessi, gestus to conduct, manage, wage, carry (on), accomplishgigno, gignere, genui, genitum to beget, producegladius, gladii (M) swordgloria, gloriae (F) glory, renown, famegracilis, gracile slender, unadorned, simple, thingradior, gradi, gressus sum to step, walkGraecia, Graeciae (F) GreeceGraecus, Graeca, Graecum Greekgramen, graminis, n. grassgrandis, grande great, massive, sublimegratia, gratiae, f. goodwill, kindness, charmgratias agere to give thanks togratus, grata, gratum pleasing, agreeable, grateful (+dat)gravis, grave heavy, severe, important, serious, weightygremium, gremii, n. lap, bosomgrex, gregis, m. herdgurges, gurgitis, m. abyss, whirlpoolhabena, habenae, f. strap, halter, reinhabeo, habere, habui, habitus to have, hold, possess, consider, regardhabito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum to inhabit, dwellhabitus, habitus, m. state of being, style of dress, characterhaereo. haerere, haesi, (haesurus) to hang, get stuckhasta, hastae (F) spearhaud nothaurio, haurire, hausi, haustum to suck, drink inherba, herbae, f. grass, vegetation, turfheres, heredis m. (rarely f.) successor, heirheri yesterday

heu ah! alas!hic herehic, haec, hoc thishiems, hiemis, f. winterhinc hencehistoria, historiae, f. investigation, record of the past, narrativehodie todayhomo, hominis (M) human being, manhonestus, honesta, honestum respected, honorable, distinguishedhonor, honoris (M) honor, distinction, office, esteemhora, horae, f. hourhorreo, horrere, horrui, --- to shudder (at)horridus, horrida, horridum horrible, roughhortor, hortari, hortatus sum to exhort, urge, encouragehortus, horti, m. garden, farm plothospes, hospitis (M) guest, host, friendhostilis, hostile of an enemy, hostilehostis, hostis, m. stranger, enemyhuc hither, to this placehumanus, humana, humanum pertaining to manhumilis, humile humble, lowlyhumus, humi (F) ground, earth, soiliaceo, iacere, iacui, ---- to lie, lie prostrate, lie deadiacio, iacere, ieci, iactum to throw, hurliacto, iactare, iactavi, iactatus to throw, scatter, shake, boastiam now, by this time, already, soonianua, ianuae (F) dooribi thereibidem in the same placeictus, ictus, m. blow, beatidcirco thereforeidem, eadem, idem the sameideo thereforeidoneus, idonea, idoneum suitable, fit, appropriateigitur therefore, consequentlyignarus, ignara, ignarum not knowing, unawareignis, ignis (M) fireignoro, ignorare, ignoravi, ignoratum not to know, to disregardignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotus to forgive, pardon (+dat)ignotus, ignota, ignotum unknownille, illa, illud that, the formerillic there, in that placeillicio, illicere, illexi, illectum to entice, allureillinc thence, from that placeilluc thither, to that placeimago, imaginis, f. likeness, pictureimber, imbris, m. rainimbuo, imbuere, imbui, imbutum to wet, soakimitor, imitari, imitatus sum to act like, copyimmanis, immane monstrous, frightfulimmensus, immensa, immensum immeasurable, boundlessimmeritum, immerita, immeritum undeserved, innocentimmitto, immittere, immisi, immissum to send in, introduceimmo on the contrary, or ratherimmortalis, immortale immortal, everlastingimmotus, immota, immotum unmoved, unchanged, unrelentingimpar, imparis unequalimpedio, impedire, impedivi (-ii), impeditus to deter, impede, prevent, hinderimpello, impellere, impuli, impulsum set in motion, instigateimpendeo, impendere, ---, impensum to hang over, threaten

imperator, imperatoris (M) commander, general, emperorimperium, imperii (N) authority, power, empire, command, controlimpero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus to give an order to, give a command toimpetro, impetrare, impetravi, impertatum to gain one's end, effect,impetus, impetus, m. thrust, impulseimpius, impia, impium irreverent, wicked, impiousimpleo, implere, implevi, impletum to fill, finishimpono, imponere, imposui, impositum to place upon, establish, inflictimprobus, improba, improbum of poor quality, unsoundimpune (adv.) without consequences, safelyimus, ima, imum lowest, deepest, lastin (+abl.) in, atin (+acc.) toward, againstinanis, inane empty, voidincedo, incedere, incessi, incessum to go in, advanceincendium, incendii, n. burning, conflagrationincendo, incendere, incendi, incensum to set on fireincertus, incerta, incertum uncertain, unsure, doubtfulincido, incidere, incidi, incasum to fall upon, befallÿincipio, incipere, coepi, inceptum to begin, commenceincludo, includere, inclusi, inclusum to shut up, enclose, includeincola, incolae (M) (sometimes F) inhabitantincolo, incolere, incolui, --- to inhabitincrepo, increpare, increpui, increpitum to make a loud noiseincumbo, incumbere, incubui, (incubiturus) to lie upon, lean towardsinde from there, therefore, after that, ever sinceindico, indicare, indicavi, indicatum to showindico, indicere, indixi, indictum to declare, appointindignus, indigna, indignum unworthy, unsuitable (+abl)indulgeo, indulgere, indulsi, --- to be kind, give way toinduo, induere, indui, indutum to put on (clothes)ineo, inire, inii (-ivi), initus to go in, enteriners, inertis unskilled, idleinfelix, infelicis unhappy, unfortunateinfernus, inferna, infernum beneath, infernalinfero, inferre, intuli, illatum to bring to a place, advanceinferus, infera, inferum low, undergroundinfestus, infesta, infestum hostileinfirmus, infirma, infirmum weak, unhealthy, feebleinfra belowingenium, ingenii (N) nature, talent, disposition, natural qualityingens, ingentis hugeingratus, ingrata, ingratum unpleasant, unthankfulingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum to go into, enter, advance, begininguen, inguinis, n. groininiceo, inicere, inieci, iniectum to throw in, infuse, causeinimicitia, inimicitiae (F) hostilityinimicus, inimica, inimicum unfriendly, hostileiniquus, iniqua, iniquum uneven, unfairinitium, initii (N) beginning, commencementiniuria, iniuriae (F) injustice, injury, wronginops, inopis helpless, weakinquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt, inquies I, you say, (s)he says/said, they say, you will sayinsanus, insana, insanum frenzied, wild, absurdinsidiae, insidiarum (F pl) ambush, plot, treacheryinsignis, insignis, insigne distinguished, notableinstituo, instituere, institui, institutus to set (up), establish, arrangeinsto, instare, institi, instatum to impend, press uponinstruo, instruere, instruxi, instructum to equip with knowledgeinsula, insulae (F) island

intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus to understandintendo, intendere, intendi, intentus to stretch out, extend, aim, exertinter (+acc) between, betwixt, amonginterdum sometimesinterea meanwhileintereo, interire, interi(v)i, interitum to decay, perishinterest, interesse, interfuit, ---- it is of importance, it concerns, it is of interestinterficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus to kill, murderinterim meanwhileintersum, interesse, interfui, --- to be between, take partintra insideintro, intrare, intravi, intratum to enterintueor, intrueri, intuitus sum to watch, considerintus inside, to the inside, from the insideinultus, inulta, inultum unpunished, unavengedinutilis, inutile uselessinvado, invadere, invasi, invasus to go into, invade, attackinvenio, invenire, inveni, inventus to come upon, discover, findinvictus, invicta, invictum undefeatedinvideo, invidere, invidi, invisus to be envious, look at with envy, be jealous ofinvidia, invidiae (F) envy, jealousy, hatredinvito, invitare, invitavi, invitatus to entertain, invite, summoninvitus, invita, invitum unwillingiocus, ioci, m. joke, jestipse, ipsa, ipsum him-, her-, itselfira, irae (F) wrath, anger, ireirascor, irasci, (iratus angry) to be angryiratus, irata, iratum angryis, ea, id he, she, itiste, ista, istud this, thatita so, in this way, thusItalia, Italiae (F) Italyitaque and so, therefore, consequentlyitem also, too, likewiseiter, itineris (N) journey, route, roaditerum again, a second timeitidem also, too, likewiseiubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus to order, command, bidiucundus, iucunda, iucundum pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasingiudex, iudicis (M) judge, juror, (pl) juryiudicium, iudicii (N) trial, judgment, decision, opinioniudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatus to judgeÿiugum, iugi, n. yoke, teamiungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum to yoke, join. ConnectIuno, Iunonis (F) JunoIup(p)iter, Iovis (M) Jupiteriuro, iurare, iuravi, iuratum to swearius, iuris (N) right, law, justiceiussum, iussi (N) command, orderiustitia, iustitiae, f. justice, fairnessiustus, iusta, iustum just, rightiuvencus, iuvenci, m. bull calfiuvenis, iuvene youngiuvenis, iuvenis (M/F) youth, young personiuventa, iuventae, f. (age) of youthiuventus, iuventutis, f. (age of) youth, young peopleiuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus to help, aid, assist, pleaseiuxta near, next tolabo, labare, labavi, labatum to totter, waverlabor, labi, lapsus sum to slip, glide, fall

labor, laboris (M) exertion, work, toil, productionlaboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus to work, labor, be in distresslacero, lacerare, laceravi, laceratum to tear, rendlacertus, lacerti, m. (upper) armlacesso, lacessere, lacessivi, lacessitum to provoke, challengelacrima, lacrimae (F) tear(drop)lacus, lacus, m. basin, pondlaedo, laedere, laesi, laesum to wound, injurelaetus, laeta, laetum cheerful, glad, pleasantlaeva, laevae, f. left handlaevus, laeva, laevum left, unluckylana, lanae, f. woollapis, lapidis, m. stoneLar, Laris, m. household godlargus, larga, largum large, plentifullassus, lassa, lassum tired, exhaustedlateo, latere, latui, --- to be hidden, escape noticeLatinus, Latina, Latinum Latinlatus, lata, latum broad, widelatus, lateris, n. side, flanklaudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus to praiselaurus, lauri, f. or laurus, laurus, f. laurel-tree, baylaus, laudis (F) praise, glory, famelavo, lavare, lavi, (lautus clean) to washlector, lectoris (M) readerlectrix, lectricis (F) readerlegatus, legati (M) legate, envoylegio, legionis, f. legionlego, legare, legavi, legatum to depute, appointlego, legere, legi, lectus to collect, select, read, pick outlenis, lene slow, soft, mildlentus, lenta, lentum pliant, slowleo, leonis, m. lionletum, leti, n. death, annihilationlevis, leve light, slight, easy, triviallevo, levare, levavi, levatum to make lighter, lift uplex, legis, f. law, statutelibellus, libelli (M) little booklibenter (adv.) freely, willingly, gladly, with pleasureliber, libera, liberum freeliber, libri (M) bookliberalis, liberale relating to a free person, decent, liberal, generouslibero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum to set freelibertas, libertatis (F) freedom, libertylibet, libere, libuit, libitum it pleases, delightslibido, libidinis, f. desire, longinglibo, libare, libavi, libatus to pour a libation, sip, touch gentlylicet though, suppose, whereaslicet, licere, licuit, (licitum est) it is permittedlilium, lil(i)i, n. lilylimen, liminis, n. threshold, lintellingua, linguae, f. tongueliquidus, liquida, liquidum fluidlis, litis, f. lawsuit, quarrellittera, litterae (F) letter (of the alphabet); pl = letter (epistle)litus, litoris (N) shore, beach, coastloca, locorum (N pl) places, regionloco, locare, locavi, locatum 1.28 to place, arrangelocus, loci (M) place, spot, passage in literaturelonge far off, at a distance, far and wide

longus, longa, longum longloquor, loqui, locutus sum to speak, talk, say, tellluceo, lucere, luxi, --- to shine, be brightlucidus, lucida, lucidum bright, translucentluctor, luctari, luctatus sum to wrestleluctus, luctus, m. lamentation, grieflucus, luci, m. (lit.: clearing), (sacred) grove, woodludo, ludere, lusi, lusum to play, jokeludus, ludi (M) game, sport, schoollugeo, lugere, luxi, luctum to mournlumen, luminis (N) lightluna, lunae (F) moon, moonlightluo, luere, lui, --- to pay, make atonement, set freelupus, lupi, m. wolflustro, lustrare, lustravi, lustratum to purify, walk aroundlux, lucis (F) lightmaereo, maerere, maerui, --- to be sad, mourn, grievemaestus, maesta, maestum sad, gloomymagis more, rathermagister, magistri (M) superior, director, master, teachermagistra, magistrae (F) superior, director, master (mistress), teachermagnanimus, magnanima, magnanimum great-hearted, brave, magnanimousmagnitudo, magnitudinis, f. great sizemagnopere greatlymagnus, magna, magnum (maior; maximus) big, large, greatmaiores, maiorum (M pl) ancestorsmale (adv.) badlymalo, malle, malui, ---- to prefer, choose rather, want more/insteadmalus, mala, malum (peior; pessimus) bad, evilmando, mandare, mandavi, mandatum to enjoinÿmane in the morning, earlymaneo, manere, mansi, mansus to remain, stay (behind), abide, continuemanes, manium, m. (lit.: good spirits), souls of the departedmanifestus, manifesta, manifestum palpablemano, manare, manavi, --- to drop, flowmanus, manus (F) hand, band, troop, handwritingmare, maris (N) seamaritus, mariti, m. husband, married manmarmor, marmoris, m. marbleMars, Martis (M) Mars (god of war)mater, matris, f. mothermateria, materiae, f. timber, building material, mattermaturus, matura, maturum timely, ripemedica, medicae (F) doctor, physicianmedicus, medici (M) doctor, physicianmediocris, mediocre ordinary, moderate, mediocremedium, medii, n. middle, centermedius, media, medium middle, meanmel, mellis, n. honeymembrum, membri, n. limb, membermemini, meminisse (perf. with pres. meaning) to remembermemor, memoris mindful, remembering (+gen)memoria, memoriae (F) memory, recollectionmemoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratum to bring to remembrance, mentionmens, mentis (F) mind, disposition, intellect, thought, intentionmensa, mensae, f. (lit.: measured piece of furniture), tablemensis, mensis, m. monthmentior, mentiri, mentitus sum to lie, deceivemereo, merere, merui, meritum to earn, deservemereor, mereri, meritus sum to earn

mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum to sink (trans.)merito (adv.) deservedly, rightlymerus, mera, merum pure, undilutedmerx, mercis, f. commodity, merchandisemessis, messis, f. crop, harvestmeta, metae (F) turning post, goal, limitmetior, metiri, mensus sum to measuremetuo, metuere, metui, ---- to fear, dreadmetus, metus (M) fear, dread, anxietymeus, mea, meum my, mine, my ownmico, micare, micavi, micatum to move rapidly, quiver, flicker, spurtmiles, militis (M) soldiermilia, milium (N pl) thousandsmilitaris, militare connected with the army, militarymilitia, militiae, f. military service, warfaremille thousandminae, minarum, f. (cf. e-mineo, mons) (lit.: something projecting at you), threatminister, ministri, m. (< minus, cf. magis-ter) servant. attendantminor, minari, minatus sum to jut forth, threaten minuo, minuere, minui, minutus to lessen, diminishmirabilis, mirabile amazing, wondrous, remarkablemiror, mirari, miratus sum to wonder (at), be amazed (at), admiremirus, mira, mirum (cf. miror) astounding, wondrousmisceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus to mix, intermingle, blend, disturb, stir upmiser, misera, miserum miserable, unhappy, wretched, unfortunatemisereor, misereri, miseritus sum to pity (+gen)miseret, miserere, miseruit, (miseritum est) it pities, it moves to pitymiseror, miserari, miseratus sum to pitymitis, mite soft, sweet, mildmitto, mittere, misi, missus to send, let gomodo if only, provided that, just, just now, immediately, onlymodo ne provided only that notmodo si if only, provided thatmodo… modo… now… now…modus, modi, m. measure, mannermoenia, moenium, n. wallmoles, molis, f. mass, bulkmolior, moliri, molitus sum to set in motion, undertakemollio, mollire, mollivi, mollitus to soften, make calm, make less hostilemollis, molle soft, supplemoneo, monere, monui, monitum to put in mind of, remind, admonish, warnmons, montis (M) mountainmonstro, monstare, monstravi, monstratum to point out, show, ordainmonstrum, monstri, n. evil portent, monstrositymonumentum, monumenti, n. memorialmora, morae, f. delaymorbus, morbi (M) disease, sicknessmordeo, mordeo, momorsi, morsum 2.47 to bitemorior, mori, mortuus sum to diemoror, morari, moratus sum to delay, stay, hindermors, mortis (F) deathmortalis, mortale mortalmortuus, mortua, mortuum deadmos, moris (M) custom, manner, habit, (pl) charactermotus, motus (M) motion, movementmoveo, movere, movi, motus to move, arouse, affectmox soonmucro, mucronis, m. sharp point, edgemulier, mulieris (F) womanmultitudo, multitudinis, f. multitude, crowd

multum (adv.) much, verymultus, multa, multum much, verymundus, mundi (M) world, universemunio, munire, munivi, munitus to fortifymunus, muneris, n. office, dutymurmur, murmuris, n. rumble, whispermurus, muri, m. wallmuto, mutare, mutavi, mutatus to change, alter, exchangenam for, namelynamque for, namelynanciscor, nancisci, nan(c)tus sum to obtainnaris, naris, f. nostrilnarro, narrare, narravi, narratus to tell, report, narratenascor, nasci, natus sum to be born, arisenasus, nasi, m. nosenata, natae (F) daughternatura, naturae (F) naturenatus, nati (M) sonnauta, nautae (M) sailornavigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus to sail, navigatenavis, navis (F) ship, boatne (+subj.) not!, lest, that not, in order that notne… quidem not evennec and not, not evennec… nec… neither… nor…necesse (adv.) needful, indispensable, inevitablenecessitas, necessitatis, f. need, constraintnecne or not (used as 2nd part of an indirect question)necnon also, too, likewiseneco, necare, necavi, necatus to kill, murdernecto, nectere, nex(u)i, nexum to bind together, joinnefas, n. (indecl.) sin, crimeneglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectus to disregard, neglectnego, negare, negavi, negatus to deny, say no, say that not, refusenegotium, negot(i)i, n. work, business, troublenemo, neminis (M/F) no one, nobodynemus, nemoris, n. forest pasture, grovenepos, nepotis (M) grandson, descendantneque and not, not evenneque non also, too, likewiseneque… neque… neither… nor…nequiquam in vain, without reasonnervus, nervi, m. sinew, tendon, nervenescio, nescire, nescivi (or -ii), nescitus not to know, be ignorantneu nor, and notneu… neu… neither… nor...neuter, neutra, neutrum neither nidus, nidi, m. nestniger, nigra, nigrum black, darknihil / nil / nihilum, nihili (N) nothingnihilominus neverthelessnimbus, nimbi, m. rain-storm, cloud, headbandnimis / nimium (adv.) too, too much, excessivelynimius, nimia, nimium excessivenisi, ni unless, if not, exceptniteo, nitere, nitui, --- to shine, glitternitidus, nitida, nitidum shining, sleek, fatnitor, niti, nisus/nixus sum to leannive nor, and notnive… nive… neither… nor...

niveus, nivea, niveum snowy, snow-whitenix, nivis, f. snowno, nare, navi, --- swim, floatnobilis, nobile (lit.: what is known), renowned, high-bornnoceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus to be harmful, harm, injure (+dat)nocturnus, nocturna, nocturnum nightly, nocturnalnolo, nolle, nolui, ---- to be unwilling, not to want, wish that notnomen, nominis (N) namenomino, nominare, nominavi, nominatum to call by name, give a namenon notnon ante… quam not untilnon iam not yetnon solum… sed etiam… not only… but also….nondum not yetnonne (in dir. question, anticipates a "yes" answer)nonus, nona, nonum ninthnos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis wenosco, noscere, novi, (notus famous) to get to knownosco, noscere, novi, notus to learn, (in the perfect tense) knownoster, nostra, nostrum our, ours, our ownnota, notae, f. mark, signnoto, notare, notavi, notatum to mark, indicate, recognizenotus, nota, notum known, well-known, customarynovem ninenovus, nova, novum new, strangenox, noctis (F) nightnoxa, noxae (F) harm, injurynubes, nubis, f. cloud, mistnubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptus to cover, veil, be married to, marry (+dat)nudus, nuda, nudum naked, barenullus, nulla, nullum no, nonenum (in dir. quest, anticipates a "no" answer)numen, numinis (N) divinity, divine spiritnumero, numerare, numeravi, numeratum to count, reckonnumerus, numeri, m. numbernumquam nevernunc now, at presentnuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus to report, announce, relatenuntius, nuntii (M) messenger, messagenuper recentlynusquam nowherenutrix, nutricis (F) nurseob (+acc) towards, on account of obeo, obire, obii (-ivi), obitus to go up against, meet, dieobiceo, obicere, obieci, obiectum to throw in the way, opposeobitus, obitus (M) a going down, setting, downfall, ruinoblecto, oblectare, oblectavi, oblectatus to please, amuse, delight, pass the time pleasantlyobliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum to forgetobscurus, obscura, obscurum dim, darkobsido, obsidere, obsedi, obsessum to occupyobsti/upesco, obsti/uperscere, obsti/upui, -- to be struck dumb, amazedobsto, obstare, obstiti, obstatus to stand in the way of, hinder (+dat)obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum to hold fast, maintainobvius, obvia, obvium in the way, ready to handoccasio, occasionis (F) occasion, opportunityoccido, occidere, occidi, --- (cf. cado) to fall (down), perish, set, dieoccido, occidere, occidi, occisum (cf. caedo) to knock down, killocculte (adv.) secretlyoccultus, occulta, occultum (lit.: covered over), hidden, secretoccupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum to take possession of

occurro, occurrere, occurri, --- to run to meet, opposeoctavus, octava, octavum eighthocto eightoculus, -i (M) eyeodi, odisse (perf. with pres. meaning) to hateodium, odii (N) hatredodor, odoris, m. smelloffendo, offendere, offendi, offensum to hit , insultoffero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus to offerofficium, officii (N) duty, serviceolim once, at that time, formerly, in the futureomen, ominis, n. (lit.: what is heard), harbinger, divine signomitto, omittere, omisi, omissum to let go, pass overomnino all in all, as a whole, entirely, wholly, altogetheromnipotens, omnipotentis almightyomnis, omne all, everyonero, onerare, oneravi, oneratum to load, burdenonus, oneris, n. burden, loadoperio, operui, opertum to coveropinio, opinionis (F) opinionopinor, opinari, opinatus sum to supposeoportet, oportere, oportuit, ---- it is necessary, it is proper, it is rightoppidum, oppidi (N) townopprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressus to press upon, overwhelm, crushoppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum to fight against, assault, besiegeops, opis (F) help, aid, (pl) resources, wealth, poweropto, optare, optavi, optatus to desire, wish (for), chooseopus est there is need ofopus, operis (N) work, task, deed, accomplishmentora, orae, f. edge, coastoratio, orationis (F) oration, speechorator, oratoris (M) speaker, oratororbis terrarum circle of lands, the worldorbis, orbis (M) ring, orb, circleordo, ordinis, m. line, methodical arrangement, classorior, oriri, ortus sum to rise, arise, beginorno, ornare, ornavi, ornatus to equip, furnish, adornoro, orare, oravi, oratus to beg (for), pray, plead, beseech, entreatortus, ortus (M) rising, sourceos, oris (N) mouth, expression, faceos, oris, n. mouthos, ossis, n. boneosculum, osculi (N) kissostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostensum to hold out, showostendo, ostendo, ostendi, --- to stretch toward, point out, display otium, otii, n. leisurepaene almostpaenitet, paenitere, paenituit, ---- it repentspalleo, pallere, pallui, --- to be palepallor, palloris, m. paleness, mustinesspalma, palmae, f. palm (of the hand), palmtreepando, pandere, pandi, passum to spread out, openpango, pangere, pepigi, pactum to make fast, composepar, paris equal, likeparco, parcere, peperci, (parsurus) to spare (+dat.)parcus, parca, parcum (lit.: thrifty), smallparens, parentis (M/F) parentpareo, parere, parui, paritus to be obedient, obey (+dat)pario, parere, peperi, partum (pariturus) to bring forth, give birthpariter (adv.) equally, alike

paro, parare, paravi, paratus to prepare, make ready, provide, get, obtainpars, partis (F) part, share, directionparum (adv.) too little, not enoughparvus, parva, parvum (minor; minimus) smallpasco, pascere, pavi, pastum to feed, let grazepassim here and there, at randompassus, passus, m. pace, step, stridepastor, pastoris, m. shepherdpatefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactus to make open, open, disclose, exposepateo, patere, patui, ---- to be open, lie open, be accessible, be evidentpater, patris, m. father, sirepaternus, paterna, paternum fatherlypatientia, patientiae (F) suffering, patience, endurancepatior, pati, passus sum to suffer, endure, allow, permitpatria, patriae, f. fatherlandpaucus, pauca, paucum fewpaul(l)us, paul(l)a, paul(l)um littlepauper, pauperis (< paucus + pario) (lit.: producing little), poor, indigentpaupertas, paupertatis (F) poverty, humble circumstancespax, pacis (F) peacepecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatum to blunder, do wrongpectus, pectoris (N) heart, breastpecunia, pecuniae (F) moneypecus, pecoris, n. head of cattle, herd, flockpecus, pecudis, f. piece of livestock, sheeppedes, peditis, m. foot-soldierpelagus, pelagi, n. open seapellis, pellis, f. skin, hide, peltpello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus to push, drive (off), strike, banishPenates, Penatium, m. household godspendeo, pendere, pependi, --- (intrans.) to hang, floatpendo, pendere, pependi, pensum (trans.) to weigh, paypenes in the power ofpenetro, penetrare, penetravi, penetratum to make its way intopenitus inwardly, deeplypenna, pennae, f. feather, plumeper (+acc) through, acrossperago, peragere, peregi, peractum to drive through, bring to an endpercello, percellere, perculi, perculsum to beat down, upsetpercipio, percipere, percepi, perceptum to acquire, perceivepercutio, percutere, percussi, percussum to strike forcibly, blastperdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus to destroy, lose, wasteperegrinor, peregrinari, peregrinatus sum to travel abroad, wanderpereo, perire, perii, peritum (passive to perdere) to perishperfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum to bear through, sufferperficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectum bring about, completeperfidus, perfida, perfidum faithless, treacherousperfugium, perfugii (N) refuge, shelterperfundo, perfundere, perfusi, perfusum to flow over, dyepergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum to proceedpericulum, periculi (N) dangerperiurium, periurii, n. false oath, perjurypermitto, permittere, permisi, permissum to let go through, allowpernocto, pernoctare, pernoctavi, pernoctatus to spend or occupy the nightperpetuus, perpetua, perpetuum perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted, continuousperscribo, perscribere, perscripsi, perscriptum to write in full, assignpersequor, persequi, persecutus sum to pursueperspicio, perspicere, perspexi, perspectum to look through, realizepersuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum to convince, persuade (+dat)pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, --- to reach, to be aimed at, to refer to (+ad)

pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventus to arrive (at)pes, pedis, m. footpeto, petere, petivi, petitus to seek, ask for, aim at, beg (with a + abl)philosopha, philosophae (F) philosopherphilosophia, philosophiae (F) philosophyphilosophus, philosophi (M) philosopherpietas, pietatis, f. dutiful conduct, religiousness, devotionpiget, pigere, piguit, ---- it disgustspingo, pingere, pinxi, pinctum to paintpinguis, pingue fatpiscis, piscis, m. fishpius, pia, pium dutiful, devout, religiousplaceo, placere, placui, (placitum decreed) to please (+dat.)placidus, placida, placidum calm, mildplaco, placare, placavi, placatum to quiet, soothe, appeaseplanus, plana, planum level, flatplaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum to clapplebs, plebis (F) common people, populous, plebeiansplenus, plena, plenum (+gen. or abl.) fullpleo, plere, plevi, pletum to fillÿ (+abl. of material)plerusque, pleraque, plerumque a large part, mostpluma, plumae, f. featherpoculum, poculi, n. drinking bowlpoena, poenae, f. punishmentpoenas dare to pay a penaltypoeta, poetae (M) poetpolliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum to promisepolus, poli, m. tip of heavenly axis, pole star, skypomum, pomi, n. and pomus, pomi, m. fruit tree, (edible) fruitpondus, ponderis, n. weightpono, ponere, posui, positus to put, place, set (aside)pons, pontis, m. bridgepontus, ponti, m. seapopulo, populare, populavi, populatum to lay waste, ravagepopulus, populi (M) the people, a people, a nationpor(ri)go, por(ri)gere, porrexi, porrectum to stretch outporta, portae, f. gate, door, entranceporto, portare, portavi, portatum to carry, conveyportus, portus, m. harborposco, poscere, poposci, (postulatum) to demandpossideo, possidere, possedi, possessum (< potis + sedeo) to occupy, hold as propertypossum, posse, potui, --- (< potis + sum) to be able topost (+acc.) afterwards, after, behindpostea afterwards posterus, postera, posterum next, followingpostquam after, whenpostremum after all, finally, for the last timepostulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum to demand, claimpotens, potentis able, powerful, mighty, strongpotentia, potentiae, f. power, capacitypotestas, potestatis, f. power, controlpotior, potiri, potitus sum to take power of (+abl.)potis or pote, potior, potissimus having the power, ablepoto, potare, potavi, potatum to drinkprae (+abl) in front of, beforepraebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitum to hold forth, offer, furnishpraeceps, praecipitis headlong, steeppraecipito, -cipitare, -cipitavi, -cipitatum to throw headlong, rush headlongpraeda, praedae, f. booty, spoilpraefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus to bring (place) before, to prefer

praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus to make before (at the head of), put in command ofpraemium, praemii, n. (< prae + emo) profit, reward, privilegepraesens, praesentis presentpraesidium, praesidii, n. protection, strongholdpraesto, praestare, praestiti, (praestaturus) to surpass (+dat.), to render (+acc.)praesum, praeesse, praefui, --- to be before (at the head of), be in command ofpraeter (+acc) besides, except, beyond, pastpraeterea besides, moreoverpraetereo, praeterire, praeteri(v)i, praeteritum to pass by, escape one's knowledgepraetermitto, praetermittere, praetermisi, praetermissum to let passpratum, prati, n. meadowpre(he)ndo, pre(he)ndere, pre(he)ndi, pre(he)nsum to lay hold of, seizeprecor, precari, precatus sum to ask, prayprehendo, prehendere, prehendi, prehensum to lay hold of, seizepremo, premere, pressi, pressum to push, presspretium, pretii (N) price, valueprex, precis, f. prayer, requestprima luce at the first light, at daybreakprimo at first, at the beginningprimus, prima, primum first, foremost, chief, principalprinceps, principis (<primus + -capio) (lit.: taking the first share), chiefprincipium, principii (N) beginningpriscus, prisca, priscum former, ancientpristinus, pristina, pristinum ancient, former, previousprius before, previouslypriusquam beforeprivo, privare, privavi, privatum to deprive, rob (+abl.)pro (+abl) in front of, for, on behalf of, instead of, in return forprobitas, probitatis (F) uprightness, honestyprobo, probare, probavi, probatus to test, approve, recommendprocul in the distance, far fromprocumbo, procumbere, procubui, procubitum to sink down, fall prostrateprodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum to thrust forward, publish, betrayprodsum, prodesse, profui, --- to be usefulproelium, proelii, n. battleprofero, proferre, protuli, prolatum to carry out, produce, offerproficio, proficere, profeci, profectum to advanceproficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum to set forth, set out, startprofugus, profuga, profugum fugitive, banished, exiledprofundus, profunda, profundum extending far, deepprogredior, progredi, progressus sum to go forth, advance, proceedprohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum to hold back, check, preventproicio, proicere, proieci, proiectum to fling forth, extend forwardproinde thereforeproles, prolis, f. offspring, progenypromitto, promittere, promisi, promissus to send forth, promisepronuntio, pronunitare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatus to proclaim, announce, declaim, pronouncepronus, prona, pronum leaning forward, leaning toward the groundprope nearpropero, properare, properavi, properatus to hastenpropinquus (propior, proximus) near, relatedpropono, proponere, proposui, propositum to put forth, displayproprius, propria, proprium one's ownpropter (+acc) on account of, because ofpropterea quod for this reason thatprora, prorae, f. the forepart of a ship, prowprosperus, prospera, prosperum according to one's hopes, successfulprospicio, -spicere, prospexi, prospectum to look out, look out for, watchprosum, prodesse, profui, ---- to be useful, do good, benefit, profit (+dat)protinus immediately, continuously, directly

provideo, providere, providi, provisus to foresee (+acc.), to provide for (dat. of person)provincia, provinciae (F) provinceproximus, proxima, proximum nearest, nextpubes, pubis, f. signs of manhood; group of young malespublico, publicare, publicavi, publicatum to make public, make knownpublicus, publica, publicum publicpudet, pudere, puduit, puditum est it fills with shamepudicus, pudica, pudicum modest, chastepudor, pudoris, m. sense of shame, decencypuella, puellae, f. girlpuer, pueri (M) boy, childpugna, pugnae (F) battle, fightpugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus to fight (with) (with cum + abl)pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsome, finepulso, pulsare, pulsavi, pulsatum to keep hitting, hammerpulvis, pulveris, m. (f.) dustpuppis, puppis, f. stern of a ship, poop; part pro toto: shippurpureus, purpurea, purpureum "purple", redpurus, pura, purum free from dirt, pureputo, putare, putavi, putatus to think, reckon, suppose, judge, clean, trimqua how, by what way, insofar asqua… qua… on the one hand… on the other hand…quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum to seek, ask (+ex)quaeso, quaesumus I, we beg ="please!"qualis, quale of what kind, what kind ofquam how, as ... as possible, than (in comparisons)quam ob rem on account of which thing, for what reason, whyquam primum as soon as possiblequamdiu how longquamlibet however muchquamquam althoughquamvis however much, althoughquando when?, when, whenever, while, sincequandoquidem since indeed, inasmuch asquantumlibet however muchquantumvis however muchquantus, quanta, quantum how much, how great, how largequapropter by what means, wherefore, whyquare by what means, wherefore, whyquartus, quarta, quartum fourthquasi as if, as it were, aboutquatio, quatere, ---, quassum to shakequattuor fourquattuordecim fourteenqueo, quire, quivi/quii, quitum to be able, canquerela, querelae, f. lament, complaintqueror, queri, questus sum to complain, lamentqui, quae, quod who, which, thatquia becausequicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque whoever, whateverquidam, quaedam, quiddam certain quidem indeed, certainly, at least, evenquies, quietis, f. rest, repose, quiet lifequiesco, quiescere, quievi, quietum to rest (intrans.)quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet anyone/anything (you like)quin but that, that not, indeed, in fact, why not?quin (after negatives), quominus so as to prevent thatquindecim fifteenquinque fivequintus, quinta, quintum fifth

quippe since indeed, inasmuch as, certainlyquique, quaeque, quodque each, everyquis?, quid? who?, what?quisnam, quaenam, quidnam who? what?quisquam, quaequam, quic/dquam anybody, anythingquisque, quaeque, quodque each onequisque, quidque/quicque each one, each thing, every one, every thingquisquis, quaequae, quodquod/quidquid whoever, whateverquisquis, quidquid whoever, whateverquo (to) where, whither, for which reason, to what endquo modo in what way, howquo, ut, uti (+subj.) so that, in order thatquoad while, as long as, as far as, untilquocirca and so, therefore, consequentlyquod becausequod si but ifquominus so as to prevent thatquominus by which the less, that notquomodo in which manner?, how?quondam at one time, formerly, oncequoniam because, since, inasmuch asquoque also, too, likewisequot how many?quotiens how often?rabies, rabiei, f. ferocity, frenzyradius, radii (M) rod, rayramus, rami, m. branch, boughrapidus, rapida, rapidum fast, vehementrapio, rapere, rapui, raptus to seize, snatch, carry awayrarus, rara, rarum scattered, infrequent, scarceratio, rationis (F) reckoning, account, reason, judgment, mannerratis, ratis, f. timbers, raftrecedo, recedere, recessi, recessum to fall back, give groundrecens, recentis lately done, freshrecipio, recipere, recepi, receptum to take back, withdraw (+se), receiverecito, recitare, recitavi, recitatus to read aloud, declaimrecludo. recludere, reclusi, reclusum to disclose, revealrecognosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus to recognize, recollectrecreo, recreare, recreavi, recreatus to restore, revive, refresh, cheerrectus, recta, rectum straight, rightrecuso, recusare, recusavi, recusatus to refusereddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum to give back, renderredeo, redire, redii, reditus to return, go backreditus, reditus, m. returnreduco, reducere, reduxi, reductum to lead back, restorerefero, referre, rettuli, relatus to carry back, bring back, repeat, answer, reportrefert, referre, retulit it is of importance reficio, reficere, refexi, refectum to restoreregina, reginae (F) queenregius, regia, regium royal, regalregno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum to rule, reignregnum, regni (N) realm, kingdomrego, regere, rexi, rectum to keep straight, direct, leadreligio, religionis (F) religious awe, reverence, integrity, sanctityrelinquo, relinquere, relinqui, relictus to leave behind, abandon, desertreliquus, reliqua, reliquum remaining, rest ofremaneo, remanere, remansi, remansus to remain, stay (behind), abide, continueremedium, remedii (N) cure, remedyremissio, remissionis (F) letting go, release, relaxationremitto, remittere, remisi, remissum to let go back, forgive

removeo, removere, removi, remotus to remove, take away, set asideremus, remi, m. oarreor, reri, ratus sum to reckonrepente suddenlyreperio, reperire, repperi, repertus to find, discover, learn getrepeto, repetere, repetevi, repetitum to demand back, repeatreprehendo, reprehendere, reprehendi, reprehensum to reproachrequiesco, requiescere, requievi, requietus to rest requiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitus to seek, ask for, miss, need, requireres publica, rei publicae (F) state, republic, commonwealthres, rei (F) thing, matter, affair, situation, businessrescribo, rescribere, rescripsi, rescriptum to write backresido, residere, resedi, --- to sit down, fall backresisto, resistere, restiti, --- to halt, remain fixed, stand in the wayresono, resonare, resonavi, --- to echo, ring withrespicio, respicere, respexi, respectum to look back, be mindful of, considerrespondeo, respondere, respondi, responsus to answerrestituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum to restoreretego, retegere, retexi, retectus to uncover, revealretineo, retinere, retinui, retentum to hold backretro backwardreus, rei, m. defendantreve/ortor, reve/orti, (reversus returned) to returnreverto, revertere, reverti, reversus to turn backrevoco, revocare, revocavi, revocatus to call backrex, regis (M) kingrideo, ridere, risi, risum to laughridiculus, -a, -um laughable, ridiculousrigeo, rigere, ---, --- to be stiff, unbendingrigidus, rigida, rigidum stiffrigor, rigoris, m. stiffness, frostiness, severityripa, ripae, f. bank, shorerivus, rivi, m. stream, brookrobur, roboris, n. hard-wood, firmness, strengthrogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus to ask (for)rogus, rogi, m. and rogum, rogi, n. funeral pyreRoma, Romae (F) RomeRomanus, Romana, Romanum Romanrosa, rosae (F) roserota, rotae, f. wheelrubeo, rubere, ---, --- to be red, to become redruber, rubra, rubrum redrudis, rude still in its natural state, rough, cruderuina, ruinae, f. headlong rush, downfall, destructionrumor, rumoris (M) rumor, gossiprumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum to break (trans.)rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum to break (trans.)ruo, ruere, rui, rutum to rush, tumblerupes, rupis, f. rock, cliffrursus againrus, ruris, n. piece of land, country estaterusticor, rusticari, rusticatus sum to live in the countryrusticus, rustica, rusticum belonging to the country, rural, rusticsacer, sacra, sacrum consecrated, sacredsacerdos, sacerdotis (M) priestsacro, sacrare, sacravi, sacratum to set apart as sacred, consecratesacrum, sacri, n. holy place, templesaec(u)lum, saec(u)li, n. age, erasaepe oftensaepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptum to fence in

saevio, saevire, saevii, saevitum to be violent, ragesaevus, saeva, saevum savage, ferocioussagitta, sagittae, f. arrowsal, salis (M) salt, witsalio, salire, salui, --- to jumpsaltem at leastsaltus, saltus, m. woodland region, mountain passsalus, salutis (F) health, safetysalutem dicere to say hello, greetsaluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum to greet, wish healthsalve, salvete hello, greetingssalveo, salvere, ----, ---- to be well, be in good healthsalvus, salva, salvum safe, soundsancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctum to make sacred, decreesanguis, sanguinis, m. bloodsanus, sana, sanum sound, healthysapiens, sapientis wise, judicioussapientia, sapientiae (F) wisdomsapio, sapere, sapivi, ---- to have good taste, have good sense, be wisesatio, satiare, satiavi, satiatus to satisfy, satesatis enough, sufficientsator, satoris (M) sower, planter, begetter, father, foundersatura, saturae (F) satiresaxum, saxi (N) rock, stonescando, scandere, scendi, --- to move up, climb, scan (a verse)scelero, scelerare, ---, sceleratum to pollute, defilescelus, sceleris (N) wicked deed, crime, wickednesssceptrum, sceptri, n. royal staffscientia, scientiae (F) knowledgescilicet evidently, of coursescindo, scindere, scidi, scissum to tear, splitscio, scire, scivi, scitus to knowscopulus, scopuli, m. a projecting point of rock, crag, ledgescribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus to write, composescriptor, scriptoris (M) writer, authorseco, secare, secui, sectum to cutsecretus, secreta, secretum set apart, confidentialsecundum next to, along, according tosecundus, secunda, secundum following, next, second, favorablesecuris, securis, f. axe, hatchetsecurus, secura, securum (cf. cura) carefree, untroubled, negligentsed but, on the contrarysed tamen but yet, neverthelesssedecim sixteensedeo, sedere, sedi, sessus to sitsedes, sedis, f. seatseges, segitis, f. field of corn, cropsegnis, segne slow, sluggish, slothfulsemel oncesemen, seminis, n. seedsemper alwayssenatus, senatus (M) senatesenectus, senectutis (F) old agesenex, senis old, agedsensus, sensus (M) sensation, feeling, sensesententia, sententiae (F) feeling, thought, opinion, vote, sentencesentio, sentire, sensi, sensus to feel, perceive, think, experiencesepelio, sepelire, sepeli(v)i, sepultum to buryseptem sevenseptendecim seventeen

septimus, septima, septimum seventhsepulcrum, sepulcri, n. tomb, gravesequor, sequi, secutus sum to followsereno, serenare, serenavi, serenatus to make clear, brighten, cheer up, sootheserenus, serena, serenum serene, calmsermo, sermonis, m. talk, conversation, discoursesero late, too latesero, serere, serui, sertum to put in a rowsero, serere, seui, satum to sow, plantsero, serere, sevi, satum to sowserpens, serpentis, m. or f. snakeserpo, serpere, serpsi, --- to move in prone position, creep, crawlserus, sera, serum late, too lateserva, servae (F) slaveservio, servire, servivi, servitus to be a slave to, serve (+dat)servitium, servitii, n. slavery, bondageservitus, servitutis (F) slavery, servitudeservo, servare, servavi, servatus to save, preserve, rescue, keep, guardservus, servi (M) slaveseu or if, be itseu… seu… whether… or…severus, severa, severum strictsex sixsextus, sexta, sextum sixthsi ifsi quando if eversi quidem since indeed, inasmuch assic so, in this way, thussiccus, sicca, siccum drysicut just assido, sidere, sidi, --- to sit down, subsidesidus, sideris (N) constellation, star, heavensignifico, significare, significavi, significatum to make signs, showsigno, signare, signavi, signatum to mark, seal, portendsignum, signi, n. mark, token, signsilentium, silentii, n. silencesileo, silere, silui, --- to be silentsilva, silvae, f. woodland, forest, mattersimilis, simile like, similar (to), resembling (+gen or dat)simplex, simplicis (< semel + -plex) one-fold, plain, uncomplicatedsimul as soon assimul at the same time, togethersimul ac as soon assimul atque as soon assimulacrum, simulacri, n. likeness, representation, statuesimulo, simulare, simulavi, simulatum to pretend, simulatesine (+abl) withoutsinguli, singulae, singula one apiece, individualsinister, sinistra, sinistrum left, harmful, ill-omenedsino, sinere, sivi, situm to let, allowsinus, sinus, m. curve, bosom, baysisto, sistere, ste/iti, statum to cause to stand, standsitis, sitis, f. thirstsitus, situs, m. positionsive or if, be itsive… sive… whether… or...socer, soceri, m. father-in-lawsocius, socia, socium alliedsocius, socii, m. companion, allysol, solis (M) sun

solacium, solacii (N) comfort, reliefsoleo, solere, solitus sum to be accustomed, be customarysolidus, solida, solidum not hollow, firmsolitudo, solitudinis, f. solitariness, lonelinesssollers, sollertis skilled, expertsollicitus, sollicita, sollicitum (<sollus + cieo) thoroughly moved, agitated, disturbedsolum, soli, m. bottom, floor, soilÿsolus, sola, solum alone, singlesolvo, solvere, solvi, solutum (< se- + luo) to loosen, paysomnium, somnii, n. dreamsomnus, somni, m. sleepsonitus, sonitus, m. noise, soundsono, sonare, sonui, sonitum to make a soundsonus, soni, m. noise, soundsoror, sororis (F) sistersors, sortis (F) lot, destinysortior, sortiri, sortitus sum to draw lots, dividespargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus to scatter, sprinkle, distributespatium, spatii, n. track, area, intervalspecies, speciei (F) appearancespecio, specere, spexi, spectus to see, observespecto, spectare, spectavi, spectatus to look at, seespeculum, speculi (N) mirrorsperno, spernere, sprevi, spretum to scornspero, sperare, speravi, speratum to expect, hopespero, sperare, speravi, speratus to hope (for)spes, spei, f. hopespiritus, spiritus, m. breath, spirit, soulspiro, spirare, spiravi, spiratum to breathespolio, spoliare, spoliavi, spoliatum to strip, deprive, plunderspolium, spolii, n. hide, stripped armor, bootyspondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum to promise, avowspons, spontis, f. will, volitionspumo, spumare, spumavi. spumatum foam, frothstatim immediatelystatua, statuae (F) statuestatuo, statuere, statui, statutum to cause to stand, establishstella, stella, f. starsterno, sternere, stravi, stratum to spread out, strewstirps, stirpis, f. stock, rootsto, stare, steti, status to stand, stand still, stand firmstringo, stringere, strinxi, strictum to touch upon, draw (sword)struo, struere, struxi, structum to pile up, buildstudeo, studere, studui, ---- to be zealous, study, be eager for (+dat)studiosus, studiosa, studiosum fond of, partial to, studious (+gen)studium, studii (N) enthusiasm, zeal, eagerness, pursuit, studystultus, stulta, stultum foolishstupeo, stupere, stupui, --- to be struck senselesssuadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum to advise, urge (+dat.)suavis, suave sweetsub (+acc or abl) under, up under, close tosubdo, subdere, subdidi, subditum to palce under, subjectsubeo, subire, subii, subitum to go under, take upon o.s.subicio, subiecere, subieci, subiectum to place under, lay beforesubito suddenlysublimis, sublime; sublimus, sublima, sublimum elevated, loftysubridero, -ridere, -risi, -risus to smile (down) uponsuccedo, succedere, successi, successum to go from come under, take the place ofsuesco, suescere, suevi, suetum to become accustomed tosum, esse, fui, (futurus) to be

summus, summa, summum highest, top (of)sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum to takesuper over, above (direction or location)superbus, supera, superum arrogant, overbearing, haughty, proudsuperi, superorum (M pl) the gods abovesupero, superare, superavi, superatus to overcome, conquer, be above, surpasssupersum, superesse, superfui, ---- to be left over, survivesuperus, supera, superum above, uppersupplex, supplicis (lit.: bringing peace-offerings), humblesupra abovesurgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus to get up, arisesuscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus to undertakesuspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensus to hand up, suspend, interruptsuspicio, suspicere, suspexi, suspectum to look up, suspectÿsuspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum to mistrust, suspectsustineo, sustinere, sustinui, --- to hold up, supportsuus, sua, suum his, her, itsSyracusae, Syracusarum (F pl) Syracuset(h)us, t(h)uris, n. incensetaceo, tacere, tacui, tacitus to be (or keep) silent, leave unmentionedtaeda, taedae (F) torchtaedet, taedere, taeduit, (taesum est) it bores, it disguststalis, tale of such a kindtam so, in this way, thus, to such a degreetam… quam… so… as..., as… as…tamen nevertheless, stilltametsi even if, althoughtamquam as if, as it weretandem at length, at long last, finallytango, tangere, tetigi, tactum to touchtantum onlytantus, tanta, tantum so much, so great, so largetardus, tarda, tardum slow, latetaurus, tauri, m. bulltectum, tecti, n. roof, abodetego, tegere, texi, tectus to cover, concealtellus, telluris, f. earth, landtelum, teli, n. missile, javelin tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum to restrain oneself, to regulatetempestas, tempestatis (F) weather, storm, season, period of timetemplum, templi (N) templetempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum (also tento) to trytempus, temporis (N) time, period, season, occasion, opportunitytendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum to stretch, aim attenebrae, tenebrarum, f. darknessteneo, tenere, tenui, tentus to hold, keep, possess, restraintener, tenera, tenerum tender, delicatetenuis, tenue thinter three times, thricetergum, tergi (N) backtero, terere, trivi, tritum to rub, grind, wear awayterra, terrae (F) earth, land, ground, countryterreo, terrere, terrui, territus to frighten, alarm, terrifyterror, terroris, m. something that inspires fear, feartertius, tertia, tertium thirdtestis, testis, m. (rarely f.) (lit.: third party), witnessthalamus or thalamos, thalami, m. inner room, bedchamber, marriage timeo, timere, timui, --- to fear, be afraid (of)timidus, timida, timidum fearfultimor, timoris (M) fear, dread

tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctum to wet, imbue, colourtitulus, tituli, m. inscription, headingtolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratus to bear, enduretollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus to raise, lift up, take away, remove, destroytorqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum to turn, tormenttorreo, torrere, torrui, tostum to scorch, parchtorus, tori, m. thong, moulding, muscle, bolster, bedtot so manytotidem as manytotiens so oftentotus, tota, totum whole, entiretracto, tractare, tractavi, tractatum to drag, practise, treattrado, tradere, tradidi, traditus to hand over, betray, surrender, hand downtraho, trahere, traxi, tractus to draw, drag, derivetraicio, traicere, traieci, traiectum to propel across, piercetrans (+acc) across, on the other side oftranseo, transire, transii, transitus to go across, cross, pass over, ignoretransfero, transferre, transtuli, translatum to carry across, translatetransitus, transitus (M) passing over, transit, transitiontredecim thirteentremo, tremere, tremui, --- to quake, quiver trepido, trepidare, trepidavi, trepidatum to bustle with alarm, be in confusiontrepidus, trepida, trepidum restless, agitatedtres, tria threetribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributum to assign, allottristis, triste sad, sorrowful, joyless, grim, severetriumphus, triumphi, m. victory procession, triumphTroia, Troiae (F) Troytu, tui youtu, tui, tibi, te, te thou, youtueor, tueri, (tutus safe) to watch, protect tum then, at that timetum… tum… both… and..., not only… but also…tumeo, tumere, tumui, --- to swell, be swollentumidus, tumida, tumidum swollen, puffed uptumultus, tumulti, m. commotion, disturbancetumulus, tumuli, m. a heap of earth, mound, hill, hillock tunc then, at that timeturba, turbae, f. disorder, mass of peopleturbo, turbare, turbavi, turbatum to disturb, troubleturbo, turbinis, m. whirlwind, stormturpis, turpe foul, ugly, shameful, base, disgracefulturris, turris, f. tower tutus, tuta, tutum safetuus, tua, tuum thy, thine, your, yourstyrannus, tyranni (M) absolute ruler, tyrantuber, uberis producing much nourishment, plentiful, richubi where, when, asubi primum as soon asubique everywhere, anywhere, whereverulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum to take revenge, punishullus, ulla, ullum any (after negation)ulterius later, fartherultimus, ultima, ultimum farthest, last, extreme, finalultor, ultoris, m. avengerultra beyond, on the other sideumbra, umbrae, f. shade, shadow umeo, umere, ---, --- to be damp, be wet umerus, umeri, m. upper arm, shoulder umquam ever, at any time

una at the same time, in the same place, togetherunda, undae, f. wave, billow unde whence, from which place, whereforeundecim elevenundecimus, undecima, undecimum eleventhundeviginti nineteenundique from every quarter, all aroundung(u)o, ung(u)ere, unxi, unctum to grease, anointunguis, unguis, m. finger-nailunicus, unica, unicum one and only, having no match, uniqueuniversus, universa, universum entire, wholeunus, una, unum oneurbanus, urbana, urbanum of the city, urban, urbane, eleganturbs, urbis (F) city urgeo, urgere, ursi, --- to impel, urgeurna, urnae (F) urnuro, urere, ussi, ustum to burn (trans.)usque all the way, all the time, even (to), continuouslyusque dum while, as long as, untilusus, usus (M) use, advantage, enjoymentut (+ indicative) as, whenut (+ subjunctive) in order that, so that, that, in order to, so as to, tout ne (+subj.) lest, that not, in order that notut pote since indeed, inasmuch asut primum as soon asut si as ifut, uti just asuter, utra, utrum which (of two), eitheruterque, utraque, utrumque each of twoutilis, utile useful, beneficial, advantageousutilitas, utilitatis, f. usefulness, effectivenessutinam I wish!, would that!, if only!utor, uti, usus sum to use, enjoy, experience (+abl)utrum… an (non)… whether… or (not)…utrum… necne… whether?or notuxor, uxoris (F) wifevaco, vacare, vacavi, vacatum to be emptyvacuus, vacuus, vacumm empty, free fromvado, vadere, vasi, (vasurus) to go, walkvadum, vadi, n. ford, bottom of the sea, watersvae alas, woe tovagor, vagari, vagatus sum to wander, roamvagus, vaga, vagum wandering, shifting, inconstantvale, valete good-bye, farewellvaleo, valere, valui, valitus to be strong, have power, be wellvalidus, valida, validum strong, healthyvalles, vallis, f. valleyvanus, vana, vanum hollow, unreliablevarius, varia, varium diverse, manifold, mottled vasto, vastare, vastavi, vastatum to lay wastevastus, vasta, vastum empty, desolate, enormousvates, vatis, m. or f. soothsayer, prophet vehemens, vehementis violent, strongveho, vehere, vexi, vectum to move, drive (trans.)vel orvel, -ve or (for not mutually exclusive alternatives)vel… vel… either… or… (for not mutually exclusive alternatives)vela dare to set sailvello, vellere, vulsi, vulsum to pluck, pull outvelo, velare, velavi, velatum to cover, wrap

velox, velocis swift, rapidvelum, veli, n. sail, awning, piece of clothvelut as if, even as, likevelut si as ifvena, venae, f. blood-vessel, veinvendo, vendere, vendidi, venditus to sellvenenum, veneni, n. poisonveneror, venerari, veneratus sum to worship, pay homagevenia, veniae (F) indulgence, favor, kindnessvenio, venire, veni, ventum to come venor, venari, venatus sum to hunt, go huntingventer, ventris, m. bellyventus, venti (M) windver, veris, n. (season of) springverbena, verbenae, f. leafy branch (used in rituals)verbera, verberorum instrument for flogging, blowsverbum, verbi (N) wordvere / vero truly, indeed, in truth, to be surevereor, vereri, veritus sum to reverence, fear, dread, respectveritas, veritatis (F) truthvernus, verna, vernum occurring in the spring, vernalvero, verum on the contrary, in truthverro, verrere, ---, --- to sweepverso, versare, versavi, versatum to turn often, keep turningversor, versari, versatus sum to move about in a placeÿversus towardversus, versus, m. (lit.: one turn of the plough), line, versevertex, verticis (M) head, top, summit, whirlpool, whirlwindverto, vertere, verti, versus to turn, changeverum tamen but yet, neverthelessverus, vera, verum true, real, propervesica, vesicae, f. bladdervesper, versperis (M) evening, evening starvester, vestra, vestrum you, yours, your own (plural)vestigium, vestigii, n. foot-print, trace vestis, vestis, f. garment, clothingveto, vetare, vetui, vetitus to forbidvetus, veteris old, veteranvetustas, vetustatis, f. old age, long durationvexo, vexare, vexavi, vexatum to buffet, harassvia, viae, f. way, street vicina, vicinae (F) neighborvicinus, vicina, vicinum neighbouringvicinus, vicini (M) neighborvicis (gen.), f. recurring occasion, part filled in rotationvictor, victoris, m. conqueror victoria, victoriae (F) victoryvictrix, victricis, f. conqueressvicus, vici, m. block of houses, villagevideo, videre, vidi, visus to seevideor, videri, visus sum to be seen, seemvieo, viere, ---, vietum to bend, twist (trans.)vigeo, vigere, vigui, --- to be physically or mentally active, thrivevigil, vigilis awake, watchfulvigilo, vigilare, vigilavi, vigilatum to stay awake, keep watchviginti twentyvigor, vigoris (M) liveliness, activity, vigorvilis, vile cheap, worthlessvilla, villae (F) country house, farmhousevincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum to bind, fetter

vinco, vincere, vici, victum to conquer, vanquishvinco, vincere, vici, victus to conquer, beat, overcomevinculum, vinculi, n. bond, chain, fettervinum, vini (N) wineviolo, violare, violavi, violatus to do violence to, break (an agreement, the law)vir, viri, m. man, adult male, herovireo, virere, virui, --- to be green, strongvirgo, virginis (F) maiden, virginviridis, viride green, youthfulvirtus, virtutis (F) manliness, courage, excellence, virtue, worthvirus, viri, n. slime, poison vis, vis; (pl) vires (F) force, power, violence, (pl) strengthviso, visere, visi, --- to go and look, visitvisus, visus, m. eye, lookvita, vitae (F) life, mode of lifevitis, vitis, f. grape-vinevitium,vitii (N) fault, crime, vicevito, vitare, vitavi, vitatus to avoid, shunvitta, vittae, f. fillet, headband vivo, vivere, vixi, victus to be alive, livevivus, viva, vivum alive, livingvix hardly, barelyvo/ertex, vo/erticis, m. (lit.: turning point), eddy, whirl, peakvoco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum to call, summon volo, velle, volui, --- to wish, want, be willingvolo, volare, volavi, volatum to flyvolucer, volucris, volucre wingedvoluntas, voluntatis, f. will, wishvoluptas, voluptatis (F) pleasurevolvo, volvere, volvi, volutum to cause to revolve, rollvos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis you (pl.)votum, voti, n. vowvoveo, vovere, vovi, votum to promise (to a god), prayvox, vocis (F) voice, word, utterancevu/olnus, vu/olneris, n. woundvulgo (adv.) publicly, commonlyvulgus, vulgi (N, sometimes M) the common people, mob, rabblevulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratus to woundvultus, vultus (M) countenance, face