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[ abha ] [ abh ] m. ( fr. 2. [ ] Lit. U. ii , 123) , a bull ( as impregnating the flock ; cf. [ vabha ] and [ ukan ] ) Lit. RV. Lit. AV. Lit. VS. Lit.

ChUp. Lit. BhP.

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Rishabha

Rishabha, also known as Adinatha, is the traditionalfounder of Jainism. He was the first of the twenty-fourtrthakaras or ford-makers, teachers who establishedthe Jain teachings. According to legends, he belongedto the Ikshvaku dynasty of ancient Ayodhya.[2] His sonwas believed to be the first chakravartin. Rishabha is alsoknown as Rikhava and is sometimes called Rishabha ofKosala.

1 Historicity

Jains traditionally trace their history through a successionof twenty-four propagators of faith known as trthakara.These trthakara have legendary accounts of their life.Parshvanatha, is the earliest trthakara who can be reli-ably dated; he lived in the 9th century BCE.[3][4] Traditionsays thatMahvras parents followed his teachings. How-ever, the current knowledge about the history of India isnot enough to say whether Prva decisively founded theJain religion or not.[5] In this regard, Hermann Jacobi, anoted indologist, writes:[6]

There is nothing to prove that Parshvawas the founder of Jainism. Jain traditionis unanimous in making Rishabha, the firstTirthankara, as its founder and there may besomething historical in the tradition whichmakes him the first Tirthankara.

Some contemporary historians are of the opinion thatthere exists some link between Rishabha and the IndusValley Civilization.[6][7][8] However, these mentions ofRishabha in the Vedas have multiple interpretations.There is no conclusive evidence of him founding Jainismin Vedic literature. Rishabha was, however, worshiped asthe first trthakara and the founder of Jainism from the4th or 3rd century BCE.[9]

2 In Literature

There is mention of Rishabha in Hindu scriptures, includ-ing the Purana. The Bhagavata Purana states that

The eighth incarnation was King Rishabha,son of King Nabhi and his wife Merudevi. Inthis incarnation the Lord showed the path ofperfection, which is followed by those who

have fully controlled their senses and who arehonored by all orders of life.Srimad Bhagavatam 1.3.13

In the Skanda Purana (chapter 37) it is stated thatRishabha was the son of Nabhi, and Rishabha had a sonnamed Bharata, and after the name of this Bharata, thiscountry is known as Bharata-varsha.[10]

Statue of Rabha at LACMA

Rishabha also finds mention in Buddhist literature.It speaks of several jaina tirthankara which includesRishabha along with Padmaprabha, Chandraprabha,Pushpadanta, Vimalnatha, Dharmanatha and Neminatha.A Buddhist scripture named Dharmottarapradipa men-tions Rishabha as an Apta (Tirthankara).[11]

The di pura, a 10th-century Kannada language textby the poet Adikavi Pampa (fl. 941 CE), written inChampu style, a mix of prose and verse and spread oversixteen cantos, deals with the ten lives of Rishabha andhis two sons.[12][13] The life of Rishabha is also given inMahapurana of Jinasena.[14]

3 Legends

Rishabha was born to Nabhi Raja and Marudeviat Ayodhya before human civilization was muchdeveloped.[15] People were primitive and illiterate andhe taught them agriculture, tending of animals, cooking,poetry, painting, sculpture and similar arts.[2][16] Heintroduced karma-bhumi (the age of action).[17] Theinstitution of marriage, ceremony of cremating the

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravartinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanathahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Jacobihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LACMAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80di_pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikavi_Pampahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapurana_(Jainism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinasenahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

2 6 NOTES

dead and festivals in honour of gods like Indra andNaga came into existence.[18][2] He introduced a totalof seventy-two sciences which includes arithmetic, theplastic and visual arts, the art of lovemaking, singing anddancing.[18] He taught people how to extract sugarcanejuice. The name for the Ikshvaku dynasty comes fromthe word ikhsu (sugarcane) because of this event.[19]His kingdom was kind and gentle[18] and he is creditedwith transforming a tribal society into an orderly one.[20]Like any Tirthankara and other legendary figures ofIndian history (who were great warriors), he too was agreat warrior with great strength and body. However, henever needed to show his warrior aspect.[18] Rishabha isknown for advocating non-violence.[18] He was one ofthe greatest initiators of human progress.[2]

Rishabha had two wives. One of them was Sunanda andthe other is given different names, Yasaswati, Nanda andSumangala, in different texts. He had one hundred sonsand two daughters.[21] Among these, Sunanda was themother of Bahubali and Sundari whereas Sumangala wasthe mother of Bharat and Brahmi.[22] Bharata, Rishabhaseldest son, was a chakravartin who later attained mokshaand hence is worshipped as a siddha by the Jains. Indiawas named 'Bhratavarsha' or Bhrata after him.[2][23]

Rishabha gave his kingdom to his two sons Bharata andBahubali. Bharata received the northern half of his king-dom with Ayodhya as the capital whereas Bahubali re-ceived the southern half with the city Podanapur.[24] Hethen became an ascetic. His aim was to cause less harmto others and keep no possessions.[20] Some of the scrip-tures mention that a nymph named Nilanjana was sentby Indra for the purpose of awakening Rishabha to re-nounce the world.[25] Nilanjana was one of the favoritedancers of Rishabha. Indra staged the dancers suddendeath in order to awaken Rishabha and make him preachJainism.[26] The sudden fatal death of Nilanjana gaveRishabha a desire for renunciation.[27] Rishabha was thefirst human to attain enlightenment. He traveled far andwide and preached Jainism.[28] He had his first alms asan ascetic in the town of Hastinapur. Jains celebrate thisevent on the third day of bright fortnight of the monthVaishaka.[29] While traveling, he came across a mountainnamed Ashtapada, which is famously known as mountKailash. Gods created a divine preaching hall known assamavasarana at this mountain for Rishabha.[28] He at-tained liberation on Mount Kailasa at the age of 84 lakhpurva (5,927,040,000,000,000; where one purva equals84*8,400,000).[17] His preachings were recorded in four-teen scriptures known as Purva.[30]

4 Iconography

Rishabha is usually depicted in lotus position or kay-otsarga, a standing posture of meditation. The distin-guishing mark of Rishabha is his long locks of hairwhich fall on his shoulders and an image of a bull in his

17th-century painting showing Rsabhas royal consecration fromthe Pancakalyanaka of Rsabha series

sculptures.[31] His paintings usually depict various impor-tant events of his legend. Some of these include his mar-riage and the Hindu god Indra marking his forehead. Heis shown presenting a bowl to his followers and teachingthem the art of pottery, painting a house, weaving textile.The visit of his mother Marudevi is also shown exten-sively in painting.[32]

5 Cook Islands

A commerative coin of Adinath was recently released bythe Cook Islands.[33][34]

6 Notes[1] To heaven and back - Times Of India. Arti-

cles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved2012-03-07.

[2] Jain 1991, p. 5.

[3] Jain 1991, p. 12.

[4] Charpentier 1922, p. 153

[5] Glasenapp 1999, p. 24.

[6] Sangave 2001, p. 131

[7] Gupta 1999, p. 133

[8] Rankin 2010, p. 44

[9] Jain 1991, p. 6.

[10] Sangave 2001, p. 106

[11] Sangave 2001, p. 105

[12] History of Kannada literature

[13] Students Britannica India, Volumes 1-5. PopularPrakashan. 2000. p. 78. ISBN 0-85229-760-2.

[14] Gupta 1999, p. 133.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravartihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastinapurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_positionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islandshttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFJain1991https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFJain1991https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFCharpentier1922https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFGlasenapp1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFSangave2001https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFGupta1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha#CITEREFRankin2010https://en