Learning Objectives: Understand the meaning, levels and sources of

Conflict Discuss various ways and styles to deal with conflict Recognize the cultural differences in tolerance for

conflict Understand the meaning, and consequences of

Stress Understand different types of stressors Understand elements that moderate stress Explore various strategies to cope with stress at

work Understand the nature and approaches to

negotiation

People think they have a conflict when opinions and intensions regarding a task or a decision are perceived as incompatible

Various Approaches to Conflict are: Psycho-Social Approach Economic Approach Descriptive Approach Normative Approach

Intra-individual Conflict

Interpersonal conflict

Structural Conflict

Effective conflict management contributes to learning, change and effectiveness in an organisation

The task of the effective manager is seen as to maintain an optimal level of conflict, while keeping conflicts focused on productive purposes

Recognizing Tolerance for Conflict Across Cultures Culture often shapes the nature of conflict by

influencing tolerance for conflict and determining how people view their context, evaluate decisions and relate to others

Two levels of conflict: high tolerance end and low tolerance end

Integrating conflict and Negotiation from the Gandhian perspective Mahatma’s approach to conflict and

negotiation uses ultimate or general values as a source of conflict and negotiation related norms. These norms can be found at three levels in his writings▪ First Level (for conflict goals)▪ Second Level (for conflict and struggle process)▪ Third Level (for conflict resolution)

Deviation from normal psychological or physiological functioning caused by exigencies in the individual's immediate environment is called stress

Stressors emerge from various sources outside and within the organisation, they can be categorized as extra-organisational, organisational, group level and individual level stressors

Stress and its Moderators: Intrinsic motivation as a moderator Social support Perceptions of subjective control Personality

Coping with Stress: Primary Interventions▪ The focus of primary interventions is on moderating or

redesigning the environment to be less stressful to the individual

Secondary Interventions▪ Secondary prevention addresses the consequences rather

than the sources of stress. Therefore, the individual has to develop and strengthen his/her resistance to that stress

Tertiary Interventions▪ Tertiary prevention is concerned with the treatment,

rehabilitation and recovery process of those individuals who have suffered or are suffering from serious ill health because of stress

Negotiation is defined as a process by which two or more parties decide what each will give and take in the exchange

The process of negotiation may be conducted formally, or informally and subtly

Elements and the Factors affecting Negotiation: Parties Issues Alternatives Interests Negotiations Outcomes

The negotiators not only need to know their counterparts and their needs, but also the following: alternatives to negotiated agreement the linked processes of "creating" and "claiming" value

and efforts to "change the game" itself

OR Distinguishing between the Interests, Issues and Position Knowing one’s Alternatives to the negotiated Agreement Creating and Claiming Value Changing the Game

Integrative or collaborative bargaining is recommended for negotiating 'rights and responsibilities' as opposed to hard economic issues, in which: The parties explore options to increase the size of the

joint gain without respect to the division of payoffs

The bargaining, or negotiation, follows a joint problem-solving format and to benefit all parties

Parties under integrative bargaining recognize and define a problem, search for possible solutions to it, evaluate them, and select one that maximizes joint gain

The effectiveness of this process depends on parties’ willingness to share information combined with open communication