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Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models

Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models

integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis

integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis

© K.Fedra 2000

Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems• capture, manipulate, capture, manipulate,

process, analyze, displayprocess, analyze, display geo-referenced information.geo-referenced information.• Spatial objects (point, lines, Spatial objects (point, lines,

polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially are essentially staticstatic..

Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems• capture, manipulate, capture, manipulate,

process, analyze, displayprocess, analyze, display geo-referenced information.geo-referenced information.• Spatial objects (point, lines, Spatial objects (point, lines,

polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially are essentially staticstatic..

GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling

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Geographic information systems combine Geographic information systems combine • geometry data (coordinates and geometry data (coordinates and

topological information) and topological information) and • attribute data, describing the properties attribute data, describing the properties

of geometrical objects (points, lines, of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)areas)

• with tools for spatial (geometric) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.analysis.

Geographic information systems combine Geographic information systems combine • geometry data (coordinates and geometry data (coordinates and

topological information) and topological information) and • attribute data, describing the properties attribute data, describing the properties

of geometrical objects (points, lines, of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)areas)

• with tools for spatial (geometric) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.analysis.

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Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship

Basic elements:Basic elements:

• spatial objectsspatial objects

Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship

Basic elements:Basic elements:

• spatial objectsspatial objects

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GIS and spatial DSSGIS and spatial DSSGIS and spatial DSSGIS and spatial DSS

Basic spatial decision that can be Basic spatial decision that can be supported by GIS are:supported by GIS are:

• Location (site selection)Location (site selection)• Zoning (allocation of space)Zoning (allocation of space)• Routing (path generation)Routing (path generation)

Basic spatial decision that can be Basic spatial decision that can be supported by GIS are:supported by GIS are:

• Location (site selection)Location (site selection)• Zoning (allocation of space)Zoning (allocation of space)• Routing (path generation)Routing (path generation)

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Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:

• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction

Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:

• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction

Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes

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Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:shallow coupling uses the GIS as shallow coupling uses the GIS as

model pre- and post-processormodel pre- and post-processor

Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:shallow coupling uses the GIS as shallow coupling uses the GIS as

model pre- and post-processormodel pre- and post-processor


Shared data base and filesShared data base and files

MODELMODELGISGIS

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Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:deep coupling links GIS and model deep coupling links GIS and model

into a single tool into a single tool

Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:deep coupling links GIS and model deep coupling links GIS and model

into a single tool into a single tool

GIS and ModelingGIS and ModelingGIS and ModelingGIS and Modeling

Shared data base and filesShared data base and files

MODELMODELGISGIS

Common user interfaceCommon user interface

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Distributed Simulation ModelsDistributed Simulation Models

• describe the evolution of describe the evolution of systems in terms of state systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space chemical species) in space and time and are inherently and time and are inherently dynamicdynamic..

Distributed Simulation ModelsDistributed Simulation Models

• describe the evolution of describe the evolution of systems in terms of state systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space chemical species) in space and time and are inherently and time and are inherently dynamicdynamic..


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Primary role of the GIS:Primary role of the GIS:• preprocess model input datapreprocess model input data• display model output display model output (topical maps)(topical maps)• analyze model output analyze model output (overlay and buffer analysis)(overlay and buffer analysis)Power of GIS in Power of GIS in visualization visualization using using

the familiar paradigm of the mapthe familiar paradigm of the map

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Now you see it ...Now you see it ...Now you see it ...Now you see it ...

Now you see it ….Now you see it ….

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Now you don’t ...Now you don’t ...Now you don’t ...Now you don’t ...

0000000 043511 043070 033541 177404 177403 173000 000377 1777770000000 043511 043070 033541 177404 177403 173000 000377 177777

0000020 165352 012577 177577 112677 037552 065025 012752 1650250000020 165352 012577 177577 112677 037552 065025 012752 165025

0000040 037552 112625 037425 037625 112625 112752 065025 0652250000040 037552 112625 037425 037625 112625 112752 065025 065225

0000060 037625 037477 112477 065025 065277 012552 165077 1376250000060 037625 037477 112477 065025 065277 012552 165077 137625

0000100 000377 177677 065025 037625 037552 165352 037625 0651520000100 000377 177677 065025 037625 037552 165352 037625 065152

0000120 037477 037625 112552 037552 065077 112677 137477 0650250000120 037477 037625 112552 037552 065077 112677 137477 065025

0000140 065277 137552 037752 165077 037477 037477 065277 1124770000140 065277 137552 037752 165077 037477 037477 065277 112477

0000160 037477 112752 165352 000177 177552 065352 037425 0652250000160 037477 112752 165352 000177 177552 065352 037425 065225

0000200 112425 000077 177425 012425 037552 137552 112425 1124770000200 112425 000077 177425 012425 037552 137552 112425 112477

0000220 012425 065225 112425 012752 137425 177400 177777 0000000000220 012425 065225 112425 012752 137425 177400 177777 000000

0000240 065077 012752 112425 112552 037625 065152 065025 0126770000240 065077 012752 112425 112552 037625 065152 065025 012677

0000260 137425 012625 137425 112752 165352 065277 112425 0651520000260 137425 012625 137425 112752 165352 065277 112425 065152

0000300 037552 065152 012752 012425 037677 165025 012677 1650770000300 037552 065152 012752 012425 037677 165025 012677 165077

0000320 137477 012425 012677 037552 037425 012752 037552 0653770000320 137477 012425 012677 037552 037425 012752 037552 065377

0000340 177400 037777 137477 065225 177677 000077 137677 0376770000340 177400 037777 137477 065225 177677 000077 137677 037677

0000360 165277 065077 037625 137477 112752 177577 000225 0650250000360 165277 065077 037625 137477 112752 177577 000225 065025

0000400 137677 137777 037400 000000 1774000000400 137677 137777 037400 000000 177400 000000 000000 000000000000 000000 000000

0000420 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 0000000000420 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000

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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...

Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for

environmental analysis.environmental analysis.

Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.

GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for

environmental analysis.environmental analysis.

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Merging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging Paradigms

Overlap and relationship between Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.an obvious and promising idea.

Overlap and relationship between Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.an obvious and promising idea.

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Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:

a mathematical representation a mathematical representation of environmental processes, of environmental processes, and relationships.and relationships.

Digital (numerical)Digital (numerical)

Analog computersAnalog computers

Scale modelsScale models

a mathematical representation a mathematical representation of environmental processes, of environmental processes, and relationships.and relationships.

Digital (numerical)Digital (numerical)

Analog computersAnalog computers

Scale modelsScale models

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Types of ModelsTypes of ModelsTypes of ModelsTypes of Models

• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed• model is assumed to be model is assumed to be

independent of spatial locationindependent of spatial location• models uses average (lumped) models uses average (lumped)

values to describe a larger areavalues to describe a larger area• inputs, parameters or the transfer inputs, parameters or the transfer

function vary with location, state is function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactspatial elements interact

• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed• model is assumed to be model is assumed to be

independent of spatial locationindependent of spatial location• models uses average (lumped) models uses average (lumped)

values to describe a larger areavalues to describe a larger area• inputs, parameters or the transfer inputs, parameters or the transfer

function vary with location, state is function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactspatial elements interact

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Modeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling Domains

• Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems

• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems

• Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface

• Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems

• Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards

• Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models

• Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems

• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems

• Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface

• Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems

• Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards

• Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models

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Modeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling Domains

All environmental model domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension.have an obvious spatial dimension.

Most recent environmental models Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space)state are functions of space)

XX (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t)

All environmental model domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension.have an obvious spatial dimension.

Most recent environmental models Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space)state are functions of space)

XX (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t)

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Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models

are based on partial differential are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other functions of two or more other variables:variables:

dQ dQ

dx dy(continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow)

are based on partial differential are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other functions of two or more other variables:variables:

dQ dQ

dx dy(continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow)

+ = 0

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and the partial differentialsand the partial differentials

ddQQ/d/dx x and and d dQQ/dy/dy

describe the gradient of discharge describe the gradient of discharge QQ in the horizontal in the horizontal xx and and yy directions. directions.

and the partial differentialsand the partial differentials

ddQQ/d/dx x and and d dQQ/dy/dy

describe the gradient of discharge describe the gradient of discharge QQ in the horizontal in the horizontal xx and and yy directions. directions.

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The partial differential equations are The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements like finite elements

or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized.be discretized.

The partial differential equations are The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements like finite elements

or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized.be discretized.

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Process equations

are solved for each of thediscrete unitsin the modeldomain.

Process equations

are solved for each of thediscrete unitsin the modeldomain.

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couplingcouplingof cells isof cells isachieved achieved throughthroughtransfertransferprocessesprocessessuch assuch asadvectionadvectionandanddiffusion.diffusion.

couplingcouplingof cells isof cells isachieved achieved throughthroughtransfertransferprocessesprocessessuch assuch asadvectionadvectionandanddiffusion.diffusion.

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Merging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging Paradigms

Use GIS functionality for data Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display;capture, processing and display;

Use GIS functionality for static, Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis;geometric analysis;

Use model functionality for dynamic Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.processes and complex analysis.

Use GIS functionality for data Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display;capture, processing and display;

Use GIS functionality for static, Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis;geometric analysis;

Use model functionality for dynamic Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.processes and complex analysis.

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GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling

• data exchange between two data exchange between two separate systemsseparate systems

• common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data

• common interface, fully integrated common interface, fully integrated functionalityfunctionality

• data exchange between two data exchange between two separate systemsseparate systems

• common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data

• common interface, fully integrated common interface, fully integrated functionalityfunctionality

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• data exchange between two separate systems:

• GIS acts as a pre- and post-processor for a dynamic environmental model.

• data exchange between two separate systems:

• GIS acts as a pre- and post-processor for a dynamic environmental model.

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separate user interfaces,separate user interfaces,shared filesshared filesseparate user interfaces,separate user interfaces,shared filesshared files

user interface user interface

GIS MODELshared files

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common user interface,common user interface,shared files and memoryshared files and memorycommon user interface,common user interface,shared files and memoryshared files and memory

common user interface

GIS MODEL

shared files andmemory

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full integration of full integration of GIS and modelsGIS and modelstogether with atogether with aDSS componentDSS componentrepresenting arepresenting aproblem-orientedproblem-orienteduser interface.user interface.

full integration of full integration of GIS and modelsGIS and modelstogether with atogether with aDSS componentDSS componentrepresenting arepresenting aproblem-orientedproblem-orienteduser interface.user interface.

GIS

DSS

MODELS

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GIS

MODELS

KBDBMSdata files rule base

pre-processor

post-processor

interactive user interfacehelp/explain visualization scenario manager

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Example: groundwater modelingExample: groundwater modeling Example: groundwater modelingExample: groundwater modeling

Spatially distributed aquifer Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps;derived from appropriate maps;

Model output is displayed as Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.(animated) map overlays.

Spatially distributed aquifer Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps;derived from appropriate maps;

Model output is displayed as Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.(animated) map overlays.

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50 from a digitized geological map …...from a digitized geological map …... from a digitized geological map …...from a digitized geological map …...

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51a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...

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52The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...

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53The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.

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54Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...

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55… … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.including pseudo 3D display of functional values.… … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.including pseudo 3D display of functional values.

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Documents

modeling slide

spatial geometric analysis

processesfunctional

modeling basic concepts

georeferenced information

processes basic concepts

areasattribute data

environmental modeling