End of the War and the Treaty of Versailles

Italy switches sides

Russia abandons the war (leaving Germany to fight on the western front)

Brest-Litovsk: peacetreaty between Russia and Germany

End of the War

1917 Sinking of Lusitania: after Germany

announces unrestricted submarine warfare, they sink a US passenger ship

Zimmerman Telegraph: intercepted telegraph that suggests that a Mexican attack on the US would be supported by Germany

US Enters the War

April 1918: 3 million German soldiers July 1918: Counter attack included American soldiers August 1918: Germans in total retreat, riots, revolts

broke out in Germany due to food shortages, some members of the Germany navy refused to go to sea

11th hour, 11th day of 11th month in 1918 Germany surrendered

Treaty of Versailles in signed a year later to mark official armistice

Canada, by virtue of its contributions in battle, earned a place at the table and a signature on the treaty

Germany’s Last Offensive

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soFhWkxSZAY

Representations

Approx. 10 million soldiers died world wide Over 61,000 Canadian soldiers died Canada emerged as a nation on the world stage Post-war debt of $2 billion owed to Canadians Income tax More rights for women Government intervention in the lives of

Canadians increased: War measures act Specialized farming

Outcomes of the War

- took 6 months of negotiations- signed in the Versailles hall of mirrors

Paris Peace Conference

France (Clemenceau)- Germany should be

punished Wanted a harsh peace treaty- fear of revenge since

they shared a border Reparations, no army, stripped of wealth

America (Wilson)- wanted a generous 14 point treaty to avoid future conflict- peace not revenge included (1) national determination for all

(2) freedom of the seas (3) open peace treaties (4) League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles: Goals of Countries

Britain (Lloyd George) –agreed with French

and wanted a harsh treaty- also wanted stability to avoid

communism Germany – not included in negotiations

- expected a lenient agreement based on 14 points

- were shocked by the compromise agreement…

Treaty of Versailles: Goals of Countries

Military Controls1) German army is limited to 100,000 troops2) No air force3) Can only have small ships

Reparations1) Germany has to pay 132 billion marks and goods to Britain, France and Belgium

Treaty of VersaillesSigned June 28th,

1919

War Guilt Clause

- Germany was forced to sign a statement saying that they were the primary cause of the war

Geographical Terms1) Germany loses all of its colonies2) Alsace-Lorraine given to France3) Saar region (coal) was loaned to France for 15 years4) Parts of Eastern Germany given to Poland

Treaty of Versailles (2)

League of Nations is established:

organization intended to arbitrate international disputes and thereby avoid future wars

National determination for some: eg) Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia was established

Germany was given two choices: sign or be invaded by the allies (no choice at all)

Treaty of Versailles

After WW1, another 21 million people died in

1918 because of the Spanish flu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpzxNoLZx0w

http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/health/disease/influenza-battling-the-last-great-virus/surviving-the-spanish-lady.html

Spanish Flu

HS- What is the historical significance of this

treaty? Cause and Consequences: What are some

unintended consequences this treaty might have?

What are some of the economic and political implications of this treaty?

Historical Perspectives: How might Germany have felt having to sign this treaty?

Questions to Consider