Plant Biotic Stresses & Resistance Mechanisms III

Internaonal Conference

Programme and Abstracts

Vienna, Austria July 2-3, 2018

International Conference

Plant Biotic Stresses &

Resistance Mechanisms III

Programme and Abstracts

Vienna, Austria

July 2-3, 2018

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Organizing Committee

Local Organizing Committee International Organizing Committee Alisher Touraev (Austria, VISCEA) Christine Faulkner (UK)

Frank Takken (The Netherlands) Fumiaki Katagiri (USA) Hailing Jin (USA) Harrold van den Burg (The Netherlands)

Jürgen Zeier (Germany) Jurriaan Ton (UK) Kee Hoon Sohn (Republic of Korea) Mark Banfield (UK) Michael R Roberts (UK) Peter van Esse (UK) Roger Innes (USA) Rosa Lozano-Duran (China) Silke Robatzek (UK) Stefan Hoth (Germany) Vivianne Vleeshouwers (The Netherlands) Xinnian Dong (USA)

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Dear Friends! Dear Colleagues!

Welcome to the 3rd International Conference “Plant Biotic Stresses & Resistance Mechanisms”!

Welcome to Vienna!

Despite that the modern crops are mainly intensive, high yield with good resistance to biotic and abiotic

stresses, in some regions up to 30% yield are lost every year because of diseases or other stresses. Biotic

Stress occurs as a result of damage done to plants by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses,

fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants. Therefore,

understanding the mechanisms of resistance to plant biotic stress and plant diseases is one of the hottest

areas of modern plant science.

The 3rd International Conference “Plant Biotic Stresses & Resistance Mechanisms” will discuss the most

recent advances in understanding and combating plant biotic stress and resistance mechanisms and to

define new frontiers in this field.

The main aim of the 3rd International Conference “Plant Biotic Stresses & Resistance Mechanisms” is to

provide leading academy and industry scientists a platform to communicate recent advances in “Plant

Biotic Stresses & Resistance Mechanisms”, and an opportunity to establish multilateral collaboration.

The program of the event combines plenary lectures, poster sessions, a unique Conference Dinner Party

and sightseeing tours of Vienna.

Vienna is located in the heart of Europe on the banks of the Danube River, and considered as one of the

most important economic, cultural and touristic large cities of central Europe. Apart from providing top

science, the Conference will capture the spirit of the city thanks to the central location of the venue

offering a multitude of cultural events.

Prof. Frank Takken (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Conference Co-Chair)

Prof. Alisher Touraev (VISCEA, Austria, Local Organizer)

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Table of Contents

Scientific Programme …………………………………………………………… 7

Abstracts of Oral Presentations ……………………………………………. 11

Abstracts of Posters Presentations ………………………………………. 28

List of Poster Presentations …………………………………………………. 50

List of Participants ……………………………………………………………….. 52

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SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

July 2 (Monday)

08.00 - 17.00 Registration and Poster Mounting

09.00 - 09.20 Opening Welcome address by Alisher Touraev (Local Chair, VISCEA, Austria) Welcome address by Frank Takken (Conference Chair, The Netherlands)

09.30 - 10.20 (+10) Chair of Key Note Lecture: Frank Takken (The Netherlands) Keynote Lecture: Hailing Jin (USA): Cross-Kingdom RNAi and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing for Crop Protection

10.30 - 11.00 Coffee Break + Poster Mounting

11.00 - 12.35 Session I: Plant Immunity

Chairs Frank L.W. Takken (The Netherlands) and Christine Faulkner (UK))

11.00 - 11.20 (+5) Christine Faulkner (UK): Cell-to-Cell Communication During Immune Responses

11.25 - 11.45 (+5) Frank L.W. Takken (The Netherlands): The Fusarium Oxysporum Avr2-Six5 Effector Pair Manipulates Plasmodesmata Facilitating Cell-To-Cell Movement of Avr2

11.50 - 12.10 (+5) Roger Innes (USA): Extracellular Vesicles as Key Mediators of Plant-Microbe Interactions

12.15 - 12.30 (+5) Lorant Kiraly (Hungary): Inheritance of Biochemical Markers of Graft-Transmissible Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Leveillula Taurica) in Progeny of Grafted, Resistant Pepper

12.35 - 14.00 Lunch + Poster Session (all numbers)

14.00 - 15.35 Session II: Plant Cell Organogenesis & Regeneration

Chairs Rosa Lozano-Duran (China) and Silke Robatzek (UK)

14.00 - 14.20 (+5) Silke Robatzek (UK): How PRR Signaling Regulates Immunity

14.25 - 14.45 (+5) Rosa Lozano-Duran (China): Achieving Multifunctionality: a Viral Effector Suppresses Spread of RNAi and Defence Responses in a Localization-Specific Manner

14.50 - 15.10 (+5) Kee Hoon Sohn (Republic of Korea): Molecular Basis of Suppression and Activation of HopZ5-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis

15.15 - 15.30 (+5) Marijn Knip (The Netherlands): CESSNA: An Extensive Toolkit to Untangle NLR-Triggered Immune-Responses

15.35 - 16.00 Coffee Break

16.00 - 17.30 Session III: Uncoupling Defense from Growth/Temperature

Chairs Stefan Hoth (Germany) and Harrold van den Burg (The Netherlands)

16.00 - 16.20 (+5) Harrold van den Burg (The Netherlands): The Arabidopsis SUMO E3 Ligase SIZ1 Mediates the Temperature Dependent Trade-Off between Plant Immunity and Growth

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16.25 - 16.45 (+5) Stefan Hoth (Germany): Model Systems for Cell Death and Autoimmunity

16.50 - 17.05 (+5) Hye-Young Lee (South Korea): Coiled-Coil and Leucine-Rich Repeat Domain of the Potyvirus Resistance Protein, Pvr4, Has Distinct Role in Signaling and Pathogen Recognition

17.10 - 17.25 (+5) Lennart Wirthmueller (Germany): A Downy Mildew Effector Induces Shade Avoidance and Suppresses Plant Immunity by Binding to Radical-Induced Cell Death

17.30 - 19.00 Poster Session (all numbers)

19.00 - 22.00 Conference Dinner Party

July 3 (Tuesday)

08.00 - 17.00 Registration

09.00 - 10.30 Session IV: Plant-Pathogen Effectors & Elicitors in Plant Biotic Stress Tolerance

Chairs Vivianne Vleeshouwers (The Netherlands) and Mark Banfield (UK)

09.00 - 09.20 (+5) Mark Banfield (UK): Engineering Plant Intracellular Immune Receptors for Improved Disease Resistance

09.25 - 09.45 (+5) Vivianne Vleeshouwers (The Netherlands): Effector-Driven Breeding for Disease Resistance in Potato

09.50 - 10.05 (+5) Nico Tintor (The Netherlands): Virulence Function and Host Cell Entry of Known and Novel Fusarium Oxysporum Effectors

10.10 - 10.25 (+5) Solansky Martin (Czech Republic): Elicitins Oligomerization: What Could Clarify In Elicitins Activity?

10.30 - 11.00 Coffee Break

11.00 - 12.35 Session V: Hormones & Signaling and Systemic Acquired Resistance

Chairs Jurriaan Ton (UK) and Jürgen Zeier (Germany)

11.00 - 11.20 (+5) Jürgen Zeier (Germany): A Novel Lysine Catabolic Pathway that Regulates Plant Acquired Resistance to Pathogen Infection

i11.25 - 11.45 (+5) Jurriaan Ton (UK): Onset and Maintenance of Plant Immune Priming

11.50 - 12.00 (+5) Silvia Proietti (Italy): Novel Players in SA-JA Crosstalk Unraveled by Genome-Wide Association Study

12.05 - 12.15 (+5) Pierre Buscaill (UK): Mining the Extracellular Battlefield of a Plant-Pathogen Interaction

12.20 - 12.30 (+5) Kaori Fukumoto (Germany): A Bacterial Pathogen Exploits JA-Mediated ABA Degradation for Stomatal Invasion

12.35 - 14.00 Lunch + Poster Session (all numbers)

14.00 - 15.30 Session VI: «Omics» of Biotic Stress Tolerance

Chairs Xinnian Dong (USA and Fumiaki Katagiri (USA)

14.00 - 14.20 (+5) Fumiaki Katagiri (USA): Dynamics, Mechanisms, and Evolution of a Highly Resilient Plant Immune Signaling Network

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14.25 - 14.45 (+5) Xinnian Dong (USA): Precision in Plant Immune Expression: Not Lost in Translation

14.50 - 15.05 (+5) Tieme Helderman (The Netherlands): A Proteomics Approach in Finding Host Factors Essential for Tospovirus Replication

15.10 - 15.25 (+5) Agnes Szatmari (Hungary): Effects of the Modification of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway on the Inhibition of Bacteria by Pattern Triggered Immunity

15.30 - 16.00 Coffee break

16.00 - 17.30 Session VII: Genome Editing & Biotechnology of Biotic Stress

Chairs Michael R Roberts (UK) and Peter van Esse (UK)

16.00 - 16.20 (+5) Peter van Esse (UK): Transfer of an NLR Gene from Pigeonpea into Soybean Confers Resistance to Asian Soybean Rust

16.25 - 16.45 (+5) Michael R Roberts (UK): Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection

16.50 - 17.05 (+5) Marina Pais (UK): New Potato Varieties with Late Blight Resistance, Reduced Bruising and Improved Processing Quality

17.10 - 17.25 (+5) Nak Hyun Kim (USA): Expanding Recognition Specificity of the Rice RGA4/RGA5a Immune Protein Complex: Knocking on the Door to the Age of Synthetic- Immune System Receptors for Plants

17.30 - 19.00 Closing Ceremony, Conference Photo

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New England Biolabs GmbH New England Biolabs GmbH Brüningstr. 50, Building B852 65926 Frankfurt/Main Germany Tel: +49/ (0)69/305-23140 Fax: +49/ (0)69/305-23149 Email: info.de@neb.com Web: www.neb.com New England Biolabs, Inc. (NEB) is the industry leader in the discovery and production of enzymes for molecular biology applications and now offers the largest selection of recombinant and native enzymes for genomic research. NEB continues to expand its product offerings into areas related to PCR/qPCR, sample preparation for Next-Gen-Seq, and RNA analysis. Additionally, NEB is focused on strengthening alliances that enable new technologies to reach key market sectors, including molecular diagnostics. New England Biolabs is a privately held company, headquartered in Ipswich, MA (USA), and represented in Europe by subsidiaries in Germany, France and the UK.

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Cross-Kingdom RNAi and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing for Crop Protection Qiang Cai1, Lulu Qiao1,2, Ming Wang1, Baoye He1, Feng-Mao Lin3, Jared Palmquist1, Hsien-Da Huang3, and Hailing Jin1 1Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; 2Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210095, China; 3Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. Correspondence to: hailingj@ucr.edu

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs that mediate gene silencing in a sequence-specific manner. We have demonstrated that some sRNAs from eukaryotic pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, the fungal pathogen that causes grey mold disease on more than 1000 plant species, could be translocated into host plant cells and suppress host immunity genes for successful infection (Weiberg et al., Science 2013). Recently we show that plant hosts can also deliver sRNAs, including both endogenous and transgene-derived, to the interacting fungal cells to silencing fungal virulence genes (Wang et al,, Nature Plants 2016; Cai et al., Science 2018). These findings demonstrate an important role of bidirectional cross-kingdom RNAi in host – pathogen interactions. We further demonstrate that plant hosts utilize exosome-like extracellular vesicles as one of the major pathways to deliver host sRNAs into fungal cells. Furthermore, we also discovered that B. cinerea can take up double-stranded RNAs and sRNAs from the environment. Applying sRNAs or dsRNAs that target Botrytis virulence genes on the surface of fruits, vegetables and flowers significantly inhibits grey mold disease. Such pathogen gene-targeting RNAs represent a new generation of fungicides that are durable and environmentally-friendly.

Cell-to-Cell Communication During Immune Responses Cecilia Cheval, Xiaokun Liu and Christine Faulkner John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. Correspondence to: christine.faulkner@jic.ac.uk

The plant immune system is broadly characterised as a cell autonomous response system - generally all plant cells are capable of pathogen perception and response. However, the observation that plasmodesmata, plasma membrane-lined pores that connect neighbouring cells, are regulated during immune responses identifies that cell-to-cell connectivity and communication influences the establishment of immune responses. We showed that plasmodesmata close in response to a range of microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), and that for chitin and flagellin that this is mediated by specialised immune signalling components located at plasmodesmata. For chitin, plasmodesmal responses are mediated by the plasmodesmata-located, LysM domain receptor protein LYM2. We have identified that LYM2 signalling requires two additional LysM domain receptor kinases, and is executed via calcium and reactive oxygen species signalling that ultimately triggers callose deposition at plasmodesmata and causes them to close. This is a rapid signalling event that occurs independently of other chitin-triggered responses that are mediated by the receptor kinase CERK1, suggesting plasmodesmal responses involve highly localised signalling cascades. By comparing the defence responses of lym2 and cerk1 mutants we have identified an association between different defence responses and plasmodesmal closure. Defence responses associated with the lym2 mutant are candidate processes that require regulation of cell-to-cell connectivity and communication. Our work has further identified that pathogens supress host-induced regulation of plasmodesmata, suggesting access to the symplast is critical for infection. While not yet fully characterised, the interaction between these plasmodesmal and plasma membrane signalling pathways, and between host and pathogen regulation of plasmodesmata, is likely to underpin aspects of immune response networks and overall defence output.

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The Fusarium Oxysporum Avr2-Six5 Effector Pair Manipulates Plasmodesmata Facilitating Cell-To-Cell Movement of Avr2 L Cao, M Blekemolen, X Di, N Tintor, P Houterman and Frank LW Takken Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Correspondence to: f.l.w.takken@uva.nl

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. During colonisation Fol secretes the Avr2 and Six5 effectors into the xylem sap. Both effectors are important virulence factors and Avr2 suppress basal immunity. Avr2 is also the avirulence determinant for the I-2 resistance gene. Whereas Avr2 suffices to trigger I-2-mediated cell death, the Avr2-Six5 pair is required for I-2-mediated disease resistance in tomato. How Six5 participates in triggering I-2 resistance is unknown. BiFC revealed that Avr2 and Six5 interact at plasmodesmata (PD). Single-cell transformation revealed that GFP-Avr2 translocates to neighbouring plant cells only in the presence of Six5, and vice versa. Six5 alone does not alter PD transductivity. In SIX5-expressing transgenic tomato plants the distribution of virally expressed Avr2-GFP, and onset of I-2-mediated cell death, differed from that of wild type tomato. In addition, virulence of Avr2 carrying Fusarium on Arabidopsis plants was not enhanced, nor was susceptibility of Six5 transgenic plants. However, Avr2 Fusarium is hyper virulent on Six5 Arabidopsis. Together, these data imply that Fol employs effectors to manipulate PD to suppress immune responses in adjacent not-yet infected cells, signifying a new mechanism of host manipulation by fungal pathogens.

Extracellular Vesicles as Key Mediators of Plant-Microbe Interactions Brian Rutter, Hana ZandKarimi and Roger Innes Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405 USA. Correspondence to: rinnes@indiana.edu

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a central role in intercellular signaling in mammals by transporting proteins and small RNAs. Plants are also known to produce EVs, particularly in response to pathogen infection. Our laboratory has developed methods for purifying EVs from plant leaves and are now characterizing their contents. These analyses have revealed that plant EVs are highly enriched in proteins involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, and carry miRNAs and siRNAs. In addition, EV secretion is enhanced in plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae and in response to treatment with salicylic acid. Recent work has established that EVs are rapidly taken up by filamentous pathogens from host plants and in vitro. These findings suggest that EVs represent an important component of the plant immune system. In this talk I will present our ongoing investigations into the possible functions of EVs, and our initial investigations into the genetic requirements for EV biosynthesis.

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Inheritance of Biochemical Markers of Graft-Transmissible Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Leveillula Taurica) in Progeny of Grafted, Resistant Pepper Lorant Kiraly, Andras Kunstler, Reka Albert Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. Correspondence to: kiraly.lorant@agrar.mta.hu

Susceptible sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum ´Total´) becomes resistant to powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) when grafted on resistant rootstocks (´Szentesi´). Biochemical markers of graft-transmissible PM resistance include enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and pathogenesis related gene expression (Albert et al. 2017, Acta Physiol Plant 39:53). Here we wanted to 1) identify new biochemical markers of graft-transmissible PM resistance, 2) monitor inheritance of resistance markers in progeny of grafted, PM resistant pepper. We identified two new biochemical markers of pepper PM resistance. Expression of genes determining PM susceptibility (CaMlo1, CaMlo2) was highly suppressed in resistant pepper (self-rooted ´Szentesi´, Szentesi+Total grafts). Monitoring inheritance of resistance markers in progeny of grafted resistant plants we detected markers in more than half of the progeny. Inheritance of four markers (NADPH oxidase activity, high CaPR1, CaPR2 and low CaMlo2 expression) is likely linked since they were present mostly in the same individuals. To our knowledge this is the first evidence for inheritance of biochemical markers of graft-transmissible PM resistance. Grant acknowledged: NKFIH K111995

How PRR Signaling Regulates Immunity Michaela Kopischke, Yi Liu, Egidio Stigliano, Katarzyna Rybak, Silke Robatzek Biocenter, LMU München, DE; The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, UK. Correspondence to: robatzek@bio.lmu.de

Our interest is to understand how plants defend themselves against infection and how successful pathogens overcome plant immunity. Perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) results in the closure of stomata, leaf epidermal pores that represent entry gates for pathogens when open. We identified a guard cell expressed anion channel as a direct phospho-regulatory target of the PRR complex in acute MAMP-induced stomatal closure. Further, we show that PRR signaling sustains stomatal closure through activation-dependent regulation of a RAB7 GTPase and its NET4 effectors, which are actin-to-tonoplast tethers. These provide examples of anti-microbial immunity in plant body surface protection. More recently, we revealed a role of microbe-derived membrane vesicles (MVs) in suppression of PRR immunity, and we will discuss virulence functions of MV-localized proteins. This work is supported by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation and the European Research Council (ERC).

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Achieving Multifunctionality: a Viral Effector Suppresses Spread of RNAi and Defence Responses in a Localization-Specific Manner Tabata Rosas-Diaz, Laura Medina-Puche, Huang Tan, Pengfei Fan, Rosa Lozano-Duran Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai, China. Correspondence to: lozano-duran@sibs.ac.cn

Plant pathogens need to suppress defence responses to establish a successful infection. RNA interference (RNAi) is considered the main anti-viral defence mechanism, but recently it has become clear that plants have additional strategies against viral invasion, including production of defensive hormones such as salicylic acid (SA). C4 is a protein encoded by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) that is essential for infectivity, but of which the molecular function remains obscure. Our results indicate that C4 localizes in two distinct subcellular compartments, namely plasma membrane (PM)/plasmodesmata (PD) and chloroplasts. This double localization correlates with the presence in C4 of two targeting signals: an N-myristoylation motif required for PM localization, and a chloroplast transit peptide. Interestingly, we have found that PM-localized C4 can suppress the cell-to-cell movement of RNAi by targeting two plant receptor-like kinases at PD. On the other hand, chloroplast-localized C4 interferes with retrograde signaling, suppressing activation of SA biosynthesis upon pathogen challenge. Therefore, C4 plays a dual role in the suppression of plant defences to promote the viral infection. Our results illustrate how subcellular compartmentalization of pathogen effectors can underlie functional diversity, leading to multifunctionality.

Molecular Basis of Suppression and Activation of HopZ5-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis Kee Hoon Sohn Postech Biotech Center 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea. Correspondence to: khsohn@postech.ac.kr, sohnkeehoon94@gmail.com

Plants evolved disease resistance (R) proteins that recognize corresponding pathogen effectors and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, it is largely unknown why, in some cases, a suppressor of ETI exists in plants. Arabidopsis SOBER1 (Suppressor of AvrBsT-elicited Resistance 1) was identified previously as a suppressor of Xanthomonas acetyltransferase effector AvrBsT-triggered immunity. Nevertheless, the extent to which SOBER1 suppresses ETI is unclear. Here, we identified SOBER1 as a suppressor of Pseudomonas acetyltransferase effector HopZ5-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis using recombinant inbred lines. Further analysis showed that SOBER1 suppresses immunity triggered by multiple bacterial acetyltransferases. Interestingly, SOBER1 interferes with the immunity signalling activated by some but not all tested acetyltransferase effectors indicating that SOBER1 might target components that are shared between several ETI pathways. Further insights regarding HopZ5-triggered immunity will be presented.

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CESSNA: An Extensive Toolkit to Untangle NLR-Triggered Immune-Responses Marijn Knip, Manon MS Richard, Lisa Oskam, Hylco TD van Engelen and Frank LW Takken Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: m.knip@uva.nl

Intracellular NLR immune receptors have been studied for decades, but a robust experimental system to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate downstream responses triggered by these receptors is lacking. We present CESSNA (Controlled Expression of effectors for Synchronized and Systemic NLR Activation), to investigate immune outputs by activated NLRs in a controllable and standardized way. As pathogen infection typically occurs at foci, activation of NLR-triggered immune responses are non-uniform and non-synchronized, hampering a systematic dissection of their outputs. CESSNA overcomes this limitation by co-expressing the NLR with its cognate elicitor under control of an inducible promotor. To validate CESSNA, it was applied in N. benthamiana using the Potato NLR Rx1 with its elicitor, the Potato Virus X coat protein. Several plate reader-based assays were established to monitor NLR-mediated outputs, such as the ROS burst, DNA damage and programmed cell death. Moreover, cell integrity and DNA damage were tracked using ion leakage and single-cell electrophoresis. CESSNA enabled mapping and monitoring Rx1 immune outputs in a controlled and quantitative manner with an unprecedented spatial resolution. As the system is readily adaptable to work with other NLR-elicitor pairs, we propose that this versatile system could provide a foundation to compare - quantitatively and qualitatively - NLR-outputs from distinct immune receptors.

The Arabidopsis SUMO E3 Ligase SIZ1 Mediates the Temperature Dependent Trade-Off between Plant Immunity and Growth Harrold A. van den Burg1, Valentin Hammoudi1, Magdalena, Mazur, Like Fokkens1, Mark Kwaaitaal1, Bas Beerens1, Georgios Vlachakis1, , Sayantani Chatterjee1, Manuel Arroyo-Mateos1, Paul F.K. Wackers2, Martijs J. Jonker2

1Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2RNA Biology, SILS, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: h.a.vandenburg@uva.nl

In general, increased ambient temperatures suppress plant immunity including many auto-immune associated phenotypes. For example, the auto-immune phenotype that depends on the Arabidopsis resistance-like gene SNC1 is fully suppressed at 28 degrees. To our surprise, the Arabidopsis sumoylation mutant siz1-2 retains its auto-immune phenotype at 28 degrees, which was still SNC1-dependent. This siz1-2 auto-immunity resulted in e.g. enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas at 22 and 28 degrees. Also, its morphological defects did not fully recover when this mutant is grown at 28 degrees, while other SNC1-dependent auto-immune mutants showed full growth restoration under the same conditions. Apparently, the siz1-2 mutation comprises the thermosensory growth response including hypocotyl and petiole elongation. In turn, this thermosensory growth response was reported to inhibit the SNC1 immunity (in snc1-1) downstream of PIF4 (Gangappa et al; 2017). Based on transcriptome data, we conclude that SIZ1 controls both the amplitude and timing of the transcriptional response to high temperature growth conditions. Combined our data signify that SIZ1-dependent SUMO conjugation suppresses an SNC1-dependent resistance response at both normal and high temperatures. At the same time, SIZ1 promotes acclimation to high temperature, likely via COP1 and upstream of gene regulation by transcription factors PIF4 and BRZ1. I will present an updated model on the role of temperature on SNC1 and COP1.

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Model Systems for Cell Death and Autoimmunity Stefan Hoth Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und Mikrobiologie, Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Ohnhorststr. 18 22609 Hamburg, Germany. Correspondence to: stefan.hoth@uni-hamburg.de

Plant biomass production depends on root and shoot growth performance that are both challenged by abiotic and biotic stress. We have developed and will present two cell death model systems for studying root and shoot growth. (i) Mutants lacking the expression of members of the MAIN (MAINTENANCE OF MERISTEMS) gene family, namely main and mail1 (maintenance of meristems like 1) show reduced growth and massive cell death in roots, but also temperature-dependent growth defects and defense gene expression in shoots. Meristems in both mutants are completely disordered. We identified components of possible MAIL1/MAIN protein complexes and are studying their role in root growth and cell death control. (ii) Mutants lacking the expression of the SAUL1 (SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED UBIQUITIN LIGASE 1) gene were classified as autoimmune mutants that show reduced growth, lesions all-over all aboveground organs, defense gene expression, and cell death. Recently, we have shown that SAUL1 is a positive regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity and is guarded by the TIR-type immune receptor SOC3 (Suppressors of chs1-2, 3). In the future, both systems may help to uncouple growth and defense in Arabidopsis.

Coiled-Coil and Leucine-Rich Repeat Domain of the Potyvirus Resistance Protein, Pvr4, has Distinct Role in Signaling and Pathogen Recognition Hye-Young Lee, Saet-Byul Kim, Eunsook Park, Ji-Hyun Kim, Soohyun Oh, Doil Choi Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea. Correspondence to: hylee0206@gmail.com

The pepper Pvr4 encoding coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein (CC-NLR) confer hypersensitive resistance (HR) to potyviruses, including Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) by recognizing the viral avirulence protein, NIb. To figure out the Pvr4-mediated HR mechanism, we analyzed the signaling component genes and structure-function relationships of Pvr4 using chimeras and deletion mutants in Nicotiana benthamiana. Molecular chaperone components including HSP90, SGT1 and RAR1 were required, while plant hormones and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling components had little effect on Pvr4-Nib-mediated HR death. Domain swap analyses indicated that the LRR domain of Pvr4 determines recognition of PepMoV-NIb. Our deletion analysis further revealed that CC domain or CC-NBARC domain alone can trigger autoactive cell death in N. benthamiana. However, the fragments having only LRR domain could suppressed CC-NBARC domain-induced cell death in trans. Further, C-terminal truncation analysis of Pvr4 revealed that minimum of three of five LRR exons showing high similarity was essential for Pvr4 function. The LRR domain may maintain Pvr4 in an inactive state in the absence of NIb. These results provide further insight into the structure and function of NLR protein signaling in plants.

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A Downy Mildew Effector Induces Shade Avoidance and Suppresses Plant Immunity by Binding to Radical-Induced Cell Death1 Lennart Wirthmueller1, Shuta Asai2, Shyam Rallapalli2, Jan Sklenar2, Georgina Fabro2, DaeSung Kim2, Michael Wrzaczek3, Jaakko Kangasjaervi3, Frank Menke2, Mark Banfield2 and Jonathan Jones2 1Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise- Str. 12, 14195 Berlin, Germany; 2The Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; 3Dept. of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Correspondence to: lennart.wirthmueller@fu-berlin.de

The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) causes downy mildew on Arabidopsis. During infection, Hpa suppresses activation of plant innate immunity by translocating effector proteins into host cells. Here we report that the nuclear-localized Hpa effector HaRxL106 induces shade avoidance and attenuates salicylic acid (SA) signaling. HaRxL106 interacts with RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) and HaRxL106-mediated suppression of immunity is abolished in rcd1 mutants. We report that RCD1-type proteins are phosphorylated and interact with Mut9-like kinases (MLKs) that function as phosphoregulatory nodes at the level of photoreceptors. An mlk triple mutant exhibits stronger SA-induced defense gene expression compared to wild-type plants. Our data suggest that nuclear RCD1/MLK complexes act as signaling nodes that integrate information from environmental cues and pathogen sensors, and that the Arabidopsis downy mildew pathogen targets RCD1 to prevent activation of plant immunity.

Engineering Plant Intracellular Immune Receptors for Improved Disease Resistance Mark Banfield Dept. of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. Correspondence to: mark.banfield@jic.ac.uk

Plant NLR immune receptors (nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors) monitor the intracellular environment for signatures of non-self, typically the presence and/or activity of translocated pathogen effector proteins. Upon detection, these receptors initiate and immune response that ultimately restricts the growth of the pathogen and limits disease. Plant NLRs typically contain three domains, and N-terminal CC or TIR domain, an NB-ARC domain, and C-terminal LRR domain, but the prevalence of non-canonical domains in these receptors is being realised. Many of these 'integrated domains' (NLR-IDs) may have their evolutionary origin as virulence-associated effector targets that were recombined into NLRs to act as traps or baits. Little is known about how these NLR-IDs recognise effectors and enable activation of immune signalling. The biochemical and structural basis of recognition of the rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae) effector protein AVR-Pik with the rice NLR Pikp, via the direct binding of the effector to a heavy metal associated (HMA) domain contained with the NLR, has been described. We have now extended these studies to derive the molecular basis of differential recognition of variant AVR-Pik alleles from the pathogen with Pik NLR alleles from rice. We reveal a correlation between effector binding affinity to the Pik-HMA in vitro, and in planta immunity-related readouts. Protein crystal structures of various AVR-Pik/Pik-HMA complexes, including examples that promote immunity-related readouts and those that do not, reveal protein/protein interfaces that likely underpin disease resistance mediated by Pik NLRs. Recently, we have used the information from this unpublished work to engineer Pik-HMAs with bespoke recognition capabilities.

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Effector-Driven Breeding for Disease Resistance in Potato Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers, Jaap Wolters, Xiao Lin, Carolina Galvez-Aguilera, Emmanouil Domazakis, Doret Wouters, Richard G. F. Visser Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: vivianne.vleeshouwers@wur.nl

Potato is an important staple crop world-wide. However, potato production is threatened by devastating pathogens such as Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani, which cause late blight and early blight, respectively. During evolution, a diversity of immune receptors has accumulated in Solanum plants. To identify these receptors, we are functionally screening effectors in resistant Solanum germplasm for mounting defense responses. Breeding for late blight resistance has so far exclusively relied on nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, which are typically quickly defeated by fast-evolving effectors of P. infestans. Solanum plants also contain pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize conserved effectors, for example ELR that responds to conserved elicitins of Phytophthora. Functional studies with the different immune receptors identified so far, show that they can contribute to resistance to P. infestans. Also for early blight resistance, we recently initiated effectoromics. We have obtained a gap-less genome of A. solani and predicted a first set of effectors, that are subject of future studies. Ultimately, by studying the repertoire of immune receptors that recognize the diversity of pathogen effectors, we aim at getting profound understanding of the molecular interaction of Solanum and its pathogens, and apply this for achieving broader and potentially more durable disease resistance.

Virulence Function and Host Cell Entry of Known and Novel Fusarium Oxysporum Effectors Nico Tintor, Misha Paauw, Lotje van der Does, Peter van Dam, Frank Takken, Martijn Rep University of Amsterdam, SILS, Molecular Plant Pathology. Correspondence to: N.Tintor@uva.nl

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungus with the ability to colonize the plant rhizosphere and outer root tissues. The interaction is often symptomless, but individual fungal isolates cause disease on a narrow range of host plants. Pathogenic isolates have specific sets of effectors (small secreted proteins) that are presumably involved in host manipulation. However, the virulence functions of most Fo effectors are unknown. Here we show that several predicted effectors of an Arabidopsis infecting strain (Fo5176) suppress PAMP-triggered immune responses, acting either intracellularly or in the apoplast. Importantly, when expressed with their secretory signal peptides, the intracellularly acting effectors are capable of re-entering into Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Moreover, we show that these effectors are also translocated into host cells when delivered by Fo during colonization of Arabidopsis roots. Currently we aim to elucidate the contribution of specific amino acid sequences to the effector entry process.

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Elicitins Oligomerization: What Could Clarify in Elicitins Activity? Solansky Martin, Sklenar Matej, Petros Vojtech, Nathalie Leborne-Castel, Lochman Jan Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Correspondence to: solansky.m@mail.muni.cz

A well described and accessible model of plant-pathogen interaction is represented by elicitins and Solanaceae plants. Elicitins, a family of small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., are the most well-known microbe-associated molecular patterns of oomycetes (MAMPs). Recently, it has been described that one of the factors affecting elicitins activity in plants could be represented by their ability to form dimer/oligomer under normal conditions. To clear up in details the role of dimer within elicitins biological activity we prepared covalently crosslinked dimer of highly necrotising elicitin beta-cryptogein (beta-CRY) and its variants D21N and K13V carrying mutations in the region likely involved in dimerization. By analytical ultracentrifugation we proved different KD of homodimer complexes formation in both mutants and wt beta-CRY. Further, we found a pretty relation between proteins KD of dimer formation and response of tobacco plants and cell suspension to their treatment. Noticeable, we found that beta-CRY dimer is affected in interaction with receptor-like protein ELR from S. microdontum and in triggering of ROS production in tobacco cells but not in activation of WIPK/SIPK kinases leading to defense genes expression. Consequently, we studied on the model of BY2 cells and GP3 cells, impaired in NADPH oxidase, the exact role of ROS in early and late phase of plant-elicitin interaction.

A Novel Lysine Catabolic Pathway that Regulates Plant Acquired Resistance to Pathogen Infection Jürgen Zeier Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Correspondence to: juergen.zeier@hhu.de

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is activated in plants upon inoculation of single leaves with microbial pathogens and provides broad-spectrum immunity to the entire foliage. SAR is associated with a massive systemic transcriptional reprogramming and primes leaf tissue for enhanced defense activation during subsequent microbial attack. It is known for more than two decades that salicylic acid (SA) possesses an important role in the regulation of SAR. More recently, studies from our laboratory have established that the accumulation of the non-protein amino acid pipecolic acid (Pip) is critical for the activation SAR and the associated conditioned state. Pip is biosynthesized by a two-step biochemical process from Lysine. The aminotransferase AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) abstracts the alpha-amino group from L-Lys and forms 2,3-dehydropipecolic acid (2,3-DP). 2,3-DP is then reduced to Pip by reductase activities that involve SAR-DEFICIENT4 (SARD4). The resistance-enhancing action of Pip depends on FLAVIN-DEPENDENT-MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1). Our recent in planta and in vitro analyses show that FMO1 functions as a pipecolate N-hydroxylase and catalyzes the conversion of Pip to N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), a previously undescribed plant metabolite that acts as a potent inducer of plant immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection. In sum, our work has identified a pathogen-inducible L-Lys-catabolic pathway in plants that produces NHP as a critical regulator of SAR.

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Onset and Maintenance of Plant Immune Priming Schwarzenbacher R.1, Furci L.1, Stassen J.1, Lopez A.1, Jain R.1, Pardo D.1, Berkowitz O.2, Colot V.3, Johannes F.4, Petriacq P.1, & Ton Jurriaan1 1University of Sheffield, UK; 2La Trobe University, AgriBio, Ausralia; 3IBENS, France; 4Technical University of Munich, Germany. Correspondence to: j.ton@sheffield.ac.uk

Plants can prime their immune system after perception of specific signals, resulting in broad-spectrum resistance. Our discovery of the Arabidopsis IBI1 receptor of the priming agent BABA allowed us to study the molecular onset of priming. We found that VOZ transcription factors interact with IBI1 after pathogen attack, mediating SA-independent priming of cell wall defence. We also identified a structural BABA analogue, R-beta-homoserine, which primes multiple defence pathways, but is less toxic to plant metabolism. In parallel, we are studying the epigenetic mechanisms of priming maintenance, based on our discovery that diseased Arabidopsis produces epigenetically primed progeny. Analysis of mutants in DNA (de)methylation showed that half of the defence-related transcriptome is regulated by DNA methylation. Methylome analysis of the effects of disease revealed transgenerational impacts on gene body methylation. Finally, we are characterizing epigenetic QTLs controlling priming, using a population of epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs). Transcriptome analysis of resistant epiRILs suggests a regulatory role of stress-responsive TEs in transgenerational immune priming.

Novel Players in SA-JA Crosstalk Unraveled by Genome-Wide Association Study Silvia Proietti1,2, G.S. Falconieri1, F.M. Muti1, L. Bertini1, S.C.M. Van Wees2, C.M.J. Pieterse2, C. Caruso1 1Dept of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; 2Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dept of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: s.proietti@unitus.it; silvia.prt@libero.it

It is widely recognized that the plant hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play central roles in biotic stress responses. In order to cope with specific attackers or to multiple attackers at the same time, their signaling pathways need to cross-communicate. To identify novel regulators of SA-JA crosstalk, we performed a genome-wide association (GWA) study on natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis for the effect of SA on the JA pathway. To this end, the expression level of the JA marker gene PDF1.2 was quantified in 349 wild Arabidopsis accessions treated with MeJA or SA+MeJA. GWA mapping of the quantitative gene expression data revealed genetic loci potentially associated with SA-JA crosstalk. Among these loci, GLYI4 (encoding a glyoxalase) and ARR11 (encoding an Arabidopsis response regulator involved in cytokinin signaling) were confirmed by T-DNA insertion mutant analysis to affect SA-JA crosstalk and the level of resistance against the necrotroph B. cinerea. Preliminary functional characterization of GLYI4 and ARR11 shed some light on their role in SA-JA crosstalk.

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Mining the Extracellular Battlefield of a Plant-Pathogen Interaction Pierre Buscaill1, Balakumaran Chandrasekar1, Daniela Sueldo1, Nattapong Sanguankiattichai1, Farnusch Kaschani2, Kyoko Morimoto1, Emma Thomas1, Markus Kaiser2, Gail Preston1, Yuki Ichinose3 and Renier van der Hoorn1 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; 2ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; 3The Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Japan. Correspondence to: pierre.buscaill@plants.ox.ac.uk

The extracellular space (apoplast) in leaves is an important battlefield of plant-pathogen interactions, also for bacteria. To discover novel host manipulation mechanisms in the apoplast, we study changes in the extracellular enzymes upon infection using activity-based proteomics, using the interaction between Nicotiana benthamiana and Pseudomonas syringae as a model system. With proteomics and chemical probes that react with the active sites of enzymes, we are able to monitor activities of >140 apoplastic enzymes. The activity of the majority of these enzymes change during infection. Amongst the 25 protein activities that are post-translationally repressed, we detected a beta-galactosidase that is suppressed by a metabolite secreted by P. syringae. Genetic depletion of this enzyme makes the host plant more susceptible for P. syringae infection. Further research into this enzyme revealed that this enzyme plays an important role in defense, explaining why the enzyme is inhibited during infection. Our work stresses the role of apoplastic events in plant-bacteria interactions and has increased our interest on investigating the role of the other 24 enzymes that are suppressed during infection.

A Bacterial Pathogen Exploits JA-Mediated ABA Degradation for Stomatal Invasion Kaori Fukumoto1, Akira Mine2 and Kenichi Tsuda1 1Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Germany; 2Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Japan. Correspondence to: fukumoto@mpipz.mpg.de; mine@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp; tsuda@mpipz.mpg.de

Foliar bacterial pathogens invade plants into the apoplast through stomata. As part of innate immunity, plants close stomata upon recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to restrict pathogen entry into the apoplast. To antagonize this host response, some pathovars of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae produces a structural mimic of bioactive jasmonate (JA), coronatine (COR). COR suppresses accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which is required for MAMP-induced stomatal closure. However, this does not explain the ability of COR to antagonize stomatal closure triggered by the key phytohormone for stomata immunity abscisic acid (ABA), which acts genetically downstream of SA. Here, we show that COR induces expression of the guard cell-specific ABA catabolism gene CYP707A1 via the canonical JA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. CYP707A1 is required for the COR action for stomata opening. These results suggest that P. syringae exploits JA-mediated ABA degradation in the guard cells for stomatal invasion.

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Dynamics, Mechanisms, and Evolution of a Highly Resilient Plant Immune Signaling Network Fumiaki Katagiri, Noriyuki Hatsugai, and Keisuke Mase Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Plant and Microbial Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. Correspondence to: katagiri@umn.edu

We identified a signaling sector in Arabidopsis that can mediate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) signaling even when the jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET), PAD4, and salicylate (SA) signaling sectors are disabled and that is inhibited by pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling (Hatsugai et al. (2017) EMBO J. 36, 2758). We named the newly discovered signaling sector, ETI-mediating and PTI-inhibited sector, EMPIS. We used RNA-3seq analysis to demonstrate the EMPIS function in the transcriptome response during ETI. In our system: ETI was triggered by in planta induced expression of the Pseudomonas effector protein AvrRpt2; PTI was triggered by application of the bacterial MAMP flg22. In this way, the combinatorial conditions that are necessary to investigate PTI and ETI signaling interactions, namely, no PTI or ETI, PTI only, ETI only, and both PTI and ETI were enabled. To focus on EMPIS, a quadruple mutant background, in which all JA, ET, PAD4, and SA sectors were disabled, was used.

Precision in Plant Immune Expression: Not Lost in Translation Xinnian Dong Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. Correspondence to: xdong@duke.edu

A major consequence of pathogen infection is perturbation of host metabolism, including protein synthesis. However, little is known about how host cells may respond to such perturbations and selectively synthesize defense-proteins to mount immune responses. My lab showed that TBF1, a transcription factor controlling the growth-to-defense transition in plants, is tightly regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. The TBF1 mRNA contains two upstream open reading frames (uORFs) besides the main ORF. Translation of TBF1 is normally inhibited by these uORFs, which presumably cause dissociation of the ribosome from the mRNA before it reaches the downstream TBF1 ORF. Upon induction of both pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the inhibitory effects of uORFs are rapidly and transiently alleviated, leading to TBF1 protein translation. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms, we performed global translatome profiling, using the recently developed ribosome footprinting technology, and identified several trans-acting regulators, a highly conserved RNA sequence (“R-motif”), and many new uORFs. Moreover, we used the pathogen-responsive TBF1 cassette to drive the production of defense proteins and provided the proof of concept, in Arabidopsis and in rice, that adding translational control to defense protein production is an effective new strategy for minimizing fitness costs associated with broad-spectrum disease resistance and reducing the selective pressure for resistant pathogens.

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A Proteomics Approach in Finding Host Factors Essential for Tospovirus Replication Tieme Helderman1, Dr. Harrold van den Burg1, Prof. Dr. Marcel Prins1,2 1Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2Keygene, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: t.a.helderman@uva.nl

Tospoviruses are the plant infecting members of the negative RNA virus family Bunyaviridae. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and other tospoviruses are among the most devastating plant viruses worldwide. Dominant resistance genes in crops, like Sw5 and Tsw, are scarce. Tospoviruses evolve quickly and have, therefore, already broken the few known dominant resistance genes used in plant breeding. To generate novel genetic sources of resistance against tospoviruses, detailed knowledge on the infection process is needed. Host factors that are required for tospovirus replication are a potential source for resistance breeding. Such host factors are potentially generic for all tospoviruses. Our aim is to identify host proteins that are essential for TSWV replication. We plan to find host factors by means of a proteomics approach based on the transient expression of tagged nucleocapsid protein in N. benthamiana, followed by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses of the co-immunoprecipitated protein complexes. Upon identification of such a host factor a more in-depth characterization will be performed to obtain detailed knowledge on the role of the gene product in the host and in viral proliferation.

Effects of the Modification of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway on the Inhibition of Bacteria by Pattern Triggered Immunity Agnes Szatmari1, Agnes M. Moricz1, Agnes Alberti2, Zoltan Bozso1 1Plant Protection Institute of the Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto Str. 15., 1022 Budapest, Hungary; 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Ulloi Str. 26., 1085 Budapest, Hungary. Correspondence to: szatmari.agnes@agrar.mta.hu; agiszatmari@gmail.com

Pattern triggered immunity of plants (PTI) is a symptomless form of plant resistance against microorganisms. Previously we have shown that genes of the phenylpropanoid (PP) pathway are transcriptionally activated during PTI. We transiently silenced and overexpressed several PTI-related PP genes, and also carried out pharmacological inhibition of the corresponding enzymes to test if these interventions lead to alterations in the efficiency of PTI. Proliferation of compatible Pseudomonas tabaci bacteria in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves overexpressing different PP genes was monitored. They reached lower numbers in O-methyltransferase transformed leaves at 3 dpi than in controls. To study the effects of silencing of PP genes on PTI, Hypersensitive Reaction (HR)-inhibition tests were carried out. Silencing of cinnamic-acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H) caused a reduction in PTI. Pharmacological inhibition of the PP enzymes C4H and phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase resulted in reduction of PTI as measured by HR inhibition. High-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) let us identify PTI-related phenolic compounds, such as derivatives of caffeoylquinic acid. Funded by: NKFI/OTKA Grant PD 109050.

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Transfer of an NLR Gene from Pigeonpea into Soybean Confers Resistance to Asian Soybean Rust Peter van Esse Sainsbury Laboratory, 2Blades Foundation Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom. Correspondence to: peter.vanesse@tsl.ac.uk

The fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR). The direct and indirect losses incurred by this pathogen are estimated at approximately 2 Billion US$ per year in Brazil. There are currently no commercial soybean cultivars that have durable resistance against P. pachyrhizi. Therefore, frequent fungicide applications are the way to control the disease. Given the high cost to growers and the environmental impact of current ASR control strategies genetic resistance is highly desirable. Although eight major loci for resistance against the disease have been identified, none of the causal genes have been cloned. These loci have been introduced into commercial soybean cultivars one at the time. As a consequence, P. pachyrhizi isolates that have overcome these introduced loci can be readily identified in the field. We have cloned a P. pachyrhizi resistance gene from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and named it CcRpp1 for Cajanus cajan Resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi 1. The CcRpp1 gene confers full resistance to P. pachyrhizi when introduced into soybean. Our findings show that legume species related to soybean such as pigeonpea, cowpea, common bean and others could provide a valuable and diverse pool of resistance traits for crop improvement.

Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection Michael R Roberts Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK. Correspondence to: m.r.roberts@lancaster.ac.uk

Plants use inducible defences to resist attack by herbivores and disease-causing microbes. Induced resistance is triggered by the detection of attackers, whilst pests and pathogens have evolved effector-based systems to suppress inducible defence. The outcome of the interactions between a plant and its attackers is determined by the ability of the plant to rapidly deploy resistance mechanisms. Although using inducible rather than constitutive defences places plants at greater risk of infection, inducibility minimises the costs of defence. Priming of plant defence following a prior stress or chemical priming treatment establishes a state in which future defence responses can be triggered more rapidly and/or to a greater degree. Priming allows plants to use past experiences to optimise the trade-off between growth and defence. We have found that plants are particularly sensitive to priming in the earliest stages of development, and that not only can priming persist over long time scales within individual plants, but that it can be inherited by future generations. I will discuss applications of such priming responses for crop protection, and describe a range of maternal effects on offspring phenotypes that we have identified following herbivory or disease in parent plants.

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New Potato Varieties with Late Blight Resistance, Reduced Bruising and Improved Processing Quality Marina Pais1, K. Witek1, A. Witek1, L. Tomlinson1, F. Jupe1, M. Smoker1, J. Taylor1, S. Perkins1, S. Marillonnet2, D.E.L. Cooke3, N. Champouret4, C. Richael4, J.D.G. Jones1 1The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK; 2Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany; 3The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK; 4Simplot Plant Sciences, Idaho, USA. Correspondence to: marina.pais@tsl.ac.uk

This project aims to provide solutions for late blight (LB) disease, potato browning and cold-induced sweetening; these problems are linked to extensive use of agrochemicals and food wastage. We follow a GM approach to deploy a 3-resistance (R)-gene stack combining genes from Solanum venturii (Rpi-vnt1) and S. americanum (Rpi-amr3 and Rpi-amr1e) to control LB and a construct that induces tuber-specific silencing of the Polyphenol Oxidase and Vacuolar Invertase genes. We have optimised the binary vector to decrease chances of backbone integration and multiple insertions. In 2017, we performed a field trial where we tested Maris Piper potato lines carrying the stack of three R genes as well as plants carrying each of those genes separately. All lines showed resistance to the circulating strains of Phytophthora infestans (genotypes 6_A1 and 36_A2). We are now screening lines that carry the stack of three R genes together with the silencing module for improved tuber quality and we will test such lines in the field this summer.

Expanding Recognition Specificity of the Rice RGA4/RGA5a Immune Protein Complex: knocking on the Door to the Age of Synthetic- Immune System Receptors for Plants Nak Hyun Kim1, Eui-Hwan Chung1,2, Marc T. Nishimura3 and Jeffery L. Dangl1,2 1Dept. of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; 2HHMI, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 3Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Correspondence to: nhkim82@email.unc.edu; tigernakol@gmail.com

Plant nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are intracellular receptors that confer resistance against pathogens by recognizing specific pathogen effectors. In this study, we investigated the possibility of engineering plant NLR proteins to modify recognition specificity. RGA5a is a rice NLR protein with an integrated decoy domain that serves as a pathogen effector binding platform. When effector is bound, the partner NLR RGA4 is activated. Synthetic chimeric RGA5a proteins (RGNs) were generated by swapping the endogenous integrated decoy (ID) domain with another effector binding platform termed an NOI domain, or by inserting the NOI domain into RGA5a thus retaining the original ID. Chimeric proteins with NOI domain inserted retained the RGA5 function of suppressing RGA4 auto-activity. Furthermore, they both retained activation by the AVR-Pia effector and gained the ability to be activated by AvrRpt2, an effector that targets and cleaves NOI domains.

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28 =Poster №1: The Fusarium Oxysporum Avr2-Six5 Effector Pair Manipulates Plasmodesmata

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Poster №1: Facilitating Cell-To-Cell Movement of Avr2 Mila Blekemolen, L Cao, N Tintor, BJC Cornelissen, FLW Takken Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Correspondence to: m.c.blekemolen@uva.nl

Pathogens use effector proteins to manipulate plant defences. During infection of tomato, the fungus Fusarium oxysporum secretes the effectors Avr2 and Six5. Both of which are important virulence factors and their expression is controlled by a shared promotor. In tomato, these effectors are together needed to trigger I-2-mediated disease resistance. However, upon expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, Avr2 alone is sufficient to trigger I-2-mediated cell death. The role of Six5 in triggering I-2-resistance is unknown. Bimolecular fluorescence assays showed an Avr2/Six5 interaction specifically at plasmodesmata (PD). In N. benthamiana, intercellular translocation of Avr2-GFP was visualized and shown to be a Six5-mediated process. PD manipulation by Avr2/Six5 to facilitate cell-to-cell spreading of Avr2, might benefit fungal infection. Currently, we are studying whether Six5 co-translocates with Avr2 to neighbouring cells and whether other F. oxysporum effectors also translocate in a Six5-dependent manner.

Poster №2: The Effect of the Physiological State of Plants on their Resistance to Pathogens Balazs Barna, Gabor Gullner and Zoltan Bozso Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto ut 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary. Correspondence to: barna.balazs@agrar.mta.hu

It has been known since a long time that the physiological state of plants has a strong influence on their resistance to pathogens. Generally biotrophs prefer juvenile, but necrotrophs prefer senescent plant tissues. Recently we found that cytokinin overproducing paraquat tolerant (PT) tobaccos are more tolerant, while NahG salicylic acid deficient tobaccos are more sensitive to the reactive oxygen H2O2 than their respective controls. Leakage of ions from PT was reduced by powdery mildew infection, while TMV infection led to a 6-fold and 2-fold elevation of ion leakage from HR resistant NahG and Xanthi leaves, respectively (Gullner et al. 2017). In addition, we showed that Arabidopsis NAP-related proteins (NRPs) can induce age-related pathogen resistance (Barna et al. 2018). Interestingly, treatments of Arabidopsis or tobacco plants with benzyl adenine or kinetin cytokinins differently effect plant reactions to virus, bacteria or fungi, in addition to changes in their gene expressions profiles. Gullner, G.,. Juhasz, C., Nemeth, A.and Barna, B. (2017) Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 119, 232-239. Barna, B., Gemes, K., Domoki, M., Bernula, D., Ferenc, Gy., Bálint, B., Nagy, I. Feher, A. (2018) Plant Science 267, 124-134.

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Poster №3: Setting New Boundaries: an Immune-Responsive Cytoskeletal-Plasma Membrane Feedback Loop in Plants Stefan Sassmann1, Cecilia Rodrigues1, Stephen W. Milne1, Anja Nenninger1, Ellen Allwood2, George R. Littlejohn1, Nicholas J. Talbot1, Christian Soeller1, Brendan Davies3, Patrick J. Hussey2, Michael J. Deeks1 1University of Exeter, UK; 2Durham University, UK; 3University of Leeds, UK. Correspondence to: s.sassmann@exeter.ac.uk

Plants are constantly exposed to possible pathogens in their environment and need to react quickly and precise to prevent damage. Cell Wall Appositions (CWAs) are produced reactively by the plant immune system through the local inversion of plant cell growth. This is achieved with consistent precision at sites of assault to arrest microbial invasion. Plant actin dynamics are essential to this response but it remains unclear how exocytosis and the cytoskeleton are linked in space and time to form functional CWAs. We show that actin-dependent trafficking of secretory vesicles to immune response sites of A. thaliana delivers a membrane-integrated Formin, which in turn contributes to local cytoskeletal dynamics. Controlled induction of Formin-GFP expression reveals a dynamic population of vesicles that accumulate to form clusters at the PM through an actin-dependent process. Deactivation of the Formin and its close homologues compromises subsequent defence. Our data suggest a model where the Formin is a spatial feedback element in a multi-layered, temporally defined sequence of cytoskeletal response. This positional feedback makes a significant contribution to the distribution of actin filaments at the dynamic CWA boundary and to the outcomes of pre-invasion defence at the forefront of the plant immune system.

Poster №4: Cell Wall Remodeling as an Effect of Response to PVY_NTN Infection Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł, Edmund Kozieł Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland. Correspondence to: katarzyna_otulak@sggw.pl

Plant viruses infection triggers a number of inducible basal defense responses, including defense proteins, especially those involved in cell wall metabolism. Our study investigates the comparison of cell wall host dynamics induced in a compatible (potato cv. Irys) and incompatible (potato cv. Sárpo Mira with hypersensitive reaction gene Ny-Smira) PVYNTN–host–plant interaction. Ultrastructural analyses revealed numerous cell wall changes induced by virus infection. Furthermore, the localization of essential defensive wall-associated proteins in susceptible and resistant potato host to PVYNTN infection were investigated. The data revealed a higher level of detection of pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR-2) in a compatible compared to an incompatible (HR) interaction. Immunofluorescence analyses indicated that HRGP (extensin) synthesis was induced, whereas that of cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CesA4) decreased as a result of PVYNTN infection. The highest level of extensin localization was found in HR potato plants. Analysis of CesA4, PR-2 and HRGP deposition within the apoplast and symplast confirmed the active trafficking of these proteins as a step-in potato cell wall remodeling in response to PVYNTN infection.

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Poster №5: Molecular Biology of Prune Dwarf Virus as a Vital Component in the Dynamics Virus–Host Cell Interaction Network Edmund Kozieł and Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland. Correspondence to: edmund_koziel@sggw.pl

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is one of the members of Bromoviridae family, genus Ilarvirus. Host components that participate in the regulation of viral replication or cell-to-cell movement via plasmodesmata are not clear. In contrast, viral infections caused by some other Bromoviridae members are well characterized. Bromoviridae can be distinguished based on localization of their replication process in infected cells, cell-to-cell movement mechanisms, and plant-specific response reactions. Depending upon the genus, “genome activation” and viral replication are linked to various membranous structures ranging from endoplasmic reticulum, to tonoplast. In the case of PDV, there is still no evidence of natural resistance sources in the host plants susceptible to virus infection. Apparently, PDV has a great ability to overcome the natural defense responses in a wide spectrum of plant hosts. The first manifestation of PDV infection are specific cell membrane alterations, and the formation of replicase complexes that support PDV RNA replication inside the spherules. During each stage of its life cycle, the virus uses cell components to replicate and to spread in whole plants, within the largely suppressed cellular immunity environment. This study presents the stages of the PDV life cycle in the context of specific viral proteins localization and 3D modeling of replication complex assembly. Morover, performed immunolocalizations of PDV CP and MP with correlation of electron microscopy observations enabled explain intracellular transport of this virus.

Poster №6: Loss of Function in Adenylyl Cyclase Enhances Susceptibility of A. Thaliana to Powdery Mildew Disease Caused by Golovinomyces Orontii Bianchet Chantal1, Aloysius Wong2, Ederli Luisa1, Quaglia Mara3, Gehring Christoph Andreas1,4, Ntoukakis Vardis5 and Pasqualini Stefania1

1Dept. Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology Univ. Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 2College of Natural, Applied and Health Sciences, Wenzhou-Kean Univ., Wenzhou, China; 3Dept. Agricultural, Food & Environmental Sciences, Univ. Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 4Div. of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; 5School of Life Sciences, Univ. of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Correspondence to: chantal.bianchet@studenti.unipg.it

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyse the formation of the second messenger cAMP from ATP. cAMP is accepted as key signalling molecule in many processes including plant stress responses and defence. Here we report the identification of an AC catalytic centre of a disease resistance protein in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLRRAC1, AT3G14460) using an AC-specific search motif supported by computational assessments of protein models. Our results demonstrate that AtLRRAC1 can generate cAMP in vitro and affect responses to Golovinomyces orontii but not to Botrytis cinerea. In addition, the role of this gene in the interaction with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 will be discussed.

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Poster №7: Protein Hydrolysate Derived from Microbial Fermentation Enhanced Disease Resistance Against Bacterial Soft Rot Pathogen, Erwinia Chrysanthemi Huey-wen Chuang, Kao-Tzu Chuan Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan. Address for Correspondence: Huey-wen Chuang, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan. Correspondence to: hwchuang@mail.ncyu.edu.tw

Bioactive protein hydrolysates exhibited multifaceted function on plant growth including antioxidant and phytohormone activity. In this study, an isolated rhizobacteria Bacillus licheniformis (BL) with antifungal activity was used to prepare soybean protein hydrolysate (SPH-BL). Application of BL and SPH-BL in Phalaenopsis orchid conferred increased resistance against bacterial soft rot pathogen, Erwinia chrysanthemi; however, plants treated with SPH-BL exhibited stronger disease resistance than those of treated with BL. Western blot analysis indicated tissues treated with SPH-BL accumulated higher levels of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein and catalase. Molecular mechanism for SPH-BL-derived disease resistance will be discussed in the poster section.

Poster №8: Role of Artificially Added Glutathione and its Precursor in Inducing Resistance to a Powdery Mildew Pathogen (Euoidium Longipes) In Sa-Deficient Tobacco Andras Kunstler, Lorant Kiraly Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Correspondence to: kunstler.andras@agrar.mta.hu

The role of the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) in disease resistance is well-known. SA production can be induced by biotrophic pathogens, activating different plant defense mechanisms. The role of glutathione (GSH) is also well known; primarily as an antioxidant but also as a plant stress signaling agent. SA-GSH interactions may play a pivotal role in plant disease resistance. SA production and resistance to phytopathogenic bacteria is increased in GSH overproducer tobacco (Ghanta et al., 2011, Planta 233:895), while SA production is lowered in GSH deficient Arabidopsis plants (Han et al., 2013, Antiox Redox Signal 18:2106). Here we investigated how GSH influences defense responses to a powdery mildew (Euoidium longipes) in SA deficient (nahG) tobacco. GSH levels in leaves were artificially elevated by injection of GSH or its precursor, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC). Our results showed that artificial elevation of GSH significantly increases resistance to E. longipes in SA deficient (nahG) tobacco, while expression of a pathogenesis-related gene (NtPR1a) remains unchanged. In conclusion, GSH may complement the impaired powdery mildew resistance of SA deficient tobacco.

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Poster №9: The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum Acutatum upon Fruit Infection Jose J. Higuera-Sobrino1, Jose Garrido-Gala1, Ayman Lekhbou1, Francisco J. Molina-Hidalgo1, Isabel Arjona-Girona2, Francisco Amil-Ruiz1, Jose A. Mercado3, Fernando Pliego-Alfaro3, Juan Munoz-Blanco1, Carlos J. Lopez-Herrera2, Jose L. Caballero1 1Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Cordoba-14071, Spain, 2Dpto. Proteccion Cultivos, Inst. Agricultura Sostenible, C.S.I.C. Cordoba, Spain, 3Dpto. Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Malaga-29071, Spain. Correspondence to: bb1carej@uco.es

FaWRKY1 gene (AtWRKY75-like transcription factor type IIc) was identified as important element mediating defence responses in strawberry. This gene is upregulated in strawberry following C. acutatum infection. The gene was silenced in fruit by Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation. A FaWRKY1-RNAi construct was used to transform one half of fruit whereas empty vector was used to transform the other half of the same fruit. Five days after inoculation with pathogen statistical analyses showed significant differences in susceptibility between the two halves of the same fruit being the FaWRKY-RNAi half less susceptible to the pathogen invasion than the control half. On the contrary, overexpression of this gene in strawberry fruit showed increased susceptibility to C. acutatum. These results reveal that FaWRKY1 negatively regulates resistance to C. acutatum fruit infection.

Poster №10: Role of a Mapk Substrate CRF1 in Plant Immunity Hanna Alhoraibi1, Santiago Alejandro Martinez2, Kiruthiga Mariappan1, Baoda Han1, Jean Bigeard2, Delphine Pflieger3, Heribert Hirt1 and Naganand Rayapuram1 1Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; 2Institute of Plant Sciences IPS2, Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; 3CEA, BIG-BGE-EDyP, U1038 Inserm/CEA/UGA, 38000 Grenoble, France. Correspondence to: Hanna.alhoraibi@kaust.edu.sa

MAPKs play a central role in signal transduction by regulating various biological processes including biotic and abiotic stresses. The activation of the three MAPKs MPK3/4 and 6 is one of the earliest cellular responses following pathogen attack leading to the phosphorylation of cytosolic or nuclear targets to regulate cellular processes. However, only few targets of MPK3/4 and 6 have been identified and validated but many substrates remain to be discovered. In a quantitative phosphoproteome analysis of Arabidopsis treated with a MAMP flg22, proteins that were differentially phosphorylated by MAPKs were identified as potential MAPK substrates. One such protein is Chromatin Remodeling Factor (CRF1). CRF1 is a nuclear protein that interacts and is phosphorylated by the three immune MAPKs. RNA-seq of the crf1-1 mutant revealed a deregulation of immune response and hormone signaling genes. Our data show that CRF1 is involved in plant defense. By mutation of the phosphosites in CRF1, we now aim to determine the role of CRF1 in the context of MAPK signaling in plant immunity.

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Poster №11: Rx1-Mediated Translational Inhibition: Collateral Damage or Essential Immune Component? Manon M.S. Richard, Marijn Knip, Frank L.W. Takken Molecular Plant Pathology, SILS, University of Amsterdam, P.O. box 94215, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: m.m.s.richard@uva.nl The potato NLR protein Rx1 confers resistance to Potato Virus X (PVX) by recognition of its viral coat protein (CP). We developed a tool to investigate early immune responses upon Rx1 activation in N. benthamiana. This tool allows synchronized Rx1 activation by dexamethasone-inducible expression of CP106 (avirulent). Expression of CP105 (virulent) serves as a negative control. Surprisingly, whereas both CP transcripts were detected after dexamethasone induction, no accumulation of CP106 protein was observed in Rx1 plants. Notably, the tobacco NLR N, which confers TMV resistance, has been shown to induce a translational arrest of viral transcripts upon its activation. Here we dissect this process in order to understand its potential role in PVX resistance. Our results suggest that the lack CP106 accumulation in presence of Rx1, is due to translational inhibition rather than to protein degradation. The translational arrest mediated by Rx1 seems to specifically target viral transcripts. Moreover, this process requires early calcium signaling and does not seem to be a consequence of ongoing cell death.

Poster №12: Exploring the Resistosome of the Potato CC-NB-LRR Immune Receptor Rx1 Octavina Sukarta1, Erik Slootweg1, Sjef Boeren2, Jan Roosien1, Rikus Pomp1, Jaap Bakker1, Geert Smant1 and Aska Goverse1 1Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2Department of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: octavina.sukarta@wur.nl

The potato Rx1 is an intracellular Nucleotide-binding Leucine Rich Repeat (NLR) immune receptor with an archetypical N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) domain. It confers extreme resistance against Potato Virus X (PVX) by gene-specific recognition of the viral coat protein (CP). Recent findings point to a role of Rx1 in the nucleus whereby it could directly bind host genetic material, though it remains unclear how this process eventually leads to defence. A possibility is that Rx1 recruits other host factors, for example via the CC domain, which is predicted to act as scaffolds for nuclear signalling. Here, we used the CC domains of Rx1 and the Rx1-like protein Gpa2 (mediates defence against the nematode Globodera pallida) as baits in a Co-IP/MS analysis after cell fractionation to co-purify putative interactors from Nicotiana benthamiana. Five hits (designated Rp01-Rp05) were further prioritized as candidate Rx1/Gpa2 interacting proteins. Similar pull-down experiments confirmed complex formation with the full-length immune receptors in plantae. Interestingly, co-expression of Rp05 alters the subcellular distribution of the Rx1-CC domain, hinting its role in Rx1-function. Transient overexpression experiments confirm that Rp05 could in fact potentiate defense against PVX. Interestingly, however, this occurs independently of Rx1. We substantiated this model by demonstrating that Rp05 could influence HR-responses by other NLR proteins (e.g. Gpa2, Sw5A/B and Mi-1) indicating that it may be a common downstream component in immune signaling. Currently, we focus on elucidating the detailed molecular underpinning of Rp05 function in R-gene mediated resistances using Rx1 as the principal model system.

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Poster №13: GSK3/Shaggy-Like Kinases as Differential Regulators of PTI and BR Signaling in Arabidopsis Thaliana Hansjörg Stampfl1, Peter Stasnik1, Marion Fritz2, Silvia Dal Santo2, Claudia Jonak1 1Austrian Institute of Technology, 3430 Tulln, Austria; 2Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, 1030 Vienna, Austria. Correspondence to: hansjoerg.stampfl@ait.ac.at

In plants, the activation of innate immunity by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PTI) and brassinosteroid (BR) mediated growth stimulation are opposing processes that define a trade-off. Despite the growing knowledge about the negative crosstalk of these pathways at the molecular level, downstream signaling components remain elusive. Here, we describe the function of the two GSK3 kinases, ASKα and ASKγ, as positive regulators of PTI and as negative regulators of BR signaling. A rapid increase in kinase activity is observed during PTI. Genetic analysis demonstrates that loss of a single or of both kinases attenuates, whereas their overexpression enhances PTI associated responses. In contrast to their positive role in plant immunity, ASKα and ASKγ are negative regulators of BR signaling. askα askγ double mutants display a BR hypersensitive phenotype and impaired transcriptional responses. Interestingly, pharmacological and genetic analyses demonstrate that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a substrate of ASKα, specifically contributes to PTI but not to BR signaling. Overall, these results suggest a differential regulation of GSK3 substrates during PTI and BR signaling.

Poster №14: Human Pathogenic Bacterium Shigella Infects Arabidopsis Plants Using Type-III Effectors that Suppress Conserved MAP Kinase Signaling Sung Hee Jo1,2, Jiyoung Lee3, Dong Wook Kim4, Dae Hee Lee2,5, Choong Min Ryu2,6, and Jeong Mee Park1,2 1Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB; 2Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST; 3Biological Resource Center, KRIBB; 4Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University; 5Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, KRIBB; 6Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB. Correspondence to: shrre@kribb.re.kr, shrre@nate.com

Although the debate about whether human intestinal pathogenic bacteria are also plant pathogens is ongoing, these bacteria are known to use plants as an alternative host. Here, we show that four Shigella strains actively invade and proliferate in Arabidopsis thaliana and show different levels of pathogenicity. Furthermore Shigella virulence type-III secretion effectors involved in suppressing human immune responses are also important for bacterial pathogenesis in Arabidopsis. And production of OspF in plant cells suppressed a constitutively active form of tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MEK2DD)-triggered cell death by inhibiting phosphorylation of MAPK, indicating that the phosphothreonine lyase activity of OspF is conserved in plants. These findings demonstrate that Shigella-mediated virulence determinants and pathogenic symptoms are also expressed in model plants.

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Poster №15: Investigating Roles of Ralstonia Solanacearum NLS-containing Type III Effectors Hyelim Jeon1, Wanhui Kim1, Sookyeong Lee1, Jay Jayaraman2, Keehoon Sohn2, and Cécile Segonzac1 1Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Molecular Physiology, Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea; 2Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673, Korea. Correspondence to: wanhui_kim@snu.ac.kr; wannycap@gmail.com

Ralstonia Solanacearum (Rso) is plant pathogenic bacterium that causes lethal bacterial wilt in a wide range of crops including potato, tomato, and pepper. Pathogenicity of Rso is mediated by type III secretion system (T3SS) that injects type III effectors (T3Es) directly into host cells. These effectors manipulate various host cell processes and dampen plant immunity to make favorable environment for infection. However, knowledge about interaction between Rso T3Es and plant immune system is still scarce. Intriguingly, almost one third of Rso T3Es are predicted to carry nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif, implying their possible roles in manipulating host nuclear processes for the virulence. In this study, we selected 11 Rso T3Es containing putative NLS from the reference strain GMI1000 to investigate the impact of Rso T3Es on plant immunity and development. Each effector was cloned into Golden Gate compatible binary vector for in planta expression. We found that 3 of the selected nuclear effectors induced programed cell death (PCD) response using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum, which suggests the possible recognition of these effectors by host immune system. We further studied immuno-suppressive activity of the other 8 effectors which did not elicit PCD in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results showed that two effectors inhibited flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and two other effectors suppressed flg22-induced defense-marker gene expression, indicating that these effectors interfere with PAMP-triggered immunity. Also we assembled the effector sequences in fusion with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) for confocal microscopy analysis of their subcellular localization. In parallel, we are currently generating nuclear effector expressing lines (NEELs) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the impact of the selected effectors on host growth and developmental processes. Our study will lead us to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which Rso T3Es perturb host cellular processes, and thus to better understand pathogenicity of Rso to design and engineer bacterial wilt resistant crops.

Poster №16: The Specific Combination of Conserved Residues on RIN4 is Required for Interaction with RPM1 Ha Seong Kim1, Maxim Prokchorchik2, and Kee Hoon Sohn1,2 1Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea; 2Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. Correspondence to: khs1308@postech.ac.k

RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) is a well-known guardee protein required for resistance mediated by multiple NLRs, including RPM1 and RPS2. In our previous study, a comparative analysis of Arabidopsis RIN4 and apple RIN4 revealed two residues on RIN4 named RSM (RIN4 specificity motif). These residues were shown to be crucial for specific interactions with three non-homologous R proteins. In this study, we found that RSM is conserved among RIN4 natural variants. Also, we showed that RSM is strictly required but not sufficient for RPM1-autoactivity suppression and MR5 activation. In search of additional residues required for RPM1 autoactivity suppression, we swapped RCP3 (RIN4 cleavage product) of RIN4 natural variants with each other. Surprisingly, combining two non-RPM1-suppressing RIN4 natural variants often resulted in chimeras that could suppress RPM1 autoactivity. This finding implies that proper interaction between RPM1 and RIN4 requires not only RSM but also a specific combination of multiple residues possibly conserved among RIN4 natural variants.

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Poster №17: Comparative Analysis of Solanaceae NLR Genes Provides Evidences of Lineage-specific Evolution of NRC-like Helper NLRs in Chili Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Soohyun Oh, Eunsook Park, Hye-young Lee, and Doil Choi Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea. Correspondence to: Absisic@gmail.com

Non-host resistance (NHR) is robust immune response of plants against non-adapted pathogenic microorganism species. It is conferred by a variety of complex molecular mechanisms such as PTI and ETI. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins known as a determinant of ETI also are considered to play a role in NHR. In an emerging concept of NLR network model in Solanaceae plant, we presumed the repertoire of helper NLR family (NLR Required for Cell death; NRC) could determine NHR against given pathogen. We identified sixty-four NRC candidate genes from the whole set of putative NLR coding genes of potato, tomato, pepper, and tobacco genomes based on OrthoMCL clustering and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analyses revealed most of NRC candidates were tightly clustered with their orthologs in each species including function-known NRCs such as, SlNRC1, NbNRC2, NbNRC3, and NbNRC4. Interestingly, a subgroup of NRC was composed of only NLRs from pepper suggesting lineage-specific evolution. Furthermore, these NRCs were clustered in chromosome and have high level of sequence similarities suggesting the possible molecular mechanisms of their evolution. We are underway of investigating the role(s) of these NRCs in the NHR of pepper against potato late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans). Progresses of our works on the NHR of pepper to the non-adapted pathogen and their potential for disease resistant crop development will be presented.

Poster №18: The Replication Initiator Protein of a Geminivirus Resides with SUMO Machinery in Photobodies and Dynamically Re-Localizes in Response to Blue Light Francesca Maio1, Manuel Arroyo-Mateos1, Marcel Prins1,2, Harrold van den Burg1 1Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam; 2KeyGene N.V., 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: f.maio@uva.nl Geminiviruses are one of the most important classes of plant viruses that cause significant yield losses in economically important crops worldwide. They have ssDNA genomes with limited coding capacity; REP (Replication initiation protein) is the only viral protein that is essential for replication of the viral DNA, it induces recruitment of the host replication machinery and interacts with several host proteins such as the enzyme that conjugates SUMO to target proteins (E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme, SCE1). Using in planta co-localization and protein-protein interaction studies, we demonstrated that SCE1 and SUMO recruit Rep into dynamic and active sub-nuclear punctate structures (nuclear bodies, NBs) where they interact together in a trimeric complex. By testing several NBs markers, we demonstrated that the SUMO machinery-dependent Rep NBs localize to the same sub-compartments that can also contains COP1, SPA1 and phyB (photobodies). Moreover, we noted that blue light exposure triggers a re-localizaton of the Rep-GFP fusion protein within the nucleus in a cryptochromes-dependent way.

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Poster №19: Functional Characterisation of the Positively-Selected Effector MiL648 of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita Ava Verhoeven, Pjotr Prins, Anna Finkers Tomczak, Erik Slootweg, Debbie van Raaij, Hein Overmars, Aska Goverse, Geert Smant Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: ava.verhoeven@wur.nl

Insight in the molecular basis of virulence can help us to identify new and more durable sources of resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Recently, we identified the effector MiL648 by applying a genome-wide scan for positively selected secreted proteins with the CODEML algorithm in PAML. To acquire a better understanding of the function of MiL648 in plants, we are currently functionally characterising the protein in plants using transient and stable overexpression and in nematodes using virus-induced gene silencing. Several in planta targets of the putative effector have now been found by a yeast-two-hybrid screening and interactions were checked using Co-IPs and FRET-FLIM.

Poster №20: Chitosan Elicited Immune Response Reduces Photosynthetic Electron Transport in the Guard Cells of Tomato Plants under Different Light Conditions Péter Poór1, Zalán Czékus1,2, Attila Ördög1 1Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; 2Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. Correspondence to: poorpeti@bio.u-szeged.hu

Guard cells (GC) respond to the presence of microbes by narrowing stomatal pores following perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as CHT, a deacylated derivative of a major fungal cell wall component chitin. It has been shown that CHT inhibits the blue light-induced stomatal opening and can trigger stomatal closure. These movements are related to the H+-ATPase activity in the GCs plasma membrane that affects the transport of osmotically active solutes. The ATP for proton pumping is supplied mostly from mitochondrial respiration; however, a partial inhibition by DCMU implies a role of GC photosynthetic electron transport in the ATP supply. In the present work we examined whether CHT affects stomatal opening and closure in tomato. Moreover, we investigated whether CHT affects the photosynthetic activity of tomato GCs, the light-dependence of the photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) of individual GCs was also assayed. This work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office – NKFIH (Grant no. NKFI FK 124871).

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Poster №21: Investigation of the Role of Pullulan in the Development of Esca Disease of Grapevine Zoltan Karacsony, Szabina Lengyel, Kalman Zoltan Vaczy Eszterhazy Karoly University, Food and Wine Research Centre; Leanyka str. 6., Eger, H3300, Hungary. Correspondence to: kar840826@gmail.com

The Esca disease of grapevine belongs to the group of grapevine trunk diseases which cause great losses from year to year. The main pathogens of Esca disease (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Togninia minima) are known producers of the polysaccharide pullulan. This substance is probably participate in the development of Esca disease, however it’s role is not completely clear. Here we present the results of our investigations on the possible synergistic interaction of pullulan with the secreted effector proteins of P. chlamydospora (Pch). Microscopic investigation of the interaction of pullulan with onion cell suspension showed that the polysaccharide can establish a physical interaction with the cell membrane and suggested to be internalized into the cells. The interaction of pullulan with Pch proteins was investigated by affinity electrophoresis. The results clearly showed that at least some proteins interacted with pullulan. According to the trypan blue absorption assays, the Pch proteins show increased toxicity in the presence of pullulan against onion cells. All the above results suggest that pullulan may aid the internalization of Pch proteins into the host cells. The present work was supported by GINOP-232-161005 and TÉT_16_FR.

Poster №22: Identification of Avirulence Genes in the Bacterial Wilt Pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, on Nightshade Natural Variation Hayoung Moon1, Ankita Pandey1, Maxim Prokchorchik1, Honour McCann2 and Kee Hoon Sohn1,3 1Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea; 2New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand; 3School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea. Correspondence to: hayoung.moon@potech.ac.kr A bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum(Rso), is very heterogeneous in nature, so it is difficult to control its pathogenicity and develop disease resistance. Meanwhile, nightshade, which is one of the host plants for Rso, has been believed to have diverse resistance resources. Here, we are looking for avirulence(Avr) genes in Rso, aiming for introducing the resistance genes from nightshade natural variation to other crops to make them resistant to Rso. 37 nightshade accessions were screened with multiple Rso Korean isolates and we got 30 Rso Korean isolates sequenced. Bioinformatically analyzed effector repertoires were compared one another to select Avr gene candidates, and we expect that genes which seem to be present only in avirulent strains could be the Avr genes. The genes would be transformed to the virulent strains to confirm whether the virulent strains can gain avirulence so whether they are the Avr determinants.

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Poster №23: Metabolomics of Tryptophan-Related Defense Response in F. Graminearum Infected Wheat Asja Ceranic1, T. Svoboda2, K. Xu1, C. Bueschl1, F. Berthiller1, G. Adam2, R. Schuhmacher1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1Department of Agrobiotechnology, Center for Analytical Chemistry; 2Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology; 3430 Tulln, Austria. Correspondence to: aceranic@boku.ac.at; aceranic@boku.ac.at

Fusarium Head Blight is caused by the F. graminearum (Fg) and leads to reduced quality, yield and mycotoxin contamination of small grain cereals. As recently found that Fg can produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro, this study aimed to test whether this mechanism can be used by the pathogen in vivo to divert the plant’s response from defense towards growth. Two adjacent florets of flowering Apogee ears were treated with Fg or H2O (control). 4 and 8 days after infection, the treated plus the two adjacent spikelets were harvested and dissected into six different tissue regions. Samples were milled, extracted, internally standardized with U-13C labeled wheat extracts and measured by LC-HR MS/MS. Data evaluation was carried out with the MetExtract II. The abundances of IAA, its deactivation products (e.g. IAA-Asp, IAA-Glc) and related metabolites were highly increased upon Fg-treatment compared to the control. The strongest metabolic change was observed in the treated spikelets. Our data demonstrate a tissue- as well as time-dependent response and suggest that Fg may interfere with the wheats defense strategy.

Poster №24: Strongly Diminished Auxin Biosynthesis in Fusarium Graminearum Septuple Knock Out Strains Thomas Svoboda1, Pia Spörhase1, Krisztian Twaruschek1, Franz Berthiller2, Gerhard Adam1 1University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Dept. of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria. 2BOKU, Dept. for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria. Correspondence to: thomas.svoboda@students.boku.ac.at Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus with the ability to infect different small grain cereals resulting in yield losses. Owing to its ability to produce many toxic secondary metabolites, the fungus is of concern for food and feed safety. Since the exact mode of infection has not been elucidated yet, we developed the hypothesis that the fungus may interfere with plant hormone signalling. F. graminearum is able to produce auxin from tryptamine (TAM) using seven Cu-amine oxidases (AOX). Due to the redundancy, we performed consecutive knock outs (AoxΔ7) using three different positive selection markers (hph, nptII and nat1) and one negative selection marker (HSVtk). Marker recycling was accomplished by taking advantage of the Cre-loxP system. In a TAM feeding assay, the resulting AoxΔ7 produce less than 3% auxin compared to the wild type after 96 hours. Preliminary results of a virulence test on wheat cv. Apogee indicate a lower virulence.

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Poster №25: Pepper-Thrips Interaction: High Resolution Temporal Transcriptome to Search Resistance Related Genes Sandeep J Sarde1, Merel Steenbergen2, Richard Hickman2, Saskia C.M. van Wees2, Corne M.J. Pieterse2 and Marcel Dicke1 1Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, NL-6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, P.O Box 800.56 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: sandeep.sarde@wur.nl; sarde279@gmail.com

Insect attack hinders plant growth, reducing crop productivity and triggering further agricultural problems. Thrips are minute cell-content-feeding insects that are a major pest in many ornamental and vegetable crops. Additionally, they are also important vectors of viral plant pathogens. The objective of this study is to disentangle the defense-signaling gene regulatory network of pepper (Capsicum annuum) during its interaction with western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). To answer this, using a greenhouse setup, we harvested pepper leaf samples from thrips infested and non-infested plants at several time points, and subjected them to RNA-sequencing. Subsequently, the RNA-seq data is ran through advanced bioinformatical analysis comprising of co-expression analysis, promoter/motif analysis and building detailed gene regulatory network using different tools. This approach generates profound knowledge into highly accurate gene regulatory networks with unprecedented details and allows us to make models of plant immune signaling sectors with which we can predict and validate novel key regulators of plant defense against thrips. This will be instrumental in finding new ways to combat thrips in pepper crops.

Poster №26: Xylem Sap Proteomics Reveals Remarkable Differences Between R Gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Disease Resistance in Tomato Francisco J. de Lamo1, Maria E. Constantin1, David H. Fresno1, Sjef Boeren2, Martijn Rep1, Frank L.W. Takken1 1Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2Biochemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands. Correspondence to: f.delamo@uva.nl

Both endophyte- and I-2-mediated resistance confer protection to Fusarium wilt disease in tomato. Whereas the activating mechanisms are distinct, both types prevent disease development while permitting the pathogenic fungus to colonise the host to a limited extent. Here we compare the xylem sap proteomes of infected tomato plants to identify molecular markers for the distinct resistance types. Notwithstanding the phenotypic similarities, including the presence of the fungus in the xylem vessels, the xylem sap proteome composition of the resistant plants was found to be very divergent among both types and as compared to the un-inoculated controls. Hence, while the phenotypic outcome is the same, both types of resistance are highly distinct at the molecular level.

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Poster №27: Transcription Profiling of Solanum Lycopersicum and Botrytis Cinerea in the Course of the Infection Process on Whole Plant Leaves Surface Dhruv Aditya Srivastava1, Eswari Pandaranayaka PJ 1, Omer Frenkel 2, Dov Prusky 3, Yigal Elad 2, and Arye Harel1 Departments of Vegetable and Field Crops 1Plant Pathology and Weed Research, and 2the Postharvest and Food Sciences 3The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel. Correspondence to: aryeharel@volcani.agri.gov.il; harelarik@gmail.com

Botrytis cinerea is a foliar necrotrophic fungal-pathogen which is capable of infecting over 1,400 plant species, and was ranked second worldwide for its scientific and economic importance. We analyzed the transcriptome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. M82) and B. cinerea (strain B05.10) infection. We sampled six week old infected leaf tissues at 0, 16, 23, 40, and 48 hours post infection. Approximately 35, or 45% of B. cineria or S. lycopersicum genes were differentially expressed during pathogenicity, respectively, demonstrating the global effect of this process. Preliminary KEGG enrichment analysis of S. cinerea transcriptome illustrated over-expression of genes involved in regulation of cell wall synthesis, hormone and peroxidases synthesis in early stages of the infection. While genes involved in protein synthesis, MAP kinase pathway, Lipid biosynthesis were upregulated in the later part of the infection (i.e., establishment). Altogether, our analysis and its future validation may increase our understanding on plant-fungal interactions which are essential for successful infection. Equal contribution - D.A. Srivastava and E. Pandaranayaka PJ

Poster №28: Distribution of the 160 and 590 bp Indels in the Gamma-ECSs of Tomato Genotypes Waseim Barriah Biotechnology Engineering and Food Unit, Al-Qasemi College of Engineering & Science, Israel. Correspondence to: barriah@post.bgu.ac.il

In both plants and animals, Glutathione (GSH), is important as an antioxidant and redox buffer and is an important component of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which regulates and detoxifys H2O2. Two ATP-dependent steps, catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS), and glutathione

synthetase (GS), lead to the sequential formation of -glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC) and GSH. The two genes have the same number of exons (15), where each respective exon pair has approximately the same nucleotide number. The coding regions of the two genes exhibit a high degree of sequence identity while a high polymorphism is evident in their respective noncoding regions. This polymorphism includes 590 and 160 bp indels in introns IV and X, respectively. Characterization of the gamma-ECS orthologs of Lem and Lpa revealed that they are characterized by 160 and 590 bp indels. The primers that picked these indels were used to PCR-amplify the DNA of various L. esculentum genotypes, of different L. pennellii accessions and of the remaining wild Lycopersicon species. The nine tomato species and selected genotypes were screened for the existence of the 160 and 590 bp deletions. The 160 bp indel was found as a deletion in the all studied L. esculentum genotypes, in all L. pennellii accessions except Lpa and in the remaining wild Lycopersicon species. While, the 590 bp indel was found as a deletion in the five cultivars of L. esculentum, L. esc. var. cerasiforme, L. pimpinellifolium, and L. cheesmanii. However, this 590 bp deletion was not found in the other tomato species.

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Poster №29: Monitoring Type III Effector Delivery in Plant Cells Using Split Fluorescent Protein System Eunsook Park1,2, Hye-Young Lee1, Jongchan Woo3, Doil Choi1, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar2 1Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA USA 95616; 3Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea. Correspondence to: arabidopsis1004@snu.ac.kr, espark@ucdavis.edu

Pathogenic gram-negative bacteria using the type III secretion system (T3SS) deliver effector proteins (T3E) into host cells to attenuate the host immune responses. Localization of several T3Es at various subcellular compartments have been shown in several studies, providing hint of their molecular mechanism to alter biological processes of the host cells. We recruited an engineered self-assembling split super-folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFPOPT) system to visualize the dynamics of the T3Es, which are delivered through the bacterial T3SS into plant cells. When a T3Es fused to 11th b-strand of super-folder GFP delivered from Pseudomonas syringae into plant cells expressing sfGFP1-10 b-strand (sfGFP1-10OPT), the two fragments reconstitute GFP fluorescence. We will introduce a number of Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines expressing sfGFP1-10OPT to facilitate localization of sfGFP11-tagged effectors delivered from bacteria in various subcellular compartments. The versatile split sfGFPOPT system will facilitate a better understanding of dynamic plant-microbe interaction in plant immunity.

Poster №30: Regulators of the ER Stress Response are Potential Repressors of Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis in Medicago Truncatula Bianca Ribeiro, Marie-Laure Erffelinck, Robin Vanden Bossche, Alain Goossens VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. Correspondence to: birib@psb.ugent.be; biancaribeiro0589@gmail.com

Triterpene saponins (TS) are specialized metabolites that share a biogenic origin with sterols and have a widespread distribution in the plant kingdom. Makibishi1 (MKB1) is an ERAD-like E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates triterpene saponin (TS) biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula by targeting HMGR, the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of TS precursors, for degradation. Silencing of MKB1 in M. truncatula hairy roots resulted in a severe phenotype with an enlarged ER and the upregulation of ER-stress marker genes. This suggests that MKB1 silenced lines are undergoing ER-stress and revealed a potential link between ER-stress and the regulation of TS biosynthesis. To further investigate this, we carried out functional analysis of two bZIP transcription factors (TFs) that are known to be involved in ER stress by trans-activation and stress response assays. We obtained evidence supporting that both bZIP TFs may repress TS biosynthetic genes by counteracting the known positive regulators of TS biosynthesis, namely the Triterpene Saponin biosynthesis Activating Regulator (TSAR) TFs. Our findings forward a novel mechanism for interplay between ER stress and specialized metabolism in plants.

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Poster №31: Immune Signalling by SOBIR1 Requires BAK1 and Involves Phosphorylation of Specific Residues of the Kinase Domain of SOBIR1 Aranka M. van der Burgh1, Jelle Postma2, Silke Robatzek2, Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten1 1Lab of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. Correspondence to: Matthieu.Joosten@wur.nl

Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) and receptor-like kinases (RLKs) trigger immune signalling to promote plant resistance against pathogens. RLPs lack an intracellular kinase domain (KD), and they constitutively interact with the RLK SOBIR1/EVERSHED to form signalling-competent receptor complexes. Ligand perception by RLPs recruits the co-receptor BAK1/SERK3 to the RLP/SOBIR1 complex, thereby activating RLP-mediated immunity. Arabidopsis thaliana (At) SOBIR1, constitutively activating immune responses upon its overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana, is highly phosphorylated. In addition to kinase activity of SOBIR1, kinase-active BAK1 is essential for AtSOBIR1-induced constitutive immunity and for the phosphorylation of AtSOBIR1. Furthermore, defence activation upon perception of Avr4 from the extracellular pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum by the tomato RLP Cf-4, depends on kinase-active BAK1. Likely, SOBIR1 and BAK1 trans-phosphorylate, and thereby activate the Cf-4-containing receptor complex. AtSOBIR1 T519, T523, and T529 are all probable phosphorylation sites, and are likely to lock the SOBIR1 KD in the active conformation by controlling activation loop conformation, and its interaction with the Arg/Asp (‘RD’) catalytic motif. Phosphorylation on T522, Y532, and Y538 likely facilitates substrate specificity and differential affinity for interacting partners of the SOBIR1 KD. Constitutively active AtSOBIR1 is phosphorylated on several additional Thr and Ser residues and specific phosphorylation of the KD of SOBIR1 likely enables this regulatory RLK to initiate immune signalling downstream of RLPs.

Poster №32: BABA-Induced Resistance to Pathogens: the Wide Genome Analysis of Tomato Response Emphasizes a Hyper-Receptive Status Strongly Involving Ethylene Jan Lochman1, Martina Zapletalová1, Corinne Rancurel2, Michel Ponchet2 1Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk university, Czechia; 2UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France. Correspondence to: jlochman@seznam.cz; lochik@mail.muni.cz

Nowadays, there are efforts to replace pesticides with agents able to prime plants for enhanced defence. One of the most effective priming agents is beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) protecting different plant species against an exceptionally broad spectrum of stresses. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying BABA-IR in tomato, a model plant of agricultural importance, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of BABA-treated leaves of S. lycopersicum. By constructing orthologous groups across our and publically available microarray datasets a considerably higher intersection was observed with potato, compared to Arabidopsis plants. In contrast to previous BABA studies on Arabidopsis or potato, in tomato plants there was a significant enrichment of genes included in ethylene and jasmonic acid regulation pathways showing a very high intersection with those induced by different abiotic stresses. One of the key factors clearly differentiating BABA-treatment from the other stress conditions was an extensive induction of signalling and perception machinery. In conclusion, BABA-IR in tomato shows some substantial differences to that recently described in Arabidopsis or potato.

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Poster №33: Dual Function of a Secreted Fungalysin Metalloprotease in Ustilago Maydis Bilal Okmen1, Bastian Kemmerich1, Daniel Hilbig1, Raphael Wemhoener1, Joern Aschenbroich2, Andreas Perrar3, Pitter F. Huesgen3, Kerstin Schipper2, Gunther Doehlemann1 1CEPLAS, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; 2Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany; 3Forschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany. Correspondence to: bilal.oekmen@uni-koeln.de

Fungalysins from phytopathogenic fungi were shown to be involved in cleavage of plant chitinases. This study describes a dual function of the Ustilago maydis fungalysin UmFly1 in modulation of both fungal and plant chitinases. Deletion of umfly1 affected cell separation of U. maydis sporidia, which is associated with posttranslational processing and activation of endogenous chitinase, Cts1. Consistent with previous reports; the umfly1 mutant also showed significantly reduced virulence, which coincides with reduced cleavage of the maize ZmChiA within its chitin-binding domain. Moreover, while complementation of the umfly1 mutant with a homologous gene from non-pathogenic closely related yeast fully rescued the in vitro cell separation defect, it could not recover the impaired virulence and cleavage of the maize chitinase. This suggests functional adaptation of UmFly1 to a pathogenic life style. We hypothesize that co-evolution of U. maydis with its host plant extended the endogenous function of UmFly1 towards the modulation of plant chitinase activity to promote infection.

Poster №34: Chromatin Phosphoproteomics to Understand Biotic Stress Signaling Naganand Rayapuram1, Hanna Alhoraibi1, Jean Bigeard2, Aala Abulfaraj1, Ronny Volz1, Emmanuelle Lastrucci3, Ludovic Bonhomme4, Delphine Pflieger3 and Heribert Hirt1 1King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia; 2Institute of Plant Sciences IPS2, Orsay, France; 3INSERM U1038, CEA, Grenoble, France; 4UMR INRA/UBP Université de Clermont-Ferrand, France. Correspondence to: naganand.rayapuram@kaust.edu.sa MAPKs constitute essential signaling mechanisms linking external signals to gene expression. MAPKs are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus, but no nuclear phosphoproteomic studies of mapk mutants were performed so far. We report a panel of nuclear targets by performingphosphoproteome analyses of WT and mpk3, mpk4, and mpk6 mutant plants. Since MAPKs play a role in cell division, development and immunity, we analyzed the phosphoproteomes after MAMP treatment. 165 proteins were identified to be differentially phosphorylated after MAMP treatment. Using different criteria, a number of MAPK substrates were validated as true substrates of MAPKs. Signaling networks revealed their common role in RNA transcription, RNA processing and chromatin organization, but also specific roles in development and organelle organization. Overall, this study unravels a set of chromatin-associated targets for MAPKs and promises novel insights into undiscovered domains linking MAPK signaling to a number of chromatin-related events.

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Poster №35: Cytoskeleton Organization During Cuscuta Europaea Prehaustorium Development Peter Kastier1, Yuliya A. Krasylenko2, Alzbeta Blehova1 1Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, SK, Slovakia; 2Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, CZ, Czech Republic. Correspondence to: kastier1@uniba.sk; kastier.peter@gmail.com

Dodders have mitotically active cells in the shoot apex and form only rudimentary roots. Therefore the growth and development of haustorium is essential for their survival. Although cytoskeleton is a driving force for cell division and growth in higher plants, there is little evidence about its components in parasitic angiosperms. Microtubules and actin filaments in C. europaea seedlings as well as in prehaustorium, were visualized for the first time by immunolabeling and fluorescence microscopy. In contrast to root-like structure many dividing cells were observed in shoot apical meristem. In prehaustorial cells the longitudinal cortical microtubules were present in digitate cells, and transverse arrays were observed in its file cells. Furthermore, long and short random actin filaments were also observed in dodders prehaustorial cells. Thus, we can conclude that the cytoskeleton in dodder shoot cells is organized in a similar way to non-parasitic plants, while its organization has some peculiarities in quickly senescing root-like structure. This work was supported by the Slovak agency APVV-16-0051.

Poster №36: PGPR Inoculation Enhances Tolerance against Mites (Tetranychus Urticae) Attack in Soybean Djordje Malenčić, S. Djurić, A. Manojlović, J. Šućur, A. Petrović Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. Correspondence to: malencic@polj.uns.ac.rs

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), can induce defenses that protect plants against herbivores. In this study, we assessed the effect of separate inoculations of soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds with Trichoderma asperellum and Bacillus subtilis, followed by mites exposure. Mites are an occasional pest of soybean that may cause oxidative stress. We determined the level of lipid peroxidation (LP) and antioxidant enzymes activities in leaves and roots of inoculated and non-inoculated soybean seedlings – with, and without afterwords exposure to mites, respectivelly. Noticeably higher LP intensity was detected in non-inoculated plants treated with mites three weeks after inoculation. Inoculated and exposed soybean seedlings had lower LP intensity compared to control. Also, it has been noticed that inoculation with PGPR produced mild biotic stress in plants. SOD activity was in positive correlation with LP, while PPx and GPx were active in roots after the inoculation. According to results obtained, the most severe oxidative stress occurred in non-inoculated plants attacked by mites. This indicates that inoculation of soybean seeds with PGPR cause mild oxidative stress which improves their tolerance to insect attack.

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Rijk Zwaan Zaadteelt en Zaadhandel B.V. Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40 PO Box 40 2678 ZG De Lier The Netherlands Tel: +31 174 53 23 00 Fax: +31 174 53 21 66 Email: www.rijkzwaan.com/ Web: info@rijkzwaan.com Rijk Zwaan is a plant breeding company. We develop new vegetable varieties and sell the seeds produced from them all over the world. We tap into the rich diversity nature offers us, and combine it with our extensive market knowledge and state-of-the-art techniques. Developing new varieties. At Rijk Zwaan, we develop varieties with improved benefits, or ‘traits’, for the entire fresh produce chain. We do so by continuously developing new crossings and selecting the best offspring from them. High-tech research ensures that we work in an increasingly targeted and efficient manner. High-quality seeds. Vegetable seeds are a natural product. They must be produced under the ideal conditions and undergo extensive quality checks. We work in accordance with strict standards and careful plans to ensure that we can supply the required seeds on time. Supplying the market together. Our involvement does not end when we sell our seeds. We help our customers to get the best out of our varieties and we maintain close contact with the entire fresh produce chain, working together to provide consumers with tasty and healthy vegetables. Solutions. Our seeds form the basis for healthy and appealing vegetables. The world population continues to grow and the demands on food are increasing. That’s why our crop specialists and marketing specialists are in close contact with the entire vegetable chain. We discuss market developments, consumer trends and demographic shifts to identify the right priorities for our breeding programmes. This enables us to launch varieties that offer solutions to various societal challenges.

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Improving Blackleg Resistance Breeding Frank Breuer Kws Saat Se, Germany. Correspondence to: frank.breuer@kws.com

Blackleg disease caused by Leptoshaeria maculans is one of the major diseases in oilseed rape cultivation worldwide. Many efforts have been invested in identifying resistance sources, studying the genetic determinism & mechanisms of the resistance and in breeding varieties to improve resistance to the disease (Delourme et al, 2011). For blackleg, two types of resistance are known: (i) a qualitative resistance, which is expressed from the seedling to the adult plant stage in cotyledons and leaves and is generally considered as single-gene race specific resistance, and (ii) a quantitative adult-plant resistance, which is a partial resistance mediated by many resistance factors (QTL) with low to moderate effects. Here we report the results of a fine-mapping approach for the monogenic, single-gene race-specific Rlm7 resistance gene on chromosome A07. Identification of recombinants in an F2 population limited the physical interval of the resistance locus to < 70kbp based on the Darmor-nain public genome reference, including less than 20 candidate genes. Numerous SNP markers were developed for the resistance locus of 70kbp and the flanking chromosomal region (+/- 20cM) which are routinely used in a marker-assisted breeding program.

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CONVIRON GERMANY GmbH

Friedrich-Olbricht-Damm 62 D-13627 Berlin Germany Tel: +49 (0) 30 367 006 62 Email: info@conviron.com Web: www.conviron.com, www.conviron.de Conviron is the world leader in the design, manufacture and installation of controlled environment systems for plant science and agricultural biotechnology research. Conviron’s reach-in plant growth chambers, walk-in rooms and Argus Control Systems (a Conviron company) provide precise, uniform, and repeatable control of temperature, light, humidity, dehumidification, CO2, and other environmental conditions. All environmental parameters can be remotely programmed, monitored and analyzed with unparalleled accuracy and convenience. With installations in more than 90 countries, Conviron’s projects range from small single-chamber installations to large scale, multi-chamber facilities in some of the most prestigious corporate, university and research institutions around the world. Our innovative design and manufacturing expertise has established Conviron as the industry leader with products that are proven, reliable and robust.

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List of Poster Presentations

Poster number. Author and title Page in

abstract

book

Poster № 1. Mila Blekemolen. Facilitating Cell-To-Cell Movement of Avr2 29

Poster № 2. Balazs Barna. The Effect of the Physiological State of Plants on their Resistance to Pathogens

29

Poster № 3. Stefan Sassmann. Setting New Boundaries: an Immune-Responsive Cytoskeletal-Plasma Membrane Feedback Loop in Plants

30

Poster № 4. Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł. Cell Wall Remodeling as an Effect of Response to PVY_NTN Infection

30

Poster № 5. Edmund Kozieł. Molecular Biology of Prune Dwarf Virus as a Vital Component in the Dynamics Virus–Host Cell Interaction Network

31

Poster № 6. Bianchet Chantal. Loss of Function in Adenylyl Cyclase Enhances Susceptibility of A. Thaliana to Powdery Mildew Disease Caused by Golovinomyces Orontii

31

Poster № 7. Huey-wen Chuang. Protein Hydrolysate Derived from Microbial Fermentation Enhanced Disease Resistance Against Bacterial Soft Rot Pathogen, Erwinia Chrysanthemi

32

Poster № 8. Andras Kunstler. Role of Artificially Added Glutathione and its Precursor in Inducing Resistance to a Powdery Mildew Pathogen (Euoidium Longipes) In Sa-Deficient Tobacco

32

Poster № 9. Jose L. Caballero. The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum Acutatum upon Fruit Infection

33

Poster № 10. Hanna Alhoraibi. Role of a Mapk Substrate CRF1 in Plant Immunity 33

Poster № 11. Manon M.S. Richard. Rx1-Mediated Translational Inhibition: Collateral Damage or Essential Immune Component?

34

Poster № 12. Octavina Sukarta. Exploring the Resistosome of the Potato CC-NB-LRR Immune Receptor Rx1

34

Poster № 13. Hansjörg Stampfl. GSK3/Shaggy-Like Kinases as Differential Regulators of PTI and BR Signaling in Arabidopsis Thaliana

35

Poster № 14. Sung Hee Jo. Human Pathogenic Bacterium Shigella Infects Arabidopsis Plants Using Type-III Effectors that Suppress Conserved MAP Kinase Signaling

35

Poster № 15. Wanhui Kim. Investigating Roles of Ralstonia Solanacearum NLS-containing Type III Effectors

36

Poster № 16. Ha Seong Kim. The Specific Combination of Conserved Residues on RIN4 is Required for Interaction with RPM1

36

Poster № 17. Soohyun Oh. Comparative Analysis of Solanaceae NLR Genes Provides Evidences of Lineage-specific Evolution of NRC-like Helper NLRs in Chili Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.)

37

Poster № 18. Francesca Maio. The Replication Initiator Protein of a Geminivirus Resides with SUMO Machinery in Photobodies and Dynamically Re-Localizes in Response to Blue Light

37

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Poster № 19. Ava Verhoeven. Functional Characterisation of the Positively-Selected Effector MiL648 of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita

38

Poster № 20. Péter Poór. Chitosan Elicited Immune Response Reduces Photosynthetic Electron Transport in the Guard Cells of Tomato Plants under Different Light Conditions

38

Poster № 21. Zoltan Karacsony. Investigation of the Role of Pullulan in the Development of Esca Disease of Grapevine

39

Poster № 22. Hayoung Moon. Identification of Avirulence Genes in the Bacterial Wilt Pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, on Nightshade Natural Variation

39

Poster № 23. Asja Ceranic. Metabolomics of Tryptophan-Related Defense Response in F. Graminearum Infected Wheat

40

Poster № 24. Thomas Svoboda. Strongly Diminished Auxin Biosynthesis in Fusarium Graminearum Septuple Knock Out Strains

40

Poster № 25. Sandeep J Sarde. Pepper-Thrips Interaction: High Resolution Temporal Transcriptome to Search Resistance Related Genes

41

Poster № 26. Francisco J. de Lamo. Xylem Sap Proteomics Reveals Remarkable Differences Between R Gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Disease Resistance in Tomato

41

Poster № 27. Arye Harel. Transcription Profiling of Solanum Lycopersicum and Botrytis Cinerea in the Course of the Infection Process on Whole Plant Leaves Surface

42

Poster № 28. Waseim Barriah. Distribution of the 160 and 590 bp Indels in the Gamma-ECSs of Tomato Genotypes

42

Poster № 29. Eunsook Park. Monitoring Type III Effector Delivery in Plant Cells Using Split Fluorescent Protein System

43

Poster № 30. Bianca Ribeiro. Regulators of the ER Stress Response are Potential Repressors of Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis in Medicago Truncatula

43

Poster № 31. Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten. Immune Signalling by SOBIR1 Requires BAK1 and Involves Phosphorylation of Specific Residues of the Kinase Domain of SOBIR1

44

Poster № 32. Jan Lochman. BABA-Induced Resistance to Pathogens: the Wide Genome Analysis of Tomato Response Emphasizes a Hyper-Receptive Status Strongly Involving Ethylene

44

Poster № 33. Bilal Okmen. Dual Function of a Secreted Fungalysin Metalloprotease in Ustilago Maydis 45

Poster № 34. Naganand Rayapuram/Heribert Hirt. Chromatin Phosphoproteomics to Understand Biotic Stress Signaling

45

Poster № 35. Peter Kastier. Cytoskeleton Organization During Cuscuta Europaea Prehaustorium Development

46

Poster № 36. Djordje Malenčić. PGPR Inoculation Enhances Tolerance against Mites (Tetranychus Urticae) Attack in Soybean

46

52

List of Participants Agnes Zsichlane Szatmari Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary szatmari.agnes@agrar.mta.hu

Andras Kunstler Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary kunstler.andras@agrar.mta.hu

Arye Harel Aro, Volcani, Rishon Leziyyon, Israel harelarik@gmail.com

Asja Ceranic University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria asja_ceranic@hotmail.com

Attila Ördög University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary aordog@bio.u-szeged.hu

Ava Verhoeven Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands ava.verhoeven@wur.nl

Balazs Barna Research Centre for Agriculture, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary barna.balazs@agrar.mta.hu

Bianca Ribeiro UGent/VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Gent, Belgium birib@psb.ugent.be

Bilal Okmen University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany bilal.oekmen@Uni-koeln.de

Bjorn Kloosterman Keygene, Wageningen, Netherlands ihr@keygene.com

Chantal Bianchet University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy chantal.bianchet@studenti.unipg.it

Chris Van Schie Scienza Biotechnologies, Enkhuizen, Netherlands c.vanschie@scienzabiotechnologies.com

Christine Faulkner John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom christine.faulkner@jic.ac.uk

Djordje Malenčić University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia malencic@polj.uns.ac.rs

Doil Choi Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea doil@snu.ac.kr

Dryas De Ronde Bejo Zaden BV, Warmenhuizen, Netherlands d.deronde@bejo.nl

Edmund Koziel Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland edmund_koziel@sggw.pl

Ellen Van Rooijen Flagship Pioneering, Cambridge, United States evanrooijen@flagshippioneering.com

Esechie Charity Casterbridge Investment and Global Resources Limited, Lagos, Nigeria olabanjiji@gmail.com

Eunsook Park Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea arabidopsis1004@snu.ac.kr

Eunyu Kim Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea ey.kim@yonsei.ac.kr

Francesca Maio University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands f.maio@uva.nl

Francisco de Lamo University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands f.delamo@uva.nl

Frank Breuer Kws Saat Se, Germany frank.breuer@kws.com

Frank Takken University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands f.l.w.takken@uva.nl

Fumiaki Katagiri University of Minnesota, St Paul, United States KATAGIRI@UMN.EDU

Hailing Jin University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States hailingj@ucr.edu

Hanna Alhoraibi Kaust, Thuwal , Saudi Arabia hanna.alhoraibi@kaust.edu.sa

Hansjörg Stampfl AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria hansjoerg.stampfl@ait.ac.at

Harrold Van den Burg University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands h.a.vandenburg@uva.nl

Haseong Kim Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea khs1308@postech.ac.kr

Hayoung Moon Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea hayoung.moon@postech.ac.kr

Heribert Hirt Kaust, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia heribert.hirt@kaust.edu.sa

Huey-Wen Chuang National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan hwchuang@mail.ncyu.edu.tw

Hye-Young Lee Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea hylee0206@gmail.com

Ikram Blilou Kaust, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia ikram.blilou@kaust.edu.sa

53

Jack Lee Newcastle University, Houghton Le Spring, United Kingdom jack.lee2@ncl.ac.uk

Jan Lochman Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic lochik@mail.muni.cz

Jane Glazebrook University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Mn, United States jglazebr@umn.edu

Jeong Mee Park Kribb, Daejeon, South Korea jmpark@kribb.re.kr

Joanna Siecinska Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland sekretariat@ipan.lublin.pl

Joohyun Kang University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland joohyun.kang@uzh.ch

José-L. Caballero Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain bb1carej@uco.es

Juan Munoz-Blanco Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain bb1mublj@uco.es

Jürgen Zeier Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Juergen.Zeier@uni-duesseldorf.de

Jurriaan Ton University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom j.ton@sheffield.ac.uk

Kaori Fukumoto Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany fukumoto@mpipz.mpg.de

Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland katarzyna_otulak@sggw.pl

Kee Hoon Sohn Postech, Pohang, South Korea khsohn@postech.ac.kr

Lennart Wirthmüller Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany lennart.wirthmueller@fu-berlin.de

Lorant Kiraly Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary kiraly.lorant@agrar.mta.hu

Manon Richard University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands m.m.s.richard@uva.nl

Marijn Knip University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands m.knip@uva.nl

Marina Pais The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom marina.pais@tsl.ac.uk

Mark Banfield John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom mark.banfield@jic.ac.uk

Martin Solanský Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic solansky.m@mail.muni.cz

Mathieu Pel Enza Zaden R&d B.v., Enkhuizen, Netherlands travel@enzazaden.nl

Matthieu Joosten Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands Matthieu.Joosten@wur.nl

Mei Yi Chou Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan pp175@gate.sinica.edu.tw

Michael Roberts Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom m.r.roberts@lancaster.ac.uk

Mila Blekemolen Universiteit Van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands m.c.blekemolen@uva.nl

Naganand Rayapuram King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia naganand.rayapuram@kaust.edu.sa

Nak Hyun Kim The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States nhkim82@email.unc.edu

Nico Tintor University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands N.Tintor@uva.nl

Octavina Sukarta Wagenigen University, Wageningen , Netherlands octavina.sukarta@wur.nl

Olalonpe Dada Casterbridge Investment and Global Resources Limited, Lagos, Nigeria olabanjiji@gmail.com

Peter Kaštier Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia kastier.peter@gmail.com

Péter Poór University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary poorpeti@bio.u-szeged.hu

Peter Van Esse The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom peter.vanesse@tsl.ac.uk

Pierre Buscaill University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom pierre.buscaill@plants.ox.ac.uk

Rewaa Jalal King Abbdulaah University of science and technology, Thwel, Saudi Arabia rewaa.jalal@kaust.edu.sa

Roger Innes Indiana University, Bloomington, United States rinnes@indiana.edu

54

Rosa Lozano-Duran Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai, China lozano-duran@sibs.ac.cn

Sandeep J Sarde Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands sandeep.sarde@wur.nl

Silke Robatzek LMU, Martinsried, Germany robatzek@bio.lmu.de

Silvia Proietti University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy S.Proietti@unitus.it

Soohyun Oh Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Absisic@gmail.com

Stefan Hoth Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany stefan.hoth@uni-hamburg.de

Stefan Sassmann University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom s.sassmann@exeter.ac.uk

Sung Hee Jo KRIBB (UST), Daejeon, South Korea shrre@kribb.re.kr

Thomas Svoboda University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria thomas.svoboda@students.boku.ac.at

Tieme Helderman University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands t.a.helderman@uva.nl

Vivianne Vleeshouwers Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands vivianne.vleeshouwers@wur.nl

Wanhui Kim Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea wanhui_kim@snu.ac.kr

Waseim Barriah Al-qasemi College of Engineering & Science, Furaidis, Israel barriah@post.bgu.ac.il

Xinnian Dong Duke University, Durham, United States xdong@duke.edu

Zalán Czékus University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary poorpeti@bio.u-szeged.hu