Italian Renaissance

Era of Awakening Renaissance- rebirth/ both a philosophical and

artistic movement and the era when the movement flourished.

Greek and Roman literature and life Wanted to bring the past in harmony with

Christian teachings Emphasis on the power of human reason and

developed.

Italian Renaissance

Renaissance Began in Italy, Ruins of Roman Empire reminded

Italians of the Roman Empire/ Roman glory days Crusades brought the Byzantine civilization to

Italy and the rest of Europe (Byzantine civilization preserved Greek and Roman learning.) Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome and Venice grew rich with trade and industry.

Citizens educated, wealthy merchants and bankers.

Became rulers of city-states, Mantua- (city-state) Isabella d ‘Este filled her palace with paintings and sculptures by the finest Renaissance artist.

Italian Renaissance

Humanities: Italian scholars turned to classical Greek and

Roman literature to study grammar, history , poetry and rhetoric.

Humanists- people who specialized in these. Emphasized education Many Humanists were Catholic and remained

Catholic and focused on Christian teachings

Italian Renaissance

Italian Renaissance Writers Francesco Petrarch- lived from 1304-1374

scholar and teacher….Wrote sonnets to Laura, an imaginary ideal woman, (greatest love poems in literature)

Niccolo Machiavelli- Florentine diplomat and historian, lived from 1469-1527. ( wrote essay The Prince)

Italian Renaissance

Spread of Ideas: Alps, had passages, ideas spread from Italy to

the rest of Europe, The Danube, Rhine, and Rhone Rivers as well.

Renaissance ideas, carried by northern Europeans who studied in Italy.

Increase in commerce established a new wealth

New Universities were formed in the Netherlands, France, and England.

Renaissance also spread because of the printing press.

Italian Renaissance

Spread of Ideas Johannes Gutenberg- from Germany, first

European to use movable type to print books. Used his printing press to print copies of the Bible.

Printing Press also helped spread humanist ideas.

Italian Renaissance

Northern Renaissance Writers Desiderius Erasmus- most influential humanist

of Northern Europe, Dutch scholar, believed that ideas of Christianity and of classical civilization could be harmonized.

Famous book he wrote- the Praise of Folly Northern Humanists were interested in the

early Christian period as well as early Greek and Roman culture.

Italian Renaissance

Northern Renaissance Writers Thomas More- an English humanist and buddy

of Erasmus. Published Utopia (ideal place or society) male citizens were all equal.

King Henry VIII executed Thomas More because More didn’t recognize that the king was the supreme head of state. Church was

English literature during the Renaissance reached its peak in the late 1500s

William Shakespeare able to transform well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces.

Hamlet, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet.

Northern Renaissance Writers

In Flanders a group of painters developed their own distinct style.

Flemish school, these painters are credited with perfecting certain techniques of painting in oil on canvas.

Jan and Hubert van Eyck

Italian Renaissance

Protestant Reformation: Era of Reform:

Erasmus criticism over the church and the practices spread to other humanists

Their claims led to the reform movement that split the church in western Europe. (Reformation)

Northern humanists believed that the church seemed more interested in its income than in saving souls.

Few priests engaged in vice and misconduct instead of encouraging spiritual and moral behavior.

Northern humanists focused on personal faith and spirituality.

Italian Renaissance

Protestant Reformation: First split took place in Germany Germany was not unified nation Germany was made up with 300 independent

states. Pope Leo X was continuing the rebuilding of

St. Peter’s Basilica. Johann Tetzel was sent by the Vatican to raise

funds in the northern German states. Asked people to buy indulgences- or pardons

from punishment for sin.

Italian Renaissance

Protestant Reformation: Upset northern humanists, who wanted church

to become more spiritual Martin Luther

Monk, he didn’t agree with the church Beliefs that later became Lutheranism Taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no

difference in saving a sinner. Only way you could receive salvation is through the grace of God.

Idea was called justification by grace through faith. 1517 Luther challenged Tetzel posted the 95

Theses, or statements about indulgences on a church door.

Italian Renaissance

Protestant Reformation: 1520 openly disagreed with the church

doctrines Bible was the sole religious authority Popes and bishops couldn’t tell you what to

believe. Ceremonies could not make up for sins and

that priests had no special role in helping people to salvation.

God viewed all people of faith equally Luther used the printing press to spread his

ideas. 1521 Luther was excommunicated from the

church by Pope Leo X

Italian Renaissance

Protestant Reformation: Luther appeared before the Imperial Diet in

the Holy Roman Empire The meeting took place at the city of Worms

(vohrmz) Ordered him to stop printing his ideas and

declared him an outlaw. Frederick the Wise the Elector of Saxon took

Luther and hide him. Translated the bible into German (Luther)

Italian Renaissance

Spread of Protestant : German rulers established the Lutheran

church in their states. Rise of Sects

1520-1530s new religious groups appeared in Germany and Switzerland.

Groups known as sects. (didn’t form organized churches)

Italian Renaissance

Anglican Church King Henry VII caused the break between England

and the Roman Catholic Church Break was a political move that didn’t have to do

with religious beliefs. Pope granted Henry the title Defender of the Faith Break took place when Henry wanted a divorce

from his wife, Catherine of Aragon She didn’t have a male son/ had a daughter

named Mary He wanted to marry Anne Boley Pope Clement VII didn’t allow the divorce

Italian Renaissance

Anglican Church Henry withdrew England from the Church Parliament passed a series of laws that

created the Church of England, King as its head.

Henry marries 6 times before he has Edward VI

Italian Renaissance

Calvinism Huldrych Zwingli (tsving-lee) from Switzerland

shared many ideas like Martin Luther. Died during the Catholic and Protestants

battle. His worked was carried on by French

Protestant John Calvin. 1536 published a complete and clear set of

religious beliefs. “ The Institutes of Christian Religion.”

This was no a code that would unite Calvinists and strengthened them.

Bible most important.

Italian Renaissance

Calvinism Believed in Predestination- Idea that at the beginning of time

God had decided who would be saved. 1536 Calvin moved to the city of Geneva. Geneva became a theocracy- a government ruled by religious

leaders who claimed God’s authority. Calvinism began to spread in France. People were called Huguenots- people who converted to

Calvinism in France. 1562 many Calvinist fought in a series of bloody civil wars with

the Catholics. Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes-proclamation gave the

Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights. Many moved to Poland, Netherlands, Scotland Later they would form into Puritanism. Played a vital role in

England and in North American colonies.

Italian Renaissance

Catholic Reformation Catholic Church took time to recognize that Protestants

posed a serious threat. 1530s Catholic Church started a major reform effort

known as the Counter-Reformation. Began as an attempt to return the church to an emphasis

on spiritual matters. Allowed the church to make its doctrines more clear. Was a campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism.

Pope Paul III (1534-1549) worked to revive a spiritual outlook in the Catholic Church.

Spanish authority had been putting accused heretics on trial.

Catholic church didn’t want to punish Protestants. Focused on keeping Catholics within the Church.

Church

Council of Tent: 1545 Pope Paul summoned church leaders to

the city of Trent. The Council of Trent met during three different

periods. Between 1545-1563 Acted to end the abuses that surrounded the

sale of indulgences and to tighten discipline within the clergy.

Supported Catholic beliefs that the Protestants rejected. Need for ceremonies, deepened on priest, because God granted forgiveness only through the church. Every person had free will.

Italian Renaissance

Council of Tent: Catholic religious orders reformed their rules,

and new religious orders formed. Society of Jesus, Jesuits

Ignatius de Loyola- founded the Jesuits in 1534.

Pope Paul III recognized the Jesuits as the official order of the Catholic Church.

Doing goods needs would get you salvation. Followers took vows of chastity, poverty, and

obedience to the pope. Became like a military body.

Questions:

Why did Catholic leaders feel the need to launch the Counter-Reformation?

Were the results of the Counter-Reformation era largely positive or negative?

What reforms did the Catholic Church institute during the Counter-Reformation?

How did the views of John Calvin differ from those of the Catholic Church?