Chapter 15 The Civil Rights Era 1954-1975

Chapter 15The Civil Rights Era1954-1975

15.1Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Rosa Parks is fingerprinted by Dep. Sheriff D.H. Lackey in Montgomery, Ala., on Feb. 22, 1956, two months after she refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger. Her action prompted the Montgomery bus boycott and sparked the civil rights movement.

A Montgomery (Ala.) Sheriff's Department booking photo of Rosa Parks taken Feb. 22, 1956.

The actual bus on which Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man in an act of civil disobedience in 1955 is on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Mich.Aspects of WWII that Energized the Civil Rights Movement:The internment of Japanese Americans during the warThe black migration to cities to work in war industriesNazi persecution of JewsRemember This!!!!Prosperity and economic growth that followed WWII was NOT an aspect of WWII that energized the Civil Rights Movement. Changes that Gave the Civil Rights Movement Strength:The migration of African Americans to urban areasIncreased employment of African Americans in better paying jobsBroad rejection of racist ideas such as those of the Nazis

Plessy v. FergusonIn 1896 the Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' decision in the case of Homer Plessy, a black man from Louisiana, challenged the constitutionality of segregated railroad coaches, first in the state courts and then in the U. S. Supreme Court. The high court upheld the lower courts noting that since the separate cars provided equal services, the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment was not violated. Thus, the "separate but equal" doctrine became the constitutional basis for segregation. Dudley, M. E. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) . New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1994.

The scary part is that Plessy did not look black. People hated black people so much that the law stated that if:

If you were at least 1/16th, you had to legally claim yourself as black.It wasnt until the 50s that the case was put to the test again in the courts.Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka

These two sisters, aged 10 and 6, had to walk through the dangerous Rock Island Switchyard in order to catch a bus to all-black Monroe School. Linda Brown and her Sister Walking to School, Topeka, Kansas, March 1953Brown v. Board of Education of TopekaA lawsuit against the school system of Topeka, Kansas resulting in a landmark Supreme Court decision stating that segregated schools were unconstitutional.Read aloud p. 413 History MakersWho was Mohandas Ghandi?He was a leader in India who believed non-violent tactics would help India win its independence from Britain. He was an important role model for MLK.

Montgomery Bus BoycottMartin Luther King lead a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama15.2Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil RightsPresident KennedyAlthough he favored Civil Rights, he did not push for laws because he feared losing the support of the Southerners in Congress.Reasons Why the Nonviolent Protests Continued Despite Segregationist Violence:Nonviolent protesters wanted people to see them being beaten.Leaders hoped the violence would force the federal government to act.The incidents were a tactic to gain sympathy and support.1963 Marches in Birmingham, Alabama Showed This About Nonviolence:The SCLC leaders expected a violent response, which would increase support for their cause.The SCLC had recruited children for the marches.The Civil Rights leaders planned to embarrass Birmingham city officials by filling Birminghams jails with children.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCxE6i_SzoQ

No More: The Children of Birmingham 1963 and the Turning Point of the Civil Rights Movement 10 min.TV coverage of police brutality against children and other peaceful protesters in Birmingham, Alabama increased public support for the Civil Rights Movement.The March on Washington caused Kennedy to support Civil Rights Laws.The huge size of the march caused many groups to call for federal laws.Kennedy AssassinationCutting through Conspiracies26November 22, 1963JFK was in Dallas trying to gain support for next years election.Dallas had an unfriendly reputation towards politicians.

27Lee Harvey OswaldShown here in Oak Cliff, Texas.Tried to defect to the Soviet Union and Cuba.

28School Book DepositoryLHO got a job in this building. He would eventually shoot JFK from the sixth floor.

29

6th floor30

Sixth Floor of the School Book Depository31Oswalds Snipers Nest in Depository

Snipers PerchThis is Lee Harvey Oswalds view from the 6th floor of the School Book Depository

33

34The Zapruder FilmOnly film recording of the bullets hitting Kennedy.

Zapruder was a local dressmaker who happened to be filming this event for his daughter.

Zapruders film was the most famous evidence

36He was filming from here.

37Warren Commission continuedThe commission's determination was that:it was likely that all injuries inside the limousine were caused by only two bullets, and thus one shot likely missed the motorcade, but it could not determine which of the three. (The 1979 House Select Committee on Assassinations agreed that two shots caused all the injuries.) the first shot to hit anyone struck President Kennedy in the upper back, exited out his throat, and likely continued on to cause all of Governor John Connally's injuries, the second shot to hit someone fatally struck Kennedy in the head 4.8 to 5.6 seconds later.

3rd shot1st shotSniper perch394 out of 178 witnesses claimed to hear shots coming from multiple directions

Path of the magic bullet

The magic bullet in pristine condition

The Warren Commission says this single bullet proves there was a single shooter. However, the trajectory past Kennedys neck and into Connallys shoulder seems to have magically changed course. This plaque sits next to where he was fatally shot.

42Kennedy was rushed to Parkland

43Timeline of Major EventsFriday - November 22, 1963

JFK lands at Love Field (Dallas, TX)JFK and motorcade head to Trade Mart

12:30 Shots fired at JFKPolice rush into Book DepositoryOnly employee missing = Oswald

1:00 JFK pronounced deadClip 6Oswald fled the scene He checked into his boarding house on 1026 Beckley.Officer J. Tippit stops on the street to talk to Oswald.Oswald shoots him 4 times to death

45Lee Harvey Oswald walked 8 blocks to Texas Theatre on Jefferson Blvd.

46ArrestedThe police beat him up as Oswald resists arrest at the theater.

47At this point arrangements were made to provide Secret Service protection of the two Johnson daughters, and it was decided that after he is sworn in, LBJ would leave on the presidential aircraft because it had better communications equipment. Johnson was driven by an unmarked police car toLove Field, and kept below the car's window level throughout the journey.The President waited for Jacqueline Kennedy, who in turn would not leave Dallas without her husband's body, to arrive aboardAir Force One. Kennedy's casket was finally brought to the aircraft, but takeoff was delayed until Johnson took the oath of office.

LBJ was sworn in at Love Field(See next slide)

49LHO was being escorted to another jail.

50Oswald transferred to another jail.Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, shoots Oswald on live TV.LHO will never go on record why he did what he did. He is now dead.

51LHO killedYou killed my President, you rat!

52JFK, Jr. at Fathers Funeral Procession

Funeral Procession in Arlington National Cemetary

The Eternal Flame at Arlington

The 24th Amendment (1964)It outlawed the payment of a poll tax as a requirement for voting.The SNCC and the SCLC followed its passage with voter registration drives.Its shortcomings were a reason for the passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Civil Rights Act of 1964This law banned segregation in public places in the United States.

Voting Rights Were Central to the Civil Rights MovementPolitical power would help African Americans achieve the other goals.

The violence of state troopers at Selma, Alabama helped President Johnson push a voting rights bill through Congress.The Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests and other laws that kept blacks from registering to vote.

The Great Society 1960sThis included civil rights laws and federal aid to education.

The extent of discrimination throughout the United States in the 1960s is shown by the fact that one of the SCLCs biggest failures was in Chicago.

15.3The Equal Rights Struggle ExpandsCesar ChavezFamily Migrant Farmers During the 1940s

$0.20 for Each 25lb. Bag of Peas

Endured Poor Pay and Working Conditions

Formed a Union

Chavez Forms UnionNo pay raise = Workers to Strike

Asked Americans to Boycott All Produce Picked by Non-Union Members (Peaceful)

Tactic Worked!

Goals of La Raza UnidaBetter jobs and payBetter housingBetter education

What about the right to vote???? NO Why??

Mexican Americans had the right to vote because of the 15th Amendment of 1870.

It has been more difficult for Hispanics than it has been for African Americans to organize large-scale civil rights organizations because there is more diversity among Hispanics.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jfzCuvlgIc

Start at 9:44 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

When you listen to this professor, he represents the feelings of the government. We need to be able to hear perspectives from all sides of an issue.

The Federal Governments Termination Policy

It was opposed by Native American groups because it removed protection of their land.The Self-Determination Act of 1975 gave Native Americans control over law enforcement, education, and other social programs.

Women Faced Discrimination in the 1960sThey could not get jobs in many male-dominated occupations.

Married women could not get credit on the same terms as men.

Women who became pregnant could be fired from their jobs.

Betty FriedanHelped shape the Womens Movement with her book the Feminine Mystique and she was a cofounder of NOW, the National Organization for Women.Betty FriedanN.O.W.s Goals Were:Help Women Get Better Jobs and Better Pay

Equal Rights Amendment (1972)In 1972, Congress Passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Stated That Women Were Now Equal

In Order to Change the Constitution, How Many of the 50 States Have to Ratify (Vote Yes) for an Amendment to Become Law?

Phyllis SchlaflyPhyllis Schlafly Led the Fight Against the ERA

Believed the ERA Would Ruin American Families

Believed Womens Problems Were Not the Governments Business

The ERA Amendment Never Passed

Phyllis SchlaflyOpposed the Equal Rights Amendment as an unnecessary involvement of the federal government in peoples lives.

How has the federal government reduced inequalities between men and women?The Higher Education Act of 1972 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Martin Luther King, Jr. and Csar Chvez used a boycott and other nonviolent tactics to win rights for their followers. They were the two civil rights leaders who used methods that were the most alike.