« efficiency map of the traction system of an ev from an on-road

EMR’14CoimbraJune 2014

Summer School EMR’14“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”

«« Efficiency Map of the Traction System Efficiency Map of the Traction System of an EV from an Onof an EV from an On--Road Test DriveRoad Test Drive»»

Clément Dépature1, Dr. Walter Lhomme1, Prof. Alain Bouscayrol1Prof. Pierre Sicard2, Dr. Loïc Boulon2

1 L2EP, Université Lille1, MEGEVH network2 GREI, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières

EMR’14, Coimbra, June 20142

«« Efficiency Map of an EV Efficiency Map of an EV traction system traction system »»

- Outline -

1. Introduction

2. Studied electric vehicle & deduced EMR

3. Efficiency map using drive cycle

4. Validation

5. Conclusion



«« INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION »»



- I. Introduction -

Real system

Control

Strategy

Simulation tool of an EV. Energetic performences depends on :• the system characteristics, • control drives, • the drive cycle.

Deducefrom EMR and IBC

e.g. ecomode

Commercial EV

Component parameters :•data specifications, •experimental test.

Problematic : no parameters acces.

Context



Objective

Real system

Control

Strategy

Deducefrom EMR and IBC

e.g. ecomode

Commercial EV

Component parameters :•On-road method

Extract a behaviour model of the EV.

- I. Introduction -



«« STUDIED ELECTRIC VEHICLE & STUDIED ELECTRIC VEHICLE & DEDUCED EMR DEDUCED EMR »»



- 2. Studied electric vehicle & deduced EMR -

LiFePO4 80 V – 160 Ah battery 15 kW inverter15 kW Induction

Machine 562 kg (empty mass)

Study of the EV commercial vehicle : the Tazzari Zero

24 cells in serie

R15, 2.6 bar

1:5.84

ubati2

12 3

Tim

geari1

its

5500 rpm‐max, 100 Nm‐max



Bat.ubat

its

Env.Tim

Ωgear

Ftrac

vev

vev

Fres

minv-ref

vev-refTgear-refTim-ref

Ωwh

vev

Fres

Tgearu13,23

i1,2

isr,d,q

esr,d,q

isr,d,q-ref

squirrel cage IM chassisinverter gearbox

wheel

EMR and IBC of the studied EV : dynamical model

Manufacturer’s electric drive efficiency map


Ftrac-refu13,23-ref



EMR and IBC of the studied EV : static model

Battery, gearbox, wheel and chassis model: estimatedparameter.

kedbat

gearimts

refimim

u

ΩTi

TT

01 if P

0 1 if Pkwith

ηed :efficiency of the electric drive

Exemple : efficiency map of the 2010 Toyota Prius electric drive

The efficiency map of the IM drive must to bedetermined.

Bat.ubat

its

Tim

Ωgear

Tim-ref

IM drivegearbox


Env.Ftrac

vev

vev

Fres

vev-refTgear-ref

Ωwh

vev

Fres

Tgear

chassiswheel

Ftrac-ref



Efficiency map specification : classical protocol

TT

TT

in

outed ui

TPP

in continuous operation

i2

12 3

TT

Ti1

12

TL

L

uT

iT

uL

iLTested IM drive Load EM drive

Test EMTorque control

Load EMSpeed controlL-refT-ref

homogeneous distribution of the operating points




ESuT

iT

TT

ΩL

test EM

Efficiency map specification : classical protocol

ES

TT-ref

TL

ΩL-ref

TL-ref

load EMshaft

Torque and speed control

EMR and IBC of the classical protocol

ΩL iL

uL



Efficiency map specification : problematics1. The induction machine and the traction system can not bestudied appart from the vehicle.

Bat.ubat

its

Tim

Ωgear

Tim-ref

IM drivegearbox

Env.Ftrac

vev

vev

Fres

vev-refTgear-ref

Ωwh

vev

Fres

Tgear

chassiswheel

Ftrac-ref

Bat.ubat

its

trac. syst.2. On-road test : no force and velocity control.

An efficiency map deduction methodmust be determined :•No vehicle modification•Operating points requirement

ktracbat

wwts

refww

uTi

TT

)(with

01 if P

0 1 if Pk



«« EFFICIENCY MAP USING EFFICIENCY MAP USING DRIVE CYCLEDRIVE CYCLE»»



- 3. Efficiency map using drive cycle -

Efficiency map deduction

On-road drive cycle

)()(

)()()(

tbattts

tevtesttracttrac ui

vF

Ftrac(1) Ftrac(2) Ftrac(3)… Ftrac(m-1) Ftrac(m)

vev(1) ηtrac(1)…

vev(2) ηtrac (2)…

vev(3) ηtrac (3)…

… … … … … … …

vev(m-1)… ηtrac (m-1)

vev(m)… ηtrac (m)

Efficiency table data depending on the time

Final efficiency table data

Post procedingstage

Ftrac 0 Ftrac 1… Ftrac y-1 Ftrac y

vev 0 ηtrac 0,0 ηtrac 0,1… ηtrac 0,y-1 ηtrac 0,y

vev 1 ηtrac 1,0 ηtrac 1,1… ηtrac 1,y-1 ηtrac 1,y

… … … … … …

vev x-1 ηtrac x-1,0 ηtrac x-1,1… ηtrac x-1,y-

1

ηtrac x-1,y

vev x ηtrac x,0 ηtrac x,1… ηtrac x,y-1 ηtrac x,y

F (N)v (m/s)

F (N)v (m/s)

Vehicle velocity during the drive cycle

Measured vev, its, ubat and estimated Ftrac




ubat its vev,hev

Data acquisition system : sensors

vev hev: LV25Pubat

its

vev,, hev

GPS antenna

Current and voltage sensors under the seatsGPS antenna in the vehicle

chassis

ubat

i2

12 3

Tim

geari1

its

: DHAB S/06




Data acquisition system : on board acquisition system

On board acquisition system in the trunk.

Compact RIO 9114 microcontroller

• Data acquisition : 4 Go • FPGA programmation : 40MHz

FPGA : Field Programmable Gate Array

Recording data…

Synchronised data acquisition every 500 ms



Deduced efficicency map


Theorical max. power (20 kW) Operating point

• Sort and round the force and velocity vectors• Interpolation• Extrapolation

Operating points during an on-road test drive

Deduced ηtrac efficiency map

)()(

)()()(

tbattts

tevtesttracttrac ui

vF



EMR of the EV deduced model:

15 kW IM electric drive + mechanical transmission

Deduced ηtrac efficicency mapTheorical max. power (20 kW)Operating point


Env.Ftrac

vev

vev

Fres

vev-ref

vev

Fres

Ftrac-ref

Bat.ubat

its

chassistrac. syst.

ktracbat

wwts

refww

uTi

TT

)(with

01 if P

0 1 if Pk



«« Validation Validation »»



- 4. Validation -

• The battery model reproduce the measurementsof ubat.

• The measured vehicle velocicty vev is taken as reference.

• No mechanical braking.

Global simulation:

MATLAB Simulink simulation

Battery energy traction consumption (a) and battery current (b) and current error

Real traction energy consumption : 995 WhSimulated traction energy consumption : 961 WhDynamical error



«« Conclusion Conclusion »»



- 4. Conclusion -

Traction system efficicency map deduction method has been developped. :•No vehicle modification.•Require an on-road drive test.•Good energy estimation.•Dynamical error.

Perspectives : • Test with more operating point.• Validation with other drive cycle.• Impact of the environment estimation.• The method can be used for other systems

(battery for exemple).



«« BBIOGRAPHIES AND IOGRAPHIES AND RREFERENCES EFERENCES »»



- Authors -

Prof. Alain BouscayrolUniversity Lille 1, L2EP, MEGEVH, FranceCoordinator of MEGEVH, French network on HEVsPhD in Electrical Engineering at University of Toulouse (1995)Research topics: EMR, HIL simulation, tractions systems, EVs and HEVs

Clément DépatureUniversity Lille 1, L2EP, MEGEVH, FranceMaster’s degree in Electrical Engineering from University Lille (2011)Research topics: Formalization of control systems , EVs and HEVs

Dr. Walter LhommeUniversity Lille 1, L2EP, MEGEVH, FrancePhD in Electrical Engineering at University Lille1 (2007)Research topics: modelling, control and energy management for hybrid and electric vehicles.



- Authors -

Prof. Pierre SicardUniversité du Québec à Trois-Rivières, GREIPhD in Electrical Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1993)Research topics: Controller and observer design for nonlinear systems,control of power electronics and multidrive systems, adaptive control, and neural networks.

Dr. Loïc BoulonUniversité du Québec à Trois-Rivières, GREI, IRHPhD in Electrical Engineering at University of Franche-Comté (2009)Research topics: hybrid electric vehicles, energy and power sources, and fuel-cell systems.



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- References -

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