© cengage learning 2015 nassau lawmaker pushes to ban sale of tobacco to those under 21 november...
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Nassau lawmaker pushes to ban sale of tobacco to those under 21 November 10, 2014
Nassau County Legis. Judy Jacobs Monday intensified her push to ban the sale of tobacco products to anyone under 21, for the first time enlisting local health advocates and the Suffolk lawmaker who got the measure passed in that county. The Nassau County Legislature's 10-member GOP majority has declined to call Jacob's bill, filed in March, for a hearing or vote, saying the issue is one best handled by the state.But Jacobs says Nassau is effectively promoting smoking by young people by being the region's only municipality to allow cigarette sales at age 19 or 20. New York City passed a law late last year to raise its minimum tobacco purchase age to 21, and Suffolk County followed suit in April.Suffolk's law passed by a 10-8 vote after heavy resistance from local convenience stores. It goes into effect in January.“Matt Fernando, a spokesman for Presiding Officer Norma Gonsalves (R-East Meadow), said the legislative majority has not changed its position that "for uniformity's sake, this is best coming from the state."The 900-member Long Island Gasoline Retailers Association said Nassau shouldn't raise the purchase age. President Kevin Beyer asked Monday, "when are we going to stop being nannies to everyone?"But Spencer, a physician who drafted the Suffolk law, urged Nassau lawmakers to "put this on the table to have a vote. This is too important.""I'm not trying to tell you how to conduct your business," he said. "We have it in Suffolk. They have it in New York City. Do you want to be the mecca of smoking in the area?"Michael Seilback of the American Lung Association of the Northeast cited a tobacco company report saying people who resisted smoking until 21 were far less likely to ever start than those who'd only reached age 18 without smoking.
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Faster Evolution??
• Asexual Reproduction • Sexual Reproduction
Why? How?
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Which two species would most likely show the greatest similarity of DNA and proteins?
A) B and J B) G and I C) J and K D) F and L
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Chapter 21Chapter 21
Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution
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Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Figure 16.UN01
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21.1 How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?
• Plants evolved from green algae, and underwent an adaptive radiation on land
• Plants are embryophytes, which form a multicelled embryo on the parental body
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Reproductivestructures (such asthose in flowers)contain sporesand gametes
Leaf performsphotosynthesis
Cuticle reduces waterloss; stomata regulategas exchange
Shoot supports plant(and may performphotosynthesis)
Surroundingwater supportsthe alga
Roots anchor plant;absorb water andminerals from thesoil (aided by fungi)
Whole algaperformsphotosynthesis;absorbs water,CO2, and
minerals fromthe water
Alga
Plant
Figure 16.1
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How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?
• Structural adaptations– Waterproof cuticle with stomata
– Stomata open and close to balance demands for water conservation and gas exchange with air outside the plant
– Has internal vascular tissue
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How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?
• Vascular tissues – Transport water/nutrients through a plant body
– Help plants stand upright and branch
– Reinforced by lignin (stiffens cell walls)
– Xylem – distributes water and minerals
– Phloem – distributes sugars made via photosynthesis
– 90 percent of modern plant species have vascular tissues
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How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?
xylem
layer of waxy cuticle
phloem
cuticle
vascular tissue (a leaf vein)
stoma
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Ancestralgreen algae
Origin of first terrestrial adaptations(about 475 mya)
Origin of vascular tissue(about 425 mya)
Origin of seeds(about 360 mya)
600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Origin of flowers(about 140 mya)
Millions of years ago
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Ferns and otherseedless vascularplants
Bryophytes
Charophytes (a groupof green algae) L
and
plan
ts
Vascu
lar plan
ts
Seed
plan
tsS
eedless
vascular
plan
ts
No
nvascu
larp
lants
(bryo
ph
ytes)
Figure 16.6
The fossil record chronicles four major periods of plant evolution.
The history of the plant kingdom is a story of adaptation to diverse terrestrial habitats.
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Spores(n)
Sporecapsule
Gametes:sperm
and eggs(n)
Zygote(2n)
Gametophyte(n)
Sporophyte(2n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
osis
Mitosis
Mit
toMi
sis
Figure 16.10-5
Alternation of Generation
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Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Gametophyte(n) Sporophyte
(2n)
Sporophyte(2n)
Gametophyte(n)
Gametophyte(n)
Sporophyte(2n)
(a) Sporophyte dependenton gametophyte (e.g.,mosses)
(b) Large sporophyte and small,Independent gametophyte (e.g.,ferns)
(c) Reduced gametophytedependent on sporophyte(seed plants)
Figure 16.14
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How Did Plants Adapt To Life on Land?
• Life cycle changes– Adapted vascular plants to life in drier habitats
– Plant life cycles include two multicelled bodies• The haploid gametophyte
• The diploid sporophyte
• The gametophyte dominates in early-evolving lineages, but in most plants, the sporophyte is larger and longer lived
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21.2 What Are Nonvascular Plants?
• Bryophyte – Member of an early plant lineage
– Has a gametophyte-dominant life cycle
– Refers to members of three separate lineages• Mosses
• Hornworts
• Liverworts
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What Are Nonvascular Plants?
• Bryophytes – Nonvascular (no xylem or phloem)
– Their sperm swim through water droplets to eggs
– Sporophyte remains attached to the gametophyte
– Rhizoids attach a gametophyte to the soil or a surface
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What Are Nonvascular Plants?
• Moses– Most diverse bryophytes
– Includes about 15,000 species
– Threadlike rhizoids hold the gametophyte in place
• Unlike roots of vascular plants, rhizoids do not distribute water or nutrients; these resources must be absorbed across the gametophyte’s leafy surface
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What Are Seedless Vascular Plants?
• Ferns– Most diverse group of seedless vascular
plants, produce spores in sori• Cluster of spore-producing capsules on a fern leaf
• Many ferns grow as epiphytes– Plant that grows on another plant but does not
harm it
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What Are Seedless Vascular Plants?
• Five steps in the life cycle of a fern – Sperm swim to eggs and fertilize them,
forming a zygote
– Sporophyte develops attached to the gametophyte, but lives independently after the gametophyte dies
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What Are Seedless Vascular Plants?
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How Have Vascular Plants Changed Over Time?
• Forests of giant seedless vascular plants thrived during the Carboniferous period– Heat and pressure transformed the remains of
these forests to coal
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How Have Vascular Plants Changed Over Time?
• Rise of the seed plants• Evolved in the late Devonian (365 mya)• Cycads and ginkgos were among the earliest
gymnosperm lineages• Early angiosperms such as magnolias
evolved while dinosaurs walked on Earth
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How Have Vascular Plants Changed Over Time?
• Seed plant sporophytes have pollen sacs, where microspores form and develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains)
• Sporophytes also have ovules, where megaspores form and develop into female gametophytes
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21.5 What Are Gymnosperms?
• Gymnosperms – Vascular seed plants
– Produce seeds on the surface of ovules
– Seeds are “naked” (not inside a fruit)
– Does not make flowers
– Includes: • Conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes
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What Are Gymnosperms?
• Conifers– Gymnosperm with nonmotile sperm
– Ovules form on the surfaces of woody cones
– Typically have needlelike or scalelike leaves
– Tend to be resistant to drought and cold
– Examples: pines, redwoods
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What Are Gymnosperms?
• Ponderosa pine life cycle – Pollen grains are released; pollination occurs
when one lands on an ovule, and the pollen grain germinates
– It takes about a year for a pollen tube to grow through ovule tissue and deliver sperm to the egg
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Scale
Ovule-producingcones; the scalescontain femalegametophytes
Pollen-producingcones; theyproduce malegametophytes
Ponderosa pineFigure 16.15
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What Are Gymnosperms?
• Ponderosa pine life cycle – When fertilization finally occurs, it produces a
zygote
– The zygote develops into an embryo sporophyte that, along with tissues of the ovule, becomes a seed
– The seed is released, germinates, and grows and develops into a new sporophyte
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21.6 What Are Angiosperms?
• Angiosperms– Seed plants make flowers
• Specialized reproductive shoot of a flowering plant
• Flower structure can vary
– Seed plants make fruits• Mature flowering plant ovary; encloses a seed or
seeds
– Largest seed plant lineage
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What Are Angiosperms?
• Angiosperms– Flowering plants
– Dominant plants in most land habitats
– Ecologically important
– Essential to human existence
– Feed and shelter animals
– Provide us with food, fabric, oils, medicines, drugs
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What Are Angiosperms?
• Flowers– Consists of modified leaves arranged in
concentric whorls of sepals and petals
– Stamens of a flower produce pollen
– Eggs form in the female part of the flower (carpel)
– Ovary at the base of the carpel holds one or more ovules
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What Are Angiosperms?
sepal
petal
receptacle
ovule(forms within ovary)
style
stamen carpel
filament anther stigma ovary
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21.7 Why Are Angiosperms So Diverse and Widespread?
• Several factors contributed to angiosperm diversity– Accelerated life cycle compared to
gymnosperms
– Have a partnership with pollinators, animals that moves pollen
• Birds, bats, butterflies and other insects
– Animal-dispersed fruits• Hooks or spines stick to animal fur, bright colored
fruits
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Why Are Angiosperms So Diverse and Widespread?
A B
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Kopi luwak or civet coffee, is coffee made which has been eaten by the Asian Palm Civet and then passed through its digestive tract. A civet eats the berries for their fleshy pulp. In its stomach, enzymes seep into the beans, making shorter peptides and more free amino acids. Passing through a civet's intestines the beans are then defecated, keeping their shape. After gathering, thorough washing, sun drying, light roasting and brewing, these beans yield an aromatic coffee with much less bitterness, widely noted as the most expensive coffee in the world.
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Kopi luwak is the most expensive coffee in the world, selling for between $100 and $600 per pound or $50 to $75 per cup.
Coffee critic Chris Rubin has said, "The aroma is rich and strong, and the coffee is incredibly full bodied, almost syrupy. It’s thick with a hint of chocolate, and lingers on the tongue with a long, clean aftertaste.
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21.8 Saving Seeds
• Plant diversity is declining– Many valuable sources of food, medicine and
other products could disappear
– Need to sustain wild plants
– Seeds can be stored in a seed vault
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Chapter 22Chapter 22
FungiFungi
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22.1 What Is a Fungus?
• Fungus: eukaryote that secretes digestive enzymes onto its food, then absorbs the resulting breakdown products– Most are decomposers that feed on organic
wastes and remains
– Some live on or in other living organisms• Example: parasitic fungi
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Absorptive Feeders
• Fungal digestive enzymes can break down many sturdy structural proteins that animal digestive enzymes cannot– Cellulose
– Lignin
– Keratin
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Filamentous Structure
• Yeast: fungus that lives as a single cell
• Multicelled fungi live as a mesh of threadlike filaments collectively called a mycelium
• Each filament in the mycelium is a hypha– Hypha: consists of haploid, walled cells
attached end to end
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Spore Producers (cont’d.)
• Fungi produce spores both asexually and sexually– During asexual reproduction, multicelled fungi
form spores by mitosis at the tips of specialized hyphae
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Spore Producers
Fusion of cytoplasm Fusion of nuclei
Meiosis
zygote (2n)Sexual Cyclemycelium (n)
spores (n)
spore-producing
structure (n)
Asexual Cycle
dikaryoticstage(n+n)
spore-producingstructure (n)
3
4
1
2
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22.3 What Ecological Roles Do Fungi Play?
• Fungi provide an important ecological service – They break down complex compounds in
organic wastes and remains
– When digestive enzymes are secreted onto these materials, some soluble nutrients escape into nearby soil or water
– Plants and other producers can then take up these substances to meet their own needs
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Parasites and Pathogens
• Most human fungal infections involve body surfaces– Infected areas become raised, red, and itchy
– Examples:• “Athlete’s foot”
• Fungal vaginitis
• “Ringworms” (skin rash)
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22.4 How Do We Use Fungi?
• Many fungal fruiting bodies serve as human food– Button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, and
oyster mushrooms are easily cultivated
– Edible mycorrhizal fungi: chanterelles, porcini mushrooms, morels, and truffles are typically gathered from the wild
• Each year thousands of people become ill after eating poisonous mushrooms
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How Do We Use Fungi?
• Truffles form underground near their host trees– When mature, they produce an odor similar to
that of an amorous male wild pig
– Female wild pigs detect the scent and root through the soil and, following consumption, disperse truffle spores in their feces
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Truffles(the fungal kind, not the chocolates)
Blue cheese
Chanterellemushrooms
Figure 16.26
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How Do We Use Fungi?
• Fermentation by fungi helps us make a variety of products– Aspergillus: helps make soy sauce
– Penicillium: produces the tangy blue veins in cheeses
– Saccharomyces cerevisiae: baker’s yeast
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How Do We Use Fungi?
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How Do We Use Fungi?
• Some naturally occurring fungal–derived compounds have medicinal or psychoactive properties– Penicillin: antibiotic
– Cyclosporin: immune supressant
– Ergotamine: migraine reliever or hallucinogen
– Psilocybin (magic mushrooms): hallucinogen
– Cordycepin: increases testosterone or anticancer drug
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Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth
Staphylococcus
Figure 16.27
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22.5 Application: Spread of Fungal Pathogens
• The dispersal of fungal pathogens by global trade and travel can have devastating effects on ecosystems– Plant-infecting sac fungus native to China
eliminated all mature American chestnut trees
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Application: Spread of Fungal Pathogens
• Today, human-facilitated spread of a fungal pathogen is among the foremost causes of an amphibian extinction crisis– Some amphibians infected with the chytrid
fungus referred to as Bd eventually die of dehydration
– Bd was first introduced from African clawed frogs that were traded internationally
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Application: Spread of Fungal Pathogens
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10/29 EXAM 2 10/31 Evolution 16
11/5 Survival of Fittest 17 11/7 Early Life&Bacteria 18/19/20
11/12 Protists/Plants/Fungi 21-22 11/14 Invertebrate Evolution
23
11/19 Vertebrate Evolution
24 11/21 EXAM 3
11/26 Friday SchedulePopulations
39&40 11/28 No Class
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Which of the following lack vascular tissue?A) flowering plantsB) cone-bearing plantsC) grassesD) fernsE) mosses
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Which of the following lack vascular tissue?A) flowering plantsB) cone-bearing plantsC) grassesD) fernsE) mosses
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The edible portion of a(n) ______ is a ripened ovary.A) cucumberB) potatoC) radishD) carrotE) onion
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The edible portion of a(n) ______ is a ripened ovary.A) cucumberB) potatoC) radishD) carrotE) onion
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Why does it make sense that many fruits are green when their seeds are immature?A) Insects, which see the color green better than mammals do, can only carry seeds when they are small (immature).B) Animals know that green fruits are tasty, and are more likely to eat them.C) Green signifies less nutritive value.D) They are green because fruits with immature seeds are still capable of photosynthesis.E) They are harder to see and thus less likely to be eaten than other fruits.
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Why does it make sense that many fruits are green when their seeds are immature?A) Insects, which see the color green better than mammals do, can only carry seeds when they are small (immature).B) Animals know that green fruits are tasty, and are more likely to eat them.C) Green signifies less nutritive value.D) They are green because fruits with immature seeds are still capable of photosynthesis.E) They are harder to see and thus less likely to be eaten than other fruits.
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Nearly all food plants are classified as ______.A) bryophytesB) mycorrhizaeC) gymnospermsD) fernsE) angiosperms
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Nearly all food plants are classified as ______.A) bryophytesB) mycorrhizaeC) gymnospermsD) fernsE) angiosperms
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At current rates of destruction, all of Earth's tropical forests will be gone within ______ years.A) 10B) 25C) 50D) 100E) 1,000
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At current rates of destruction, all of Earth's tropical forests will be gone within ______ years.A) 10B) 25C) 50D) 100E) 1,000
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What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?A) They decompose organic material.B) They pollinate plants.C) They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.D) They perform photosynthesis.E) They produce fossil fuels.
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What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?A) They decompose organic material.B) They pollinate plants.C) They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.D) They perform photosynthesis.E) They produce fossil fuels.
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This diagram shows what process?
A) origin of plants from green algaeB) alternation of generationsC) angiosperm life cycleD) evolutionary adaptationE) gymnosperm life cycle
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This diagram shows what process?
A) origin of plants from green algaeB) alternation of generationsC) angiosperm life cycleD) evolutionary adaptationE) gymnosperm life cycle