+ biochemical compounds you are what you eat!!. 1. what are the 4 main types of biological...
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+Biochemical Compounds
You are what you eat!!
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1. What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells?
2. How does the structure of each macromolecule contribute to their function within cells?
3. What are the 4 major types of biochemical reactions and why are they important to normal cellular function?
Essential Questions:
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Carbon: The Central Atom
What’s so special about ?
The diversity of life relies on carbon!!! Virtually all chemicals of life are carbon based (exceptions – e.g., H2O, CO2) – called organic compounds. It can form four covalent bonds (H, O, N, P, S, C) C-C bonds enable carbon to form a variety of geometrical structures (e.g., straight chains, branched chains, rings)Methane
CH4
EthaneC2H6
BenzeneC6H6
+ CH2 + C4
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Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different
What’s so special about ?
Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different
structure
Fructose (fruit sugar)
Galactose(milk sugar)
C6H12O6
Glucose(simple sugar)
Example:
C
C C
C
C C
C
C
C
Metabolized by cells differently due to structure
Structural isomers
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Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different
What’s so special about ?
Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different
structure Structural isomers
Same atoms, bonded differently
Stereoisomers
Same atoms, Same bonds,
Differently arranged in space
Geometrical Optical
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Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different
What’s so special about ?
Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different
structureStereoisomers
Same atoms, Same bonds,
Differently arranged in space
Geometrical Optical
Carvone
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Macromolecules
What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and macromolecules?
Atoms
Bonds
Molecules
Macromolecules
join together
that form
that form large structures called
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Macromolecules and their subunits
Monomer Monomer Monomer+ + = Polymer = Macromolecule
smaller subunits long chain of monomers
glucose
glycogen
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CarbonCompounds
include
Which are made of
which contain
Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates LipidsNucleic acids(e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins
Simple sugars(e.g., glucose)
Glycerol &3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogenoxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
Macromolecules and their subunits
1 2 3 4
ENERGYSTORAGE
short-term
main function main function main function main function
ENERGYSTORAGE
long-term
CATALYSIS&
STRUCTURE/SUPPORT
ENCODINGHEREDITARY
INFORMATION
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CarbonCompounds
include
Which are made of
which contain
Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Simple sugars(e.g., glucose)
Glycerol &3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogenoxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
Carbohydrates
1 2 3 4
Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage
Groupings: C, H, and O atoms (1 : 2 : 1 ratio)
Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrates 2. Complex Carbohydrates
ENERGYSTORAGE
short-term
main function
(4 cal/g)
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Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms is called a monosaccharide. (mono = one, saccharide = sugar)
Broken down quickly in the body to release energy.
e.g., GLUCOSE – hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7 energy-storing C-H bonds
Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose)
C6H12O6 (ring structure – when dissolved in water)
1
23
4
5
6
Primary source of energy used by all cells
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MONOSACCHARIDESQUIZ: Select the formula that represents a monosaccharide
C4H8O4 C5H10O10 C6H6O12 C6H6O6
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Making & Breaking Carbohydrates
Condensation (dehydration) synthesis
Hydrolysis
Two important biochemical reactions
monosaccharide monosaccharide+
disaccharide (di = two)
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Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells
Starch = energy storage in plants
Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage
Contain many units of glucose in long chains
Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Glycogen = energy storage in animals
Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells)
Glucose (monomer)
Glycogen (polymer)
Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
livermuscle
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Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Cellulose = polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
Cellulose fibers
Macrofibril
Microfibril
Chains of cellulose
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Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch
Cellulose
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Starch Cellulose
Glucose repeat units are facing
the same direction
Each successive glucose unit is upside-down in relation to each of the glucose molecules that it is connected to
Both polymers
Same repeat base
Same monomer(glucose)
Stronger (good for building)Weaker
Enzymes to digest Cannot digest (no enzymes)
Insoluble (fiber / roughage)Soluble
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Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of
which contain which contain which contain
LipidsNucleic acids(e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins
Glycerol &3 Fatty Acids
Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogenoxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
2 3 4
main functionmain function main function
ENERGYSTORAGE
long-term
CATALYSIS&
STRUCTURE/SUPPORT
ENCODINGHEREDITARY
INFORMATION
Lipids (fats)
Animal fat (solid @ room temp)Plant oils (liquid @ room temp)
Main Function: long-term energy storage
Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecule (9 cal/g)
Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons)
Types: 1. Fats and oils 3. Steroids2. Phospholipids 4. Waxes
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Structure of Lipids (fats)
Glycerol
Fatty acids
1
2
3
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Adipocytes (rat)
FA
FA
FA= TG (Triglyceride)
Courtesy of Dr. Ceddia – York University
TG
TG
TGTG
TG
TG
Lipid droplet
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Making and Breaking Lipids (fats)
Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure
CondensationSynthesis
Hydrolysis
What functional groups are present on the glycerol and fatty acid molecules?
+ 3 H2O
Ester linkage
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Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
# of double bonds between carbons
Orientation
State at Room Temp.
Origin
Which are better for you?
Example
Types of Fatty Acids
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SaturateSaturatedd
UnsaturatUnsaturateded
Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat
eded
# of # of Double Double Bonds Bonds
between between CarbonsCarbons
NoneNone(contains (contains
maximum # maximum # of H atoms)of H atoms)
At least one At least one double bond double bond
between between carbon atomscarbon atoms
Several Several double bondsdouble bonds
Types of Fatty Acids
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Types of Fatty Acids
Fewer hydrogens – “unsaturated”
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SaturateSaturatedd
UnsaturatUnsaturateded
Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat
eded
OrientatiOrientation of on of Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids
Straight Straight chainschains
Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at
the double the double bondsbonds
Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at
the double the double bondsbonds
Types of Fatty Acids
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CH2-CH
BEND DUE TO
DOUBLE BOND
BEND DUE TO
DOUBLE BOND
Types of Fatty Acids
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SaturateSaturatedd
UnsaturatUnsaturateded
Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat
eded
ExamplesExamples butter, butter, lardlard
olive oil, vegetable oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oilpeanut oil, canola oil
Types of Fatty Acids
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Trans Trans FatFat
Types of Fatty Acids
Taking a perfectly good fat and making it bad!
Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL
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Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules.containing molecules.
an important part of the cell membrane an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)(phospholipid bilayer)
Phospholipids
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Phospholipids
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Phospholipids
Nitrogen-containing group
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The phospholipid can also be represented as:
Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving)
Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) – hydrophobic (water-hating)
Phospholipids
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Testosterone
Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings
Cholesterol• Precursor for other steroids• Component of animal cell membranes• Contributes to atherosclerosis
Steroids
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Proteins
Which are made of
which contain
Proteins
Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
main function
CATALYSIS&
STRUCTURE/SUPPORT
Types Function/ExampleEnzymatic Acceleration of chemical reactions
E.g., digestive enzymes, cellular respiration
Structural Collagen & elastin, keratin in hair and nails
Transport Transport of other substancesE.g., hemoglobin transports O2 to cells
Hormonal Cellular communicationE.g., insulin secreted by the pancreas
Contractile MovementE.g. actin and myosin in muscle cells
Defensive Protect against diseaseE.g., antibodies combat viruses and bacteria
Proteins are essential parts of living organisms and participate in virtually every process in cells.
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Proteins and their subunits
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Amino Acid Structure
Amino Group Carboxyl (acid) GroupAny one of the 20 different
side-chains
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Proteins and their subunits
Examples of amino acids
Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18
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Proteins and their subunits
20 Major Amino Acids
Types of Amino Acids
NonpolarPolarPolar/AcidicPolar/Basic
Amino acids each have their own unique chemical properties.
Some dissolve in water – some do not.This is essential for transport and storage.
Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18
8 are considered “essential”1. Phenylalanine 2. Valine 3. Threonine 4. Tryptophan 5. Isoleucine6. Methionine 7. Leucine8. Lysine
The other 12
1. Glycine 7. Glutaimine2. Alanine 8. Histidine3. Proline 9. Tyrosine4. Serine 10. Aspartic acid5. Cysteine 11. Glutamic acid6. Asparagine 12. Arginine
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Making and Breaking Proteins
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds
- a special covalent bond found in proteins
+
H2O
Dipeptide
Peptide bond
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Making and Breaking Proteins
A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide
Condensation synthesis• two amino acids join (dipeptide)• a peptide bond is formed• a water molecule is formed
Hydrolysis• water is added• a peptide bond is broken• amino acids are split apart
Gly LysPhe
Arg
Ser
H2N-end
-COOHend
Peptide Bonds
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Making and Breaking Proteins
A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide
Gly LysPhe Arg Ser
H2N-end
-COOHend
Peptide Bonds
The type of protein is determined by: sequence of polypeptides
orientation in space3-D shape
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Four levels of protein structure:
Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding.
Secondary - simple folding create simple structures.
Tertiary - folding results in complex 3D structures.
Quaternary - multiple 3D subunits organized into a bigger structure.
Sulfhydryl (-SH) functional groupscan form disulfide (-S-S) bonds which contribute to a proteins tertiary structure.
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Hemoglobin
Carries oxygen in the blood- It's made up of 4 specific 3D subunits
Proper protein function depends on correct 3D structure. Any change in the specific primary structure can cause the protein to fold differently.
A different shape can lead to a different function (or lack of proper function).
Sickle cell anemia is an example.
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Which are made of
which contain
Nucleic acids(e.g., DNA/RNA)
Nucleotides
Carbon, hydrogenoxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Nucleic Acids
main function
ENCODINGHEREDITARY
INFORMATION
Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of chains of nucleotides.
Nucleic acids carry genetic information
Types:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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Types of Nucleic Acids
DNA
Long-term storage of hereditary information
Carries genetic instructions or “blueprints” for building parts of the cell
Segments of DNA are responsible for carrying genes (genetic information), have structural purposes, or regulate the use of genetic information
RNA
Involved in the process of transcribing genetic information from DNA into proteins
Protein synthesis (the process of making proteins) is carried out by organelles called ribosomes, which take “instructions” from RNA
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DNA & RNA NucleotideDNA & RNA Nucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatPhosphatee GroupGroup
N
Nitrogen baseNitrogen base (A, G, C, or T/U)(A, G, C, or T/U)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose (deoxyribose or ribose)or ribose)
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DNA
NitrogenNitrogenBase (A,T,G or C)Base (A,T,G or C)
““Rungs of ladderRungs of ladder””
““Legs of ladderLegs of ladder””
Phosphate &Phosphate &Sugar BackboneSugar Backbone
Double Helix
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DNA Nitrogen BasesDNA Nitrogen Bases
• PURINESPURINES1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)
• PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES3. Thymine (T)Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)
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RNA Nitrogen BasesRNA Nitrogen Bases
• PURINESPURINES1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)
• PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES3. Uracil (U)Uracil (U)
4. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)
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• AdenineAdenine must pair with ThymineThymine
• GuanineGuanine must pair with CytosineCytosine
G CT A
DNA
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P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
Hydrogen bonds
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+
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DNA Structure Compared to RNA Structure
DNA RNASugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Bases Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
Strands Double stranded with base paring
Single stranded
Helix Yes No