Big Picture: We see Europe change from an agrarian

(farming) Economy to a more industrial economy

Changing from Farming to Industry will have specific causes, tremendous effects, and will give rise to the ideology known as Socialism

Vacation Assignments: Posted on my Homepage:

Pt. One: Notes on pages 508 - 523. Due Tuesday, January, 5th. 2009

Pt. Two Industrial Revolution Documents Analysis ◦ Paper Due Friday January 8th

Set up notes for Industrial Revolution 1/3 2/3

Be sure you have the documents, and that you have six sides.

Big Picture continued: As the nature of what it is to work changes,

the role of the worker in society will change as well.

As the laborer gets farther and farther away from what he/she produces, he/she will become more a product than a producer.

Revolution in Agriculture Improved methods of farming.

◦ Rotating crops: vary the type of crop that is planted

◦ Enclosure movement: larger farms = greater output, but displaces many farmers

◦ Both will help to facilitate a rise in population Population increase in the 1600-1700’s

◦ More people = more available labor

Energy Revolution◦ Water power meant a constant source of power to

“replace” human labor◦ Eventually, the invention of the steam engine

would revolutionize the growing factory system.◦ Steam power allowed pumps to clear coal mines

of excess water, thereby making mining more efficient.

Notes continued from Friday: Industrial Revolution

Homework for Wednesday: 163 – 169 Thematic Essay Test: Grades are posted on

mygradebook.com. I will hand them back on Wed.

In your notebook: (w/o looking back…) explain two ways that Western Europe was impacted by the Agrarian Revolution.

Great Britain takes the lead…Why?◦ Natural resources◦ Human resources (labor)◦ Greater technology (inventions and inventors◦ Greater availability of capital (finances)◦ Population growth = increased demand.◦ Stable Government and powerful navy

Changes in Industry◦ Inventions in the textile industry changed the

way that cloth and clothing were made◦ As production increased, the location of the

work changed from the farmhouse to the factory

◦ As the system became more mechanized, the labor connected with it became more specialized; this is known as the division of labor.

◦ As labor is divided more, what people do becomes more specialized, and less complicated. This is not a good thing!

We should be able to connect the conditions of the Industrial Revolution with the rise of the theory of Marxist Socialism.

Big Question: is a revolution of the poor possible/inevitable?

CCS: 2; 5 Homework: Essay #1on Industrial

Revolution Document for Wed. Hand in your Oral History Project questions.

(Hmwk #3)

Essay is typed. 3 pages double spaced Quotations and Citations in body paragraphs

2 and 3. ***Body paragraph 3 should focus on the

testimony of the young women interviewed. Essay Conclusion: you should relate what you

found most interesting, enlightening and/or disturbing about this document, and about working conditions in the Industrial Revolution as a whole.

The idea is this…◦ Once labor become divided, the skill needed to

make anything becomes more basic◦ It is not like the times of the Guilds, where a

worker learned every part of a trade◦ Now, if you learn just how to operate a power

loom, or a “water frame” your skill and your importance become less a part of the process

◦ You become less valuable, therefore the payment for your labor becomes less as well.

Since your labor is needed, but your intellectual power is not, pretty much anyone, including very young children can become part of the manufacturing process.

Also, remember there is a great movement known as laissez-faire, which called for no government intervention in the business of business.

This will mean that Big Business will be able to operate with little control, and that always means that the workers will be exploited.

We have larger and larger factories being built

Since machines can do the bulk of the work, and have to be managed by a laborer, the work day can be as long as the factory owner determines it

Since labor is unskilled, anybody can be trained, and anybody can be hired if as person gets injured, is dissatisfied, or dies on the job.

What does not exist is:◦ A minimum wage◦ Factory Insurance◦ Unemployment insurance◦ Job safety standards◦ Retirement plans◦ Child Labor laws◦ Schooling for workers

All of these conditions lead to the creation of what Karl Marx will call the “Proletariat”

The difference between the proletariat and earlier workers is that the proletariat◦ Is defined only by the labor that it produces◦ Is worth only what the manufacturer is willing

to pay◦ Are “chained” to their labor …◦ They must work in order to survive, because

they are trapped in the cities.

As cities grow..◦ Poverty increases◦ Sanitation issues become life and death◦ Crime increases◦ The family unit becomes smaller; no more extended

families◦ Pollution chokes the air and fouls the water◦ No clean water; no sewers: human waste fills the

streets and rivers.

All of this is seen as progress, because there is no voice of the people

The English Government favors the factory system because it brings great sums of money to the country, and increases the tax base.

Also, the government has always been in favor of the large landholders; now they begin to favor the factory owners as well

Economic Liberals believe in big business, and what is good for the business is good for the country

New Methods of thinking, and how they are part of the changing economic climate: Classical Economists.

Adam Smith: we remember him from the Enlightenment.◦ Promotes Laissez Faire economics◦ Let the market determine prices,wages, supply

and demand will drive all facets of the manufacturing process

◦ No more small guilds, or controls on prices or wages

Thomas Malthus:◦ Population grows at a geometric rate

2 4 6 8

◦ Food production grows arithmetically 1 2 3 4

◦ Obviously, food shortages will occur, leading to famine,which will help to keep population down

◦ As population increases, that means that the poor will suffer

David Ricardo: “Iron Law of Wages”◦ Wages are high when population is low (fewer

available workers)◦ Population increases because wages are high (more

children can be supported)◦ As Population gets too great, wages are dropped

(more labor = lower wages…competition!)◦ Population will then decrease again, and wages will

then increase.◦ This cycle will continue forever◦ The only solution is to convince the poor to

have less children

People begin to examine society,and imagine what could be done to improve society

These people are called socialists Socialists dreamed of separate communities

that would improve the conditions of the common working man.

These perfect plans were referred to as “Utopian Socialists”

Some Utopians called for a better working conditions (Robert Owen)

Others called for a more agrarian Society (Charles Fourier)

The most famous of the Socialists was Karl Marx, and he had something very different in mind

Marx believed that to simply try and separate from society was not the answer.

Hence, these Utopian Socialists were not addressing the issue.

Marxism, or Scientific Socialism… For Marx, all history is the result of struggle

between the classes Simply put, the constant struggle between

the rich and the poor is responsible for all of history and change

Let’s look at History in a more visual way.

Hegel, a predecessor of Marx, saw history as a dialectic. This can be demonstrated in the following manner:

Any change in history is a result of this process: Thesis: the Dominant ideas of a time period Antithesis: ideas in conflict with the thesis Synthesis: the blending of thesis and Antithesis.

Synthesis becomes the new age, and becomes the new Thesis. This process repeated forever

For Marx, history can be looked at scientifically.

Class struggle will always bring a change, and that change will bring another.

Think of a wave hitting the shore. When it crashes and then flows back to

the sea, another wave crashes on top of it. The waves are blended together,and that is

the same for historical periods.

More on Marx… Because of Industrialism, Marx believed that

there were only two groups in society: Bourgeoisie: Wealthy owners of the means of

production (things that produce) Proletariat: The working class that has to

answer to the Bourgeoisie. (cheap labor)

Because the Bourgeoisie's only purpose was to make more money, they would always make the proletariat poorer and poorer.

Eventually, the Proletariat would rise up against the bourgeoisie,and take over the means of Production (factories etc…)

All wealth would be shared in common. This is the dictatorship of the Proletariat

Once the Bourgeoisie was eliminated, there would only be one class, and that class was the Proletariat.

History, the history of class struggle would end, and there would be, finally, a perfect society on earth: a true utopia.

This Utopia was different from the Utopias talked about by other socialists, because it was not separate from society, it was society!

Unfortunately, this Proletarian revolution never actually happens.

Leaders are needed for this type of revolt, and that means that it really wouldn’t come from the people.

Further, lack of education and the need to work and eat cannot be ignored as road blocks to Revolution.

We will, of course, see the system of communism develop, but it was a far cry from the pure socialism that Marx called for.

As divisions between that “haves” and the “have-not’s” continue today, you have to wonder if Marx was not on to something.