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SHOT APPLE 2 Technical ReportA TEST OF THE TEAPOT SERIES 6 PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER5 MAY 1955 JRB 2-816-03-423-00

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APPLE 2 Nevada Test SiteTEAPOT AFSWPTask Force RAZOR AFSWCExercise Desert Rock VI Operation CUE

!a. ABSTRACT ,X%Mh,m m ““.t” .W, Ff vary ad tdrmtffy by b l o c k numb-r)

This report describes the activities of more than 2,000 DOD personnel, bothmilitary and civilian, in Shot APPLE 2, the thirteenth nuclear test in theTEAPOT atmospheric nuclear weapons testing series. The test was conducted on5 May 1955 and invoivcd participants from Exercise Desert Rock VI, AFSWP,AFSWC, AEC, Test Groups, and the Air Weather Service. The largest activitywas the test of an armored task force, Task Force RAZOR, which involvedapproximately 1,000 troops.

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Cont.)The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. COT. H. L. Reese,USAF, under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge theresearch and editing contribution of numerous reviewers inthe military services and other organizations in additionto those writers listed in block 7.

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PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, throughthe Manhattan Engineer district and its successor agency, theAtomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclearweapons tests at sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the Pacificand Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department ofDefense (DOD) participants, both military and civilian, werepresent at the tests. Approximately 90,000 of these participantswere present at the nuclear weapons tests conducted at the NevadaTest Site (NTS), northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test,the Center for Disease Control * noted a possible leukemia clusteramong a small group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, ofle testof Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclear weapons tests con-ducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the Center forDisease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a num-ber of claims for medical benefits from former military personnelwho believe their health may have been affected by their partici-pation in the nuclear weapons tests.

In late 1977, the DOD began a study that provided data toboth the Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administra-tion on possible exposures to ionizing radiation among itsmilitary and civilian personnel who participated in the atmo-spheric nuclear weapons tests. DOD organized an effort to:

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in theatmospheric nuclear weapons tests

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposureto ionizing radiation

*The Center for Disease Control, an agency of the IJ.S.Department of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare).

a Provide public disclosure of information concerningparticipation by DOD personnel in the atmosphericnuclear weapons tests.

This report on Shot APPLE 2 is based on the historicalrecord of military and technical documents associated with eachof the nuclear weapons test events. These reports provide apublic record of the activities and possible radiation exposureof DOD personnel for ongoing public health research and policyanalysis.

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DODinvolvement during Shot APPLE 2 were found in the Defense NuclearAgency Technical Library, the National Federal Archives RecordCenter, the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, andthe Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL).

Commonly, the surviving historical documentation of activ-ities conducted at Shot APPLE 2 addresses test specifications andtechnical information rather than the personnel data critical tothe study undertaken by the Defense Nuclear Agency. Moreover,instances have arisen in which available historical documentationhas revealed inconsistencies in vital factual data, such as thenumber of DOD participants in a certain project at a given shotor their locations and assignments at a given time. These incon-sistencies in data usuallv occur between two or more documents,but occasionally appear within the same document. Efforts havebeen made to resolve these data inconsistencies whereverpossible, or to otherwise bring them to the attention of thereader.

An important example of such discrepancies is the documenta-tion dealing with air operations at Operation TEAPOT. Several.postshot and post-series documents were analyzed to determine thenature and extent of these air activities, including Parsons'Operational Summary (WT-1158) and Fackler's Technical Air

2

Operations (WT-1206). The Operational Summary provides an over-view of all activities conducted during the testing, primarilythose of ASFWP. Technical Air Operations, however, is a morespecific document, chronicling in detail the air operations ofDOD personnel. Discrepancies as to numbers of aircraft actuallyparticipating in any single event exist between these two docu-ments and other TEAPOT documents. When possible, thesediscrepancies were resolved through additional research. Inthose cases for which further research failed to resolve theproblem, the Technical Air Operations report, WT-1206, was usedbecause it deals specifically with air operations at TEAPOT andtherefore is considered the more reliable document for determin-ing the extent and nature of air operations.

CONTENTS OF TEAPOT SERIES REPORTS

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in ShotAPPLE 2, the 13th nuclear detonation of the Operation TEAPOTnuclear weapons testing series. Four other publications addressDOD activities during the TEAPOT Series:

l Series volume: Operation TEAPOT, AtmosphericNuclear Weapons Tests, 1955

0 Multi-shot volume: Shots WASP through HORNET, theFirst Five TEAPOT Tests

0 Shot volume: Shot BEE

a Multi-shot volume: Shots ESS through MET and ShotZUCCHINI, the Final TEAPOTTests.

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation TEAPOThave been designed for use with one another. The Series volumecontains information that applies to those dimensions of Opera-tion TEAPOT that transcend specific events, such as historicalbackground, organizational relationships, and radiological safetyprocedures. In addition, the TEAPOT Series volume contains a

3

bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of all fiveOperation TEAPOT reports. The single-shot volumes describe DODparticipation in Shots BEE and APPLE 2, respectively. These twoevents have been bound separately because they included signif-icant Exercise Desert Rock maneuvers involving large numbers ofDOD personnel. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specificdescriptions for several nuclear events. The shot and multi-shotvolumes contain reference lists of only those sources referencedin each text. Descriptions of activities concerning any partic-ular shot in the TEAPOT Series, whether the shot is addressed ina single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supple-mented by the general organizational and radiological safetyinformation contained in the TEAPOT Series volume.

Another important supplement to the information for thisreport is the Reference Manual: Background Materials for theCONUS Volumes, which summarizes information on radiation physics,radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurementtechniques, as well as listing acronyms and a glossary of termsused in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continentalU.S.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

P R E F A C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . .

SHOT APPLE 2 SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Setting and Characteristics of the APPLE 2Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Department of Defense Participation inMilitary Effects, Scientific, OperationalTraining, and Support Activities atShotAPPLE2...................

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock Activities atShotAPPLE2...................

1.4 Organization of the APPLE 2 Volume . . . . . . . .

2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT APPLE 2

2.1 Troop Orientation and IndoctrinationProjects at Shot APPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Troop Tests at Shot APPLE 2. . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Technical Service Projects at Shot APPLE 2 . . . .

3 JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT APPLE 2

3.1 Field Command Military Effects Group Projectsat Shot APPLE 2. . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in LosAlamos Scientific Laboratory Test GroupProjects at Shot APPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 Department of Defense Participation in theUniversitv of California Radiation LaboratoryTest Group Project at Shot APPLE 2 . . . . . . . .

3.4 Department of Defense Participation in CivilEffects Test Group Projects at Shot APPLE 2. . . .

3.5 Department of Defense Operational TrainingProjects at Shot APPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activitiesat Shot APPLE 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.6.1 Cloud Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.6.2 Courier Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613.6.3 Cloud Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Page

1

6

78

9

11

14

171B

202540

41

49

51

51

56

59

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page

3.6.4 Aerial Surveys of Terrain . . . . . . . . . 633.6.5 Radio Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4 RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES AT SHOT APPLE 2

4.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activitiesat Shot APPLE 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.1 Radiation Protection Activities forProject 41.2, Armored Task ForceExercise, Task Force RAZOR. . . . . . . . .

4.1.2 Radiation Protection forProject 40.22, Armv VolunteerOfficer Observers . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.3 Radiation Protection for Other DesertRock Observers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation ProtectionActivities at Shot APPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.1 Dosimetry Records . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.2 Logistical Data for Radiological Safety

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.3 Monitoring Activities . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.4 Recovery and Re-entry Procedures. . . . . .4.2.5 Decontamination Activities. . . . . . . . .

REFERENCE LIST 75

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

l-l Location of Shot APPLE 2 at the Nevada Test Site,in Relation to Other Shots in the TEAPOT Series. . .

2-l Location of DOD Observers at Shot APPLE 2, (Projects40.11, 40.22, 41.3, 41.4, 41.7). . . . . . . . . . .

2-2 Project 41.2, Armored Task Force Exercise atShotAPPLE2....................

2-3 A Tank-infantry Team from Task Force RAZORDemonstrates the Final Phase of t-he Maneuver,the Attack on Objective "A". . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-4 Operations of the 1st Combat Aviation Company(Provisional) (-) in Pro,ject 41.2, Armored TaskForce Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

65

66

67

67

67

69697474

12

23

32

33

39

6

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Page

4-1 Initial Survey for Shot APPLE 2, 5 May 1955, 0550to 0650 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4-2 Resurvey for Shot APPLE 2, 6 May 1955, 0632 to0 7 3 1 H o u r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4-3 Resurvey for Shot APPLE 2, 9 May 1955, 1030 to1 1 2 0 H o u r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot APPLE 2 . . .

3-l Field Command Military Effects Group Projects,ShotAPPLE2....................

3-2 LASL and UCRL Projects with DOD Personnel Involvement,ShotAPPLE2....................

3-3 CETG Pro;iects with DOD Personnel Involvement,ShotAPPLE2....................

3-4 DOD Operational Training Projects, Shot APPLE 2. . .

3-5 AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot APPLE 2. . . . . . .

21

42

50

53

57

59

7

- Y

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The follow ing abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:

AECAFBAFSWCAFSWPBJYCETGCONUSDODDWETEG and GFCDAIBDAGZJTOLASLNTSOCAFFREECoR/hUCRLUSAFUTM

Atomic Energv CommissionAir Force BaseAir Force Special Weapons CenterArmed Forces Special Weapons ProjectBuster-Jangle "Y"Civil Effects Test GroupContinental United StatesDepartment of DefenseDirectorate Weapons Effects TestsEdgerton, Germeshausen, and GrierFederal Civil Defense AdministrationIndirect Bomb Damage AssessmentGround ZeroJoint Test OrganizationLos Alamos Scientific LaboratoryNevada Test SiteOffice, Chief of Armv Field ForcesRevnolds Electrical and Engineering CompanyRoentgens per hourUniversitv of California Radiation LaboratorvUnited States Air ForceUniversal Transverse Mercator

APPLE 2

SHOT SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOTDOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VIDATE/TIME: 5 May 1955, 0510 HoursYIELD: 29 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot)

(1) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomenaproduced by this nuclear device(2) To evaluate the utility of the device formilitary applications, and to investigateadditional specifications for further nuclearweapons development(3) To train selected military personnel inplanning and conducting combat operationsunder the conditions of a nuclear battlefield.(4) To assess the effects of nuclear deto-nations on civilian populations and toevaluate Civil Defense emergency preparednessplans.

Weather: At shot-time, the wind was calm at surfacelevel. At 10,000 feet, the wind was from thesouth-southeast at about 14 knots and from thesouthwest at 36 knots at 50,000 feet.

Radiation Data: Onsite fallout greater than 0.1 R/h occurrednorthwest of ground zero. Fallout between0.01 and 0.1 R/h also occurred northwest ofground zero. A small area of fallout with anintensity of 0.01 R/h extended about threekilometers south of ground zero about one hourafter the detonation.

Participants: Atomic Energy Commission, Exercise Desert Rockparticipants, Armed Forces Special WeaponsPro,ject, Air Force Special Weapons Center andother Air Force personnel, Los AlamosScientific Laboratory, University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratory, Federal CivilDefense Administration, contractors, DODlaboratories.

9

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shot APPLE 2 was a test of a nuclear device with a yield of29 kilotons. The test was conducted at 0510 hours on 5 May 1955at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission(AEC) continental nuclear test site, located northwest of LasVegas. APPLE 2 was the 13th nuclear test of Operation TEAPOT, aseries of 14 nuclear weapons tests and one non-nuclear test per-formed at the NTS from 18 February through 15 May 1955 (23; 29).

The APPLE 2 nuclear device was developed for the AEC by theLos Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The primary objectiveof the APPLE 2 test was to evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced by this nucleardevice. To fulfill this primary objective, LASL and the Uni-versity of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) conductedscientific experiments to study the characteristics of thedetonation. Department of Defense (DOD) personnel assisted in atotal of 12 projects conducted by LASL, UCRL, and the FederalCivil Defense Administration's Civil Effects Test Group (CETG).

In addition, 12 military effects projects were conducted bythe Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro,ject (AFSWP) of the DOD.These projects were fielded to evaluate the utility of the devicefor military applications and to investigate additional specifi-cations for future nuclear weapons development.

A number of other test activities related to the conditionsand phenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were alsoconducted during the APPLE 2 event. Th-e armed services fieldedten projects to evaluate militarv equipment and tactics, as part

10

of Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Army technical testing andtraining program at Operation TEAPOT. In one project, the ArmyArmored School conducted a demonstration test of an armored taskforce (Task Force RAZOR) assault. This assault passed near theAPPLE 2 ground zero shortly after the detonation. The maneuverinvolved about 1,000 troops, 89 armored vehicles, and 19 heli-copters providing airlift support. In another project, officervolunteers elected to observe the detonation from a forwardtrench located about 2,380 meters* south of ground zero. Thearmed services also conducted six operational training projectsduring APPLE 2, which enabled aircrews and personnel from the AirForce, Navy, and Marine Corps to witness and respond to a nucleardetonation (36; 37; 40; 41).

The Civil Effects Test Group performed 40 separate projectsat Shot APPLE 2, the largest number of CETG pro.jects at any shotof the TEAPOT Series. Most of these CETG projects were sponsoredby private industry or civil agencies associated with FCDAOperation CUE.

1.1 SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE APPLE 2 DETONATION

The nuclear device tested at Shot APPLE 2 was positioned ontop of a 500-foot steel tower at UTM coordinates 798009+ in Area1 of Yucca Flat, about 50 kilometers by road from the base facil-ities at Mercury and Camp Desert Rock. Figure l-l shows the

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metricunits. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles.

+Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in thisreport. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-westaxis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-southaxis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of anarea 100 meters square.

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WASP PRIME

@- HORNET

1 1 31l - - - - - - - - - - - l

MET

Frenchman

Camp Mercury

Camp Desert Rock

0 1 0I I 1 I I I

Kdometers

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT APPLE 2 AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE,IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE TEAPOT SERIES

12

location of the APPLE 2 detonation in relation to other shots inthe TEAPOT Series. The APPLE 2 event was delayed for ten daysbecause of unfavorable weather conditions (29; 31; 33; 55).*

During the night of 4-5 May 1955, the tanks and armoredpersonnel carriers of Task Force RAZOR were manned and positionedas close as 2,835 meters south-southwest of the APPLE 2 shot-tower. Other vehicles were positioned between 3,570 and 6,400meters south of the tower. In addition, non-armored supportunits and infantry units waited with their helicopters at YuccaLake airstrip, near the AEC Control Point, about 13 kilometerssoutheast of the APPLE 2 site (4; 5; 33).

Early in the morning of 5 May, the ten Army volunteerobservers, nine officers and one civilian, awaited the detonationin their trench 2,380 meters south of the tower (12; 33; 44).Most of the remaining 783 DOD observers crouched in long trenches3,200 meters south of ground zero, east of the armored task force,or in trenches on Mine Mountain, 4,480 meters southwest of theAPPLE 2 ground zero. Many of the FCDA Operation CUE observers,including news media personnel, manufacturer's representatives,Civil Defense volunteers, and officials, waited in the FCDAobserver area at News Nob, near the AEC Control Point and YuccaLake airstrip. A special FCDA volunteer group waited in a trench3,200 meters south of the APPLE 2 shot-tower with the Desert Rockobservers (31; 33; 44). Instruments and equipment of the manymilitary effects and diagnostic projects had been placed aroundground zero. In the air, aircraft participating in operationaltraining pro.jects and support activities positioned themselvesfor the detonation.

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically andnumbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. Thenumber given in the citation in the text is the number of thesource document in the Reference List.

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At the time of the detonation, 0510 hours on 5 May, the skywas clear with an unlimited ceiling. Winds were calm at thesurface, 14 knots from the southeast at 10,000 feet*, 32 knotsfrom the south at 20,000 feet, 22 knots from the south-southwestat 30,000 feet, 29 knots from the southwest at 40,000 feet, and36 knots from the southwest at 50,000 feet. The nuclear cloudrose to an altitude of about 51,000 feet and proceeded north fromthe point of detonation. Onsite fallout occurred northwest ofground zero. The area near ground zero was obscured by dustcaused by the detonation. The dust persisted for about fourhours, by which time the armored task force assault had beencompleted, the test area had been surveyed for radioactivecontamination, recovery operations had begun, and many militaryobservers had returned to Camp Desert Rock (25; 29; 33).

1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS,SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES ATSHOT APPLE 2

The Joint Test Organization (JTO) was established for plan-ning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear weaponstests during Operation TEAPOT. All activities of the JTO wereunder the control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager, assisted bythe Test Director. Composed of personnel from AEC, DOD, andFCDA, the JTO included representatives from the AFSWP FieldCommand Military Effects Group, the LASL Test Group, the UCRLTest Group, and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group (CETG). Thesetest groups conducted about 75 military effects and scientificpro.jects at Shot APPLE 2. About one-third of these pro,jectsincluded DOD participants. Six other projects were conducted bythe Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps as part of the DOD oper-ational training program. In addition to those personnel

*Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, while heights aremeasured from the ground. All vertical distances are given infeet. Yucca Flat is about 4,000 feet above mean sea level.

14

conducting experiments and training, other DOD staff and supportpersonnel provided necessary services to other participants atthe test site. For example, Air Force Special Weapons Center(AFSWC) personnel flew special missions for the Test Manager, andsoldiers from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit monitoredradiation intensity areas.

Personnel from DOD agencies and all four armed servicesparticipated in the experiments conducted by the four testgrows, whose activities were coordinated by the Test Director.The largest DOD scientific involvement was in the 12 projects ofthe Military Effects Group. DOD personnel also assisted in 12 ofthe projects conducted by the other test groups, but participa-tion was limited. Participants in the experiments placed data-collection instruments around ground zero in the days and weekspreceding the scheduled event. One hour and 40 minutes after thedetonation, when the Test Manager had determined that theradiological environment in the test area would permit limitedaccess, some participants returned to the area to recoverinstruments and equipment.

The six operational training projects, which involved Navy,Marine Corps, and Air Force personnel, were designed to testservice tactics and equipment and to train military personnel inthe effects of a nuclear detonation.

One important support function during Shot APPLE 2 was pro-vided by the Air Force Special Weapons Center, based at KirtlandAir Force Base (AFB), Albuquerque, New Mexico. This organizationprovided air support to the Test Manager and to three test groupprojects. During Operation TEAPOT, AFSWC was composed of unitsof the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), including the 4926th TestSquadron (Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron. Theseunits operated from Indian Springs AFB, 38 kilometers southeastof the NTS. Additional support was provided by the 4900th Air

15

Base Group from Kirtland AFB. For APPLE 2, AFSWC performedseveral missions, including cloud sampling, cloud tracking, aradio relay, terrain surveys, and courier and transportationservices (25; 59; 61).

Radiation protection procedures were established by the JTOto minimize exposure to ionizing radiation. Participants couldreceive no more than 3.9 roentgens of whole-body gamma radiationfor any 13-week period and 15 roentgens of whole-body gammaradiation annually. In implementing these criteria, the 1stRadiological Safety Support Unit rigidly controlled access tocontaminated areas, and all project personnel recovering testinstruments from areas of high radiation intensity were accom-

panied by radiological safety monitors. The monitors, whocontinuouslv checked the radiation intensity in the recoveryarea, alerted project leaders if intensities were too great orthe length of time in the area was too long. Project personnelwere issued film badges to wear at all times when in the testarea, to monitor cumulative exposures. These film badges wereperiodically collected, developed, and evaluated. Any individualwhose accumulated exposure exceeded or would be expected toexceed the established limits was barred from further partici-pation in project activities in the forward area. The 1st Radio-logical Safety Support Unit also implemented personnel decontami-nation procedures and developed emergency evacuation plans forall test events (16).

With one exception, the radiation protection procedures forthe AFSWC aircrew and ground crew personnel were the same as

those established for the other JTO participants. The TestManager authorized cloud-sampler pilots to receive up to a totalof 15 roentgens of gamma radiation throughout the TEAPOT Series.Complete decontamination, including showers and changes ofclothing, was required of all aircrew-members following eachproject mission, regardless of the exposure received on the

16

flight. Aircraft were either decontaminated by washing or wereisolated until radiation intensities had decayed to predeterminedlevels (1; 11; 16; 25).

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT APPLE 2

More than the 1,919 DOD personnel documented in the DesertRock Final Report are likely to have been involved in Shot APPLE 2.Nine projects were fielded by Exercise Desert Rock VI during theshot. These projects included five troop orientation andindoctrination projects, three troop tests, and one technicalservice project. Camp Desert Rock support troops participated intwo unnumbered projects: the Camp Desert Rock observer program,and damage effects evaluation.

The largest Desert Rock activity included about 1,000 sol-diers of Task Force RAZOR who participated in a test of anarmored task force. Another group of individuals took part introop orientation and indoctrination pro,jects: 742 in thenumbered projects and 57 Camp Desert Rock support personnel (33;35-37; 49).

In addition to those already mentioned, Camp Desert Rocksupport troops from various Army units maintained and operatedCamp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications,engineer, administrative, and security services. The activitiesof Desert Rock and JTO support personnel, as they took placethroughout the entire TEAPOT Series, are described in the TEAPOTSeries volume.

During Operation TEAPOT, Camp Desert Rock exercise partic-ipants and support personnel were limited to six roentgens ofwhole-body gamma radiation during any six-month period. The

17

radiation protection procedures of Exercise Desert Rock used toenforce these criteria included provisions for (12; 16; 17; 34):

0 Maintaining minimum safe distances from nucleardetonations

l Enforcing protective procedures for personnel observingthe detonation

l Controlling access to areas of high radiation intensity

0 Monitoring individuals working in areas of high radiationintensity

0 Issuing film badges for Desert Rock personnel andmonitoring the cumulative exposure

0 Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leaving thetest area after the detonation.

Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock, aswell as those of the JTO, are detailed in the TEAPOT Seriesvolume. They were designed to minimize potential exposure toionizing radiation while allowing participants to accomplishtheir project objectives.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE APPLE 2 VOLUME

The remainder of this volume presents a detailed account ofDOD activities and the resulting potential for participantexposure to radiation during the APPLE 2 event.

Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VI militaryactivities and chapter 3 describes JTO training activities,scientific experiments, and support missions in which DODpersonnel took part. One Desert Rock VI maneuver, the Army testof an armored task force, conducted at APPLE 2 by Task ForceRAZOR, involved a thousand soldiers in'a single activity. JTOprojects, on the other hand, may have included only a few DODpeople among a staff of civilian scientists working for theAEC or the FCDA. Chapters 2 and 3 provide information about the

18

number of DOD participants involved in specific projects fieldedat Shot APPLE 2, the time spent by project personnel in the testarea, and their positions relative to ground zero (and subsequentradioactive areas) before, during, and after the test. Chapter 4of this volume describes the radiological environment and safetyprocedures pertinent to Shot APPLE 2, including isointensitycontour maps that illustrate the radioactivity around ground zerofollowing the detonation, and available shot-specific exposuredata for individuals. Details of the overall radiationprotection program at Operation TEAPOT are provided in the Seriesvolume.

CHAPTER 2

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT APPLE 2

This chapter describes those Desert Rock activities that mayhave exposed participants to ionizing radiation before, during,and after the detonation. Although the Desert Rock Final Reportindicates that 1,919 individuals took part, it is likely thatmore than 2,000 individuals performed the nine Desert Rockprojects at APPLE 2 (33). Approximately half of these partic-ipated in a single activity, the Army demonstration test of anarmored task force, Task Force RAZOR. The other Desert Rockprograms at APPLE 2 included troop orientation and indoctrina-tion, troop tests, and technical service projects. Table 2-1displays the Desert Rock programs, the subordinate projects, andthe estimated number of DOD personnel who took part in each. Inaddition to the projects listed, Camp Desert Rock personnelassessed the damage to items in the equipment display area.

2.1 TROOP ORIENTATION AND INDOCTRINATION PROJECTS AT SHOTAPPLE 2

Troop orientation and indoctrination was an observer programdesigned to familiarize armed services personnel with the effectsof a nuclear detonation. The observer program at Shot APPLE 2involved several phases, including a preshot orientation, obser-vation of the detonation itself, and postshot inspection of theequipment display area. The military observers in the fivenumbered projects shown in table 2-1 were drawn from variousunits of the armed services. The sixth group of observers, notattached to any project, was comprised of soldiers from CampDesert Rock who witnessed a nuclear test as part of their supportduties at the Camp. Among the observer troops at Shot APPLE 2were the Army volunteer officer observers of Pro;ject 40.22.

20

Table 2-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT APPLE 2

Program Type

Troop Onentatron andlndoctnnatron

Project

41 3

4622

Title

Army Observers

Army Volunteer OfficerO b s e r v e r s

Participants

Army

Various Army Servrce Schools

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

666

10*

Troop Tests

41 4 Navy Observers

4611 Marine Observers

41 7 Arr Force Observers

- Camp Desert Rock Observers

46.18 L o c a t i o n o f Atomrc Burs ts

36

1 1

25

5 7

48

4 1 . 1

41 2

I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t a lC o m m u n r c a t r o n s T e s t

Armored Task ForceExercise

Navy

Manne C o r p s

A i r F o r c e

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops

Battery C 1-j 532nd Field Artillery( O b s e r v a t i o n ) B a t t a l r o n

Provwonal Company, 8th InfantryDrvrsron

Task Force RAZOR ’

200

1066

Technrcal Service 40.17 Effects on Steel Transporters Army Transportatron Research ando r C o n t a i n e r s Development Command

1 0

*Includes one civiliant Units compnsrng Task Force RAZOR:

723rd Tank Battalion f-jCompany C, 510th Armored Infantry BattalionBattery A, 22nd Armored Field Artillery Battalron1 s t P l a t o o n , C o m p a n y C , 2 4 t h A r m o r e d E n g i n e e r B a t t a l i o n1 s t P l a t o o n , C o m p a n y B , 5 1 0 t h A r m o r e d I n f a n t r y B a t t a l i o n

Prcvrsronal Aviatron Company, 1st Combat Aviation Company f-j, 1st Armored Drvisron

(-) Indicates that some subordinate units were not present.

21

The group is discussed with the other four pro,jects in thefollowing paragraphs (31; 33; 36; 49; 50; 62).

Each group of observer participants performed as a unit andremained together before, during, and after the detonation. AtAPPLE 2, all observers inspected the military equipment displayarea on 25 April 1955, ten davs before the actual detonation. On5 Mav 1955, the dav APPLE 2 was detonated, the observers leftCamp Desert Rock shortlv after 0100 hours and arrived at theirassigned positions by 0300 hours, two hours before shot-time.Figure 2-l shows the three areas of Department of Defense (DOD)observer trenches In relation to ground zero and other landmarksat Shot APPLE 2.

The Armv volunteer officer observers of Project 40.22occupied a six-foot-deep trench 2,380 meters south of groundzero. This contingent consisted of nine officers and onecivilian from various Army service schools. These volunteers hadcalculated the minimum safe distance for the upper limit of theanticipated yield of the APPLE 2 nuclear device. By consensus,and with the approval of the Test Director, they had determinedthe distance at which they would position themselves (31; 33; 34;SO). Most of the 783 other Exercise Desert Rock observers wereassembled in long trenches 820 meters farther south. Two femaleArmv observers were among the troops in this command trench,located 3,200 meters from the APPLE 2 ground zero.

A third group of observers included VIPs, members of thenews media, and some NATO foreign militarv observers. Thesepeople were positioned in a trench on Mine Mountain, about 4,480meters southwest of ground zero. A fourth group, dignitaries andpress representatives, assembled on News Nob, near the AtomicEnergv Commission (AEC) Control Point, about 13 kilometers southof the shot-tower. Volunteer observers for Federal Civil DefenseAdministration (FCDA) Operation CUE were located in a trench

22

VIP ObserverTrenches (4,480 m.)

0 5

K i lometers

APPLE 2Gi! IUTM 798009)

Desert Rock .

APPLE 2Display Area

I I_ Volunteer ObserverTrench (2,380 m 1

L-l Observer Trenches= (3.200 m.)

‘\

Area

ContraPotnt

BJ

I

Figure 2-l: LOCATION OF DOD OBSERVERS AT SHOT APPLE 2, (PROJECTS 40.11,40.22, 41.3, 41.4, 41.7)

J

-

3,200 meters southeast of ground zero. These last two observergroups included no Desert Rock participants and few DODpersonnel, and are not discussed at length in this chapter (31;33; 44; 50).

Before the detonation, the observers were in position forpreshot checks and orientation. They remained in their positionsthrough the countdown and the detonation. After the detonation,the ten Army volunteer officer observers remained in their trenchfor about five minutes, and then walked back to the commandtrench 3,200 meters from ground zero. Although the documentationis unclear, these men probably arrived at the command trenchabout 15 minutes after the detonation, as radiological safetymonitors were completing their initial survey of the displayarea.

By 20 minutes after the shot, the Desert Rock observersmay have begun their inspection of the military equipment displayarea, the triangular area stretching from ground zero to thetrenches 3,200 meters to the south. Documentation is unclear asto whether the ten Army volunteer officer observers joined theother Exercise Desert Rock observers in the inspection of themilitary equipment display area. Due to the medical and pressinterest in their postshot condition, the volunteer officerobservers may have returned directly to Camp Desert Rock aftertheir arrival at the command trench.

Since radiation intensities at the 450-meter line registeredup to 10 roentgens per hour (R/h), the observers who did tour thedisplay area were allowed no closer than 900 meters from groundzero to view equipment. During this time, the observers probablywatched the armored assault, conducted by Task Force RAZOR, whichwas underway to the west (31; 33).

24

It is estimated that within an hour after the shot, the maingroup of Desert Rock observers completed their tour of the equip-ment displav area and assembled at the bus loading area for thereturn trip to Camp Desert Rock. The bus loading area waslocated near the volunteer officer observer trench, 2,380 metersfrom ground zero. By 0640 hours, 930 minutes after the detona-tion, the Desert Rock observers had mustered, brushed themselvesoff, boarded the buses, and departed for Camp Desert Rock.

Documentation is not specific as to whether the variousobservers at the Mine Mollntain trenches, 4,480 meters from groundzero, were brought up to inspect the military equipment displxvarea after the shot. According to the Desert Rock VI OperationOrder for Shot APPLE 2, these VIP observers, militarv personnel,and members of the news media walked a short distance to avantage point on Mine Mountain after the detonation. There, thevobserved the Task Force RAZOR assault underway to the north andeast. Thev sat on bleachers while a military commentator,provided with a public address svstem, terrain chart, and taperecorder, described the entire maneuver. The VIP and pressobservers staved at this vantage point until the task forcemaneuver was completed, about one hour after the detonation. Atthat time, buses arrived at Mine Mountain to load and return themto Camp Desert Rock (31; 33-35; 44; 50).

2.2 TROOP TESTS AT SHOT APPLE 2

Troop tests were designed to provide data about tactics anddoctrine, as well as to train command and staff personnel in allphases of planning and conducting combat operations under theanticipated conditions of a nuclear battlefield. Three Armvservice schools sponsored troop tests as part of the Desert Rockexercises, as listed in table 2-1 (31; 33; 50).

25

Pro,ject 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts, was performed byBatterv C (-), 532nd Field Artillery (Observation) Battalion, andwas designed to determine the suitability of conventionalmilitary equipment, procedures, and techniques developed hv TheArmv Artillerv School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, to locate nuclearbursts (33; 35; 44; 50).

The pro,ject required that participants establish and occupyten observation stations located in various areas around groundZPr-0. Their ob;iective was to monitor equipment to establish athree-dimensional location of the detonation. Ten stations,manned bv a total of 48 DOD pro.ject personnel were at thefollowing locations within the Nevada Test Site (NTS) (35; 44;50).

STATIONS UTM COORDINATES

Flash Control Point 822906Station #l 867868Station #2 843886Station #3 822906Station #4 805922Station #5 791938Station #6 740958Sound Control Point 1 858874Sound Control Point 2 822928Radar 800951

These stations were positioned to approximate the standarddeployment of an observation battery under tactical conditions.Thev were positioned at intervals of several kilometersstretching from Yucca Lake northwest toward Mine Mountain, ten to13 kilometers south of ground zero.

The ten stations were occupied bv Pro,ject 40.118 personnelfrom about 1630 hours on the day before the event until ,justafter the detonation. During the detonation, pro;ject personnelattempted to determine the blast location on a three-dimensionalgrid and to assess the yield of the burst. After the detonation,the pro,ject personnel returned to Camp Desert Rock (33; 3s; 44;,501.

26

Pro,ject 41.1, Infantrv Regimental Communications Test, wasconducted hv a Provisional Company of the 8th Infantry Divisionfrom Fort Carson, Colorado. This troop test, which was sponsoredby The Infantry School, Fort Renning, Georgia, was to determinethe capability of:

0 The communications systems within an infantryregiment to withstand a nuclear detonation

0 Table of Organization and Equipment (TOE) personnelto restore communications with an infantry regimentfollowing a nuclear burst (33; 50).

This pro-ject involved establishing a series of communica-tions stations at various locations in the shot area. Thesestations included one regimental and three battalion communica-tions command post networks, all arranged near ground zero inextended defensive positions. The regimental communicationssvstem was located between 1,300 and 1,700 meters south of groundzero. One battalion communications command post was located eastof ground zero, between 850 and 1,100 meters from the point ofdetonation. The second battalion command post was located about2,200 meters west of the APPLk: 2 ground zero. The third(reserve) battalion command post was about 2,700 meters south ofground zero. On the day before the shot, all regimental communi-cations systems were installed and tested bv project personnel(33; 35; 44; 50).

About 12 hours before the shot, project personnel moved byconvov from Camp Desert Rock into their preshot position in theDesert Rock observer trenches 3,200 meters south of ground zero.Four radiological safety monitors from the 50th Chemical ServicePlatoon were to accompanv participants. Before the shot, pro.iectpersonnel were in position with the Desert Rock observers andremained there through the countdown and detonation. About 30minlltes after the detona~tion, after Joint Test Organization (JTO)and Desert Rock radiological safety teams had surveyed the test

27

area, most pro.j?ct personnel were transported with their radio-logical safetv monitors to the four command posts. Some of thepersonnel who simulated casualties remained behind in thetrenches. According to the operation order, the participantswere deploved as follows:

l Two officers and three noncommissioned officers, repre-senting the regimental communications platoon, proceededbv truck to the regimental headquarters command post,south of ground zero

0 One officer and two noncommissioned officers wpnt bytruck to the first battalion command post to the west ofground zero

0 One officer and about four noncommissioned officers pro-ceeded to the second battalion command post to the eastof ground zero

0 One officer and two noncommissioned officers went bytruck to the reserve battalion command post located nearthe reglmental command post south of ground zero.

Personnel inspected communications equipment and attempted torepair and restore lines of communlcatlons. They thenreassembled and returned bv truck to Camp Desert Rock afterspending about 930 minutes in the test area (33; 35; 44; 50 ; 62).

Pro,ject 41.2, Armored Task Force Exercise, involved more DODpersonnel than anv other JTO or Desert Rock proeject conducted atShot APPLE 2. It was a military exercise designed to demonstratethe capabilitv of a reinforced tank battalion (Task Force RAZOR)to seize an oh,jcctive immcdiatelv after a nuclear detonation.The exercise, which consisted of a ground attack with helicoptersupport, was sponsored bv The Armv Armored School, Fort Knox,Kpntuckv. Approximatelv 1,000 soldiers participated in thissingle maneuver (4; 5; 33; 35; 50; 62).

Task Force RAZOK was composed of thp following armored unitsfrom Camp Irwin, California, and from -Fort Hood, Texas:

Camp Irwin, California:

0 723rd Tank Battalion (three tank companies)

28

Fort Hood, Texas:

0 Company C, 510th Armored Infantrv Battalion, 4thArmored Division

0 Battery A, 22nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion, 4thArmored Division

0 1st Platoon, Company C, 24th Armored EngineerBattalion, 4th Armored Division

0 1st Platoon, Company B, 510th Armored InfantrvBattalion (less vehicles) (4; 5; 62).

The number of personnel in each of these units has not beendetermined. In addition, members of the Provisional AviationCompany, 1st Combat Aviation Company (Provisional) (-), 1stArmored Division from Fort Hood, Texas, provided airlift andphotographic support.

A total of 238 vehicles were used in the overall exercise,as listed below (4; 5; 33).

VEHICLES NUMBER

M48 tanks 5 5

M41 tanks 2

M74 tank recovery vehicles 5

M75 armored personnel carrier 1

M59 armored personnel carriers 2 5

M7B2 self-propelled 105mm howitzers 4

D7 tractor dozer 1

Five-ton tractor with 25-tonlowboy trailer 1

Five-ton tractor with trailer 1

Five-ton dump trucks 2

2 l/2-ton tractor with ten-ton van 1

MC;2 wreckers 4

29

M34 2 l/2-ton trucks

3/4-ton trucks

M42 ambulances

Ml70 l/4-ton ambulances

M38Al l/4-ton trucks

M34 gasoline tanker trucks(1,200 gal. cap.)

Ml35 2 l/2-ton trucks

5

10

2

6

55

2

56

The armored task force exercise consisted of four parts:

a A tactical march across desert terrain to the NTS,from Camp Irwin, California

0 Participation in the APPLE 2 event and the armoredtask force maneuver

a An overland march back to Camp Irwin

0 A chemical warfare exercise at Camp Irwin.

Between 9 March and 13 March 1955, elements of the Army 4thArmored Division and the 1st Combat Aviation Company (Provi-sional) arrived at Camp Irwin, California, from Fort Hood, Texas,to take part in the exercise. Between 9 March and 17 April 1955,the nrwlv-formed task force conducted training in preparation forthe troop test. Thev rehearsed formations, movement to anassemblv area, movement to attack position, attack, and seizllreof the ob.lective.

On 18 April 1955, the task force left Camp Irwin for theNTS. The route of march passed over eroclpd desert flats and

mountain ranges LID to 5,000 feet in elevation. Most of the routefor the tracked vehicles was across open terrain. The250-kilometer march from Camp Irwin to the NT'S took four davs.

After arriving at the NTS on 21 April 1955, the task forceassembled at an area called Midvallev, at Mine Mountain Junction(location 1 on figure 2-2), approximately 11 kilometers south-southwest of the APPLE 2 ground zero and about eight kilometersfrom the task force preshot assault position (location 2 onfigure 2-2). In the assembly area, an administrative bivouac wasestablished and maintained throughout the troop test. From 22April to 4 May, the task force rehearsed for the troop test inthe forward areas of the NTS. Three times during this period,the task force moved to Yucca Flat the day before the plannedshot. However, in each instance, the shot was postponed becauseof poor weather, and the task force returned to the assembly areaat Midvallev the following morning.

On the day before the actual detonation, 4 May, the taskforce once again moved into preshot position in Area 1 of theNTS. The task force was positioned in a northbound tacticalformation from three to beyond five kilometers south of groundzero. Approximately 5S M48 tanks, each with a crew of four, ledthe wedge-shaped formation; the closest tank was about threekilometers from ground zero. Figure 2-3 shows an M48 tank andtroops of Companv C, 510th Armored Infantrv Battalion rehearsingfor the attack. The M59 armored personnel carriers, eachcontaining about 13 soldiers, were positioned 3,500 meters andmore from ground zero. Other elements, such as M41 tanks and M74tank recovery vehicles, were as far as 6,400 meters south ofground zero. The crews camped overnight at these preshotpositions (location 2 on figure 2-2).

On shot-day, radio communication was maintained until 30minutes before the detonation, when all radio sets and engineswere turned off. Then, field telephones were used for controland communication between elements of the task force. Bv tenminutes before the detonation, all tank turrets had heen rotatedto the rear, all sight apertures sealed with opaque tape, and

31

L

Tanks(2,835 m.)

Desert RockDisplay Area

0

Rim m - A r m o r e d

MtneMt

BJY

ControlPomt

u ttAAArmored ArtllletyPosItton (6,400 m

Midvalley

0 Tank AssemblyPosition

Legend

*Tanks

l Armored Personnel Carrter

A Armored Artillen/

0 51 I 1 1 I I

Kilometers

Figure 2-2: PROJECT 41.2, ARMORED TASK FORCE EXERCISEAT SHOT APPLE 2

a.11 hatches closed and secured. The battalion reconnaissanceplatoon was not included in the forward position during theattack phase, since wheeled vehicles of this platoon were notarmored. These units and vehicles remained at the assemblv areain Midvallev. within the NTS.

The 1st Combat Aviation Company (Provisional) (-) and theArmored Infantrv Platoon were standing ready at Yucca Lake air-strip, prepared to be airlifted to Task Force RAZOR ob.jectiveswhen ordered bv the Task Force Commander. Aircraft for observa-tion and aerial resupply were also on standby status at YuccaLake airstrip, 13 kilometers southeast of ground zero.

At the time of the detonation, all vehicles and personnel ofthe armored task force were standing by. The nuclear detonationcaused no significant damage to the task force. Most of theengine- and fan-access panels were dislodged from the M59 armoredpersonnel carriers. However, this displacement required onlystraightening and repositioning of the panels in the field. Uponclearance hv the Test Director, the engines of the armored taskforce were restarted and radio communications were reestablished.The driver and commander sight-prisms were relnstalled and themasking tape was removed from all sight apertures. About fiveminutes after the detonation, the Task Force Commander radioedthe order to attack. Within eight minutes, the entire task forcewas moving toward its objective. All tanks remained shut andsecure, and command and control was maintained bv radio communi-cations throughout the remainder of the maneuver.

Moving at about three to ten kilometers per hour, the taskforce began its advance north toward ground zero. Dust createdbv the detonation and hv the tanks themselves reduced forwardsvisibilitv to about 450 to 700 meters for the first ten to 15minutes of the maneuver, requiring some tanks and personnelcarriers in the rear of the formation to turn on driving lights

34

to maintain their positions in the moving formation. The tankcompany closest to ground zero, on the right of the task forceformation, wore field protective masks, but elements farther fromthe point of the detonation did not wear such gear. In the earlystages of the assault, the rate of advance was ten kilometers perhour, increasing to 16 kilometers per hour in later stages, asvisibilitv improved. The axis of the advance was initiallv tothe north, as shown in figure 2-2.

Approximatelv 20 radiological safety monitors from the 50thChemical Service Platoon stationed at Camp Desert Rock wereprovided to Task Force RAZOR to ensure continuous area andvehicle monitoring during the assault. Most of the monitors werepositioned in the tanks at the lead and on the right flank of theformation, with the rest dispersed throughout the formation.

The radiological safety personnel in the lead tanks on theextreme right flank of the formation, those closest to groundzero, notified the Task Force Commander when a reading of 1.0 R/hwas reached inside their vehicles. The original attack plancalled for the task force to advance directly through the blastarea. However, technical and radiological safety restrictionsprevented this. At 890 meters from ground zero, the radiationintensitv level inside the tanks closest to ground zero reachedthe 1.0 R/h limit. At that point, the Task Force Commanderordered the formation to execute a partial left turn and proceedwest, away from ground zero, as shown in location 3 of figure2-2. From this point, the axis of advance was along TippipahSpring Road to the ob.jective area, about 5,200 meters west-northwest of ground zero, shown in location 4 on figure 2-2. TwoM59 armored personnel carriers in the rear of the formationtemporarilv lost contact with the task force and moved to within820 meters of ground zero. However, control was quicklyrecovered, and they promptly rejoined the task force withoutdifficultv.

35

The company on the right of the formation was advancing atabout 16 kilometers per hour, 30 minutes after the assault began,when the task force reached the point where Tippipah Spring Roadpasses to the north of Syncline Ridge. There the advance slowedto form a column for passage through the defile north of SynclineRidge. The task force then proceeded to its objective, a dis-tance of about 6.4 kilometers from its preshot position, in about40 to 60 minutes. To bring realism to the maneuver, tank gunsand coaxial machine-guns fired blanks at every opportunity in thefinal stages of the assault. After the task force reached itsob,jective, the tactical maneuver ended.

The task force personnel and armored vehicles were promptlvbrushed off with brooms to remove dust and debris, even thoughradiological safetv surveys of both personnel and vehicles showedno contamination above background. The vehicles were then parkedin an assemblv area near the assault ob,jective, so that allpersonnel who desired could be transported bv truck back to the.militarv equipment displav area, shown at location 5 on figure2 - 2 , to view the damage produced by the nuclear detonation. It

is estimated that the tanks reached their assembly area about anhour after the detonation, that cleanup took one hour, and thatthe truck transport was loaded and ready to move to the equipmentdisplay area two hours after the detonation. After spendingabout one hour and 15 minutes in the display area, the Task ForceRAZOR troops were transported back to their vehicles, about fourhours after the detonation, where thev were again checked forcontamination. The troops then returned to the bivouac area atMidvalley near Mine Mountain Junction, location 1 on figure 2-2.The task force spent 6 May preparing for their return march toCamp Irwin. On 7 Mav, the task force departed from the NTS andarrived at Camp Irwin on 9 May (4; 5; 31; 33; 35; 44; 50).

The airlift support for Task Force RAZOR was provided bv the1st Combat Aviation Companv (Provisional) (-) from Fort Hood,

36

Texas. This unit also provided aerial observation support andairlifted an armored infantrv platoon to the assault ob,jective.Participation was designed to determine the capability of acombat aviation company to support a reinforced tank battalionduring the offensive use of a nuclear weapon. The company,composed of 19 officers and 28 enlisted men, used the followingaircraft and vehicles:

Seven H-19 helicoptersThree H-23B helicoptersThree L-19A aircraftThree L-20A aircraftFour l/4-ton trucks with trailersTwo 2 l/2-ton trucksOne 1 l/2-ton trailerOne 2 l/a-ton truck, with a 1,200-gallon fuel tank.

From 28 March to 17 April 1955, the companv trained with theTask Force RAZOR units in preparation for the Exercise DesertRock VI troop test. This training included three field exercisesand familiarization flights over the 250-kilometer route fromCamp Irwin to the NTS. During this time, the company alsoperformed numerous administrative flights for Headquarters, CampIrwin.

Between 18 April and 21 April 1955, the 1st Combat AviationCompany (Provisional) participated in the armored task forceoverland march from Camp Irwin, although high winds on 18 Aprillimited the use of fixed-wing aircraft. The aviation companvaccomplished various missions during the overland march:

0 Airlifting a dismounted armored infantrv platoonover critical terrain with H-19 helicopters

0 Providing column control and radio relay with L-19aircraft and H-23 helicopters

0 Airlifting engineer spanners to points where theroute of march crossed hard-surfaced roads.

37

The aviation company was based at the Camp Desert Rock air-strip from 21 April to 4 May. During this time, it participatedin several troop test rehearsals and provided administrativeflights in support of Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. On 4 Mav,the day before the APPLE 2 detonation, the company moved to theYucca Lake airstrip, about 13 kilometers southeast of the shot-tower. On shot-day, 5 May, all aircraft remained on the grounduntil after the detonation. As a safety measure, all aircraftdoors and windows were opened before the detonation. There wasno damage to aircraft from the shock wave, except that somewindows In the cargo compartments of the H-19s were dislodged.These windows were easily pushed back into position.

Three minutes after the detonation, one L-19 took off toprovide observation and radio relav for the armored task forcetest, which was underwav about 3,000 meters south of ground zero.As previouslv rehearsed, two H-23 helicopters left the Yucca Lakeairstrip to evacuate simulated casualties from the maneuver. AnH-19 was also used to mark the task force ob,jectives as a controlmeasure.

Nine minutes after the detonation, six H-19 helicopters eachairlifted six combat-equipped troops of the armored infantryplatoon to an ob,jective on the left flank of the Task Force RAZORcolumn, shown as Objective B in figure 2-4. The H-19s each tookabout five to ten minutes to reach the objective. Two radio-logical safety monitors accompanied the armored infantry platoonto survey all areas in which the troops maneuvered.

Reduced visibility caused by dust from the blast and fromthe armored formation's advance across the desert caused theaircraft some difficulty. While the tanks were moving towardtheir objective, five H-19s, two L-2%, and one L-19 airliftedsupplies from the Yucca Lake airstrip to the task forceob,jective. Flving time for the L-20 aircraft from the Yucca Lake

38

Armored InfantryP l a t o o n Alrltft

A r m o r e dTask ForceOblective “A”

L e g e n d .X = 1 st Combat Awatlon Company (Prowstonal) (-) Aircraft

0 5I I I t I I

Kilometers

C o n t r o lP o i n t 4

3 J Y

Yucca LakeAwstrip

Figure 2-4: OPERATIONS OF THE 1ST COMBAT AVIATION COMPANY (PROVISIONAL)(- 1 IN PROJECT 41.2, ARMORED TASK FORCE EXERCISE

- .

airstrip to ob.jective A, shown in figure 2-4, was seven minutes.The aircraft dropped its supplies and immediately returned to theYucca Lake airstrip.

On the afternoon of 5 May, the 1st Combat Aviation Company(Provisional) was released from task force control and preparedto return to Fort Hood, Texas. However, three L-19s remained tosupport the armored task force on its return march to Camp Irwin,California (4; 5; 33; 35; 44; 50).

2.3 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHOT APPLE 2

Technical Service Projects were used to test the effects ofnuclear weapons on ordnance equipment, materials, fortifications,structures, and equipment. At Shot APPLE 2, Pro,ject 40.17,Effects on Steel Transporters or Containers, was sponsored bv theArms Transportation Research and Development Command, FortEustis, Virginia. This pro;iect was to determine the amount ofprotection afforded goods bv several tvpes of cargo containers.Although the pro;iect was originally intended to be performed onlvat Shot MET, it was repeated at Shot APPLE 2 (33; 50).

Containers and crates of various construction werepositioned in three locations about 500, 670, and 880 meters fromground zero. They were moved bv crane and truck from the METshot area to the APPLE 2 shot area in the days between the twodetonations. According to the Test Director's schedule ofplanned events, at 2315 hours on the day before the shot, oneofficer and one enlisted man from Camp Desert Rock were to enterthe test area in a vehicle to set up and check instruments.These two men were to spend up to about two hours in the testarea. Pro,iect personnel reentered the area in the days followingthe detonation, when radiation intensities had decayed, to assessand photograph the damage to the containers and evaluate resultsof the test (33; 44; 50).

40

CHAPTER 3

JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT APPLE 2

During Shot APPLE 2, Department of Defense (DOD) personnelparticipated in a variety of military effects pro,jects and diag-nostic experiments, operational training pro.jects, and Air ForceSpecial Weapons Center (AFSWC) support missions. These activ-ities required Department of Defense personnel to enter theforward area before, during, and after the shot. The TestManager declared the area safe for recover-v operations at 0650hours, about one hour and 40 minutes after the detonation. Themilitary personnel of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project(AFSWP) Field Command Military Effects Group conducted 12projects during the APPLE 2 event. DOD personnel were alsoinvolved in five projects conducted by the Los Alamos ScientificLaboratorv (LASL) Test Group and one pro,ject fielded bv theUniversitv of California Radiation Laboratorv (UCRL) Test Group.DOD personnel participated in seven of the 40 pro,jects conductedby the Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil Effects TestGroup (CETG) and were active in the six DOD operational trainingpro.jects fielded during APPLE 2. In addition, AFSWC providedsupport to the four test group projects and to the AEC TestManager (6; 12).

Detailed descriptions of pro-ject ob.jectives and generalpro,ject activities are contained in the TEAPOT Series volume.The information contained in this chapter addresses onlv thosepro,ject operations specific to Shot APPLE 2.

3.1 FIELD COMMAND MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOTAPPLE 2

The Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field Command performed12 pro;jects at Shot APPLE 2. Table 3-1 lists the AFSWP pro.jects,

41

Table 3-1: FIELD COMMAND MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS,SHOT APPLE 2

EstimatedDOD

Project Title Participants Personnel

1 14b Measurements of Arrblast Phenomena wrth Self- Ballrstrc Research Laboratones 6r e c o r d i n g G a u g e s

2 6 Radratron Energy Absorbed by Human PhantomsIn a Frssron Fallout Field

Naval Medical Research lnstrtute 2

28a Contact Radratron Hazard Assoccated with Air Force Specral Weapons Center 1 0Contamrnated Aircraft

2 8 b Manned Penetratron of Atomtc Clouds AIM Force Special Weapons Center 4

31 Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the Bal l i s t i c Research Labora tones 6

P r e c u r s o r Z o n e

51 Destructrve Loads on Arrcraft rn Flrght Wright Air Development Center, AirP r o v r n g G r o u n d

36

5 2 Effects on Fighter Type Arrcraft n-r Flight

6 3 Mrssrle D e t o n a t r o n L o c a t o r

6 4 Test of IBDA Equipment

6 5 Test of Arrborne Naval Radars for IBDA

Wright Air Development Center

Army Signal Corps Engtneer Laboratories

Wright Air Development Center

B u r e a u o f Aeronautrcs

1

*

1 4

*

8 . 1 Measurement of Dtrect and Ground-reflected Thermal Bureau of Aeronautics *

R a d i a t r o n a t A l t i t u d e

9 4 Atomic Cloud Growth Study Arr Force Cambndge Research Center, StrategicArr Command; U S Weather Bureau, EG and G

*

*Unknown

42

the sponsoring agency, and the approximate numbers of personnelinvolved in each project. Because, in most cases, the sameindividuals performed both pre- and postshot activities,estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD personnel who wouldhave been involved in a pro.ject.

Pro;iect l.l4b, Measurement of Air-blast Phenomena with Self-recording Gauges, was conducted at Shot APPLE 2 according to theWeapons Test report for that project; however, the OperationalSummary Report for TEAPOT does not list this pro,ject for APPLE 2.If this project did take place, preparations would have includedpreshot surveying, constructing instrumentation mounts, andinstalling and checking gauges. An estimated six personnel spenttwo weeks preparing for this experiment.

Postshot recoverv of data from the farthest station was tobe accomplished on shot-day bv two project participants in aboutfour hours. Recovery of the data from the stations closest toground zero was to be accomplished in two days by three indivi-duals, when the area was declared open for reentry (21; 43; 44; 67).

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms ina Fission Fallout Field, involved measuring radiation intensitiesof the fallout bv placing a masonite mannequin instrumented withradiation detectors within the fallout field after the deton-ation. At 0840 hours on 5 May, two personnel accompanied bv aradiological safety monitor, entered the test area in one vehicleand placed one mannequin 2,410 meters from ground zero at the 2R/h line north-northwest of ground zero. The party probablyspent about five to ten minutes in the fallout field. Pro.jectpersonnel reentered the shot area at about 1400 hours to place asecond mannequin 2,230 meters from ground zero in a similarradiation field north-northwest of ground zero. The recoveryparty probablv returned to recover the mannequins within two daysafter detonation, when radiation intensities had decayedsubstantiallv (39; 43; 44; 47).

43

Pro.ject 2.8, Contact Radiation Hazard Associated withContaminated Aircraft, was performed bv air and ground crews ofAFSWC. The pro.ject had two parts: Pro,ject 2.8a, Contact Radia-tion Hazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, and Pro,ject2.8b, Manned Penetration of Atomic Clouds. On the ground,Project 2.8a personnel determined the radiation exposurepotential for ground crews working on contaminated aircraft flownduring Pro.ject 2.8b.

The Research Directorate of the AFSWC Biophysics Divisionplanned and performed Pro.ject 2.8b. Before the APPLE 2detonation, two T-33 aircraft, each with a pilot and a radio-logical safety monitor serving as a technical observer, took offfrom Indian Springs AFB, Nevada. The two aircraft penetrated thenuclear cloud at 17 minutes and 57 minutes after the detonation.Both penetrated the cloud at an altitude of 38,000 feet. Thefirst T-33 spent a total of 52 seconds within the visible cloud,while the second spent 33 seconds in the cloud. On exiting thecloud, both aircraft immediately returned to Indian Springs AFB.In light of the special nature of the pro,ject, the pilots andtechnical observers in Pro,ject 2.8b were authorized by the AECTest Manager to receive a maximum cumulative exposure of 15roentgens of gamma radiation for the duration of the entireTEAPOT Series (12; 19; 30; 43; 44; 49; 60; 66).

When the aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFB followingtheir flights through the nuclear cloud, Pro,ject 2.8a groundpersonnel made successive radiological surveys at varyingdistances from the aircraft skin using AN/PDR-TlB, <JUNO, andAN/PDR-27C survey meters. Following these dose-rate measure-ments, pro,ject personnel performed radioactive decay studies onvarious parts of the aircraft. They also studied the contact-radiation exposure potentials for personnel performing thesesurveys. As manv as ten AFSWC ground crew personnel participatedin surveving these aircraft. The entire survey took about twohours for each A.ircraft ( 12; 19; 30; 43; 44; 59; 60; 66).

44

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in thePrecursor Zone, was designed to investigate the effects ofnuclear shock waves on military vehicles. The objectives of theproject were to determine the damage sustained from variations ina nuclear weapon's yield, to determine the damage caused by theshock wave only, and to increase knowledge about damage toequipment and established damage measurement criteria. As inProject 1.14b, the Weapons Test reports and the TEAPOT SeriesOperational Summary report disagree as to whether this projectwas conducted during Shot APPLE 2. According to the Weapons Testreports, this project had been previously conducted at Shot TURK,where some of the wheeled vehicles suffered severe damage at mostlocations. However, to obtain more information on the differencebetween light and severe damage, some of the vehicles wereexposed at APPLE 2. The five quarter-ton trucks that were stillin good condition after the TURK detonation were placed between610 and 910 meters from ground zero. A Marine Corps truck andtwo Desert Rock 3/4-ton trucks used for field operationsthroughout the previous 12 TEAPOT events were also placed in theProject 3.1 display area.

Three M48 tanks used in Project 3.1, which had received onlylight damage in previous shots, were placed in a region wherehigher dynamic pressure was expected. A T97 self-propelled gun,although overturned violently on a previous test, was stillstructurally sound and was placed at the same ground range as thethree M48 tanks.

According to plan, before the APPLE 2 scheduled detonation,four individuals probably took several days to place andinstrument the vehicles. After the shot, when the area wasdeclared safe for recovery operations, four individuals,including a crane operator, were to take one dav to clear thearea. In addition, two photographers probablv spent a dayphotographing the damage (8; 12; 43; 44).

45

Pro,ject 5.1, Destructive Loads on Aircraft in Flight, wasplanned as support for Projects 5.2 and 8.1. Although no docu-mentation is available to verify that the pro;iect was conductedas planned, it was to be coordinated with Projects 5.2 and 8.1,which did occur as planned. If Project 5.1 took place at APPLE2, only the ground radar units were active. According to theTest Director's schedule of events, 36 men were to take part inthis pro.ject. At 0030 hours on shot-day, four and one half hoursbefore the APPLE 2 detonation, seven personnel in three vehicleswere scheduled to leave Camp Mercurv for the MS&l Radar Site #4,located 23 kilometers southwest of ground zero. These sevenproject personnel would have arrived on location several hoursbefore the scheduled detonation and remained until 0850 hours.Their mission was to track Project 5.2 aircraft on radar. Inaddition, nine other project participants were scheduled to leaveCamp Mercury in three vehicles at 0045 hours on shot-day for theMS&l Radar Site #l, 18 kilometers southeast of ground zero.These participants were also to remain at their station until0850 hours to track Project 8.1 aircraft. Twelve more indi-viduals were to leave Camp Mercury in three vehicles for MSQ-1Radar Site #2, located about 19 kilometers southeast of groundzero, and remain there until 0850 hours to track Project 8.1aircraft. Finally, eight men were to leave Camp Mercury at 0045hours on shot-day to occupy MS&l Radar Site #3, 21 kilometerssoutheast of ground zero, to track Pro.ject 5.2 aircraft. Allproject participants remained at their stations until 0850 hoursand then returned to Camp Mercury (21; 43; 44; 5.3).

Project 5.2, Effects on Fighter Tvpe Aircraft in Flight, wasdesigned to determine the structural response of the F-84Faircraft when exposed during flight to the effects of a nucleardetonation. For the operational flight, two aircraft, with allexternal pods removed, were to flv patterns at differentaltitudes and were to be oriented in level-flight position toreceive the impact of the blast wave tail-on.

46

The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB 35 minutes beforeshot-time. They entered the flight pattern about 23 minutesbefore the detonation and made two complete flvarounds toposition the aircraft accuratelv at the moment of detonation.Eight minutes before the detonation, one of the aircraft abortedbecause of UHF radio receiver failure and returned to IndianSprings AFB. The other aircraft entered the final flight legthree minutes before the scheduled detonation and proceeded on

course until after detonation and the final blast wave hadpassed. At shot-time, the aircraft was at a slant range of about6,100 meters from the burst and at an altitude of 16,890 feet.The aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB about five minutesafter the shot (12; 25; 43; 44; 54).

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was designed totest the feasibility of a tactical range detonation-locator sys-tem. The system was designed to locate ground zero by detectionand analysis of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by theburst. This pro.ject was not fielded at the Nevada Test Site.

The detonation locator ccnsisted of broad-band receivers setup in California on baselines approximately 115 and 320 kilome-ters from the NTS. Radio links between the stations provided thetime comparisons necessarv to determine relative times of arrivalof the electromagnetic pulse at each station. Crvstal clockswere used for accurate time-of-arrival analysis (12; 43; 48).

Pro*ject 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gatherengineering evaluation data for a complete Indirect Bomb DamageAssessment (IBDA) system installed in a B-5OD aircraft. Thesecondary ob.jective was to determine the maximum operating rangeof the yield-measuring component of the system. The Wright AirDevelopment Center was responsible for this project.

47

The B-50D which staged out of Kirtland AFB usually carried acrew of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were beingconducted, two personnel (one engineer and one technician) wentalong to monitor and ensure the operation of the IBDA system.The R-50D, which was positioned by radar navigation, simulated anaircraft delivering a nuclear bomb. At shot-time, the B-50D waslocated about eleven kilometers from ground zero. In addition,two F-94s, with two crewmen each, staged out of Indian SpringsAFB. The F-94s were positioned bv radio navigational aids ataltitudes of 30,000 to 35,000 feet and at distances of 180 to 210kilometers west-southwest of ground zero. At least one crewmember of each aircraft wore a film badge (20; 21; 25; 43; 44).

Pro*ject ci.S, Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, wasintended to test the suitability of unmodified operational Navyradars for IBDA and to provide fleet personnel with experience inthe analvsis of IBDA data. At APPLE 2, two AJ-2s were to fly asimulated attack. However, one AJ-2 aircraft aborted its missionbecause of mechanical difficulties, and the other missed thetarget sufficientlv to obtain no results. An R4D aircraft was inposition at shot-time, however, at an altitude of 12,000 feet ona 300-degree magnetic heading and at a horizontal range of about11 kilometers from ground zero. The R4D was able to obtainsuitable data. Standard radarscope photography was used torecord data from shot-time until about ten seconds after thedetonation (12; 25; 43; 65).

Project 8.1, Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflectedThermal Radiation at Altitude, studied how thermal energyreflected from the earth's surface contributed to the totalthermal radiation received by aircraft in the vicinitv of anuclear detonation. Three Navv AD aircraft were instrumentedwith calorimeters and radiometers. One aircraft was at a slantrange of about four kilometers from the burst and at a height of

48

5,265 feet above the ground. A second was at a slant range ofabout six kilometers and at a height of 11,265 feet above theground. The third aircraft was used as standby. The aircraft,with thermal hoods over the cockpits, were flown at approximately175 knots counter-clockwise around ground zero. Approximatelytwo seconds after the detonation, the pilots executed standard-rate breakaway turns to receive the subsequent blast wave in atail-on position. Twenty seconds after the detonation, the pilotof each aircraft turned off his recording equipment (25; 43; 45).

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was performed atAPPLE 2 by the aircrews from Pro,ject 40.5, an operationaltraining project. The Strategic Air Command crews flew two KB-47aircraft. At the time of detonation, one aircraft was at analtitude of 42,000 feet, three kilometers northwest of groundzero, and the other was at an altitude of 43,000 feet, 22.5kilometers northwest of ground zero. After completing theirmission, the RB-47s returned to their staging base. The AirForce Cambridge Research Center, in conjunction with the U.S.Weather Bureau, positioned a theodolite at the north fence of theControl Point to measure the rate of rise and cloud height (25;32; 43; 44).

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFICLABORATORY TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT APPLE 2

l

The LASL Test Group performed 20 projects at Shot APPLE 2.Of these 20 pro.jects, only six are known to have included DODpersonnel. Table 3-2 lists DOD participation in LASL and UCRLprojects, as documented. All five of these projects wereconducted at the NTS (12).

49

Table 3-2: LASL AND UCRL PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNELINVOLVEMENT, SHOT APPLE 2

EstimatedPro jec t Title Sponsor Personnel Participants

11.21 Radrochemrstry Sampling/ LASL/ 1 6 4926th Test Squadron,21.2 Sample Coilectrng U C R L AFSWC

1 8 1 Hrgh Temperature LASL 8 Naval ResearchMeasurements Labora tory

18 2 Hrgh Altrtude LASL * Naval ResearchMeasurements Labora tory

18 3 Time Interval LASL 8 Naval ResearchMeasurements Labora tory

18 4 Spectroscopy LASL 5 Naval ResearchLabora tory

* Projects 18 1 and 18 2 were probably performed by the same personnel

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, which was performedin conjunction with UCRL Project 21.2, was performed by samplingpilots from AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and is dls-cussed under AFSWC participation.

Projects 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, and 18.4 were performed for LASLby the Naval Research Laboratory of Washington, D.C. Little isknown about the activities associated with these four projects

(12). For Projects 18.1 and 18.2, High Temperature Measurementsand High Altitude Measurements, eight participants were scheduledto complete instrumentation work at Station l-480, about 900meters east of ground zero, bv 0030 hours on 5 May. Five of theparticipants were then to leave the test area for the ControlPoint at Yucca Pass. The remaining three were to complete last-

minute instrument settings in Station l-480 and leave the area by*0230 hours in two vehicles with the APPLE 2 arming party. At0650 hours, when recovery operations were permitted by the TestManager, four men were to enter the test area to recover filmfrom Station l-480. These personnel would have spent about 30

50

minutes in the area. One radiological safety monitor wasfurnished by the project to accompany this party (44).

For Project 18.3, Time Interval Measurements, camerastations were located 14 kilometers from ground zero. Before theshot, an estimated eight participants arrived to load film incameras. After the detonation, when radiation intensitiespermitted, they returned to recover film for processing (43; 44).

For Project 18.4, Spectroscopy, five men set up instrumentsat Station 3-300, 6.5 kilometers east of ground zero. They leftthe test area for the Control Point in two vehicles around 0100hours on the morning of the detonation. At recovery time, threeparticipants in one vehicle, accompanied by a Radiological SafetyGroup divisional monitor, recovered film from the station. Theproject participants were to spend no more than 30 minutes inthis area (44).

3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OFCALIFORNIA RADIATION LABORATORY TEST GROUP PROJECT ATSHOT APPLE 2

The UCRL Test Group performed onlv one project at Shot APPLE2, Pro.ject 21.2, Sample Collecting. As indicated in table 3-2,this project was performed by the same sampler pilots from AFSWC4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) who performed the LASL Test GroupPro,ject 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. DOD personnel involvementwas limited to these AFSWC personnel. Consequently, this pro;jectis discussed under AFSWC participation.

3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT APPLE 2

The most widely publicized of the civilian activitiesfielded during the APPLE 2 test was Operation CUE, conducted by

51

the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA). The FCDA con-ducted 40 separate projects for Operation CUE, and seven projects

involved DOD personnel, as listed in table 3-3. All pro,jectswere designed to evaluate the effects of a nuclear detonation ona civilian community and to test the capabilities of local CivilDefense organizations to respond to such an emergency with promptrescue and recoverv operations. The FCDA constructed tenbuildings representing a tvpical American community, completewith houses, utilitv stations, automobiles, furniture, appli-ances, food, and mannequins dressed as familv members. Thehouses were built of different materials and in different styles,and were heavilv instrumented to measure the blast, thermal, andradiation effects of the detonation on the structures, fur-nishings, food, and mannequins positioned in various locationsthroughout the communitv. This community extended from 320meters to approximatelv 3,000 meters southeast of the shot-tower(18; 40; 41; 42; 44).

Civil Defense personnel were drawn from around the countryto practice emergency rescue, first aid, and recovery operationsafter the detonation. Fresh food and supplies were flown in fromcities as far awav as San Francisco and Chicago to demonstrateCivil Defense emergency support capabilities. Many news mediarepresentatives, official observers, and construction and productmanufacturing representatives were invited to witness the CivilDefense demonstration and the Task Force RAZOR assault takingplace nearbv and report their experiences to the American public.In all, about 2,000 people came to the NTS to observe and partic-ipate in Operation CUE. This shot was the second nationallv-televised nuclear test with an extensive civil effects program;the first was Shot ANNIE of the 1953 UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series (10;12; 18).

52

Table 3-3: CETG PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNEL INVOLVEMENT,SHOT APPLE 2

Pro jec t

31 5

31 6

331

34.la

34 lb

34.3

381

Title Sponsor

T h e r m a l I g n i t i o n a n d F e d e r a l C i v i l D e f e n s e

Response of Materials Admrnistratron

Methods for Determinrng F e d e r a l C i v i l D e f e n s eYields Locatron of Adminrstration; Army

N u c l e a r E x p l o s i o n s Chemical Center

Brologrcal Effects ofP r e s s u r e P h e n o m e n aOccurring Inside

Protectrve SheltersFollowrng a NuclearDetonatron

Effects of an AtomicE x p l o s i o n o n G r o u p a n dFamrly-type Shelters

Evaluatron of Indoor

Home Shelters Exposedto Nuclear Effects

Structural Behavror ofGroup Shelters Under

V a r i o u s B l a s t L o a d s

F e d e r a l C i v i l D e f e n s eAdministration

CIVII Defense Monitoring Federal Civil Defense

Techniques Admmistratron

Drvrsron of Biology andMedicine; LovelaceFoundation for MedicalEducat ion and Research

F e d e r a l C i v i l D e f e n s eAdministration

Federal Civil Defense

A d m i n r s t r a t i o n

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

1

*

*

it

1 5

DODParticipants Capacity

Naval Material Laboratory;Army QuartermasterR e s e a r c h a n d

Development Center,Army Chemical Center

C o n s u l t a n t s

Army Chemical Center,

Ballrstrc ResearchLabora tor ies ;Quartermaster Researchand Development

Center, LovelaceBiomed ica l ResearchLabora tory

C o n s u l t a n t s

Air Force *

Army Chemical Center C o n s u l t a n t s

Army Chemical Center C o n s u l t a n t s

Army Chemrcal Center C o n s u l t a n t s

1st Radiological SafetyS u p p o r t U n i t

*

)c Unknown

DOD involvement in these CETG projects can be divided intotwo types: involvement in a consultant capacity and directinvolvement in the field. The DOD was asked either to supplyequipment to the CETG or to assist in the evaluation of data. Inthis capacity, DOD personnel were not required to work in theforward area of the NTS. The second tvpe of DOD participation,however, did require DOD personnel to perform field work withCETG personnel in the forward area. Only two of the seven CETGprojects were in the latter categorv.

Project 31.5, Thermal Ignition and Response of Materials,was performed bv the CETG at Shot APPLE 2 onlv. For thispro;iect, the Naval Material Laboratorv provided data evaluation,while the Army Quartermaster Research and Development Command andthe Armv Chemical Center acted as technical consultants to CETGpro.iect personnel. DOD personnel were not involved in fieldoperations at the NTS (10; 18; 46).

Pro;ject 31.6, Methods of Determining Yield Location ofNuclear Explosions, was sponsored by the Federal Civil DefenseAdministration and conducted bv the Army Chemical Center. Inthis pro,ject, the Army Quartermaster Research and DevelopmentCenter prepared specially coated, heat-sensitive paper and glassspheres for use bv project personnel. Ballistic ResearchLaboratories advised Project 31.6 personnel on shot phenomena andthe use of large shock tubes. Documentation does not describeDOD participation in field operations for this pro.ject (10; 18).

Project 33.1, Biological Effects of Pressure PhenomenaOccurring inside Protective Shelters Following a NuclearDetonation, was sponsored bv the AEC Division of Biologv andMedicine in con,junction with Lovelace Biomedical ResearchLaboratorv. Its main ob;iective was to t*est the effects of anuclear detonation on various species of animals which had beensealed in six instrumented containers in above- and below-ground

54

shelters. The only recorded DOD participant in this pro;iect wasan Air Force officer, who assisted in this pro,ject and mav nothave been required to enter the test area (10; 18).

Project 34.la, Effects of an Atomic Explosion on Group andFamily-type Shelters, and Pro.ject 34.lb, Evaluation of IndoorHome Shelters Exposed to Nuclear Effects, were both part of theCETG Project 34.1. In both phases of Pro,ject 34.1, and in Pro-.ject 34.3, Structural Behavior of Group Shelters under VariousBlast Loads, the Army Chemical Center was asked by the CETG toevaluate the effectiveness of protected ventilation for buriedshelters. DOD personnel were not required to take part in fieldoperations during their assistance in this project (10; 18; 63; 64).

Project 38.1, Civil Defense Monitoring Techniques, wasintended to develop techniques of radiation monitoring that wouldapply during Civil Defense emergencies. DOD involvement in thispro,ject at APPLE 2 included support from the 1st RadiologicalSafety Support Unit, which provided monitors for JTO activities,and from AFSWC helicopter crews (10; 18; 25; 44; 56;).

For this pro,ject, AFSWC was assisted bv the Nevada Civil AirPatrol in conducting helicopter surveys at APPLE 2 to determinethe readings above certain selected geographic points at variouselevations. These surveys were conducted bv the Civil Air Patrolin an H-13 helicopter, and by AFSWC in three H-19 helicopters.Ground surveys were also conducted by vehicle and on foot.

At 0650 hours, when the Test Manager announced that recoveryoperations could begin, three individuals from Pro,ject 38.1 werescheduled to make aerial surveys over the fallout area, accordingto the Operation Order. At the same time, two persons in a <jeepand a pickup truck and two others in a l/a-ton pickup truck wereto conduct ground surveys in predetermined areas. Before Pro.ject38.1 personnel entered, these areas had already been surveyed by

55

AFSWP radiological safety personnel. Following this initialsurvey, pro.ject personnel were to repeat their radiologicalsurveys of the areas at four and eight hours later, and at 0800,1200, and 1600 hours on the two days following the detonation.Three AFSWP radiological safetv monitors accompanied this projectparty while they performed their surveys.

At 1250 hours on shot-day, after recovery operations hadbegun, two FCDA participants in an H-19 helicopter conductedaerial surveys over the fallout area. The time required for thisactivity is estimated as one hour. Meanwhile, three FCDAparticipants in a truck proceeded as close to the APPLE 2 groundzero as radiation levels would permit, to recover radioactivesamples. This recovery partv spent approximately five minutes inthe area (10; 18; 25; 44; 56).

3.5 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT SHOTAPPLE 2

At Shot APPLE 2, eight operational training projects werescheduled for the Air Force, Navv, and Marine Corps. The primaryaims of these operational training projects were to test servicetactics and equipment and to train military personnel in theeffects of nuclear detonations. Of the DOD operational trainingpro,jects planned for the APPLE 2 event, only six took place asaddressed in this section and as listed in table 3-4. The othertwo Projects, 40.1 and 40.2, were cancelled because of closedairfields (1; 3; 25; 50; 57).

Pro,ject 40.5, Reconnaissance Crew Indoctrination, requiredtwo Strategic Air Command RB-47 aircraft to fly by the NTS at thetime of the APPLE 2 detonation. One aircraft flew at an altitudeof 42,000 feet, three kilometers northwest of ground zero, andthe other flew at an altitude of 43,000 feet, 22.5 kilometers

56

Table 3-4: DOD OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS, SHOT APPLE 2

Estimated

Tvpe Tvpe No DODProject Title Sponsor Mission Aircraft Aircraft Staging Base Personnel

40 5 Reconnatssance Crew Strategrc Arr Command Arr RB-47 2 March AFB, 4l n d o c t n n a t r o n Californra

40 5a Accurate Locatron of Air F o r c e C a m b r i d g e G r o u n d n o n e n o n e * -ItE lec t romagnet rc Pu lse Research Center

4 0 6 C a l r b r a t r o n o f Arr F o r c e G r o u n d n o n e n o n e * 4Elect romagnet rc Ef fec ts

4 0 8 C a l r b r a t r o n o f B o m b Debris Arr F o r c e Air F - 8 4 1 Krrtland AFB, 1New Mexrco

4010 Del ivery Crew Navy Air AD 7 San Diego 7l n d o c t n n a t r o n FZH 6 Naval Arr Statron, 6

TV2 2 Marine Corps , 4

Auxrlrary ArrStation, Mojave,

Californra

40 13 T a c t i c a l l n d o c t n n a t r o n Marine C o r p s Arr R4D 1 Marine Corps , 20for a Marine Crew AD 3 Auxiliary Air 3

Statron, Mojave,C a l i f o r n i a

+Informatron unavarlable

northwest of the detonation. Project 40.5 crews also performedcloud photography for AFSWP Field Command Military Effects GroupPro,ject 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study. This participation isaddressed under AFSWP participation (3; 25; 50).

Pro,ject 40.5a, Accurate Location of Electromagnetic Pulse,was performed bv the Air Force Cambridge Research Center. Theelectromagnetic pulse produced by the APPLE 2 detonation wasmonitored bv Air Force personnel at stations in Santa Maria, PaloAlto, and Oceanside, California (3; 38; 50).

Pro,ject 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, wasperformed onsite by the Air Force personnel. Pro.ject 40.6personnel measured the characteristics of the electromagneticpulse created bv the detonation of APPLE 2. Part of the projectrequired personnel to occupy several stations located at variousdistances from ground zero during the detonation. At 0900 hourson the day before the shot, two men in a -jeep left Station 40.6Bon Yucca Lake, 19 kilometers south of the APPLE 2 ground zero.

57

From that station, they serviced eight sets of unmanned recordingequipment located ten to 20 kilometers from the APPLE 2shot-tower. These men were in the forward area about six hours.At 0315 hours on shot-day, about two hours before the detonation,four men in two trucks arrived to operate equipment at Station40.6B. Thev remained there until about two hours following thedetonation, when they recovered data and left for Camp Mercury toevaluate project results (3; 44; 50).

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was also performedby Air Force personnel. This project was designed to collect andanalyze airborne fission products and gases from the radioactivenuclear cloud. Collection of these samples was performed bvAFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) aircraft at the same timethat the pilots collected cloud samples for LASL Project 11.2 andUCRL Project 21.2. This activity is discussed under AFSWCoperations (25; 50).

Project 40.10, Deliverv Crew Indoctrination, was conductedbv Navy air crews staging out of San Diego Naval Air Station andMojave Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station. In all, a total ofseven AD aircraft, each with one pilot, six F2H aircraft, eachwith one pilot, and two TV2 aircraft, each with a crew of two,participated in a flyby maneuver during the detonation, abouteight kilometers northeast of ground zero. On completing theflyby, all aircraft returned to the staging bases (3; 7; 25; 28;44; 50).

Project 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a Marine Aircrew,was performed by one R4D aircraft and three AD aircraft stagingout of Mo;jave Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station. The four air-craft performed a flyby during the detonation and at distancesbetween 35 and 40 kilometers south and southwest of ground zero.These aircraft returned to their staging base on completion oftheir mission. No onsite activities occurred (7; 25; 28; 44; 50).

58

3.6 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT APPLE 2

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) performedseveral support missions during Shot APPLE 2. AFSWC supportconsisted of nuclear cloud-sampling, sample courier, and cloud-tracking missions, and aerial surveys of terrain for the TestManager. Table 3-5 lists DOD participation in AFSWC pro,jects,including the number and tvpe of aircraft used (25-28; 61).

Table 3-5: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT APPLE 2

EstimatedMission Type Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel

Cloud SampltngS a m p l e r C o n t r o l B-50 1 9Sampler F - 8 4 G 5 5Sampler B-57A 1 2

(Projects 11 2/21 2/40 8)

Sample Courier B-25 1 5

c-119 2 1 0

C l o u d Tracking B-50 2 24

B-25 1 5

Aerial Survey of H-19 3 1 5Terraln c-47 2 6

Radio Relay c-47 1 3

3.6.1 Cloud Sampling

Six aircraft collected particulate and gaseous samples ofthe nuclear cloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling,UCRL Project 21.2, Sample Collecting, and Air Force Project 40.8,Calibration of Bomb Debris. These six sampler aircraft wereflown bv pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and

59

included five F-84G aircraft and one B-57A aircraft. The B-57Aalso carried one observer. A B-50 sampler control aircraft,which contained an aircrew of nine, including a scientificadvisor from LASL, also participated (25-28).

Before the APPLE 2 shot, the five F-84G and one B-57Aaircraft were readied for the sampling mission. Sample col-lectors were installed in wind pods on the aircraft. The pilotson this sampling mission made a total of six penetrations intothe nuclear cloud.

The first cloud penetration took place at 0711 hours, twohours and one minute after the detonation. The pilot of thefirst F-84G aircraft penetrated the cloud at a directed altitudeof 28,000 to 29,000 feet. Flying at an average airspeed of about280 knots, the aircraft remained in the cloud for about fourminutes and ten seconds collecting particulate samples (7; 25).One half-hour later, at 0741 hours, the B-57A aircraft penetratedthe nuclear cloud at an altitude of 40,OGO feet and remained inthe cloud for a total of seven minutes.

A second F-84G sampling aircraft entered the cloud at 0743hours at an altitude of 32,000 to 32,500 feet. This F-84G air-craft remained in the cloud for three and one-half minutes.Three remaining F-84G aircraft penetrated the nuclear cloud at0740, 082S, and 0826 hours at altitudes of 32,000, 40,000, and40,600 feet, respectivelv. Each of these sampling aircraftremained in the cloud four to five minutes.

After the sampling missions had been completed, all aircraftreturned to Indian Springs AFB. The first F-84G landed atapproximately 0733, followed bv the remaining sampling aircraftat 0808, 0810, 0818, and 0902. The highest penetration intensitvdetected during this sampling mission was 35 R/h, and the highestpilot exposure was 1.29 roentgens (25; 28; 30; 57; 61).

60

After the sampling aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFB,they taxied to and parked in designated areas. Engines were shutdown, and the canopies remained closed and sealed until the sam-ples were removed from the aircraft. The pilots remained on fulloxygen while they waited. Personnel from the 4926th sample-removing team and radiological safety monitors took samples fromthe aircraft by removing the filter papers and gaseous samplesfrom each aircraft and placing them in shielded boxes. A totalof 12 filter paper samples were removed from each aircraft (1;25; 28; 30; 59; 61).

After the samples from each aircraft were removed andstored, the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened his canopy.The pilots of F-84G aircraft stepped onto a platform held by aforklift so they would not touch the outsides of the aircraft,and were placed in a pickup truck. The crew of the B-57A exitedthrough the belly hatch of the aircraft. The trucks took thepilots to the decontamination station. The trucks then returnedto the aircraft, where they were loaded with the stored, shieldedsamples, which they then transported to the sample courier air-craft. The sample courier aircraft took the particulate cloudsamples to laboratories for analysis (1; 25; 28; 59; 61).

3.6.2 Courier Service

Immediately after the cloud samples were removed from thesampler aircraft, three aircraft transported them to laboratoriesfor analvses. Two of these aircraft left for Kirtland AFB andthe third left for McClellan AFB.

These missions were conducted bv the 4900th Air Base Group*from Kirtland AFB, New Mexico. One B-25 departed from Indian

*On 5 May 1955, the 4901st Air Base Wing was redesignated the4900th Air Base Group.

61

Springs AFB at 1240 hours enroute to Kirtland AFB with samplesdestined for LASL. One C-119 left Indian Springs AFB at 1245hours enroute to Kirtland AFB. These samples were also destinedfor LASL. The second C-119 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB forMcClellan AFB. These samples were destined for UCHL and Project40.8 personnel at the University of California at Los Angeles.All courier aircraft departed as scheduled on 5 May 1955 andarrived at their destinations without incident (1; 7; 25; 28).

3.6.3 Cloud Tracking

Immediately after the detonation, three aircraft, two B-50sfrom Kirtland AFB and a B-25 from Indian Springs AFB, flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the NTS. Because of windpatterns, the nuclear cloud separated into three parts. One B-50orbited a portion of the cloud at 30,000 feet in a northeasterlydirection into Utah for four hours and 16 minutes. The secondB-50 orbited another portion of the cloud at 23,000 feet north-northeastward for four hours and 22 minutes, to a point south ofEly, Nevada. The R-25 orbited a third portion of the cloud at13,500 feet due north for three hours and 20 minutes to a pointsouth of Eureka, Nevada (1; 7; 25; 28).

The nuclear cloud was visible at all times and the trackingmission was routine. The MX-5 radiological survey meter, whichdetects radiation up to 0.02 R/h, was in one of the B-50 aircraftand operated offscale during most of the cloud-tracking mission.The purpose of this mission was to determine the direction of theradioactive cloud and to assist the Test Manager in keeping theairways clear of any private or commercial aircraft which mightencounter contaminated clouds. On completion of this mission,the three aircraft returned to their respective staging bases(1; 25; 28).

62

3.6.4 Aerial Surveys of Terrain

As directed by the Test Manager and Test Director, threeH-19 helicopters and two C-47 aircraft flew radiological safetyand aerial surveys following the detonation to record radiationintensities (1; 7; 25; 28).

The initial surveying was accomplished by a C-47 aircraft.Four hours after the detonation, the aircraft performed a low-altitude (300 to 500 feet absolute) survey of terrain. Thisaircraft measured radiation intensities as far north of the NTSas Eureka and Ely, Nevada (1; 25; 28).

3.6.5 Radio Relay

One C-47 provided radio relay support to CETG projects afterthe APPLE 2 detonation. This routine mission was conducted fivehours before the shot (1; 18; 25).

63

CHAPTER 4

RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES ATSHOT APPLE 2

To minimize radiation exposures to APPLE 2 participants,Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Joint Test Organization (JTO), andthe Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) each developed itsown criteria and procedures to ensure the radiological safety ofits members. These safety criteria and procedures, as well asthe organizations developed to implement the procedures, aredescribed in chapter 5 of the TEAPOT Series Volume.

In addition to ensuring that individual exposure to ionizingradiation was as low as possible, the various radiation protec-tion procedures were planned to allow participants to accomplishtheir pro;iect ob.jectives. Some of the procedures described inthe series volume involved the development of records whichenabled Exercise Desert Rock, JTO, and AFSWC to evaluate theeffectiveness of their radiation protection programs. Suchrecords included film badge data and isointensity maps.

The Radiological Safetv Report summarizes the activitiesthat took place at each shot during the TEAPOT Series. The FinalDosage Report contains a listing of film badge readings for allDOD personnel and civilians who received film badges issued bythe 1st Radiological Safetv Support Unit. Although this reportcontains individual names, units, and total exposures for theOperation, it does not list exposure dates. However, memorandaaddressing shot-specific overexposures have been found (16; 52).

Information on Desert Rock radiological safety is availablefrom three sources: the Test Manager's Report, the OperationsOrder for Shot APPLE 2, and the Desert Rock VI Flnal Report ofOperations. While the Operations Order lists planned activities,

64

the Test Manager's Report and the Desert Rock Final Reportcontain some details of the radiation protection activities asthey were actually performed.

4.1 DESERT ROCK RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES AT SHOT APPLE 2

This section presents specific differences between thestandard radiation protection procedures described in chapter 5of the TEAPOT Series volume and the activities that took place atShot APPLE 2. For all of the other Desert Rock pro.jectsdescribed in chapter 2, participants were required to follow thestandard procedures described in chapter 5 of the TEAPOT Seriesvolume.

4.1.1 Radiation Protection Activities for Project 41.2, ArmoredTask Force Exercise, Task Force RAZOR

For Exercise Desert Rock VI Project 41.2, Armored TaskForce Exercise, armored vehicles were positioned from 3,570 to6,400 meters from ground zero. Twenty radiation monitors fromthe Army 50th Chemical Service Platoon were provided to thisproject for continuous area and vehicle monitoring during theadvance of the task force and after the ob.jective was reached(4; 5; 35; 50).

The task force began to maneuver eight minutes after deto-nation. The lead tank, with a monitor inside, proceeded towardground zero until the radiation intensity inside the tank reached1.0 R/h, indicating a radiation intensity outside the vehicle of8.0 to 10.0 R/h. This reading was obtained about 890 meters fromground zero. At that time, the task force veered left toward theassault objective. Because of the anticipated left turn, monitorswere positioned mainly in the right flank vehicles, with remainingmonitors dispersed throughout the formation. One film badge hadbeen issued to each tank crew. A wide range of readings were

65

obtained, but the average exposure for personnel in this projectwas 0.5 roentgens (4; 5; 33; 50).

Specialized decontamination procedures were also in effectfor the armored task force maneuver. After the task force hadcompleted its assault, all personnel and vehicles were swept offwith brooms and surveyed for contamination. Monitors conductedthese surveys with AN/PDR-TlB instruments held five centimeters(two inches) from the surfaces being surveyed. If personalcontamination could not be lowered to less than 0.02 R/h bvbrushing off contaminated dust, individuals were taken to thedecontamination station. No Desert Rock personnel were requiredto be taken to the decontamination station during OperationTEAPOT (4; 5; 33; 35; 50).

4.1.2 Radiation Protection for Pro,ject 40.22, ArmyVolunteer Officer Observers

The Army Volunteer Officer Observer Program, Project 40.22,was to provide close observation of a nuclear detonation for tenindividuals. This program was conducted at APPLE 2 only. Thesevolunteers, nine officers and one civilian, were positioned about2,380 meters south of ground zero, more than 800 meters closer toground zero than other observers. However, the ten volunteerswere also more than 1,000 meters farther from ground zero thanthe closest authorized distance for the project. All ten of thevolunteer officer observers wore film badges, and the averagefilm badge reading for these individuals was 1.3 roentgens (31;33; 50; 55). The volunteer officer observers also receivedneutron exposures, which their film badges were not designed todetect. Dose reconstruction places the average neutron dose ofthe volunteer officer observers at 4.5 rem (31).

66

4.1.3 Radiation Protection for Other Desert Rock Observers

Film badge data are not available for any of the Desert Rockobservers and troop participants other than volunteer officerobservers described above. Dose reconstruction, however, placesthe average gamma dose of the other Desert Rock Service observersat 0.40 rem. In addition, these observers received an additionalneutron exposure, which the film badges they wore were notcapable of measuring. According to dose reconstruction data, theobservers received an average neutron dose of 0.06 rem (31).

4.2 JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATION PROTECTION ACTIVITIES ATSHOT APPLE 2

All JTO onsite radiation protection activities wereperformed by military personnel, members of the 1st RadiologicalSafety &port Unit. The activities that these DOD personnelperformed, and some of the records generated during those activi-ties, are presented below.

4.2.1 Dosimetry Records

During the period of 4 to 9 May 1955, which covers the 5 Maydetonation of APPLE 2, the Dosimetry and Records Section of theJTO issued 894 film badges and 580 pocket dosimeters (16).

Film badge readings indicated that for the TEAPOT Operationthrough 9 May, 42 persons had accumulated total exposures greaterthan two roentgens, but less than the JTO-authorized limit of 3.9roentgens. In addition, 12 persons exceeded the permissibleexposure limit for the entire operation by accumulating a totalexposure greater than 3.9 roentgens. Memoranda addressing theoverexposures of these people have been found for six of the 12individuals. These memoranda, from the onsite RadiologicalSafety Officer, prohibited the named individuals from enteringcontaminated areas for the remainder of Operation TEAPOT. Of the

67

six, two were Air Force helicopter pilots; one was from the Navyand was involved in Pro,ject 2.6; two were Air Force pilotsinvolved in Pro,ject 2.8; and one was a civilian (2; 13-16; 22;52; 60; 66).

On shot-day, the two helicopter pilots returned film badgeswhich read 5.96 and 6.36 roentgens. These readings, plus thosefrom prior film badges, made their cumulative exposures 6.2 and6.5 roentgens, respectivelv. After their film badges had beenturned in, Dosimetry and Records personnel determined that bothpilots had been wearing the second film badges for over a weekand had apparentlv been in contaminated areas during that time.Dosimetry and Records personnel estimated that the pilots'exposure on shot-day, 5 Mav, was about 3.5 roentgens. Theexposures they had accumulated prior to Shot APPLE 2 were,therefore, about three roentgens (2; 14-15; 47; 52).

Two personnel from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unithad total exposures of 4.2 roentgens after participating atAPPLE 2 (13).

A Navv officer involved in the Naval Medical Research Insti-tute Project 2.6, Radiation Hazard from a Fallout Field, receiveda shot-day exposure of 0.9 roentgens, making his cumulative expo-sure 4.41 roentgens (2; 14; 15; 47; 52).

Four Air Force officers involved in Pro,ject 2.8b, MannedPenetrations of Atomic Clouds, were authorized to receive up to15.0 roentgens of gamma radiation bv the Test Manager. Two ofthese officers received 16.9 and 16.6 roentgens of exposure onshot-day. Their cumulative exposures for Operation TEAPOT were21.8 and 21.7 roentgens, respectively. These officers wereordered not to enter contaminated areas for the one remainingshot of the series, ZUCCHINI. The other two officers receivedgamma exposures of 2.2 and 1.9 roentgens at APPLE 2. Only the

68

four Air Force officers involved in Project 2.8 were granted thisspecial radiation exposure limit, and research has determinedthat only two individuals participated in Project 2.8 at ShotZUCCHINI. It is assumed that these two individuals were theremaining two who had not exceeded the 15.0 roentgen limit (14;17; 52; 60).

Two Air Force personnel, one from the 3080th Depot Group andone from the 3081st Depot Group, had total exposures of 4.1 and4.0 roentgens, respectively. Another individual from the AirForce, a pilot from the 4926th Test Squadron, had a totalexposure of 4.2 roentgens after participating at APPLE 2 (13).

At Shot APPLE 2, the cloud-sampling mission involved fiveF-84G and one B-57A aircraft. Each F-84G held one crew member,while the B-57A held two crew members. The gamma exposures forthe five F-84G pilots ranged from 0.4 roentgens to 0.8 roentgensfor the mission. The gamma exposure for the two B-57A crewmembers were 1.0 and 1.5 roentgens for the mission (25).

4.2.2 Logistical Data for Radiological Safetv Equipment

For Shot APPLE 2, the General Supply Section issued 1,821pieces of protective clothing and 265 respirators. In addition,the Instrument Repair Section issued 383 radiation survey meters

(16).

4.2.3 Monitoring Activities

The initial survey party, consisting of 12 people in sixvehicles, together with the area and main checkpoint teams andthe north road patrol, departed from the radiological safetybuilding at the Control Point at 0512 hours. They proceeded tothe security gate at the *junction of the Yucca Lake access roadand Mercury Highway. At 0550 hours, 40 minutes after detonation,

69

the radiological safety officer permitted the teams to begintheir survey, which they completed an hour later, at 0650 hours

(16). A copy of the initial isointensity map is shown in figure4-l.

The survey was routine. The party found no contaminationnorth or south of Mercury Highway. By 0600 hours, they hadestablished three area checkpoints and one main checkpoint. From0830 hours to 1030 hours, the sign detail had posted radiationwarning and intensitv signs along the main access road to Area 1.Bv 1030 hours, all access roads had been posted.

In addition to the initial survey, the shot area was resur-veyed on 6 May and again on 9 May. Figures 4-2 and 4-3 presentcopies of the isointensity maps generated from these resurveys.According to film badge readings, the average exposures for theinitial survey teams and first resurvey teams were 1.03 and 0.73roentgens, respectively.

Three H-19 helicopters, each with a crew of five, begantheir survey at 0520 hours on shot-day. No results from thissurvey are available, since the probe, which was on a 150-meter-long cable suspended from the helicopter, was accidentally cutduring the survey when the helicopter flew too low over powerlines across Mercury Highway (16).

In addition to its survey work, the Monitoring Section fur-nished monitors to the various programs, projects, and groups onshot-day and during the four days after shot-day. In addition,REECo was provided two monitors for its activities duringAPPLE 2.

70

\.. \ \. . ‘\ ‘1. \

. \ ‘.

0 loo0I ' IMETERS

B J Y

Figure 4-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT APPLE 2,5 MAY 1955,055O TO 0550 HOURS

-

0 1000L ' 4METERS

N

//

BJY

Stake LanesRoads

. . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . 001 R/h----e--e---0 1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

10.0 R/h

Figure 4-2: RESURVEY FOR SHOT APPLE 2,6 MAY 19550632 TO 0731 HOURS

0 loo01 1 IMETERS

l

N

Stake LinesStake LinesRoadsRoads

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h0.01 R/h-e-e------*-e-e------*0.1 R/h0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h1.0 R/h

1 0 . 0 R/h1 0 . 0 R/h

Figure 4-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT APPLE 2, 9 MAY 1955, 1030 TO 1120 HOURS

7.3

4.2.4 Recovery and Re-entry Procedures

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared SO parties forentry into the shot area on 5 May. On 6 through 9 May, the fol-lowing numbers of parties entered the shot area (16):

Date Number of Parties

6 May 487 May 148 May 69 May 25

4.2.5 Decontamination Activities

During the period covering Shot APPLE 2, 5 May through 9 May1955, personnel of the Decontamination Section decontaminated 59vehicles, cleared 23 items for shipment, and placed 107 pieces ofequipment in the hot park, an isolated area set aside forcontaminated equipment and vehicles (16).

74

SHOT APPLE 2 REFERENCE I,IST

The following list of references representsonly those documents cited in the APPLE 2v o l u m e . When a DASA-WT or DNA-WT document isfollowed by an EX, the latest version has beencited. A complete list of documents reviewedduring the preparation of the TEAPOT Seriesvolumes is contained in the Operation TEAPOTvolume Bibliography.

75

AVAILARILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end ofthe reference citation for those readers who wish to read orobtain copies of source documents. Availability statements werecorrect at the time the bibliography was prepared. It isanticipated that manv of the documents marked unavailable maybecome available during the declassification review process. TheCoordination and Information Center (CIC) and the NationalTechnical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided futureDNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number.

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CICmav be reviewed at the following address:

Department of EnergvCoordination and Information Center(Operated bv Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.)ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutlev2753 S. HighlandP.O. Rox 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 5938-3194

Source documents bearing an availabilitv statement of NTISmav be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the pricecode and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parenthesesbefore the NTIS order number.

National Technical Information Service5285 Port Roval Road Phone: (703) 487-4650Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained bywriting to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling(703) 487-4660.

76

APPLE 2 REFERENCE LIST

1.

2 .

3.

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9. DELETED

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Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Field Command WET.[Reports File. Subject: Operational TrainingStatus Report; Monthly Status Reports.]Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 00/00/54.50 Pages.**

The Armored School, Combat Developments Group. "ArmoredTask Force Desert Rock VI: Detailed Plan of Test."Fort Knox, KY.: The Armored School. 03/00/55.119 Pages. (A06) AD/A080 237.*

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Bridgman, L., Ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft,1955-1956. New York.: McGraw-Hill. 00/00/55.

Bryant, E.; Ethridge, N.; Johnson, M. Response of DragType Equipment Targets in the Precursor Zone, Project3.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.WT-1123. 10/28/59. 132 Pages. (A07) AD 339948. *

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****Requests sub*ject to Privacy Act restrictions.

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Clark, J. C. Report of the Test Director, OperationTEAPOT. Los Alamos, NM.: LASL. LA-1966.10/00/55. 254 Pages.***

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Addenda to Final DosageReport.1 Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.05/24/55. 21 Pages.****

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Correspondence to RespectiveMilitary Unit Commanders, Subject: Reports onRadiation Exposure of Personnel Participating inTEAPOT. Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.OO/OO/55. 85 Pages.****

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Cumulative Dosage Reports forDoses over 2R. 1 Mercurv, NV.: Atomic EnergvCommission. 02/00/55--05/00/55. 56 Pages.****

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Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Transmittal Letters to FieldManager, AEC, Sub,ject: Records of RadiationExposure. Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.05/00/55. 3 Pages.**

Corsbie, R. L. Project Summaries of Civil Effects Tests,Operation TEAPOT. Mercury, NV.: AEC. 02/17/55.54 Pages.***

Crumley, P.; Dick, J.; Kaericher, K. "Contact RadiationHazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, Pro.ject2.8a.l' Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.WT-1122. 10/00/57. 34 pages. (A03) AD 617 153.*

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Defense Atomic Support Agency. Technical Summary ofMilitary Effects, Programs, l-9. Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, DASA. WT-1153. 02/23/60.235 Pages.***

Defense Nuclear Agency. Personnel Exposed to Radiationfrom Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (File C). ComputerMagnetic Tape: Operation TEAPOT. Washington, D.C.:Defense Nuclear Agency. 11/00/81.HDNA 609-03.****

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Fackler, P. H. [Telephone Conversation with Col. PaulFackler, USAF (Ret.)] 08/21/80. 2 Pages.***

Fackler, P. H. [Taped Interview with Col. Paul H.Fackler, USAF (Ret.), Former Air Operations Officer,4925th Test Group, Subject: CONUS Tests.] McLean,VA. 04/22/81.***

General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of LocalFallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962.Vol. I: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington,D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-l-EX.00/00/79. 619 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309.t

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Grossman, B.; Machta, L.; Quenneville, L. R. Atomic CloudGrowth Study, Pro.iect 9.4. Albuquerque, NM.: FieldCommand, AFSWP. WT-1152. 10/00/55.136 Pages. (A07) AD 426 840.*

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Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, SixthA r m v , Subject: Safety Plan for APPLE II w/Annex A.Las Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 345.51. 04/21/55.4 Pages.**

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Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post ShotReport--APPLE II. Nevada Test Site, NV.FCNTS 55-1081-o. 05/06/55. 3 Pages.**

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Kviljord, A. "Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflectedThermal Radiation at Altitude, Project 8.1."Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1143.05/00/57. 51 Pages. (A04) AD 339 915.*

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Miller, M.; Lisman, H.; Jacoby, D.; et al. MissileDetonation Locator, Pro;ject 6.3. Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1140. 08/00/57.114 Pages. (AOB) AD 341 OGiO.*

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***Not available, see Availability Information page.****Requests sub;lect to Privacy Act restrictions.

81

49. Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. Directives forExercise Desert Rock VI. Fort Monroe, VA.: OCAFF.ATTNG-43 354171. 12/08/54. 13 Pages.**

50. Parsons, H., Col., USAF. Operation TEAPOT, OperationalSummarv. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.WT-1158-EX. 10/01/79. 93 Pages.(A05) AD/B951 749.*/**

51. Parsons, H., Col., USAF. Operational Training Pro,jects

52. Purcel

Manned Stations for TEAPOT. Albuquerque, NM.:AFSWP. 01/04/55. 2 Pages.**

1, I?., CPT., USA. "Operation TEAPOT Final DosageReport: for Non Department of Defense Personnel andDepartment of Defense Personnel." [Field Command,AFSWP.l OO/OO/55. 114 Pages.****

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Purkev, G.; Lounsbery, W., Capt., USAF. Destructive Loadson Aircraft in Flight, Pro.ject 5.1. Albuquerque,NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1132. 01/00/58.92 Pages. (A05) AD 357 980.*

Purkev, G.; Mitchell, R., Lt., USAF. Structural Responseof F-84 Aircraft in Flight, Project 5.2.Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1133.07/00/58. 97 Pages. (AO5) AD 362 ill.*

Reeves, J. Report of the Test Manager; Joint TestOrganization, Operation TEAPOT. Santa Fe, NM.:Atomic Energy Commission. 00/00/55. 150 Pages.(Extracted Version in printing.)*/**

Rehm, F.; Cinnamon, C.; Goeke, R. "Civil DefenseMonitoring Techniques, Project 38.1." Battle Creek,MI.: FCDA. WT-1164. 08/00/56. 32 Pages.(AO3) AD 611 320.*

Stickle, G.; Brake, N. "TAC Participation in TEAPOT."Langlev AFR, VA.: USAF, TAC. GA Memo No. 88.12/17/54. 50 Pages.**

DELETED

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Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic CloudSampling, Volume 1: "Narrative," Volume 2:"Appendix." Kirtland, AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 01/00/63.330 Pages. K242.04-8.***

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Thompson, W. H. Jr., 1st Lt., USAF. "History of OperationTEAPOT; Support Phase." Indian Springs AFB, NV.:4935th Air Base Squadron. SWCSS8113/4. 00/00/56.87 Pages.**

U.S. Army, Commands. [Compilation of TDY Desert Rock VIOrders to Individuals from Respective CommandHeadquarters.1 00/00/55. 78 Pages.**

Vortman, L. "Effects of an Atomic Explosion on Group andFamily Tvpe Shelters, Projects 34.1 and 34.3."Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1161. 12/00/55.192 Pages.

Vortman, L.; et al. Evaluation of Various Tvpes ofPersonnel Shelters Exposed to an Atomic Explosion.Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1218. 05/00/56.122 Pages. (AO6) AD/A073 524.*

Zirkind, R. "Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA,Project 6.S." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,AFSWP. WT-1142. 08/00/57. 15 Pages.(A02) AD 339 916.*

Banks, J. E. "Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds,Pro,ject 2.8b.l' Washington, D. C.: DNA.WT-1156-EX. 09/01/80. 19 Pages.(A02) AD/A995 055.*/**

Bryant, E. J.; Ethridge, N. H.; Keefer, J. H. Measure-ments of Air-Blast Phenomena with Self-RecordingGages, Report to the Test Director, Project 1.14b.Aberdeen, MD.: Ballistic Research Laboratories.WT-1155. 07/16/59. 216 Pages.(AlO) AD 617 170.*

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.**Available at CIC.

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83

84

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Armed Forces Staff CollegeATTN: Library

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public AffairsATTN: PA0

Defense Nuclear AgencyATTN PA0ATTN: GCATTN: BA

5 cy ATTN: NTPR25 cy ATTN: TITL

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Field ComnnandDefense Nuclear Agency

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

James Carson Breckinridge LibraryDepartment of the Navy

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Naval

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8 5

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued)- -

Strategic Air CommandDepartment of the Air Force

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86

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

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U.S. SenateCommittee on Armed Services

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Veterans Administration-R0Montgomery, AL

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Anchorage, AK

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Phoenix, AZ

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0Little Rock, AR

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Los Angeles, CA

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Francisco, CA

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Veterans Administration-R0Denver, CO

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0Hartford, CT

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OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

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Veterans Administration-R0Seattle, WA

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Veterans Administration-R0Indianapolis, IN

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Veterans Administration-R0St. Louis, MO

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Veterans Administration-R0Ft. Harrison, MT

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87

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-R0Lincoln, NE

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Veterans Admlnlstratlon-ROReno, NV

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Veterans Administration-R0Manchester, NH

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Veterans Administration-RONewark, NJ

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0Milwaukee, WI

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Veterans Administration-R0Albuquerque, NM

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Veterans Administration-R0Buffalo, NY

ATTN Director

Veterans Admlnlstratlon-RONew York, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Winston-Salem, NC

ATTN Oirector

Veterans Administration-R0Fargo, ND

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Cleveland, OH

ATTN Director

Veterans Admlnlstratlon-ROMuskogee, OK

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Portland, OR

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Pittsburgh, PA

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0Philadelphia, PA

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Veterans Administration-ROSan Francisco, CA

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Veterans Administration-R0San Juan, Puerto Rico

ATTN Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-ROColumbia, SC

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Veterans Administration-R0Houston, TX

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Veterans Administration-R0Waco, TX

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Veterans Administration-R0Salt Lake City, UT

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Veterans Admlnlstralton-ROWhite River Junction, VT

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Veterans Administration-R0Roanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Cheyenne, WY

ATTN Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Diego, CA

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0Boise, ID

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Veterans Administration-R0Detroit, MI

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Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., IreATTN CICATTN. W. Brady

88

OTHER

Adams State CollegeATTN: Librn

Akron Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Alabama State Dept of Archives & HistoryATTN: Military Records Div

University of AlabamaATTN: Reference Dept, Draller 3ATTN: Director of Llbrat-les (Reg)

University of Alaska Library at AnchorageATTN Dir of Libraries

University of AlaskaATTN. Librn

Albany Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Alexander City State Jr CollegeATTN Librn

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Allen County Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Altoona Area Public LibraryATTN. Librn

American Statistics IndexCongressional Info Service, Inc

ATTN Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public LibraryATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Arkansas Library CommATTN: Clbrary

Arkansas State UniversityATTN Library

College of WoosterATTN: Gov Dots

Angelo State University LibraryATTN. Librn

Angelo Iacoboni Public LibraryATT"'. Librn

Anoka County LibraryATTN: Librn

Appdlachian State UniversityATTN: Library Dots

Arizona State University LibraryATTN Librn

University of ArizonaATTN Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower

Arkansas College LibraryATTN: Library

Brooklyn CollegeATTN Dot Glv

University of ArkansasATTN: Gov Dots Div

Austin CollegeATTN. Librn

Atlanta Public LibraryATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta UniversityATTN. Librn

Auburn University Library ?t Mongomery (Reg)ATTN. Librn

C W. Post Ctr Long Island UniversityATTN Librn

Bangor Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Bates College LibraryATTN: Librn

Baylor University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College LibrariesATTN. Serials Dots Dept

BemidJi State CollegeATTN. Library

State University CollegeATTN: Gov Dots

Akron UniversityATTN. Gov Dots

Boston Public Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept

Bowdoln CollegeATTN: Libt-n

Bowling Green State UniversityATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services

Bradley UniversityATTN. Librn

Branders University LibraryATTN: Dots Section

Brigham Young UniversityATTN. Librn

Brigham Young UniversityATTN Dots Collection

Brookhaven National LaboratoryATTN. Tech Library

brookhaven CollegeATTN: Dots DlV

89

OTHER_-[Continued)

Broward County Library SysATTN Librn

Brown UniversityATTN Llbt-n

Bucknell UnTversityATTN: Reference Dept

Buffalo & Erie Co Public LibraryATTN Librn

State Unlverslty Library of Callfornla at FresnoATTN. Library

Unlverslty Library of Callfornla at Los AngelesATTN. Pub Affairs Serv U S. Dots

University of Callfornla at San DiegoATTN: Dots Dept

State College Library of California at StanlslausATTN: Library

California State Polytechnic University LibraryATTN Librn

California State University atATTN Gov Dot

California State Library (Reg)ATTN Librn

California State University atATTN Librn

California State UniversityATTN Librn

California State UniversityATTN Librn

California Unlversjty LibraryATTN. Gov Pub Dept

California Unlverslty LibraryATTN Librn

California Unlverslty LibraryATTN Gov Dots Dept

California Unlverslty LibraryATTN: Dots Set

University of CaliforniaATTN Gov Dots Dept

Calvin College LibraryATTN Librn

Kearney State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Cambria County Library SysATTN Librn

Carleton College LibraryATTN. Librn

Northridge

Long Beach Library

QTHE_R_(Continued1

Carnegie Library of PittsburghATTN Llbrn

Carnegie Mellon UniversityATTN Dir of Libraries

Carson Regional LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Unit

Case Western Reserve UnlversltyATlN: Librn

Casper CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Central FlorldaATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan UniversityATTN. Library Dots Set

Central Missout- State UnlvATTN Gov Dots

Central State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

Central Washington UnlversltyATTN Lib Dots Set

Central Wyoming College LibraryATTN Librn

Charleston County LibraryATTN Librn

Charlotte & tlechlenburg County Public LibraryATTN. E Correll

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial LibraryATTN. Librn

Chesapeake Public Library SystemATTN: Librn

Chicago Public LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

State University of ChicagoATTN Librn

Chicago University LibraryATTN Dir of LibrariesATTN Dots Processing

C>ncinnati University LibraryATTN Librn

Citadel, Daniel LibraryATTN Librn

Claremont Colleges LibrariesATTN: Dot Collection

Clemson UniversityATTN. Dir of Libraries

90

OTHER (Continued1

Cleveland Public LibraryATTN: Dots Collection

Cleveland State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Coe LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Colgate University LibraryATTN: Ref Lib

Colorado State University LibrariesATTN. Librn

University of Colorado LibrariesATTN Dir of Libraries

Columbia University LibraryATTN Dots Svc Ctr

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public LibraryATTN. Gen Ret Div

Compton LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Connecticut State Library (Reg)ATTN. Librn

University of ConnecticutATTN: Gov't of Connecticut

University of ConnecticutATTN. Dir of Libraries

Cornell University LibraryATTN Librn

Corpus Christi State University LibraryATTN Librn

Culver City LibraryATTN: Librn

Curry College LibraryATTN: Librn

University of Xorth Carolina at AshevilleATTN: Librn

Dallas County Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Dallas Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dalton Junior College LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Oartmouth CollegeATTN: Librn

Davenport Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

OTHER (Continued)

Dayton & Montgomery City Public LibraryATTN. Librn

University of DaytonATTN: Llbrn

Decatur Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dekalb Community College SO CPUSATTN: Librn

Delaware Pauw UniversityATTN. Librn

University of DelawareATTN. Librn

Delta College LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Delta State UniversityATTN Librn

Denison University LibraryATTN. Librn

Denver Public Library (Reg)ATTN. Dots Div

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)ATTN Librn

Detroit Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dxckinson College ClbraryATTN: Llbrn

Dickinson State CollegeATTN Llbrn

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11ATTN. Librn

Drake UniversityATTN: Cowles Library

Drew UniversityATTN: Librn

Duke UniversityATTN Pub Dots Dept

Duluth Pub1 ic LibraryATTN Dots Set

East Carolina UniversityATTN Lib Dots Dept

East Central UniversityATTN Llbrn

East Isllp Public LibraryATTN Librn

Davidson CollegeATTN. Llbrn

91

OTHER CContinued)

East Orange Public LibraryATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository

East Tennessee State Unlverslty Sherrad ClbraryATTN: Dots Dept

East Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

Monmouth County Library Eastern BranchATTN Librn

Eastern Illinois UnlversltyATTN: Librn

Eastern Kentucky UnlversltyATTN Ltbrn

Eastern Michigan Unlverslty LibraryATTN: Library

Eastern Montana College LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Eastern New Mexico UniversityATTN: Librn

Eastern Oregon College LibraryATTN Librn

Eastern Washlngton UniversityATTN Llbrn

El Paso Public LibraryATTN Dots & Genealogy Dept

Elko County LibraryATTN Llbrn

Elmira CollegeATTN Libra

Elon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Enoch Pratt Free LibraryATTN Dots Oft

Emory UnlversltyATTY Llbrn

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Everett Public LibraryATTN Librn

Fairleigh Dickinson UniversityATTN Depository Dept

Florida A & M UniversityATTN: Librn

Florida Atlantic Unlverslty LibraryATTN Dlv of Pub Dots

Florida Institute of TechnologyATTN Library

FlorIda Internatlonal Unlverslty LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Florida State LibraryATTN Dots Set

Florida State UniversityATTN: Librn

Unlverslty of FlorldaATTN: DTr of Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept

Fond Du Lac Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Ft Hays State UniversityFt Hays Kansas State College

ATTN Librn

Ft Worth PubTIc LibraryATTN. Librn

Free Public Library of ElizabethATTN: Llbrn

Free Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Freeport Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Fresno Cty Free LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Gadsden Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Garden Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Gardner Webb CollegeATTN Dots Library

Gary Public LibraryATTN Librn

Geauga Cty Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Georgetown Unlverslty LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Room

Georgl;T:;stltute of Technology. Llbrn

Georgia Southern CollegeATTN Llbrn

Georgia Southwestern CollegeATTN Dir of Libraries

Georgia State Unlverslty LibraryATTN Librn

92

GTHER (Continued)

University of GeorgiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Glassboro State CollegeATTN: Librn

Gleeson LibraryATTN. Librn

Graceland CollegeATTN Librn

Grand Forks Public City-County LibraryATTN. Librn

Grand Rapids Public LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib

Greenville County LibraryATTN: Librn

Grinnell College LibraryATTN. Librn

Guam RFK Memorial University LibraryATTN Fed Depository Co11

University of GuamATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus CollegeATTN. Librn

South Dakota UniversityATTN. Librn

Hardin-Simnons University LibraryATTN: Librn

Hartford Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Harvard College LibraryATTN. Dir of Lib

Harvard College LibraryATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at MonoaATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of HawaiiHi10 Campus Library

ATTN. Librn

Haydon Burns LibraryATTN. Librn

Hennepin County LibraryATTN. Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College LibraryATTN: Librn

DNER (Continued)

Herbert H. Lehman CollegeATTN Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins CollegeATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Community CollegeATTN: Librn

Wagner CollegeATTN Librn

University of Houston LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Houston Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Tulane UniversityATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Humboldt State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Huntington Park LibraryATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information CenterATTN. Librn

Idaho State LibraryATTN: Librn

Idaho State University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of IdahoATTN. Dir of Libraries (Reg)ATTN. Dots Set

University of Illinois LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)ATTN- Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-ChampaignATTN. P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Community CollegeATTN Library

Illinois State UniversityATTN. Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State UniversityATTN Dots Library

93

OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Kent State University LibraryATTN. Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & ArchivesATTN Dots Set

University of KentuckyATTN: tiov Pub DeptATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Lake Forest CollegeATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Community College LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Lakeland Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Lancaster Regional LibraryATTN: Librn

Lawrence UniversityATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young UniversityATTN. Dots & Map Set

Lewis University LibraryATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dust & Svc2 cy ATTN: Librn

Indiana University LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public LibraryATTN. Social Science Div

Iowa State University Library4TTN Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University LibraryATTN. Gov Dots Dept

Butler UniversityATTN Librn

Isaac Delchdo CollegeATTN Librn

James Madison UniversityATTN Librn

Jefferson County Public LibraryLakewood Regional Library

ATTN Librn

Jersey City State CollegeATTN F A Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

Johns Hoohins UniversityATTN Dots Library

La Roche CollegeATTN Librn

Johnson Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Kalamazoo Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Kansas City Public LibraryATTN Dots Dlv

Kansas State LibraryATTfi Librn

Kansas State University LibraryATTN. Dots Dept

University of KansasATTN Dir of Library (Reg)

UnlYersity of TexasATTN Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime AcademyATTN: Librn

University of MaineATTN Llbrn

Earlham CollegeATTN Llbrn

Little Rock Public LibraryATTN- Librn

Long Beach Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Los Angeles Public LibraryATTN Serials Dlv U S. Dots

Louisiana State UniversityATTN Gov Dot Dept4TTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Louisville University LibraryATT"1 Librn

Hoover InstltutlonATT! J. ii ngham

94

OTHER (Continued)

Manchester City LibraryATTN. Librn

Mankato State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at FarmingtonATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Principia CollegeATTN Librn

University of MarylandATTN. McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of MarylandATTN Librn

University of MassachusettsATTN Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public LibraryKahului Branch

ATTN. Librn

McNeese State UniversityATTN. Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &Information Center

ATTN Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library EInformation Center

ATTN Librn

Memphis State UniversityATTN: Librn

Mercer UniversityATTN: Librn

Mesa County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Miami Dade Community CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Miami LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Miami University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa ClaraATTN: Dots Div

Michigan State LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Michigan State University LibraryATTN: Librn

DTHER (Continued)

Michigan Tech UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of MichiganATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College LibraryATTN: Librn

Mlllersville State CollegeATTN: Llbrn

State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Llbrn

Milwaukee Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

University of MinnesotaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State CollegeATTN. Librn

Mississippi State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of MississippiATTN. Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City GeneralATTN. Librn

University of Missouri LibraryATTN. Gov Dots

M.I.T. LibrariesATTN Librn

Mobile Public LibraryATTN: Gov Info Div

Mldwestern UniversityATTN. Llbrn

Montana State LibraryATTN Librn

Montana State University LibraryATTN Librn

University of MontanaATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello LibraryATTN. Librn

Moorhead State CollegeATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public LibraryATTN Gov't Info Ctr

Murray State University LibraryATTN Lib

95

OTHER (Continued)

Nassau Library SystemATTN Llbrn

Natrona County Public LibraryATTN Librn

Nebraska Library CommunityNebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN. Llbrn

University of Nebraska at OmahaATTIl Unlv Lib Dots

Nebraska Western College LibraryATTN Librn

University of NebraskaATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska LibraryATTN. Acquisltlons Dept

University of Nevada LibraryATTN Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las VegasATTli Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University LibraryATTtl Librn

New Hanover County Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

New Mexico State LibraryATTN Librn

Near :lexlco State UniversityATT'I Lib Dots DIV

Utniversity of New Mexico4TTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans LibraryATTN Gov Dots DIV

':ew Orleans Public LibraryATT.4, , Llbrn

New York Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Xew York State LibraryATTN Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of f4ew York at Stony BrookATTN Main Lib Dots Set

Stdte University of New York Co1 Memorial Libat Cortidnd

ATT:I. Llbrn

State University of New YorkATT', Lib Dots Set

:lorth Texas State University LibraryATT!4 Librn

JJTHER (Continued)

State University of New YorkATTN. Librn

New York State UniversityATTN. Dots Ctr

State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Dept

New York University LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Newark Free LibraryATTN Librn

Newark Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Niagara Falls Public LibraryATTN Librn

Nicholls State University LibraryATTN Dots Dlv

Nieves M Flares Memorial LibraryATTN Llbrn

Norfolk Public LibraryATTN R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech StateUniversity

ATTN Llbrn

University of North Carolina at CharlotteATTN Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at GreensboroATTN Llbrn

University of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN: Llbrn

North Carolina Central UniversityATTN Librn

North Carolina State UniversityATTN Librn

University of North CarolinaATTY BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University LibraryATTN. Dots Librn

University of North DakotaATTN. Librn

North Georgia CollegeATTN. Librn

Minnesota Dir of Emergency SvcsATTN Llbrn

96

OTHER (Continued)-~ OTHER (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State UniversityATTN Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State UniversityATTN Librn

Northeastern UniversityATTN. Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University LibraryATTN Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois UniversityATTN Librn

Northern Michigan UniversityATTN. Dots

Northern Montana College LibraryATTN. Librn

Northwestern Mlchlgan CollegeATTN: Librn

Northwestern State UniversityATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Northwestern University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Library

University of Notre DameATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community CollegeATTN. Librn

Oakland Public LibraryATTN Librn

Oberlin College LibraryATTN Librn

Ocean County CollegeATTN. Librn

Ohio State LibraryATTN. Librn

Ohio State UniversityATTN Lib Dots Div

Ohio University LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN. Lihrn

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN Librn

Oklahoma Department of LibrariesATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of OklahomaATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion UniversityATTN: Dot Dept Unlv Lib

Ollvet College LibraryATTN Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark BranchATTN Librn

Onondaga County Public LibraryATTN. Gov Dots Set

Oregon State LibraryATTN. Librn

University of OregonATTN. Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist UniversityATTN Librn

Pan American University LibraryATTN Librn

Passaic Public LibraryATTN Librn

Queens CollegeATTN. Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State LibraryATTN Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State UniversityATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of PennsylvaniaATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of DenverATTN Penrose Library

Peoria Public LibraryATTN Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of PhiladelphiaATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public LibraryATTN Library

Phoenix Public LibraryATTN Librn

University of PittsburghATTN Dots Office, G8

Plainfield Public LibraryATTN Librn

97

OTHER (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library DistrictATTN: Llbrn

Association of Portland LibraryATTN. Librn

Portland Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Portland State University LibraryATTN. Librn

Pratt Institute LibraryATTN Llbrn

Louisiana Tech UniversityATTN Llbrn

OTHER (Continued)

Princeton University LibraryATTN Dots Div

Providence CollegeATTN Librn

Providence Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton CountyATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson CountyATTN Llbrn

University of Puerto RicoATTN Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University LibraryATTN: Librn

Quinebaug Valley Coranunity CollegeATTN Llbrn

Auburn UniversityATTN Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Reading Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Reed College LibraryATTN. Librn

Augusta CollegeATTN. Librn

University of Rhode Island LibraryATTN Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode IslandATTN Dir of Libraries

Rlchland County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Riverside Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of Rochester LibraryATTN. Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden LibraryATTN Librn

State University of RutgersATTN: Llbrn

Rutgers UniversityATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law LibraryATTN. Fed Dots Dept

Salem College LibraryATTN: Librn

Samford UniversityATTN: Librn

San Antonio Public LibraryATTN. Bus Science & Tech Dept

San Diego County LibraryATTN. C. Jones, Acquisitions

San Diego Public LibraryATTN: Librn

San Diego State University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

San Francisco Public LibraryATTN. Gov Dots Dept

San Francisco State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

San Jose State College LibraryATTN Dots Dept

San Luis Obispo City-County LibraryATTN: Librn

Savannah Public 8 Efflngham Liberty RegionalLibrary

ATTN. Librn

Scottsbluff Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Scranton Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Seattle Public LibrarvATTN. Ref Dots Asst

Rice UniversityATTN Dir of Libraries

Louisiana CollegeATTN Librn

98

OTHER (Continued1

Selby Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Shawnee Library SystemATTN: Llbrn

Shreve Memorial LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Silas Bronson Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Sioux City Public LibraryATTN s Llbrn

Skidmore CollegeATTN Librn

Slippery Rock State College LibraryATTN Llbrn

South Carolina State LibraryATTN Llbrn

University of South CarolinaATTN: Llbrn

University of South CarolinaATTN. Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical LibraryATTN. Llbrn

South Dakota State LibraryATTN Fed Dots Dept

University of South DakotaATTN. Dots Librn

South Florida University LibraryATTN Librn

Southeast Missouri State UniversityATTN Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University LibraryATTN. Dots Set

University of Southern AlabamaATTN. Llbrn

Southern California University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State CollegeATTN. Library

Southern Illinois UnlversltyATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist UniversityATTN Llbrn

University of Southern ~~lsslsSlpp1

ATTN. Library

OTHER (Continued)

Southern Oregon CollegeATTN: Library

Southern University ln New Orleans LibraryATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State CollegeATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana LibrariesATTN: Llbrn

Southwestern UniversityATTN. Librn

Spokane Public LibraryATTN Ref Dept

Springfield City LibraryATTN Dots Set

St Bonaventure UniversityATTN Librn

St Johns River Junior CollegeATTN: Library

St Joseph Public LibraryATTN: Librn

St Lawrence UniversityATTN: Librn

St Louis Public LibraryATTN: Librn

St Paul Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Stanford University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State

State

State

Hrstoncal Sot LibraryATTN. Dots Serials Set

Library of MassachusettsATTN. Llbrn

University of New YorkATTN: Librn

Stetson UniversityATTN. Librn

University of SteubenvilleATTN Librn

Stockton & San Joaquin Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Stockton State College LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Alblon CollegeATTN. Gov Dots Cibrn

99

( C o n t i n u e d )OTHER - -

Superior Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College LibraryATTN Ref Dept

Syracuse University LibraryATTN Dots Dlv

Tacoma Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Hillsborough County Public Library at TampaATTN': 1 1 brn

Temple UniversityATTN. Librn

Tennessee Technological UniversityATTN. Librn

Universitv of TennesseeATT? Dir of Libraries

College of IdahoATT14. Librn

Texas A & M University LibraryATTti Librn

University of Texas at ArlingtonATTN. Library Dots

University of Texas at San AntonioATTN Library

Texas Christian UniversityATTN Librn

Texas State LibraryATTN U S Dots Set

Texas Tech University LibraryATTN. Gov Dots Deot

Texas University at AustinATTN Dms co11

University of Toledo LibraryATTN Librn

Toledo Public LibraryATTN Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center LibraryATTN Librn

Traverse City Public LibraryATTN Librn

Trenton Free Public LibraryATTN Librn

Trinity College LibraryATTN Librn

Trinity bniverslty LibraryATTN. Dots Co11

OTHER (Continued)

Tufts University LibraryATTN. Dots Dept

University of TulsaATTN: Llbrn

UCLA Research LibraryATTN Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the HealthSciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University LibrariesATTN Dir of Lib

University of Maine at OrenoATTN Librn

University of Northern IowaATTN Library

Upper Iowa CollegeATTN Dots Co11

Utah State UniversityATTN. Librn

University of UtahATTN Special Collections

University of UtahATTN Dir of Library

Utica Public LibraryATTN Librn

Valencla LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Valparaiso UniversityATTN Librn

Vanderbilt University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of VermontATTN Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth UniversityATTN Llbrn

Virginia Military InstituteATTN Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Virginia State LibraryATTN Serials Set

University of VirginiaATTN Pub Dots

Volusia County Public LibraryATTN Librn

100

OTHER (Continued)

Washington State LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Washington State UnlversltyATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University LibrariesATTN Dir of Lib

University of WashingtonATTN: Dots Dlv

Wayne State University LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Wayne State University Law LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College LibraryATTN Llbrn

Wesleyan UniversityATTN: Dots Llbrn

West Chester State CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

West Covlna LibraryATTN: Llbrn

University of West FlorldaATT:{: Llbrn

West Georgia CollegeATTN: Llbrn

West Hills Community CollegeATTN: Library

West Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

West Vlrglnla College of Grad Studies LibraryATTN: Llbrn

University of West VirginiaATTN. Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Western Carolina UniversityATTN. Llbrn

Western Illlnols University LibraryATTN: Librn

Western Washington UnlversltyATTN. Llbrn

Western Wyoming Conmunlty College LibraryATTN Llbrn

Westmoreland City Community CollegeATTN. Learning Resource Ctr

OTHER (Continued1

Whitman CollegeATTN: Librn

Wichita State University LibraryATTN Librn

Williams & Mary CollegeATTN. Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College LibraryATTN: Librn

Willimantic Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Winthrop CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin atATTN. Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin atATTN Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin atATTN: Llbrn

University of Wisconsin atATTN. Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin atATTN Dots Set

Whltewater

Milwaukee

Dshkosh

Platteville

Stevens Point

University of WisconsinATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of WisconsinATTN: Acqulsltlons Dept

Worcester Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Wright State Unlverslty LibraryATTN Gov Dots Llbrn

Wyoming State LibraryATTN: Lrbrn

University of WyomingATTN: Dots Dlv

Yale UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Yuma City County LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1ATTN. Llbrn

1 0 1

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRA=

AdJawed Research & Applications CorpATTN H Lee

JAYCORATTN: A. Nelson

2 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

kaman Tempo' ATTN. DASIACATTN E. Martin

hali~ar: TwpoATTII R. MiTler

Science Applications, IncJKB Associates Div10 cy ATTN L. Novotney

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kaman TempoATTN: C. Jones

National Academy of SciencesATTN: C. RobinetteATTN. Med Follow-up AgencyATTN. Nat Mat Advisory Bd

Pacific-Sierra Research CorpATTN: H. Brode

Science Applications, IncATTN: Tech Lib

R & D AssociatesATTN: P. Haas

102