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Re_J,ative Value of Ve_g_etable Oils and Butter Fat in Feeding Calves ----------------- --- ------- -----------------------~---------

Maj or Thesis for the Degree

of

Master of Science

t.l.******

Submitted by

o\\i Thomas J. Taylor

******** *

Vir ginia Polytechnic Institute

May 1921

Re lative Value of Vegetable Oils & Butterfa t i n E'eeding Cal ves .

The subje c t of dairying is a very old one begim~ing with the earliest of time and

-Civilization and which will never end until civilizati on ha s passed from the face of

the earth . It is one of intense intere s t a nd one which will stand look i 11f; back t o see

where it began. Verg il desc ribes the cattle on the h ills , also describing t he f lock s

and t he milk caws . 'J.'he ancient p oets , a l so,describe t he fields , t he f lock s , and the

herds. \ihen we g o b ack into early .o i blica l tir:ies wo find one of the Pharoahs succeeded ~

in conering t he gr a i n mar ket, and the grain was stored away . There ca~ne a failure of J\

· crops, just as we ha ve at pr e sent tirre . 'l' hen came the pe op le to Pharoah saying that

if he did not release so:ne of' the g rain , tho ~ cows woul d not be able to suppl y them with

food. This show s tnat back i n the earliest of ti :nes t he pe op l e relied large ly upon

the dairy c mv as a means of sustenance and life .

In the United: S t a te s in 1916 t iere we r e ab out t wenty-two million dairy cows and

six million farms , in round nu.111bers, neaning that there were less than four dairy cows

per farm in t his country.

The population of the United States is steadily increasing a nd the amount of dairy

product s consumed is a l so gradually increasing , and even t hen the people are not u s ing

as much of the milk p roducts as they should. '.!.'he different milk products are very

nutritious and should be used by a g reat many more people than use them and also in

larger amounts.

The cost of produc tion has increased mate r i ally espe cially dur ing the war . Also

the cost of the dair y p roducts have increased consid.erable and da irymen have been selling

all t he milk which t hey produced. it'or this reason the number of cows have not increased

but on the contrary have decreased since the milk containi ng t he but terfa t has been too

expens ive for feeding calves, t hus the calves were sold a s quickly as p ossible f or veal

which was also h ign.

If the dairy ing bus iness is to grow then there must be an increa se in cows , thus

an increase in the number of ca lves raised . 'l' o ge t t he increase some way must be found

whereby t he calve s can be more cheapl y r a ised. ~hat is the reason f or carrying on t his

roJect. 'l'he p ro ject was an investigation of t he relative values of cer tain oil sub-

Ututes f or butt e r fat i n t he feeding of ca lves. Should t he study he extended and a

substitute could be found f or the more valuab le but te rfat , it wou l d be of gener a l interest .

and service both frmn a nutritive as well a s a n ec onomic or comme rcial standpoint.. '.!Jhere

an .a number of' creame rie s and f a ct ories which have a gr eat deal of sl{Ln.w d milk which is \)"'

thrown away or allowed to s our and f ed to p i g s . Now if an oil, or fa t cou l d be found

11h1cm mi ght be emulsified into this sk i mmed milk whi le fresh and swee t and at a cost low-

er than tha t of but t er fat t here would be an increase in t he numb.er of ca lves raised . In

this way it would inc r ease t he amount of valuab l e dairy p roducts on t he mar ket which are

IO nece ssary and essentia l f or t he bes t huma n development .

Toore nas been a good deal of work done try i ng to f i nd some cheaper me ans of feed-

·ms· calves but only with cal f meals and tne ski :n."1e d millc.

Tbe Exper.irnent Stat .ion a t Cornell Uni ver sity has run. .iex:per.iments on Subst itutes

for Sld.rrrned milk in :Liaising ca lves. In t he ir e xperiments they u sed hay , g rains and

talf meals and puo l ished the ir results in bullet i n number 304 . 1.J.'he r esult s sh ow that

~meals can be ased with fa irly g ood r e sult s and that Schuma che r Cal f ivleal p roved to

lal best of t hr ee tried, costing 8 or 9 cents pe1:· p ound of gain. '.1.'he othe rs a re too

~ensive to f eed ordinar ily . . '

Tbe Expe rime nt St ation of lllinois has a l s o done work with calf feed i ng as we ll a s

:tAie u. S • .Agric ultur a l lJepar trrent and t he ir wor k is puolisiled in bullet.ins 202 and 777

.Jtapectively.

Tbe Exper iment .:J t at .ion at 1-'U;;rdue Un iversit y bas done ext e nsive work with milk sub-

in feeding claves and the worlc is published in bulletin number 193 v ol. 19 .

s station u sed certai n c a l f meal s anJ. show, t i:la t t hey a r e too e :>..'Pensive . '.J.'hese have

proved such a great success and t he r e have been no experiment s bei'ore with differ-

oils and fats . 'l'here has , however , been cons i der agle research work done on fat s which

lid to t be d i sc overy of v i t~ines .

Tbese are certain su-os t ance s whic h illive not been de f i n it e l y def i ne d by t he chem-

have been de s i gnated a s fat soluable A and wat er s oluab l e B. ~hese sub-

es are f ound in milk and i ts p roducts and it is c l a i med that it is these substances

give growth to an i ma l s and without which t hey d o not thrive but as a i;enera l rule

~oore hav i ng been a g reat de a l of work done concerning t he subjec t of v ita:'lline s a nd

substance s play such an i mp ortan t role i n rations Yii1 ich a re r e -

t he s at isfa ctory g rowt h and de ve l opnent of man a s well as anLna l s it is though t

describe t he work wh ich has b een d one . However , only a small p orti on of t he

d i s covery a nd t he work d one ca n be g iven in t h is pap er wit h re f'erences

c oncerning tile subject c an be f ound .

lt may b e n~ ll to say a wor d a s to why t he se substa nces were c a lle d f at s ol uab l e

water s oluao le B . The e ndi ng amin e has a de f i n ite a nd spec ific rne a ni ng .in organ ic

onl y t o sub stane es con t a i n i ng n itrog e n . S i nce bu tt e r I'at "vh±eh is

one of t hese e s s e nt i a l s ye t it is p ract i cally if n ot entirely f r ee of

of t h e workers on t he sub j e c t , nai11e l y ~.IcCullura and Kennedy , decided. the

not be used with propriety here a nd p ropo sed t ile t e r ms fat so l uable A and

r soluab l e B.

lt has be en lmO\'m f or r:i.a.ny years that t iie r e we r e certain dis eases which we re caused

malnutriti on b ut it was n ot until 1897 t ha t Eykma:n made the firs t suggest i on a s to the

e of the f ault . Ther e fore , a little \\a s ,m own when 11cCu l l en and othe r worlrn r s of the

t he.ir work . Of t he later worker s , 2JcCu llen , Bab cocl~ , Hart , St eenb ock

Davis, 3 i mmonds , ?ars on s and others , the f irst na::ied seems to be the most

'l'he fir st work to b e done by this :nan was vr i th y oung he ifer c a lves a t t he

It cons i s ted of feed i ng ration s s ole l y from the wheat,

re sp0 ct ive l y and a fourth g roup su;rposed to serve as c ontrol with a

a bout e qua l p a rts of wheat, c orn and oa t produc ts hav i ng t he same

cal compos ition. All t he s a lt wanted was g i ven and the anima l s exercised i n open

vege t at i on. All a t e practically t he sa1m a mount of f e ed a nd d i gested t he

After one year results showed t he corn fed group t o be in best c ondit i on , the wheat

group in wor s t condition w!1ile g roup receiving mixture stood interrredia te be tween.

reproduction of the c orn fed anima l s wa s be st wh ile for t h e ot iler ;: i t was v ery poor.

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animals being p oorest . (Bloch ha s recently described fourty cases of se-

of the cornea vii. th Ulceration , i n the vicinity of Copenhaven. The children

been fed nearly fat -free separator skim milk, and were a trophic or dystrophic and

Re covery was obtained whe n fed breast milk:, or in ca ses of older ones, whole

and to codliver oil administration. Recovery noted following the feeding

substances which are g ood sources of fa t soluable A.)

Sorr:e of too workers on nutr iti on claim that the vegetable fa ts and oils such as o.clive

, cottonseed oil , pea.nut and c ocoanut oils although g ood ene r t:,y y ield ing foods do not

lfoither are the animal fats , lard, beef .'fat etc. important

of fat soluable A.

is believed, ho.vever , from the wor i-:: d one by the d ifferent me n and women who have

expe riments on the line of nutriti on with single substances and compounds

and leave s, that if alfalfa is fed with the materials the results would be

~1he following boo;k~ ~ ~ deal') much more thoroughly on the subject of vitamines

n CO'!,lld possib l y be done in such a ptaper a s this .

'.l:he Hewer Knowledge of Nutrition , by : E . l~ . McCollu.rn.

NON if there can be 1'ound a fat or ~gs.table oil which c rntains the se substances

W4ioh can be p roduced cheaply and u sed t ch r ep l a ce t he butte rfat of milk it will mean

in rai s i113 of calves at a great deal lowe r c ost. Hot only will t h is mean

to t he dairy industry but also t he cormnercial men who manufacture or ex-

It wi. 11 concern too t he p laces which have l arge amount s of ski mmed milk,

:·ni g4t be easily installed and the o il emulsified into the milk which

t he farmer at low costs •.

Plan of 'xpe riment .

The plan : of the e},.,'°.Per i m=mt comten~plat ed a fee d i ng trial of sever al oils,

whole milk and sk i nrned milk a s checks . 'l'h is :;-et hod is one wh ich !night be called

end. check. By this ~nethoi one l ot is f e\i ' ski mrre d mill-:: a lone anothe r skimmed

the fat content beine; brought up to normal by use of an oil or fat , and another

fed whole milk, by which means we have t wo lot s to check t he oil or fat aga inst .

• 5 .

Not only d id t he p l :m c c.r1t G:::i::1 l a t e t he f eeding part but a l s o that a standardization

all the other factors b.e i;iade with the exception of the kinds of oils or fats. By

•standardization is rraant t hat what ever was done to one lot the same wa s d one to

To beg i n the expniment f ive calve s were secured from Professor ~a:unders' p l ace, con-

thlg of two g rade Jersey r:ia.le s, 1 grade Guernsey .ria. le and 1 female, and 1 Holste in

obtairnd from Professor Hunt. They were not all t he same age but ranged from

5 weeks old to about 3 months old. However , they were as near tba sa.rw age as wa s

11:ble to get t re !ll at t lR t t irre. As to their condition they we re slightly scoured and

at· them had a badly bruised leg . At the time t h ere wa s a g rade Jer3ey rra le ca lf

the barn which was obtairad in order to rep lace the calf with the bad

The condition of this cal f was ·only fair and really none of them

in the proper coniition to beg i n t he ex-i:er i rnent. Af t er rec e iving t he ca lves, they

numbered by u se of tags in the ears. They we re then p l aced i n a pen together, and

before be i ng put on t he e xper i m9nt in order to rest up and get ac-

t he ne w surroundings.

Results of Experi ment:

The d aves we re we ighed t he day the e:x""P3riroont began and on every seventh day ..,J

note d . Calf nu.~ber 1 was injured in trans it which was

l othi ng was done in particul ar to the inj ured l eg t he f irst

thought t ba t it had only strained tba musceles but i t seerood to get

better s o on t he third day tr:e d oct or was calle d who bandaged it up with

This , ho:rever , d id not seem t o he l p t he l eg , inst ead i t seen:ed :to keep

and fi nally tre s l{i n b roke exuding a disagr eeable sme lling pus. 1'he calf

as i t should and seemed to be in pain, it f inal l y died on January 15. There

at t he barn and eo it was take n a c oup l e of days before t he f irs t calf

on the e xperi.nent to r epla ce the first and wa; s fe d t re same.

ill of the calves were s c ouring slight l y at the beginning of' the expe riment and were

17 not in the bes t of conditi on to start. Ho.vever, it wa s begun and one teasp oon£ull

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!lood iooal was added to the !:iilk at each feed af t er the t h ird day. The feed ing was

twice daily at eight o ' clock in the morning and t he same time at night g i ving ~welve

s between feeds.

" If '

" "

number 1 received 4% milk of Cottonseed Oil.

II 2 II 4% II " Li nseed " II 3 " Ski in'!led milk alone .

" 4 " 4% milk of Peanut Oil .

II 5 " \"lhole milk

II 6 II Same as c a lf number 1 .

Calf number 1 , as has been stated had a bad leg and. should not have been put

It lived only a li t tle over a week being found dead on January 16

was weighed only once af ter expe riment 'Wa.S begun.

Calf number 2, showed slight s i gns of scour i ng when p l a ced on t he exper L~ent but

three days was much wor se . The blood mea l seemed to have no effec t . Th3 calf

one day and. worse t he next, which c ont inue d t he entire time . ~he

seeiood to wea..lcen gradually, and. showed t ha t t ne 1 inseed oil cou1d no longer be

lt was t hen dec i ded to stop feeding t he lins eed oil, so a mixture of peanut

cottonseed oils we re fed , beg i nni ng January 21 . ~he l inseed oil, however, had

t he s ys tem t hat t he calf was on ly kept on t h is feed f or two

was t aken off of tine oil and given whole milk. The ca l f did no t eat so

given a tonic of Fowler's Solut ion of .Arsenic and t i ncture of Jux

day when he •vas put into a pen to itse lf" ani g iven alfalfa hay with

The calf did not r ec over ad died in a f ew days , January 31 f ound dead . Cost wa s

figured because the oi l p r oved entirely unsatisfactory.

Calf number 3 , showed slight s igns of scours at start but blood meal seemed to

Tbe calf di d fairly well but d i d not seem to have e nough to eat .

the amount g i ven hL~ and t hen t ry to get what was g iven t he other

'.rhe gain :nade by this calf during the period fed was very small, a lso t he cost

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of feeding was s mall but f i gur ing the cos t of feeding _f) er p ound of gain, it was f ound

that it co s t one cent more than whole millc. From the resu lts of the experiment it

seems tha t it would be better and che aper t o feed whole milk than the s·kir11wd milk

alone .

Calf number 4, did very wel l on t he peanut oil . It was scouring when p l aced on

t he expe riment but seemed t o get; better for a while t hen have ano t he r b ad attack. The

Bl ood meal proved beneficial . The gain was fair on t h is f a lf a nd a t a lower cost than

e i ther t he sk i m::l9d milk or whole milk. The cost pe r p ound gain being twenty cents

less than t he ab ove menti one d feeds. The ca l f was doing very well until he wa s wash-

ed to k ill lice on it. '..i.1he weather condition s we re very unfavorab l e fo r t h i s but it

was done. 'l'he calf' to ok cold which tur-n.ed into pneumonia . He looke d rat he r peculiar

f or t wo or thre e days but we did no t think it serious until it was too l a te. The

doctor was called in and me dic ine g iven, a lso hot applications used but with no results.

'rhe calf lived only a short time a f ter t he doctor p ronounced t he trouble. After t he

calf died , pos t :nort em was he l d on i t and it was easily s e en t hat pneu.111onia caused

his deat h rath.e r t han any thing e lse. 'L1he l ungs we re a L11ost entirely conjested , there

being only a oout an inch of a ir space l eft unconjested a nd that in the upper part of

the lungs . It i s bel ieved that t he calf wou l d have e one on to t he end of the ex-

perLrnent and would have shown cheape r gains t han e ither of the others had he n ot

taken pneumonia . b'or this rea s on if an experi.11ent like t h i s i s run again the peanut

oil ought certainly to be tried again.

The re is p ractically nothing to say about t he fifth ca lf which was

fe d t he whole milk since it i s lmovm how calve s will do on t h is feed . 'fhe cost how-

ever mi ght be brought in and show what it cost to feed a c alf whole milk . 'l111e cost

was 72 cents per p ound 5a in which is rather h i gh . Also t h is mi ght he a g ood p l ace to

say some t hing a bou t f lour as a r emedy f or s cours.

It was dee ided t o use f lour i n p l a ce of blood.meal for th is purpo se . 'l'he f lour

was ma.de into a paste and a cup of t h is a d.d.e d a t each fe e d in p l ::ice of t he meal. 'rhi s

was fed f or a we ek when it was s e en that it d id not p rove as satisfactory as t he Bl ood-

t o Ca;,,se t he troub1he, and when it wa.s stopped m3al. Instead of helping it seemed M

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the calves did better. This showed it was no g ood for this trouble.

The sixth calf was pl~ced on the e xpe riment as a substitute for number 1 calf.

Ard there is but one thing of interest ab out it and t hat was the manner of death.

So far as this·experirnent went t he cot ton se ed oil did not pro~e satisfactory; how-

ev er, it mi ght be wise to try it if t he experirnent is r epeated.

As to the deat h of t h is individual. He s eemed to be badly scouring e specially

before h is death. Vie were preparing to feed on t he morning of .l?'e bruary 7th. All the

calves came f or the ir feed with t he excep tion of this calf. He stood f or a mi nute

or two and t hen :mde a move as t hough t o come but a p:peared as though paralized in the

rear. He moved of f with t he f ront f eet and s e emed to stretch until he lost his

ba~ance , f a lling to the floor . Aft e r fall i ng !ie gave one bellow a nd l ay still, it

being only a b out a cou-ple of minutes before he VTa s dead . No p ost mortem was he ld

on this calf. In f act only the four t h or p eanut oil cal f wa s posted, t he reas on

bei ng t hat it was not t h ought of at the t irne .

'.L' be s couring of calves is one of the most common calf ailments and one which should

be very closely looked aft er. From the results obta ined in t h is experiment it is be-

lieved that it was contageous s ince all of the calves were so a :;:fected. At first it

was thought t hat it wa s ent ire l y a case of purg ing, as t he re was b e i ng fed a material

which was of t he pur ging nature. Still, had it been only a case of pur g ing, why was

tbe wh ole milk c a lf so a f f e cted? The on ly s olution or a nswer to t h is question woucld

be t hat it was a contageous disease and was contracted by all .

To limit this c ondition as far as possible to p revent the spread of this disease

since it was though of at t h e beg i nn i ng , the pa ils were each numbered to corresp ond

to the number of t he calf and the same bucket used each time for the sa'Ue k ind of feed .

Not on l y was t h i s d one but t he pails were thoroughly washed and steamed to ste r ilize

them after each feed. i 'he pa ils used in p rep arirlG the feed in the crea r:18ry we re also

thoroughly washed.and sterilized once each day . In othe r words, every pr e caution was

taken to r educe the chances for sprea d i ng the ciisease to a minimum. However, all

being together in the pen and t he weathe r being such that t he calves had to be kept

up in close qua r ter s is the on ly way of accounting fo r its spread.

l'1 -9-:'' \ :;: 'l'he who le milk cah r e ceived too limited a rat i on to cause scouring , because ,

according to f eeding s t andar ds a cal f t he age of this one should have a t least 20

pounds of milk a day whe r e as on an average it onl y r eceived ab out 14 p ounds a day .

:,, This being· the case the only way of account ing f or t he disea se is t hat it va s

cont age ous, and tne whole milk ca~f being s o expose d. and not be ing in t he very best .. Of condi t ion cont r acted the dise ase.

·1; Table I

f Tab le showing Amount of 1iilk Fed and Re jected by Calves 1-2- 3 at Each l!'eed.

Date Tine Cal f Jumber l Calf Number 2 Calf Number 3

::;, A.mount Amount Amount Amount Amounts Amounts 1''ed lb. r ejected Ped lbs rejec t ed Ped r ejected.

Jan.6 P.M. 10. 4 .5 10. 10. II 7 A. fil . 10. 4 . 5 10. 10.

P.M 10. 5. 10. 10. " 8 A.2.'.L. 10 3. 10·. 10.

P.M. 5. 5. 5. " 9 A • .il£1. 5. 1. 5 . 5 . 5.

!: p .M. 5 . 5 . 5. " 10 A.11 . 5. 5 . 5.

P . 11~ 5. 3. 5 5 . 5 . " 11 A • .J. . 5. 1. 5 5. 4 . 5.

P.M. 5. 5. 5. 5. "12 A.11. 5 . 5. 5 . 5 .

P . ... . 5. 2. 5 5. 5. " 13 A. :;. • 5. 5. 5. 5.

p .iJ.. 5. 5 . 5. 5 . " 14 A . i1L. 5. 5. 5. 5.

P . 11. 5 . 1. 5 5. 5 . " 15 A. ~l. 5. 5. 5. 5.

p . 11 . 5 . 5. 7. 7. "16 A .~i .. 7. 7.

p . i'-I . Eound Dead 7. 7. II l'il A. 11. 7 . 7.

p . Ji.I . 7 . 7. II 18 A. -, • 7. 7. 7.

p . j:J. 7 . 7. " 19 A. i.L. 7. 7.

P.M.. 7 . 7. " 2i) A. - • 7 . 7 . 7.

p " • • 7 . 7. " 21 A. ' • 7. 7.

P. M.. 7 . 7. II 22, A. 111. 7 . 4 . 7.

P.M. 7 . 7.

L

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• 23 A . JVI, 7. • 5 7 • P.M. 7. 7 •

24 .A..M. 7. 7. 7. P.M. 7. 7.

25 A.M. 7. 5.5 7. P.llll. 7. 7.

21), A.Jd> •. 7. • 5 7 • P. ::.ir. & 7. 3. 5 7.

' 27 A.ill. 7. 7. 7. p . 11. 7.

28 A.M. '~a.ken off - E'ed whole 7. P. llll • mi l k & alfalfa haYi 8. • 29 A. lill. died evening of 8.

~· P .h . Jan . 31 8 • • :30 A.M. 8 .

P • .ilil.. 8. "81 .<i.. . J.il.i. . 8.

I ~' P .m. 8. b. l A.Jiil. 8.

P .M. 8. ·-

2 A • .l!IJ. . 8 . P.M. 8 .

3 A.M. 5. P.M. 5 .

4 A • .J. . 5 . P .Jlll. 5 .

5 A • .11J. . 7. P. 11.. 7.

a A • .fil. 7 • . - p .11. 7. .. 7 A.M. 7. ' P. llll • 7. .. 8 A • .iil . 7.

P.M. 7. 9 A.M. 7 .

P . hl. 7 . 10 A. M.. 7 .

P.M. 7. ll A.hl. 7.

JP .M. 7. l2 A.ili . 7.

P.M. 7. 13 A • ..J: . 7.

P .1l. 7.

• 14 A.~. 7 • P.M. 7.

• 15 A.11. 7 • P. M. 7.

16 A.Tul. 7. P. iil. 7 .

17 A.11. 7. P . M. 7.

• 18 A.M. 7 • P .M. 7 . .. 19 .A. .M. 7. • P.llll. 7.

• 20 A.UL, 7 • P. iiil. 7.

'P.M. A..M. :P.M. A.M. p M.

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Ta b l e 2.

7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 71

Showing Amount of .:ililk Eed and Rejected by Cal ves 4- 5- 6 at Each Feed. .

Calf · Iumber 4 A..'Ilount Alnount ~'ed lbs Re"ected 10 7.

10 7. 10 1. 10

5 ~

5 5 5 5

7.

3.5

3.

1.5 •

0. 5

0.5

Calf Number 5 Amount Amount

l''ed Re"ected 10 4.5

10 4.5 . 10

10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 7 7

7 7 7 7 7 'l 7 7 7 7 7 '1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Calf Number 6 A.mount Amount ~ed R ·ected

5. 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 '1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

5. 5.

.5

7 8 8 a 8 8 a 8 8 a a a 5. 5 5 5 7. 7. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 'l 7 7 7 'l 7 7 7 7 'l 7 7 'l 7 7 7 7

l. 5 1. 6.

1. 6. 1. 2 4. 2. ~. 3.

1 1.5

0.5 1. 4.5 o.5 7.

3. 4.5

7. 1. 2.5 .5 .5 7. 7. .5 7. .5 3 .. 5

7 0.5

5. 7

7 4 . 7. 2. 7. 7.

7 8 8 8 8 a 8 8 8 8 8 8 5. 5 5 5 7. 7. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

7 7. 7.

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5.5

2.5 1.5

1.5 . 2.

7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

0.5

6. 2.

5. 2. 5 5 5 5. 7. 7. 7. 1. Died wh ile f eeding on

morni of F ebrua 7th .

:ves seemed to be scouring rathe r badl y so one teaspoonfu l of b loodme a l was f ed

to all calve s b eg i nning January 9th and cont inu~ing unt il January 30th when t he

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-13-

fed was raise d to t wo teaspo onfuls. This amount was fed until Februa ry 12th

the blood.mea l wa s substitu t ed by one c upfull of Flou r paste . _Th i s was fe d until

ry 21st when it wa s se en tba t paste d id n ot p rove a .s satisfact ory a s t he blood-

and was chan; ed again, t wo teaspoonfuls of t he ~real bei ne u sed again. This

t he exp er inent.

O~ January 21st, Calf nu.111b er 2 wa.s chang ed f r om Linseed oil and g iven a mixtu re

peanut a nd one-half co ttonseed oil and kept on this until t a.ken off t he

Table 3 .

of Galve s Dates \fo i l7hed and also Gains. Calf Galf Calf Ca lf

1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 . Number 5 Nu..'Ilber 6

87 lbs. 170 lbs. 140 lbs. 86 lbs. 96 lbs.

83 " 151 " 148 " 100 II 100 " 95 lbs.

135 II 132 " 95 " 111 " 88 " 137 II 140 " 103 II 124 II 96 "

1 0 II 10 II 132 II 98 " 146 II 104 II 141 II

150.5 11 109 .5 11 147 .5 II

1 7 " 147 II

7 " 23.5 II 51 "

Cost of Ration.

After looking over the table of weights and g ains t he ne xt que s tion io con:e up

be that of cos t. This is the ore I will now t :r.r to bring out using prices of the

of f e eding. The prices used inf i guring the cost of feeding the

this experiment were as follows: -

Cost of wh ole milk pe r gallon $ .36

" " skimmed 11 " " .05

-14-

Cost of Peanut Oil per pound $ .15 ,, 11 ~nulsif icatio:n per gallon .02

the three principle calves for 48 days it cost as follows:-

Oost of feeding whole milk t he entire time $36.99

II II " skimnBd II II II II 5.14 ,, " " Peanut Oil II " " II 12.25

pound ga in on who le milk was $.725

II II ti II 11 Peanut Oil II .521

II II " II " Ski m."lled milk 11 .734

lrom t bese figures i t shows that t he calf fed on Peanut Oil made a lit t l e cheaper

than did either of the ot hers . The cost of feedine the c ottonseed Oil and the

ou t sir:ce I do n ot think that they were s a t isfactory enough.

Conclusion

paper on the relative value of' Ve getab l e oils and .Dutter fat

that t he expari!'!lent as I see it was not as satisfactory as it

have been but this ~ray be attributed t o several causes, first , the cal ve s we re not

saim age or si ze; second, the calves were fed a little too r i ch a milk, I be-

the fat c ontent had only been 3~g it would have been better than the 41;•

ba d time of year to try s uch an experiment s ince there had been no work

subject before and it was just like a man groping -in t he darkness. This \

ing a step in t he darlc on this subject. Another thing was that ani~nal s being

would get some ldnd of a roughage which the calves on this

nt did not receive. Not only wou ld the calves r eceive this rough.age because it

c a lves af te r they reach a certain age re quire it.

work on t his line be done, I a.'11 of the op i n i on that the calves should

same age , should be g iven a little grain and roughage or t hat the ex-periment. should

ried on under condition s which calves would be r aised on the average dairy farm .

e tbe results were bad in t hi s experiment I see no reason why it should n ot be

nd ·t· I ri·rmly believe that an oil can b.e found or will in under better co i ions.

which can be used with success for this purpose and at a lowe r cost than butterfat.