, 23 2005

1.

British Airways ; . . , , , , - , .1

. , , , , , .

, , .

, , . Merriam-Webster . , . , . , ( wildcat strikes) . 19 .

1 . . Taylor L. and Walton P. (1971) Industrial Sabotage: Motives and Meanings. in Stanley Cohen (ed.), Images of Deviance. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 189-212 . O ( Eric Hobsbawm) . . Geary D. (1999) Working-Class Identities in Europe, 1850s-1930s. The Australian Journal of Politics and History. Vol. 45. No. 1 University of Queensland Press, .20-29. . Geary R. (1984) European Labour Protest, 1848-1939, London: Methuen, Thompson E. P. (1963) The Making of the English Working Class London: Penguin.

. 1794 1796 1797, 1799. 19 . 1820 12 10 .2

. . , .3 . 19 , , . 1905, 1926 ( ) 1968 ( ).4

Winnipeg , 15 25 1919. . . , . . . , . , - .

2 . Jedel M. (1998) The Role of Today's Labor Movement. The State of Business. Vo. 12. No.1 http://www.cba.gsu.edu/magazine/jedel.html 3 http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/encyclopedia?book=encyclopedia&va=strike+A 4 http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/encyclopedia?book=encyclopedia&va=general+strike

30 21 . 4 Manitoba. 30 , .

. Merriam-Webster, ( ) . , , , , . 18 . . . , .5

Richard Hyman.6 . /, , (work-to-rule) . , , . , .

. (walkout). . ( , -pickets). (sit-down strike) . , . ,

5 http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-

bin/encyclopedia?book=encyclopedia&va=collective+bargaining 6 . Hyman R. (1989) Strike. London: MacMillan Press, . 17.

. , (jurisdiction strikes) .

, , . , , . , .7 .

, , (bread-and-butter issues)

, (closed shop),

, ,

2.

. . .

/. Herbert Spencer . , , . (, ) , . , , . , / , . , , .8 ,

7 . ., . . (1999) : --. : . - , . 31-32. 8 . Fox A. (1966) Industrial Sociology and Industrial Relations, Royal Commission Research Paper No.3, London: HMSO, . 2.

, . .9

. , - . (job regulation). . . . . . Alvin Gouldner.10

9 . . .., , ( , ). . (Human Resources Management-HRM) . H , , . . . , (hard version) (soft version). , . . , (performance management) , , . . . . , . . . Thompson P. (2003) Work Organisations: Critical Introduction, London: Palgrave MacMillan, . 52.. Legge K. (1995) Human Resources Management: Rhetorics and Realities. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 10 O Gouldner /

/ (power). , , .

. . - , .

- - -

- - -

-

: Blyton P. and Turnbull P. (2004) The Dynamics of Employee Relations. Basinstoke: Palgrave/MacMillan, .352

H K. Marx F. Engels , , , , , .11

. . Gouldner Al. (1955) Wildcat Strike: Study of an Unofficial Strike. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 11 Engels ( ) , , , , , , , () , () .. . Marx. K. and Engels F. (1975) Articles on Britain. Moscow: Progress Publishers. . 399 Blyton P. and Turnbull P. 2004, The Dynamics of Employee Relations. Basingstoke, Hampshire UK and NY USA: Palgrave Macmillan, . 23-24.

.12 , R. Luxemburg, , , , , , , , Marx Engels . Cliff Luxemburg . . , ( , 13) .

12 , - (R. Luxenbourg, Tony Cliff) (V.I.Lenin). . Luxemburg R. (1925) The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions. Detroit, MI: Marxist Educational Society of Detroit (www.marxists.org) Cliff T. (1985) Patterns of Mass Strike. International Socialism . Vol.2 No. 29, Summer 1985, .3-61 (www.marxists.org) Engels F. (1889) The Ruhr Miners Strike of 1889, The Labour Leader, June (www.marxists.org) Lenin V.I. (1910) Strike Statistics in Russia, Mysl, Nos. 1 and 2. Signed: V. Ilyin. December 1910 and January 1911 (Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, [1974], Moscow, Vol. 16, . 393-422. www.marxists.org). 13 20 . , (One Big Unionism, IWW- -). , : . , ( , - ), , , , () ( ). . Katznelson I. and Zolberg A. (eds.) (1986) Working Class Formation: Nineteenth Century Patterns in Western Europe

and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

/

: -

:

=

:

:

/

=

(order)

=

=>

(.. )

3. ;

, . , .14

, . . , , , ,

14 . Kerr C. and Siegel A. (1954) The Interindustry Propensity to Strike An International Comparison in Dubin R., Kornhauser A. and Ross A. (eds.) Industrial Conflict. NY: McGraw-Hill. . 189-212.

, . , , , , , . , .

, . , .. 15 / / 16 , , , . , . :

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. .

15 , International Workers of the World (IWW) . 50 : . (, .) ( ), . . Kimeldorf H. (1985) Working Class Culture, Occupational Recruitment, and Union Politics. Social Forces, No. 64 (December), The University of North Carolina Press, . 359-376. 16 New Deal. 1934 . 1937 (UTWA) CIO 36% (85% ) (20%) . , Norma Rae (1979) Martin Ritt Sally Field, Beau Bridges Ron Leibman. . CIO. . Truchil B. (1988) Capital-Labor Relations in the U.S. Textile Industry. NY: Praeger Publishers, . 13. . Berg, I., Freedman, M., and Freeman, M. (1978). Managers and work performance: A limited engagement. NY: Free Press, . 141.

: , .

. . 50 . . .17

. Kerr Siegel , . .

/ . (.. - ) , , . R. Blauner () .18 .19 / - . ,

17 / , (.. ). . . Agarwal S. (1993) Influence of formalization on role stress, organizational commitment, and work alienation of salespersons: a cross-national comparative study. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 24. . 4, . 715-740. 18 . Blauner R. (1964) Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, . 175. 19 Zweig F. (1952) The British Worker. London: Penguin, . 33 ( Kimeldorf H. (1985), ..., . 373

, - - .

. . Ross P. Hartman . .20 Ross Hartman, , . . Haas St. Stack , 18, .21 .

, , . Kondratieff. . 20-30 . Kondratieff (.. 1968-1974) , , , / .22 , . K. Coates I. Topham ,

20 . Ross A. and Hartman P. (1960) Changing Patterns of Industrial Conflict Classic Work. New York: Wiley. , : Hibbs D. (1976) Industrial Conflict in Advanced Industrial Societies. American Political Science Review. No. 70, . 1033-1058 Korpi W. and Shalev M. (1979) Strikes, Industrial Relations, and Class Conflict in Industrial Societies. British Journal of Sociology. No. 30, . 164-187. . Shalev M. (1978) Lies, Damned Lies, and Strike Statistics: The Measurement of Trends in Industrial Conflict in Crouch C. and Pizzorno A. (eds.), The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe Since 1968, Vol. 1 National Studies,

London: Macmillan, . 1-19 Shalev M. (1980) Trade Unionism and Economic Analysis: The Case of Industrial Conflict. Journal of Labor Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, . 133-74. 21 Haas A. and Stack St. (1983) Economic Development and Strikes: A Comparative Analysis. The Sociological Quarterly. No. 24, . 43-48. 22 Screpanti E. (1987) Long Cycles in Strike Activity: An Empirical Investigation. British Journal of Industrial Relations. Vol. 25 No.1, . 99-124.

, , , , , .23 , - . . , , , , , (business as usual).24

. , . , , , . , , .25 , , , , . , , 70, , 1982-1990, . (. ) , , 1990.26

23 . Coates K. and Topham T. (1988) Trade Unions in Britain. London: Fontana, . 249-250. 24 . Durcan J.W., McCarthy W.E.J. and Redman G.P. (1983) Strikes in Post-War Britain: A Study of Stoppages of Work Due to Industrial Disputes, 1946-73. London: George Allen and Unwin, . 483-485. 25 . . . (2002) 2002, : . 26 Ibid

%

1975 2,3 6,4 6,1 13,4 1.743.363 46.374

1976 1,9 6,9 8,7 13,3 6.145.245 300.759

1977 1,7 2,9 8,7 12,2 9.643.823 559.858

1978 1,9 7,2 9,4 12,5 7.406.087 471.305

1979 1,9 3,3 2,6 19 12.255.273 1.262.443

1980 2,7 0,7 -7,4 24,9 20.494.944 1.407.821

1981 4 -1,6 -2,6 24,5 5.690.988 401.757

1982 5,8 -1,1 5,3 21,1 9.731.263 354.315

1983 7,9 -1,1 1,1 20,2 3.881.889 224.265

1984 8,1 2 2 18,5 3.350.324 155.318

1985 7,8 2,5 1,4 19,3 7.660.879 785.725

1986 7,4 0,5 -8,9 23 8.839.369 1.106.420

1987 7,4 -2,3 -4,4 16,4 16.537.686 1.609.175

1988 7,7 4,3 5,8 13,5 6.523.896 449.441

1989 7,5 3,8 8,3 13,7 9.280.631 795.744

1990 7 0 -2 20,4 20.335.313 1.405.497

1991 7,7 3,1 -3,5 19,5 5.839.663 476.582

1992 8,7 0,7 -3,5 15,9 7.072.008 969.484

1993 9,7 -1,6 -4 14,4 3.509.044 501.274

1994 9,6 2 0 10,9 1.872.899 226.155

1995 10 2,1 3,6 8,9 660.630 120.250

1996 10,3 2,4 0,6 8,2 1.633.508 233.674

1997 10,3 3,5 7,6 5,5 1.522.577 216.799

1998 10,8 3,1 1,5 4,8 1.515.347 214.546

1999 11,7 3,4 2,4 2,6 45.618 4.411

: , . . (2002) 2002, :

, L. Cronin, .27 , , . , . , (.. ).

, , . O J. Hicks (pre-emptive concession). , . , .28 , , : .29 . , . .

27 . Cronin L.E. (1979) Industrial Conflict in Modern Britain. London: Crook Helm 179-187. 28 . Hicks J. (1932) Theory of Wages. London: Oxford University Press. 29 Hicks, , , . . , Keynes Ricardo Malthus. Marx Marshall . . . Hicks J.1976. Revolutions in Economics, Latsis S. (eds)., Method and Appraisal in Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . . 207 Hutchison T. W. (1978) On Revolutions and Progress in Economic Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . 207.

.

:30

, , ..

.

, Hicks, : 1. , ,

.

2. , .

3. - .

4. , .

. - . 31 , .32

30 . Cohn S. and Eaton A. (1989) Historical Limits on Neoclassical Strike Theories: Evidence from French Coal Mining, 1890-1935. Industrial & Labor Relations Review. Vol. 42. No 4. . 649-663. 31 Rees Al. (1952) Industrial Conflict and Business Fluctuations. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 60. No. 5, . 37-82. . Brym R. (2003) Affluence, Power, and Strikes in Canada, 1973-2000, in Curtis J., Grabb E., and Guppy N., (eds.) Social Inequality in Canada: Patterns, Problems, Policies, Scarborough ON: Prentice-Hall Canada, . 55-67. 32 Ashenfelter Or. and Johnson G.E. (1969) Bargaining Theory, Trade Unions and Industrial Strike Activity. American Economic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1, . 35-49.

33 , , (.. , , ..), .. 34 . (, , ) . - .35 , , . , . Chicago (1886) Seattle (1919) (1969) 1989 .36 To 1889-1890 , 1880 1890 , 1889 37. , . 38

33 . Useem B. (1998) Breakdown Theories of Collective Action. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 24. 1, . 215-234 Petracca M. (1992) The Politics of interests: interest groups transformed, Boulder, CO and Oxford UK: Westview Press. : Franzosi R. (1989) One Hundred Years of Strike Statistics: Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Quantitative Strike Research, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 42, No. 3, . 348-62 Franzosi R. (1995) The Puzzle of Strikes: Class and State Strategies in Postwar Italy (Cambridge Studies in Comparative

Politics), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 34 Tilly C. (1978) From Mobilization to Revolution . Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Shorter, E. and Tilly, C. 1974. Strikes in France, 1830-1968, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 35 . Harrison A. and Stewart M. (1994) Is Strike Behavior Cyclical? Journal of Labor Economics . 12, . 524-553. 36 . Biggs M. (2001) Fractal Waves: Strikes as Forest Fires in Gambetta D., Jackson M. and Chattoe E. (eds.) Sociology Working Papers, http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/swps/2001-04.html Snyder D. (1975) Institutional Setting and Industrial Conflict: Comparative Analyses of France, Italy and the United States. American Sociological Review , Vol. 40, No. 3, . 259-278. 37 . Hobsbawm, E. J. )1985) The New Unionism Reconsidered, in Mommsen W. J. and Husung H-G (eds), The Development of Trade Unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880-1914, London:

George Allen and Unwin, . 13-31. 38 Cousineau J.-M. and Lacroix R. (1986 ) Imperfect Information and Strikes: An Analysis of Canadian Experience, 1967-82. Industrial and Labor Relations Review , Vol. 39, No. 3, . 377-387 Reder M. and Neumann G. R.. (1980) Conflict and Contract: The Case of Strikes. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 88, No. 5, . 867-886 Kennan, J. and Wilson, R. B. (1993) Bargaining with Private Information, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 31, No. 1, . 45-104.

, . , (cycles of contention) . , , , .39 .40 (1974-1977), (1977-1982) 1988 .

39 . Tarrow S. (1998) Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 40 . cAdam D. and Rucht D. (1993) The Cross-National Diffusion of Movement Ideas, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, o. 528, .56-74.

=

(.. EP.Thompson)

() ()

John Kelly, 1998

(.. , ..)

Kerr and Siegel, 1954

(.. -)

(.. Robert Blauner)

Ross and Hartman, 1960

Richard Hyman, 1989

4. ;

, Ross Hartman . : Worker protest in the course of industrialization tends to peak relatively early and to decline in intensity thereafter (Kerr et al., Industrialism and Industrial Man). How is such a view compatible with

the periodic eruption of strike waves?41

, .42 , .43 ( - ). , . - .

, , .

, : ) 20 , , , ) (tertiarization of conflict).44

, , , ,

41 http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/id/20042005/TIRM2004.pdf 42 . Dahrendorf R. (1959) Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 43 . Kerr C., Dunlop J., Harbison F. and Myers A. (1964). Industrialism and Industrial Man. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, . 24. 44 . Bordogna L. and Cella G.P. (2002) Decline or transformation? Change in industrial conflict and its challenges, Transfer, No. 4. 585-607.

. , , .

, . 1980-1990 1990-2000 - , , . , .45 . , .46

45 . , . . , . , , . . , (non-union areas). Truchil B. (1988) ... 52. , , , 5 [. Bomers C. B. J (1976) Multinational Corporations and Industrial Relations. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Corcum Press, 17-28 Truchil B. (1988) ... . 42]:

1. ( ) . , .

2. .

3. ., .

4. , ... .

5. . .

46 Edwards, 1992,1995

20 :47

,

(, ),

,

.

: ( , ), (- ) ). , , . , ( 1995 ).

Margaret Thatcher , . , .48 .49

47 . Aligisakis M. (1997) Labour Disputes in Western Europe: Typology and Tendencies, International Labour Review, Vol. 136, No. 1 . 73-82. 48 Hyman, 1989 49 60 70 ( ). , , : Eisinger P. (1973) The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities. American Political Science Review, No. 67, . 11-28 McAdam D. (1982) Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-70. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Piven Fr.-F. and Cloward R. (1977) Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. NY: Vintage Kitschelt, H. (1986)Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four

Democracies. British Journal of Political Science Vol 16 No. 1, . 57-85 Tarrow S. (1994) Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . McAdam D., Tarrow S. and Tilly C. (2002) Toward an Integrated Perspective on Social Movements and Revolution. in Lichbach M.I. and Zuckerman A. (eds.)

1990 1999

-

1990 135 798.405 10.258.638 65 607.092 10.076.675 200 1.405.497 20.335.313

1991 98 345.294 3.769.877 63 131.288 2.069.786 161 476.582 5.839.663

1992 110 366.566 2.740.698 56 602.918 4.331.310 166 969.484 7.072.008

1993 42 326.664 2.286.648 41 174.610 1.222.396 83 501.274 3.509.044

1994 48 149.029 1.046.514 8 77.126 826.385 56 226.155 1.872.899

1995 30 101.697 570.177 12 20.353 95.853 42 122.050 666.030

1996 20 190.451 1.330.744 11 43.223 302.764 31 233.674 1.633.508

1997 21 159.700 1.122.884 15 57.099 405.720 36 216.799 1.528.604

1998 8 94.469 661.283 30 119.438 854.064 38 213.907 1.513.347

1999 5 439 29.180 10 3.972 16.462 15 4.411 45.642

517 2.532.714 23.816.643 311 1.837.119 20.201.415 828 4.369.833 44.018.058

: Koukoules G. (2004) Labour and Industrial Relations in Metaxas A-J. (ed.) About Greece, Athens, . 250-262.

Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure. Cambridge and NY: Cambridge University

Press, . 142-173.

1.000 1992-2001 Table1 1960-

1964

1965-

1969

1970-

1974

1975-

1979

1980-

1984

1985-

1989

1990-

1994

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1992-

96

1997-

01

1992-

01

1992-96

1997-01 H.B. 131.0 155.0 578.0 465.5 431.3 155.6 36.3 24 30 13 18 55 10 11 10 20 20 29 14 21 -52

8 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 2 1 2 -50

65 18 24 33 48 13 28 8 8 47 38 21 29 -45

227.0 31.7 360.0 69.8 95.3 211.1 32.7 27 50 33 85 32 42 1.317 38 51 24 46 292 172 535

41 10 307 493 11 56 70 10 126 30 170 58 112 -66

150.0 127.0 269.0 168.0 73.0 34.1 21.2 37 48 39 300 57 42 51 70 114 83 97 73 84 -25

18.6 5.5 47.8 42.8 47.1 1.7 18.2 47 18 7 8 3 2 1 2 0 1 17 1 9 -94

217 68 27 132 110 69 32 168 72 82 110 86 96 -22

625.0 812.0 1049.0 860,0 476,3 143,8 94,2 180 236 238 65 137 84 40 62 59 66 172 62 116 -64

0 0 0 60 2 0 0 0 5 0 13 1 6 -92

29,0 5,0 47,7 24,8 17,8 8,0 23,8 15 8 8 115 1 2 5 11 1 6 30 5 17 -83

57 25 30 20 17 25 28 19 11 12 30 19 24 -37

676 238 698 157 165 182 121 132 296 152 385 178 271 -54

4,9 19,7 55,8 26,6 225,0 111,2 49,2 7 54 15 177 17 7 0 22 0 3 54 6 30 -89

103 69 98 96 53 37 53 37 60 43 84 46 64 -45

3 1 864 1.887 0 292 557 0 368 1.571 556 571 564 3

207 19 54 27 286 4 141 3 239 0 121 78 98 -36

0 0 4 0 2 0 7 1 1 6 1 3 2 200

152 75 30 580 31 20 30 24 36 29 175 28 95 -84

148 100 76 79 131 77 72 88 61 50 107 69 87 -36

184 132 137 133 280 296 196 190 125 164 174 192 183 10

5 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 -50

98 20 31 41 51 18 9 12 8 37 48 17 31 -65

37 36 45 51 42 38 42 16 163 9 42 54 48 29

69 48 61R 77 51 41 46 30 90 29 61 47 54 -23

: - : , Eurostat - : , ( ) - 1960-1990: . (2004) : , . : . . . 294 :

- 1999 , .

- R: .