Plumbing, and other commercial and industrial

equipmentBill Hoffman

Water Management, Inc.

512-294-7193billhoffmantx@earthlink.net

What Will Be Covered• How the true – full cost of water impacts

commercial and institutional entities now and in the future

• A look at plumbing fixtures

• Commonly found appliances and equipment in commercial and institutional environments

• Data bases and sources of information

The true cost of water –now and in the future

Circle of BlueApril, 2015

http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2015/world/price-of-water-2015-up-6-percent-in-30-major-u-s-cities-41-percent-rise-since-2010/

Price of Water 2015: Up 6 % in 30 Major U.S. Cities;

41 % Since 2010!

Even in Chicago, the Mayor Wants to Double Water Rates!

“Water is the oil of the 21st

century.”Andrew Liveris, Chief Executive, 

Dow Chemical Co., August 2008.

Source:

$3.71$4.15$4.37$4.84$5.17$5.30$5.55$5.99$6.09$6.22

$9.44$9.81

$11.54$12.08$12.12

$12.61$14.27

$15.42$15.75

$18.21$22.48

$29.04

$0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10

$12

$14

$16

$18

$20

$22

$24

$26

$28

$30

Fresno, Calif.Omaha, Nebr.

Memphis, Tenn.Wichita, Kans.El Paso, Tex.Mesa, Ariz.Chicago, Ill.

Denver, Colo.Sacramento, Calif.

Las Vegas, Nev.Arithmatic Avg.

Pop weighted Avg.Washington, DC

Los Angeles, Calif.New York, N.Y.San Diego, Calif.

Austin, Tex.Boston, Mass.Portland, Ore.

San Francisco, Calif.Seattle, Wash.

Atlanta, Ga.

Dollars per 1,000 Gallons

Commercial Combined Water and Sewer Rates For 50 Largest Cities in 2013

http://bv.com/docs/management‐consulting‐brochures/50‐largest‐cities‐brochure‐water‐wastewater‐rate‐survey

In 2013, the six largest cities in Texas average commercial combined water and sewer bill was $8.49 per thousand gallons.

Today it is around $9.00 to $9.50 per thousand gallons. About one cent per gallon

$0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40

Denmark

Austria

Germany

France

England

Czech Republic

USA (Black & Veatch)

Dollars per Thousand Gallons

Average Residential Water and Sewer Rates in European Countries Compared to USA

Sources of Information: Europe -http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/12/9/market-profile/global-water-tariffs-continue-

upward-trend.htmlUSA - http://bv.com/docs/management-c

GIBBERISH?To the average person

• Drachmas per Cubic Cubit

• Farthings per Cubic Furlong

• Dollars per Acre Foot

• Dollars per HCF or CCF

• Dollars per thousand gallons

Get it to Cents per Gallon or Cents per Use!

And again -The True Cost of Water

•Water Cost•Sewer/Pre-treatment

•Energy•Chemicals

•Solid Waste Disposal•Capital Equipment

•Labor•Liability

$0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10

$12

$14

$16

$18

$20

$22

$24

$26

$28

$30

$32

$34

$36

$38

$40

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

$/1,000 Gallons

Cen

ts/k

Wh

or $

/MC

FFigure 1. Energy Costs for Heating Water by 55oF

Electric Gas

Assumes 55oF Temperature Increase, 95% efficiency for electric

and 75% efficiency for gas

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0

Commercial Dishwasher Lavatory Toilet

Cen

ts p

er G

allo

n

Cents per Gallon of Water Used By Type of Use 2013

Water/Sewer Energy Chemical BOD/TSS Charge

9 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 2628

3031

3335

3739

4244

4749

05

101520253035404550

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034

2035

2036

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

Dol

lars

per

Tho

usan

d G

allo

ns

Year

PROJECTED NATIONAL FUTURE WATER AND WASTEWATER COSTS AT CURRENT INFLATION

RATE OF 5.85%

Restrooms & Plumbing• Toilets• Urinals• Faucets• Showers• Bidets

• Mop Sinks• Trap Primers

• Hot Water Systems• Fire Suppression

Talk about

Public!Toilets

High Efficiency Toilets

HET

www.map‐testing.com 19

Cost to Flush a Toilet at Current Inflation Rate of 5.85%

Gallons per Flush

Cents per Flush in 2014

Cents per Flush in 2034

5 4.9 15.43.5 3.4 10.81.6 1.6 4.91.28 1.2 4.0

Dollars per Year for Flushing One Toilet in 2015

Gallons per Flush Cents per Flush

Type of Facility

Home Office Restaurant

6 flushes per day (365 days) 35 flushes per day (260 days) 75 flushes per day (365 days)

5 4.9 $107 $446 $1,341

3.5 3.4 $74 $309 $931

1.6 1.6 $35 $146 $438

1.28 1.2 $26 $109 $329

Dollars per Year for Flushing One Toilet in 2035

Gallons per Flush Cents per Flush

Type of Facility

Home Office Restaurant

6 flushes per day (365 days) 35 flushes per day (260 days) 75 flushes per day (365 days)

5 15.4 $337 $1,401 $4,216

3.5 10.8 $237 $983 $2,957

1.6 4.9 $107 $446 $1,341

1.28 4 $88 $364 $1,095

The Tank & Pressure Assist Toilet

The Flap on FlappersAll sizes an and styles

Diaphragm Flush ValvesHave Interchangeable Parts!

Kohler's

1.28 GPF

ToiletSloan Uppercut

Sloan Crown Valve

Urinals

You just can’t make this stuff up!

Issues with Non‐Water UrinalsIssues with Non‐Water Urinals

• Drain line buildup (Struvite) (NH4)MgPO4∙6H2O

Especially where no supplementary water is available

Requires “extra” maintenance to clear drain lines

• Maintenance requirements

Custodial reluctance to clean urinal & replace/refill cartridges

Replaceable cartridge physical “life”

Replaceable cartridge cost

Shower Standards• EPACT of 2005 – 2.5 GPM

•Water Sense 2.0 GPM

•Multiple Shower Heads??

• Scald Hazard 

Commercial Faucets• Commercial Lavatories and Restrooms – 0.5 gpm

• Self closing faucets – No more than 0.25 gallons per use

• Water Sense hand washing lavatories – 1.5 gpm

• Water Sense Kitchen faucets – 2.2 gpm

ASHRAE Study

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

1 2 3 4Faucet Configuration

Gal

lon

s of

Hot

Wat

er P

er D

ay

Manual-4.5-gpmManual-2.2-gpm

Infrared Sensor-2.2-gpm

Infrared Sensor-0.5-gpm

Source: Fanney, Dougherty, & Richardson, 2002. “Field Test of a Photovoltaic Water Heater”, ASHRAE

Types of Trap Primers

•Constant Flow Systems

•Time Delay Solenoid 

•Flush Valve Primers

•P‐Trap Primers

Floor Drain Trap Primers

Floor Drain Trap PrimersPrimer Type Actuations per

DayWater Use

Continuous Continuous Extremely High!

Flush-activated Depends on Flush Valve Use

Very Low

Pressure-Sensitive Depends on Fixture Use Very Low

Electronic 1 Very, Very Low

P-trap Primer Depends on Fixture Use 0

Plumbing Take‐Away

Use WaterSense Criteria as you guide.

• Toilets – 1.28 gal./flush• Urinals – 0.5 gal./flush or less• Public restroom lavatory faucets – 0.5 gpm or less• Self closing lavatories – 0.25 gallons per cycle• Showers – 2.0 gpm or less• Trap primers – electronic or flushvalve primers• Water fountains – self closing• One shower head per shower stall

TEXAS WATER SAVING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

TCEQ §§290 SUBCHAPTER G.

• Toilets - 1.28 gpf except flush valve type, then 1.6 gpf

• Showers – 2.5 gpm• Urinals – 0.5 gpf• Faucets

• Commercial (Public) 0.5 gpm• Self closing < 0.25 gal per activation• Residential (Private) 2.2 gpm

• Clothes washers < 9.5 water factor• Drinking Water Fountains – self closing

Other Considerations• Place signage requesting that leaks and other plumbing problems be promptly reported

to the appropriate building management authority shall be placed in each restroom, locker room, kitchen, laundry, pool and other high water-‐use area. The signage should be labeled with a phone number to report such problems.

• For sprinkler systems, consider dry systems that do not keep pipes full of water where applicable

• Design the discharge from a fire line or sprinkler testing system so that the water can be capered for beneficial use.

• FREEZE PROTECTION CRITICAL!

• Ensure that all valves, meters, water shutoffs, etc. are easily accessible and clearly labeled.

• Make sure that maintenance and plumbing staff have good schematics of the systems.

Things

To

Do with

Old

Toilets

Measuring Flushvalve Toilet Water Use

• Us the meter to determine use per flush by flushing enough times to get an accurate reading

• Timing method –• 1‐3 seconds 1.28 to 1.6 gal/flush• 2‐3.5 seconds 1.6 gal/flush• 4‐5 seconds 3.5 gal/flush• Over 5 seconds 5.0 gal/flush +If the toilet marked 1.6 takes more than 3.5 seconds, either it has the wrong diaphragm or the 

diaphragm need to be replaced

Make Sure You Have the Right Part 

Web Sites for Plumbing Fixture Information

• http://www.epa.gov/watersense/

• http://www.map‐testing.com

• The latest news is that the Environmental Protection Agency’s WaterSense program has released new specifications for flushometer‐valve toilets. 1.28 gallons per flush.

When do they purchase new fixtures and appliances?

Average Age and Half Life of Selected Water Using Fixtures and Appliances

Type of Equipment Average Age Years Half Life FactorPre-Rinse Spray Valve - 1.28 gpm 3 16.67%

Commercial Ice Maker 8 6.25%

Home Dishwasher 9 5.56%

Non-Mechanical Food scrap collector (strainers) 10 5.00%

Garbage Disposal 0.75 HP to 10.0 HP 10 5.00%

Food Waste Pulpers 10 5.00%

Steam Cooker 12 4.17%

Combination Oven 12 4.17%

Residential Clothes Washer 14 3.57%

Coin Laundry Equipment 15 3.33%

Commercial Dishwasher 20 2.50%Mechanical Strainers with Recirculation Systems 20 2.50%On Premise Laundry Equipment 20 2.50%

Toilets 25 2.00%

Urinals 25 2.00%

Example• A “widget with an eight year life.

• This means that half of the types of equipment will be replaced by attrition in eight years.

• The Half Life Factor = 50% / 8 = 6.25%

• If this is a “normal” Gaussian distribution curve, all will be replaced in 16 years, BUT??

• What this table and graph do tell you is the GENERAL rate at which equipment is replaced.

Distribution of Data

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Pre-Rinse Spray Valve using 1.28 gpm or lessCommercial Ice Maker

Home DishwasherNon-Mechanical Food scrap collector (strainers)

Garbage Disposal 0.75 HP to 10.0 HPFood Waste Pulpers

Steam CookerCombination Oven

Residential Clothes WasherCoin Laundry EquipmentCommercial Dishwasher

Mechanical Strainers with Recirculation SystemsOn Premise Laundry Equipment

ToiletsUrinals

Tunnel Clothes Washers

Years

Average Life of Appliances

Information on Cost of Commonly Used Fixtures, Equipment and Appliances

Type of Commercial Equipment Typical Range of Cost per Piece of Equipment

ENERGY STARÒ rated Boilerless Steam Cooker $10,000 to $35,000ENERGY STARÒ rated Boilerless Combination Oven $10,000 to $35,000ENERGY STARÒ Dishwasher, Under Counter, Low Temp $2,500 to $5,000ENERGY STARÒ Dishwasher, Under Counter, High Temp $2,500 to $5,000ENERGY STARÒ Dishwasher, Door Type $3,500 to $9,000ENERGY STARÒ Dishwasher, Single Tank Conveyor Type $9,000 to $30,000ENERGY STARÒ Dishwasher, Multi-Tank Conveyor Type $15,000 to $35,000Pre-Rinse Spray Valve using 1.28 gpm or less $80 to $200ENERGY STAR® Commercial Ice Maker $1,750 to $4,000 for up to 1,000 lb./day

ENERGY STAR® Commercial Ice Maker $3,000 to $10,000 for very large ice makersNon-Mechanical Food scrap collector (strainers) $80 to $600Garbage Disposal 0.75 HP to 10.0 HP $200 to $6,000Mechanical Strainers with Recirculation Systems $1,800 to $12,000Food Waste Pulpers Over $25,000Residential Clothes Washer $400 to $2,000ENERGY STARÒ Coin Laundry Equipment $500 to$3,000On Premise Laundry Equipment Wide rangeTunnel Washers $400,000 to One MillionToilets $150 to $400Urinals $150 to $400

Utility Life Cycle Cost Analysis• The cost to operate the fixture, appliance, or piece of equipment over its useful life

• Look at all utility costs

• Most of the time the capital costs are small compared to the life cycle savings

Generalized Energy Recommendations from DOE for Ice Machines Used at Federal Facilities

Machine Capacity in Pounds of Ice Produced per Day

Kilowatt Hours for Air Cooled

Machines

Kilowatt Hours for Water Cooled

Machines

Difference

Energy Cost Savings

(Cents per 100 pounds of ice

@ 10)

500 to 750 <5.5 <4.1 1.4 14

750 to 1500 <5.0 <3.5 1.5 15

1500 up <4.6 <3.4 1.2 12

Average Savings per 100 Pounds of Ice Based on Electricity at 10 Cents per kWh 13.7

Air Cooled Cost Savings Using DOE Latest Recommended Energy Standards for Ice Machines

At a water/wastewater cost of only $2.50/Kgal!!!!Nationally, cost $9.74/Kgal in 2013

Gallons per 100 lb.

Cost of Water and Wastewater

Combined $2.50 per kGal

(Cents/100 Pounds)

Energy Savings per 100 Pounds

With Water Cooled Equipment

(Cents/100 Pounds)

Net Savings per 100 Pounds with Air Cooled

Equipment(Cents/100 Pounds)

85 21.25 13.7 7.6100 25 13.7 11.3150 37.5 13.7 23.8200 50.0 13.7 36.3

$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50

AIR COOLED IN UNAIR-CONDITIONED SPACE

AIR COOLED REMOTE HEAD

AIR COOLED IN AIRCONDITIONED SPACE

WATER COOLED

Thousands of Dollars Ove 8.5 Year Lifetime

Lifetime Utility Cost Analysis1,000 lb/day machine, Water $7.60/kgal. Elec. 10 cents/kWh, 120 

gallons of cooling water, DOE Recommended EfficienciesThis size ice maker cost about $3,000.

Balance Costs and BenefitsCost of Measure

• Cost of equipment

• Cost of materials needed

• Cost of downtime if any

• Cost of labor to install

• Cost of financing

• Cost of operation of new equipment if is more than what it replaced

Benefit of Measure• Reduced water, wastewater, energy, chemical, and other  costs

• Labor savings if any

• Reduced cost of operation in addition to labor and utility savings

• Environmental benefits if any

• Benefit of new equipment with increased life

Conveyor Dish machines

New Generation Steamers• No deliming

• Longer Element life

• No vent hood

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

Standard Efficiency ENERGY STAR

Pres

ent V

alue

Purchase MaintenanceWater Energy

$22,900!

With Combination Ovens, energy efficiency does not

necessarily equal waterefficiency!

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Gal

lons

per

Pan

per

Hou

r

Summary of Combination Oven Water Use Rates from Food Service Technology Center for Energy Efficient

Rebate Information July 201327 models ranging from 6 to 40 pans

Steam Mode Gal./Pan/Hr. Convection Mode Gal./Pan/Hr.

56789

10111213141516171819

Low Use (5.0 Gal/Meal) Medium (6.8 Gal/Meal) High Use (9.5 Gal./Meal)

Cents p

er M

eal

Current and Future Cost per Meal 2014 & 2034

Includes kitchen, restrooms & other indoor uses

2013 Clothes Washer Water Factor Criteria LevelsGallons per Cubic Foot of Washer Volume

Standard Front Loaders Top Loaders

EnergyStar® Residential 6.0 NONE

EnergyStar® Commercial 4.5 NONE

Federal Standard 6.5 9.5

Cooling towers come in all

sizes

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Courthouse Hotel University Offices Hospital

Summary of Audits of 30 Large Facilities with Cooling Towers in Downtown Fort Worth Texas

Water Management , Inc.

OtherIrrigationDomesticCooling

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034

2035

2036

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

2042

2043

2044

Cen

ts p

er T

on H

our

Year

Graph of Water, Sewer & Water Treatment Costs Vs. Electric Energy Savings With Chilled Water/Cooling Tower Air Conditioning

Assumes an energy savings of 0.35 kWh/ton hour with cooling tower and water use at 2.0 gallons per ton hour13 to 24 years

Electricity Savings With Cooling Tower

Water & Sewer Cost @ 2 Gal./Ton-Hr

If you don’t measure it, youcan’t manage

it!

Benchmarking Energy and Water Use In Commercial Buildings

The Star indicates benchmarking water use.

SB 700 requires that the Texas State Energy Conservation Office

(SECO) to benchmark energy and water use in State Facilities and State supported Institutions of

Higher Education.

0% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Shower

Commercial Toiltes

Residential Clothes Washers

Pre-Rinse Spray Valves

Residential Toilets

Residential Dish Washers

Commercial Dish Washers

Urinals

Percent Reduction in Use From Best in Class

Reduction in Water Use Since 1980 for Appliances and Plumbing Fixtures

Figure 1. Annual Plumbing Fixture Cost for a Building with 500 Employees open 255 days/Year

$0

$5,00

0

$10,0

00

$15,0

00

$20,0

00

$25,0

00

$30,0

00

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$ pe

r Tho

usan

d Gal

lons

$ per Year

Current Lowest Code* 1980's Before 1980’s

The Cheapest Water You Will Ever Have Is The Water You Already Have!

Two GuidebooksYou Need to Get

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/bmps.html

http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/sb7/committees/urban/docs/ROUTING_Volume_II%20_CII_TF_

Report_12_16_13.pdf

Codes and Standards

I promise not to read all the following to you.

http://www.map-testing.com/

The Times, They Are A‐changing!Bob Dylan

www.watermgt.com(703) 370‐9070

GSA Contract # GS‐21F‐0038T