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Figure 21.1 The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures.

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Right main (primary) bronchusRightlung

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Left main (primary) bronchus

Left lung

Diaphragm

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Figure 21.3b The upper respiratory tract.

Pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

Sphenoid sinus

Posterior nasalaperture

Nasopharynx

Opening ofpharyngotympanic tube

Uvula

Palatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces

Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Trachea

Frontal sinus

Nasal cavityNasal conchae(superior, middle and inferior)

Nasal meatuses(superior, middle,and inferior)Nasal vestibule

Nostril

Hard palate

Soft palate

Tongue

Lingual tonsil

Hyoid boneLarynxEpiglottisVestibular foldThyroid cartilageVocal foldCricoid cartilage

Thyroid gland

Illustration

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Figure 21.4a The larynx.

Body of hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Laryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoidmembrane

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Anterior superficial view

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Figure 21.4b The larynx.

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoidmembrane

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

Arytenoid muscles

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Body of hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid membrane

Fatty pad

Vestibular fold(false vocal cord)

Thyroid cartilage

Vocal fold(true vocal cord)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right

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Figure 21.4c The larynx.

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone

Thyroidcartilage

Lateralthyrohyoidmembrane

Corniculatecartilage

Arytenoidcartilage

Glottis

Cricoidcartilage

Trachealcartilages

Photograph of cartilaginous frameworkof the larynx, posterior view

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Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds.

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Glottis

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis

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Figure 21.6a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.

Esophagus

Trachealismuscle

Lumen oftrachea

Posterior

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

Adventitia

Seromucous glandin submucosa

Anterior

Cross section of the tracheaand esophagus

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Figure 21.6b Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.

Goblet cell

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Lamina propria (connective tissue)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

Seromucous glandIn submucosa

Photomicrograph of the trachealwall (320x)

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Figure 21.6c Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.

Scanning electron micrograph of cilia in thetrachea (2500x)

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Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages.

Superior lobe of right lung

Middle lobeof right lung

Inferior lobeof right lung

Trachea

Superior lobeof left lung

Left main(primary)bronchus

Lobar (secondary)bronchus

Segmental (tertiary)bronchus

Inferior lobeof left lung

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Figure 21.11 A cast of the bronchial tree.

Right lung Left lung

Left superiorlobe(4 segments)

Left inferiorlobe(5 segments)

Rightinferior lobe(5 segments)

Rightmiddlelobe (2segments)

Rightsuperiorlobe (3segments)

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Figure 21.8 Respiratory zone structures.

Alveolar duct

Respiratory bronchioles

Terminalbronchiole

Alveoli

Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

Respiratorybronchiole

Alveolarduct

Alveoli

Alveolarsac

Alveolarpores

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Figure 21.9a Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Smoothmuscle

Elasticfibers

Alveolus

Capillaries

Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships

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Figure 21.9c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.

Red bloodcell incapillary

Alveoli(gas-filledair spaces)

Type IIalveolarcell

Type Ialveolarcell

Capillary

MacrophageEndothelial cellnucleus

Respiratorymembrane

AlveolarepitheliumFused basementmembranes ofalveolarepithelium andcapillaryendotheliumCapillaryendothelium

Capillary

Alveolus

Nucleus of type Ialveolar cell

Alveolar pores

Red bloodcell

Alveolus

Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

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Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.

TracheaThymus

Apex of lung

Right inferior lobe

Horizontal fissure

Right superior lobe

Oblique fissure

Right middle lobe

Heart(in mediastinum)

Diaphragm

Base of lung

Intercostal muscleRib

Parietal pleuraPleural cavityVisceral pleura

Leftsuperior lobe

Obliquefissure

Left inferiorlobe

Cardiac notch

Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

Lung

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Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships.

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg)

Thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Transpulmonarypressure4 mm Hg(the differencebetween 0 mm Hgand −4 mm Hg)

Intrapleuralpressure (Pip)−4 mm Hg(756 mm Hg)

Intrapulmonarypressure (Ppul)0 mm Hg(760 mm Hg)

Diaphragm

Lung

0

– 4