# 1 csu’s epa-funded program on “applying spatial and temportal modeling of statistical surveys...
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# 1
CSU’s EPA-FUNDEDCSU’s EPA-FUNDEDPROGRAM ONPROGRAM ON
“APPLYING SPATIAL AND TEMPORTAL “APPLYING SPATIAL AND TEMPORTAL MODELING OF STATISTICAL SURVEYS MODELING OF STATISTICAL SURVEYS
TO AQUATIC RESOURCES”TO AQUATIC RESOURCES”
CSU’s EPA-FUNDEDCSU’s EPA-FUNDEDPROGRAM ONPROGRAM ON
“APPLYING SPATIAL AND TEMPORTAL “APPLYING SPATIAL AND TEMPORTAL MODELING OF STATISTICAL SURVEYS MODELING OF STATISTICAL SURVEYS
TO AQUATIC RESOURCES”TO AQUATIC RESOURCES”
N. SCOTT URQUHART
RESEARCH SCIENTIST
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
# 2
> Indicatator Development - Statistical
Perspecitves
> EMAP Site Selection
> The EPA STAR Programs in Statistics (CSU
and OrSU)
> Data Management - Importance of Meta Data
> - Value of Analysis from a
Common Data Base
# 3
FIRST - A NAMEFIRST - A NAMEFIRST - A NAMEFIRST - A NAME
THE PROGRAM UNDER DISCUSSION WILL BE
CALLED:
“SPACE-TIME AQUATIC RESOURCES MODELING
AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM”
CONSEQUENCE: EASY ACRONYM = STARMAP
# 4
OVERVIEW OF THIS TALKOVERVIEW OF THIS TALKOVERVIEW OF THIS TALKOVERVIEW OF THIS TALK
WHO IS INVOLVED
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS (“RFA”)
RESPONSES FROM
CSU - Major Participants
Oregon State University
WHAT IS EMAP
IN PARTICULAR, EMAP-TYPE DATA
# 5
WHO IS INVOLVED?WHO IS INVOLVED?WHO IS INVOLVED?WHO IS INVOLVED?
Jay Breidt
Richard Davis
Jennifer Hoeting
Hari Iyer
Scott Urquhart
Dave Theobald - Natural Resources Ecology Lab
Robin Reich - Forest Science
Jim Loftis - Bioresources Engineering
Collaborators at OSU, SCCWRP, WQTI
# 6
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONSEPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS(RFA)(RFA)
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONSEPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS(RFA)(RFA)
CONTENT REQUIREMENTS
RESEARCH IN STATISTICS
MANY OF US WOULD CALL THE REQUESTED
“RESEARCH” ADAPTATION or DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING OF “FUTURE GENERATIONS” OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICIANS
OUTREACH TO THE STATES and TRIBES
ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS
# 7
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONSEPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS(RFA) (RFA) - continued- continued
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONSEPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS(RFA) (RFA) - continued- continued
MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENT
“… EACH OF THE TWO PROGRAMS
ESTABLISHED WILL INVOLVE
COLLABORATIVE
RESEARCH AT MULTIPLE, GEOGRAPHICALLY
DIVERSE SITES.”
CLOSE COOPERATION BETWEEN TWO
PROGRAMS
SPECIFICALLY TO AVOID DUPLICATION OF EFFORT
===> JOINT ANNUAL MEETING ++
# 8
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONSEPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS(RFA) (RFA) - continued III- continued III
EPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONSEPA’s REQUEST FOR APPLICATIONS(RFA) (RFA) - continued III- continued III
FUNDING LEVEL: $750K/YEAR/PROGRAM
THE TWO PROGRAMS:
DESIGN-BASED/MODEL ASSISTED SURVEY
METHODOLOGY - @ OSU
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL MODELING,
INCORPORATING HIERARCHICAL SURVEY
DESIGN, DATA ANALYSIS, MODELING - @ CSU
CHECK ON THE RFA @
http://es.epa.gov/ncerqa/rfa/aquastat01.html
# 9
RESPONSE to RFA from CSURESPONSE to RFA from CSURESPONSE to RFA from CSURESPONSE to RFA from CSU
INSTITUTIONS:
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
STATISTICS
NATURAL RESOURCES ECOLOGY LAB
FOREST SCIENCE
BIORESOURCE AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY (PROGRAM 1, too)
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATER
RESEARCH PROJECT
WATER QUALITY TECHNOLOGY, INC
# 10
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENT
1. COMBINING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
2. LOCAL INFERENCE
3. DEVELOPING AQUATIC INDICATORS
4. OUTREACH
5. ADMINISTRATION/COORDINATION
# 11
CSU PROPOSAL - APPROACHCSU PROPOSAL - APPROACHCSU PROPOSAL - APPROACHCSU PROPOSAL - APPROACH
TAKE EXISTING SETS OF
PROBABILITY &
NON-PROBABILITY DATA
START WORKING WITH THE DATA WITH A
PERSPECTIVE OF DRAWING INFERENCES
IDENTIFY ISSUES WE DON’T KNOW HOW TO HANDLE
HAVE POST-DOCS AND PRE-DOCTORAL STUDENTS
CONDUCT RESEARCH ON THESE TOPICS
# 12
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUEDCONTINUED
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUEDCONTINUED
1. COMBINING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
FROM SURVEYS TO REMOTELY SENSED
POSSIBLY INCLUDING INFORMATION FROM
“HAND-PICKED”SITES
JENNIFER HOETING
DAVIS, BREIDT, REICH,
STEVENS (OSU), WEISBERG (SCCWRP),
LEECASTER (INL)
# 13
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUEDCONTINUED
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUEDCONTINUED
2. LOCAL INFERENCE
SMALL AREA EST’M + DECONVOLUTION
JAY BREIDT
DAVIS, HOETING, GITELMAN (OSU)
# 14
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUED IICONTINUED II
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUED IICONTINUED II
3. DEVELOPING AQUATIC INDICATORS
DEVELOPING DATA TO USE IN SPATIAL
ANALYSES
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
REGIONAL TAXONOMIC RICHNESS
DAVE THEOBALD, NATURAL RESOURCES
ECOLOGY LAB
URQUHART, RITTER (SCCWRP)
# 15
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUED IIICONTINUED III
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUED IIICONTINUED III
4. OUTREACH
“PROPOSALS SHOULD SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS
THE EXTENSION OF EXPERTISE ON DESIGN
AND
ANALYSIS TO STATES AND TRIBES”
HARI IYER & NSU PREPARED THIS PART OF THE
CSU RESPONSE
DAVIS, REICH,
JIM LOFTIS (BIORESOURCES ENGINEERING),
STEPHEN JOHNSON (WATER QUALITY TECHNOLOGY)
# 16
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUED IIICONTINUED III
CSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCSU PROPOSAL - CONTENTCONTINUED IIICONTINUED III
5. ADMINISTRATION
INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION
URQUHART & DAVIS
STEVENS (OSU)
AQUATIC SUPPORT: HERLIHY & HUGHES (OSU)
GET ALL SORT OF REPORTS TO EPA IN A TIMELY
MANNER
# 17
CSU PROPOSAL - FUNDED ACTIVITIESCSU PROPOSAL - FUNDED ACTIVITIESCSU PROPOSAL - FUNDED ACTIVITIESCSU PROPOSAL - FUNDED ACTIVITIES
POST DOCTORAL FELLOWS
DOCTORAL STUDENTS
FACULTY TIME
OTHER
SUBCONTRACT TO OSU
COMPUTING EQUIPMENT
SUPPORT/TRAVEL
# 18
OSU COMPANION PROPOSALOSU COMPANION PROPOSALOSU COMPANION PROPOSALOSU COMPANION PROPOSAL
SIMILARILY STRUCTURED
MAJOR DIFFERENCE = FOCUS
DESIGN-BASED/MODEL ASSISTED
OSU SUBCONTRACT TO CSU THE SAME
SCALE AS CSU SUBCONTRACT TO OSU
BOTH PROGRAMS HAVE OTHER
SUBCONTRACTORS THE FIRST YEAR
# 19
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUTWHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUTWHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?
THEY ARE THINGS LIKE
STREAMS
RIVERS
WETLANDS
LAKES & PONDS
ESTUARIES
PRAIRIE POTHOLES
NEAR COASTAL OCEANIC WATERS
# 20
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?
CONTINUEDCONTINUED
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?
CONTINUEDCONTINUED
FOR MOST AQUATIC RESOURCES,
THERE ARE MANY “SMALL” ONES
PROGRESSIVELY FEWER AS THEY GET BIGGER
INTEREST, BIOLOGICAL & SOCIETAL, TENDS TO
STAY CONSTANT OR EVEN INCREASE WITH SIZE
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING WOULD SELECT
MOSTLY “SMALL” ONES, FEW “BIG” ONES.
IMPLICATION:
UNEQUAL PROBABILITY SAMPLING
# 21
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?
CONTINUED IICONTINUED II
WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’WHAT IS DISTINCTIVE ABOUT’“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?“AQUATIC RESOURCES”?
CONTINUED IICONTINUED II
SPATIAL STATISTICS TENDS TO FOCUS ON
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE
STREAMS AND RIVERS ESSENTIALLY AMOUNT
TO ONE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS IN TWO-
SPACE
BUT MUCH LANDSCAPE INFORMATION IS
COMPLETE COVERAGE IN TWO-SPACE
CHALLENGE:
MERGE THESE PERSPECTIVES
# 22
WHAT IS EMAP - THE DATA SOURCE?WHAT IS EMAP - THE DATA SOURCE?WHAT IS EMAP - THE DATA SOURCE?WHAT IS EMAP - THE DATA SOURCE?
EPA HAS AN OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT (ORD)
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND
ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IS ONE OF ORD’s
“FLAGSHIP RESEARCH PROGRAMS”
EVOLVED FROM A GROUP OF RELATED SURVEYS
OF STREAM AND LAKE CHEMISTRY DONE BY
EPA IN EARLY TO MID 1980’s.
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EMAP WASEMAP WAS(1989 - 1994)(1989 - 1994)
EMAP WASEMAP WAS(1989 - 1994)(1989 - 1994)
CONCEIVED TO PROVIDE AN INDICATION
OF THE STATUS AND TRENDS IN A
VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEMS
STATISTICALLY DEFENSIBLE
FOR “ALL” ECOSYSTEMS
SURFACE WATERS, WETLANDS, ESTUATIES & NEAR
COASTAL
FORESTS, AGRICULTURAL, ARID LANDS
INTENDED TO COOPERATE WITH OTHER AGENCIES
# 24
EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITH EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITH EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITH EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITH
MOST EPA REGIONS
NE (1 & 2) IN MAJOR SURVEY OF LAKES
MIDATLANTIC (3) ON EXTENSIVE SURVEY OF
STREAMS
WESTERN RIVER AND STREAM PILOT (8, 9 & 10)
- IN PROGRESS
MANY STATES
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
NEXT PAGE
# 25
EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHEMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHCONTINUED CONTINUED
EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHEMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHCONTINUED CONTINUED
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
USDA
FOREST SERVICE ===> MAJOR CHANGES IN THEIR
SURVEY PERSPECTIVES
NASS (NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICAL
SERVICE) MAINLY LED TO CHANGES IN RESPONSES
EVALUATED
INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES (FORMERLY PART OF FISH & WILDLIFE) SOME STREAM SURVEYS
# 26
EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHEMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHCONTINUED IICONTINUED II
EMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHEMAP HAS COOPERATED WITHCONTINUED IICONTINUED II
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
...
INTERIOR
…
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
NATIONAL WETLANDS INVENTORY
COMMERCE
NOAA (NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION) - COAST WATCH PROGRAM
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE ( A BIT)
# 27
EMAP HAS CHANGED GREATLYEMAP HAS CHANGED GREATLYEMAP HAS CHANGED GREATLYEMAP HAS CHANGED GREATLY
CHANGED FROM A MONITORING PROGRAM
TO A PROGRAM ON RESEARCH ON MONITORING
EMPHASIS REDUCED TO SURFACE WATERS LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
# 28
DISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVEDISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVEDISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVEDISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVE
DEFINE THE POPULATION OF INTEREST
CONDUCT A PROBABILITY SURVEY OF IT CAREFULLY DEFINE THE SAMPLING FRAME
VARIABLE PROBABILITY SELECTION OF SITES, BUT
WITH SPATIAL BALANCE
CAREFULLY DEFINE RESPONSES TO BE EVALUATED
TRAIN FIELD CREWS WELL
MANAGE DATA WITH CARE AND AN “AUDIT TRAIL”
LEARN FROM PAST MISTAKES, THROUGHOUT
SEE A FEW ILLUSTRATIONS
# 29
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKES
LAKES in EPA REGIONS 1 & 2
= NY + NJ + NEW ENGLAND
EMAP = ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING and
ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
TIME = TEMPORALLY INTEGRATED
MONITORING of ECOSYSTEMS
EFFECT OF ACID RAIN IN MOUNTAINOUS NE
EVALUATED ONLY WATER CHEMISTRY
# 30
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESSAMPLING MODEL - DISCRETESAMPLING MODEL - DISCRETE
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESSAMPLING MODEL - DISCRETESAMPLING MODEL - DISCRETE
TWO STEP SELECTION PROCESS
FIRST STEP = SPATIALLY SYSTEMATIC
EMAP = 1/64 EACH YEAR
FOUR YEARS ===> 1/16 AREA SAMPLE
SECOND STEP = PROBABILITY
INCLUSION PROB VARIED BY LAKE SIZE CLASS
SPATIAL RESTRICTION - MILD CAN BE DESCRIBED FOR INTERESTED PEOPLE
TIME IS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME, EXCEPT AN
ADDITIONAL 2/64 EXTRACTION WAS DONE
ONLY IN ITS AREAS OF INTEREST
# 31
MAP OF SITES VISITED
# 32
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESSAMPLE SIZES: EMAPSAMPLE SIZES: EMAP
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESSAMPLE SIZES: EMAPSAMPLE SIZES: EMAP
UNIQUE ----- REVISITS -----
SITES SAME YEAR NEXT YR
1991 65 25 0
1992 77 15 7
1993 85 7 7
1994 79 6 6
1995 52 6 6
TOTAL 306 53 20
# 33
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESSAMPLE SIZES: EMAP + TIMESAMPLE SIZES: EMAP + TIME
AN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESAN EMAP STUDY: NORTHEAST LAKESSAMPLE SIZES: EMAP + TIMESAMPLE SIZES: EMAP + TIME
UNIQUE ----- REVISITS -----
SITES SAME YEAR NEXT YR
1991 93 25 0
1992 124 15 7
1993 106 8 8
1994 107 9 8
1995 70 8 8
TOTAL 430 57 23
# 34
MIDATLANTIC HIGHLANDS ASSESSMENTMIDATLANTIC HIGHLANDS ASSESSMENT(MAHA) of STREAMS(MAHA) of STREAMS
MIDATLANTIC HIGHLANDS ASSESSMENTMIDATLANTIC HIGHLANDS ASSESSMENT(MAHA) of STREAMS(MAHA) of STREAMS
MOSTLY IN EPA REGION 3
PA, VA, WV, MD, NY/NJ
MANY PARTICIPANTS
FUNDING = EMAP - OVER WHOLE STUDY REGION
TIME - UPLAND STREAMS FOR ACID DEPOSITION
REMAP = REGIONAL EMAP - REGION 3
VALLEY STREAMS IN “RIDGE & VALLEY” AREA
STATE PERSONNEL VERY INVOLVED IN FIELD
WORK
# 35
MAHA Study Design:
Probability
Survey
# 36
EMAP ILLUSTRATION: EMAP ILLUSTRATION: WESTERN STREAMS & RIVERSWESTERN STREAMS & RIVERS
EMAP ILLUSTRATION: EMAP ILLUSTRATION: WESTERN STREAMS & RIVERSWESTERN STREAMS & RIVERS
EPA REGIONS 8, 9 & 10
8 = ND, SD, MT, WY, CO, UT
9 = AZ, NV, CA
10 = WA, OR, ID
ACTUALLY TWO INDEPENDENT STUDIES
“BLUE LINES” LABELED AS “NONPERENNIAL” BY
USGS IN DIGITIZED 1:100,000 MAP
FILES
FIELD VISITS TO POINTS LABELED “PERENNIAL”
# 37
# 38
EMAP ILLUSTRATION: EMAP ILLUSTRATION: WESTERN STREAMS & RIVERSWESTERN STREAMS & RIVERS
EMAP ILLUSTRATION: EMAP ILLUSTRATION: WESTERN STREAMS & RIVERSWESTERN STREAMS & RIVERS
EMAP SAMPLE COVERS ENTIRE STUDY
AREA
REGIONS, AS REMAP, INTENSIFIED SAMPLE IN
CERTAIN LOCATIONS
REGION 8: MIDDLE MISSOURI & SD
REGION 9: MOUNTAINOUS SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA & AN AREA IN NW CALIFORNIA
REGION 10: AN AREA IN SOUTH CENTRAL WA AND
NORTH CENTRAL OR
# 39
EMAP ILLUSTRATION: EMAP ILLUSTRATION: WESTERN STREAMS & RIVERSWESTERN STREAMS & RIVERS
EMAP ILLUSTRATION: EMAP ILLUSTRATION: WESTERN STREAMS & RIVERSWESTERN STREAMS & RIVERS
SAMPLING MODEL
CONTINUOUS
USED ENTIRE RF3
===> NATIONAL HYDROGRAPHY DATASET NONPERENNIAL PERENNIAL
AS SAMPLING FRAME
VARIED SAMPLING DENSITY DEPENDING ON STREAM ORDER or RIVER SIZE WITH SPATIAL RESTRICTIONS STRATIFICATION BY STATE
# 40
OREGON - WESTERN PILOTOREGON - WESTERN PILOTOREGON - WESTERN PILOTOREGON - WESTERN PILOT
# 41
OREGON WESTERN PILOT + OREGON WESTERN PILOT + DESCHUTES/JOHN DAYDESCHUTES/JOHN DAY
OREGON WESTERN PILOT + OREGON WESTERN PILOT + DESCHUTES/JOHN DAYDESCHUTES/JOHN DAY
# 42
SAMPLING THE CALIFORNIA BIGHTSAMPLING THE CALIFORNIA BIGHTCONTINUOUS IN TWO DIMENSIONSCONTINUOUS IN TWO DIMENSIONSSAMPLING THE CALIFORNIA BIGHTSAMPLING THE CALIFORNIA BIGHTCONTINUOUS IN TWO DIMENSIONSCONTINUOUS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
MANY LOCAL AND MULTI-COUNTY
JURISTICTIONS
VARIED SAMPLING RATE BY OCEAN DEPTH
CONCENTRATED SAMPLING CLOSE TO SEWAGE
“OUTFALLS”
NESTING OF VARIABLES EVALUATED INCLUDED
IN SPATIAL CONTROL
# 43
SELECTING SITES - ILLUSTRATIONSELECTING SITES - ILLUSTRATIONSELECTING SITES - ILLUSTRATIONSELECTING SITES - ILLUSTRATION
# 44
DISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVEDISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVECONTINUEDCONTINUED
DISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVEDISTINCTIVE EMAP PERSPECTIVECONTINUEDCONTINUED
IF DISCIPLINES LACK TOOLS, SUPPORT
DEVELOPMENT OF THEM
STATISTICS INCLUDED
EXAMPLE: EXTEND CONCEPTS OF SAMPLING FROM
FINITE POPULATION TO SPATIALLY
CONTINUOUS
POPULATIONS
NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR STATISTICS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT (~ $1M/YEAR) UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PAST 5 YEARS NOW TO BE AT UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
TWO PROGRAMS UNDER DISCUSSION HERE
# 45
FUTURE NEEDS - STATES & TRIBESFUTURE NEEDS - STATES & TRIBESFUTURE NEEDS - STATES & TRIBESFUTURE NEEDS - STATES & TRIBES
STATES AND TRIBES MUST REPORT ON THE
CONDITION OF ALL “WATERS” UNDER
THEIR JURISTICTION
A REQUIREMENT OF SECTION 305b OF THE
CLEAN WATER ACT
RESULTS IN BIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
STARTING IN 2004 THE RECOMMENDED
STANDARDS WILL CHANGE TO BEING
BASED ON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
OUTREACH PROJECT OPPORTUNITY!