Presented to : Dr. A.R.Jafri

Group members Iqra Aziz

Khadija Tahir Reeha Gulzar Sehrish TariqAymen Asif

1928-79 Zulfikar Ali

Bhutto Chairman & Founder

Pakistan Peoples Party

Name: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Date of Birth: January 5, 1928 Place of Birth: Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan Father's Name: Sir Shahnawaz Khan Bhutto Mother's Name: Lady Khursheed Begum Mother Tongue: Sindhi

PERSONAL DETAILS

CHILDREN1. Benazir Bhutto 2. Murtaza Bhutto 3. Sanam Bhutto 4. Shahnawaz Bhutto

MARRIAGE married at karachi to ms nusrat ispahaniseptember 8, 1951.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto completed his early education from Bombay's Cathedral High School.

In 1947, he joined the University of Southern California, and later the University of California at Berkeley in June 1949.

After completing his degree with honors in Political Science at Berkeley in June 1950, he was admitted to Oxford.

He was called to Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953. On his return to Pakistan, Bhutto started practicing Law at Dingomal's.

He bacame Lecturer of Sindh Muslim Law College in 1954.

Education

In 1958, he joined President Iskander Mirza's Cabinet as Commerce Minister.

Minister for Information and National Reconstruction in 1959 during the rule of Ayub Khan.

Minister for Fuel, Power and Natural Resources 1960 again in Ayub’s reign.

He set up a Gas and Mineral Development Corporation in 1961 and Pakistan's first refinery in 1962 at Karachi.

In 1963, he took over the post of Foreign Minister from

Muhammad Ali Bogra. Resigned from the Federal Cabinet as Foreign Minister in June, 1966.

Political Life

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto launched Pakistan Peoples Party after leaving Ayub's Cabinet. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was elected as its Chairman.

Basic principles of PPP enshrined: Islam is our Faith Democracy is our politics Socialism is our Economy All Power to the People

The PPP spread its message among the workers, peasants and students throughout Pakistan, who greeted it enthusiastically.

Pakistan Peoples Party

While it was still in this process, a mass uprising

broke out against Ayub Khan’s dictatorship and the PPP quickly moved to play a leading role in this movement.

After Ayub resigned in March 1969, an interim military government took over and announced elections for December 1970.

The PPP contested these elections on the slogans of "ROTI, KAPRA AUR MAKAN" (bread, clothing and shelter) and "all power to the people."

Cont..

The masses responded heavily to it in the polls, where PPP won 81 of 138 seats allocated to West Pakistan in the National Assembly.

At the provincial level, it won majority in Sindh and Punjab legislatures.

There were not enough means and time to organize and carry the message of PPP to East Pakistan.

The PPP, therefore, confined its election activities to West Pakistan and fielded its candidates in that wing.

Elections 1970

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto assumed the role of both president and chief martial law administrator on 20 December, 1971.

He was possibly the first civilian martial law administrator in world history.

The breakdown of East Pakistan and the loss of War against india had shocked the Pakistani Public as well as the army. In these circumstances it was very hard for Bhutto to rule over the country hence he took some steps in order to establish himself to power.

President/Prime Minister of Pakistan

On the diplomatic front, Bhutto attempted to get

the captured soldiers back from Indian prisoner of war camps. The prisoners were returned under the terms of an agreement at Simla on July 1972 with the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

In exchange, however, Pakistan had to agree that , in future, the Kashmir problem would be discussed directly with india and not at international forums such as United Nations.

The Simla Agreement

Pakistan Steps up Nuclear Program - He steps up Pakistan’s nuclear research efforts in a quest to build a bomb, a quest that will be successful by the mid-1980s.

Pakistani nuclear scientist A. Q. Khan, at this time working in a centrifuge production facility in the Netherlands, begins to approach Pakistani government representatives to offer help with Pakistan’s nuclear program.

Undaunted, Khan then wrote to Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He encouraged Bhutto to make a nuclear bomb using uranium, rather than plutonium.

Bhutto and Atomic Plan

Bhutto came to power under the martial law and was determined to return Pakistan to parliamentary democracy.

In April 1972 martial law was lifted and a new Assembly was called, reflecting the voting in the 1970 elections, in which the PP had gained an overwhelming majority.

A committee was setup with representative from different parties in the Assembly to draw up a new constitution.

On 14 August 1973, the new Constitution , which relied heavily

on the principles of the 1956 constitution, became law according to the new constitution Bhutto was elected prime minister by National Assembly on 12 August.

Chaudhri Fazal Elahi was elected as President.

The 1973 Constitution

In the National Assembly, the Pakistan People’s Party had acommanding majority since the 1970. Although the PPP was the largest party in the National Assembly, it was dominant in the Sindh and Punjab Provincial Assemblies, only two of the four Pakistani Provinces. In the Baluchistan and NWFP Assemblies , the National Awami Party (NAP) and the Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI) coalition held the majority of seats.

On 27 April, 1972 the PPP and the NAP/JUI coalition signed an

agreement. This stated that:

1. This stipulated that the National Assembly would not appoint governors to different provinces without the approval of the concerned provinces and provincial assemblies concerned.

2. It also promised that the NAP/JUI coalition could run their provinces with a free hand as long as they supported the PPP in the National Assembly. Political eve

Political events under Bhutto

Bhutto was now able to concentrate on putting into practice the promise of “Food, Shelter and Clothing”.

During its Government from Dec. 20, 1971 to July 5,1977, the PPP government made significant reforms that did much to improve the life of Pakistan's impoverished masses.

The reforms which Bhutto introduced were: Industrial Reforms Agricultural Reforms Educational Reforms Health and Social Reforms Administrative Reforms

Reforms of Bhutto

Bhutto wanted to promote economic growth and bring inflation down from its unacceptably high level of 25%. A major part of its economic policy was the introduction of a program of nationalization.

The sugar, cotton, vegetable oil and rice industries, together with the

banking and insurance sectors were taken under government control. In all, 70 major industrial units were placed under the control of a Federal

Ministry of Production. These changes were designed to help the government:

Control industrial output and channel investment into industrialization. Raise the workers’ living and working standards. Allow the workers to set up unions. Create wealth to help fund other government reforms.

Industrial Reforms

Pakistan’s education was not yet producing sufficiently educated workers to take managerial positions in the industries under the Federal Ministry of Production. Capable factory owners were replaced by civil servants with little knowledge of commerce.

The changes took place at a time when the world was going through a recession. The newly nationalized industries faced declining demand for their goods, in keeping with reduced demand across the world.

Private companies would have forced to close; Pakistan's nationalized industries continued to operate.

Despite these problems, Bhutto’s industrial reforms did gave some success and inflation fell to just 6% in 1976. economic growth also began to increase

Problems with Industrial Reforms:

Bhutto’s government passed two major reforms, intending to introduce a new ceiling on ownership of land and security of tenancy.

Land Ownership Security of Tenure

Land Ownership: Under Ayub, the ceiling on land ownership had been 500acres of irrigated land and

1000 acres of barren land. Bhutto believed that improved technology and better farming methods such as the use

of tractors, pesticides and tube wells for irrigations had raised production. So landowners could maintain their income on smaller, more productive, areas of land.

He therefore cut the ceiling to 250 acres of irrigated land and 500 acres of barren land. The surplus land could be sold to the smaller peasant farmers to make better profits. Lands would also be available to allow many people to own their farms for the first time.

Unfortunately, Bhutto reforms were undermined by the cunning of big landowners. Many of them had anticipate Bhutto’s reforms (which they had actually feared would be much harsher) and had transferred some of their land holding to members of the extended family. Other transferred land to trusted tenants and then leased it back on long term leases.

Agricultural Reforms

Security of Tenure Bhutto wanted to give tenants security of tenure of the land they farmed. He introduced a measure giving tenants the first right of purchase of land

farmed by them. This meant that landowners could not sell land to a third party who might then evict the tenants to make improvements on their lands.

Once again, however, the landowners undermined the impact of the reform. In advance of the introduction of the measure, there was mass eviction of tenants from farms to prevent them receiving security of tenure.

Bhutto’s government also under-estimated the influence of the landowner did not want to sell to a tenant, it was extremely difficult for the tenant to stand up to the landowners, to raise finance to buy the land, and, if necessary, find the funds to fight a legal case. It was also true that many landowners used their social position to persuade revenue officers to record land as ‘owner-cultivated’ when actually it was in the hands of tenants.

Continued…

Article 37 of the 1973 constitution stated that it was the duty of the state to provide free and compulsory education. Bhutto introduced reforms to put this into effect.

Nationalized almost all private sector schools and college. This was intended to remove the discrepancies between private and state education and was very much in keeping with the socialist measures in industry and agriculture.

Built more schools to provide free primary education for all. Problems with reform Only 13% of the budget was allocated to primary schools and so

implementation was difficult. Education takes time, it is not possible to change the curriculum, train

teachers and provide the necessary equipments in a short time. Consequently even after 5 years the literacy rate has not increase by 1%.

Many people in rural areas did not see the need for education or literacy. Even when education was provided free many poor people could not afford the loss of earnings they faced if they sent a child to school instead of sending it out to work.

Educational Reform

In August ,1972 Bhutto launched a health scheme. The central plank of the reforms was the introduction of Rural Health

Centers (RHCs) and Basic Health Units (BHUs) in urban areas to provide more widespread health care. The plan was to set up 1 RHC for every 60,000 people and BHU for every 20,000 people.

Training colleges for doctors and nurses were expected to admit students on merit. Once qualified, doctors had to work the first year wherever the government placed them. So that instead of working only in big cities they could be assigned a post in any small town or village.

The sale of medicines under brand names was also banned. This practice, common in the West, allows drug companies to sell new medicines under a patented name and stops other companies manufacturing the drug under its medical name. This measure reduced the cost of medicines dramatically. Medicines were made available without prescription. They could be bought at any pharmacy.

Health and Social Reforms

The reforms did improve medical services in Pakistan, but there was always a shortage of doctors and nurses.

The removal of brand names from medicines also saw a fall in the income of chemists and many international drug companies closed down their operations in Pakistan, as they could not make profit.

Meanwhile local companied stepped in to fill the gap with standard and often dangerous substitutes.

Outcomes of the Health and Social Reforms

Bhutto claimed that the Civil Services of Pakistan (CSP) was legacy on Indian Civil Service and needed modernization. Bhutto felt that the CSP was corrupt, inefficient and full of unnecessary rules and regulations.

A lateral system of entry was introduced under which people could be appointed to the civil service at various grades, even the more senior ones.

He reorganized the Civil Service into smaller number of levels and unified pay scales.

This removed some of the old, unnecessary distinctions between types of civil servant.

He also reformed entry requirements so that people could join at any level, even the more senior ones, without having to work their way up.

He said that this would enable the CSP to recruit high quality staff, but his opponents complained that all he was doing was setting up a system of patronage where he could reward his followers with posts in the civil service.

Administrative Reforms

In 1977 Bhutto called a general election. He was confident that his government’s record and the lack of effective opposition would result in an easy PP victory.

However, once the election was called, nine of the various opposition parties combined to form the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA).

There were two issues which united the opposition in election campaign. They all wanted to end the rule of Bhutto and the PPP and they were united in their desire to rule Pakistan according to Islamic law.

The PNA began to attract big audiences at its election rallies and was clearly gaining support. Bhutto’s supporters were forced to act and PNA rallies became subjects to attack from gangs of armed thugs.

The government introduced a law limiting a public gatherings to just five people. This was to stop public demonstrations of support for the PNA. The results of the election showed a landslide victory for the PPP. Of the 200 seats contested it won 154,against the PNA’s 38.

Elections 1977 and Political Situation

There was an immediate outcry of protest from the PNA, which accused the government of rigging the results and demanded new elections under fair and neutral administration.

On the predictable refusal of this demand by Bhutto a mass protest was launched by PNA and the situation became violent and dangerous, with the mass rotting in many towns and cities.

There was doubt that the government did interfere with the vote, and on one occasion the results for one constituency were announced on television before the count had even started! Some historians believe such vote rigging was a serious error because the PPP was likely to have won the elections without it.

Continued…

Bhutto refused to agree to fresh elections and the PNA organized mass protests against the government.

Soon there was rioting in many towns and cities and the Federal Security Force could not stop the unrest. Bhutto was forced to negotiate with PNA.

He offered fresh elections in some of disputed constituencies. At the same time, he also began to turn to army. Martial Law was declared in major cities of Pakistan but with little effect.

The PNA leadership was arrested and by June it was estimated that up to 300 people had been killed and 10,000 arrested since the March elections.

Bhutto tried desperately to take sting from the religious oppositions by playing the religious card. He announced the complete banning of alcohol, gambling, and all other anti-Islamic activities.

Steps to downfall

These moves only encouraged the opposition to believe that Bhutto was succumbing to their pressure.

Facing widespread civil disobedience, Bhutto lost control of army as well.

On the night of 5 July 1977, Pakistan Army arrested Bhutto and took all the major political leaders into custody in a move named “OPERATION FAIRPLAY”.

On 7 July 1977, the chief of army staff, General Zia-ul-Haq, declared that the constitution was suspended and the martial law was in force.

For the third time in less than 20 years the Pakistan Army had declared martial law.

Continued…

Zia had been specially chosen by Bhutto for the chief of army staff post. Zia’s appointment had been controversial, as he was junior to several other

generals and had no distinguished service record. As the next 11 years to prove, however, people underestimated Zia to their own detriment.

Zia’s most immediate dilemma was how to handle Bhutto’s case. He released Bhutto from arrest at the end of July, but when he made it plain that he intended to rearrest on 3 September.

Along with three others he was accused of murdering a political opponent by sending FSF to kill him. The trial, which took nearly 2 years, resulted in Bhutto being found guilty and sentenced to death.

As president (He had replaced Fazal Elahi in September in 1978) Zia had the power to commute the sentence to life imprisonment. Bhutto, however, refused to plead to Zia for his life. Many others at home and abroad did so but Zia was unmoved. Bhutto was hanged on 4 April 1979.

The Death of Bhutto