zones of the sandy beachporcheddu.weebly.com/.../zones_of_the_beach1.pdf · upper beach zone •...
TRANSCRIPT
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ZONES of the SANDY BEACH
HOW PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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Zone 1: Oceanic Zone
Zone 2: Subtidal/ Neritic Zone
Zone 3: Intertidal/ Littoral Zone
Zone 4: Supratidal Zone/ Upper Beach
A: Continental Shelf B: Offshore Bar C: Low-tide mark *D: High-tide mark *D: Wrackline/ Strandline E: Scarp F: Primary dune G: Swale H: Secondary dune I: Maritime forest
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Oceanic Zone • Area of very deep water, extending from the deep sea to the
continental shelf (A)
• Much marine life lives here, but not as much as in the neritic zone.
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Neritic Zone Subtidal Zone • Area constantly submerged underwater, from the
continental shelf (A) to the low-tide mark (C).
• Offshore bars (B) will be found in this zone. This is simply a shifting pile of sand caused by wave and current action.
• Longshore currents and waves will shape this zone.
• The neritic zone supports more marine life than the oceanic zone because there are more nutrients present.
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• Heavy waves and fast currents
• Must be able to swim; or to be able to cling on, burrow, or have some other method to try and avoid moving water.
Neritic Zone Subtidal Zone
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Intertidal Zone Littoral Zone • This zone is exposed at low-tide, and submerged at high-
tide. Therefore it extends from the low-tide mark (C) to the high-tide mark (D).
• The high-tide mark is where you will find the STRANDLINE or WRACKLINE (also D). This is a line of debris washed in with the tide.
• The scarp (E) is a steep slope caused by wave action at high tide. The scarp is steeper in the winter.
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Intertidal Zone Littoral Zone
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Supratidal Zone Upper Beach Zone • This area is not submerged except during
extreme high tides or severe storms.
• It is not subject to wave action and periods of submersion like the other zones, but still experiences strong winds and salt spray.
• It includes all features above the high-tide mark, including the dunes (F & H), the swale (G), and the maritime forest (I).
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Primary Dune • This is the first dune to
form, closest to the shoreline.
• It is very difficult for plants to take root because of the shifting sand, wind, and salt spray
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Primary dune: PIONEER SPECIES • Plants that form the dunes must take root quickly and
tolerate very harsh, dry conditions.
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Swale: valley between the dunes • This area is protected from
some of the wind and salt spray by the primary dune.
• It may be warmer than either dune because of the refraction of sunlight.
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Secondary Dune • This dune is further from the
sea, and is protected by the primary dune.
• It experiences less wind and salt spray, so more species can grow here.
• This is still a very harsh environment, but not nearly as harsh as the primary dune the experiences the brunt of the environmental forces.
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Maritime forest • Far enough removed (and protected by the
dunes) from the forces of the sea for trees and other plants to grow.
• However, the salty, dry substrate and still harsh conditions deter the growth of the fragile species found in an inland forest.
• This zone is often not visible in coastal cities because of development (houses and other buildings).
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Maritime Forest
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Importance of Dunes • Dunes protect coasts from storms.
• This is why artificial dunes are being built all over the Rockaways.
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Volunteer Event: community service or extra credit Long Beach dune planting