zip1/0502/calembed1 embedding computer-assisted learning (cal) in curricula dr michael hollingsworth...
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Embedding computer-assisted learning (CAL) in curricula
Dr Michael Hollingsworth
University of Manchester
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Types of CAL programs
• Tutorial type
• Problem-solving
• Practical simulation
[Excluding distance e-learning, virtual campus, etc.]
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Barriers to embedding
• Cost– Software – System for delivery– Hardware
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PCs for students of Biological Sciences in Manchester
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50
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90 92 94 01
Year
Num
ber
of P
Cs
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Barriers to embedding
• Technical support
• Organise at Faculty or University rather than departmental level
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Barriers to embedding - staff
Survey in 1996: Markham et al, 1998
• 339 UK Pharmacologists surveyed as to their teaching methods and what influenced their choice
• Only 23% of staff used CAL packages in their teaching
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Results of 1996 survey
• Inadequacy of hardware and support
• Cultures that did not promote non-traditional approaches to teaching
• Lack of time to develop supporting material to enable successful integration
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Barriers to embedding - staff
Survey in 2001: Hughes• 342 UK pharmacologists surveyed (56% return)• 97% aware of pharma-CAL-ogy software• 62% used such software [only 23% used any CAL
in 1996]• Neutral on adequacy of hardware [-ve in 1996]• Positive that technology-based materials aid
student learning
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Influences on student usage of CAL material
Dewhurst & Hughes, 1999
• Made available – 12% used
• Shown in lecture - 65% used
• Embedded in course and assessed - 100% used
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Ways of using CAL
• Snapshots in a lecture
• Supplement to reinforce concepts covered in a lecture– e.g. drugs and the ANS
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Using CAL
• Replacement of part or all of a lecture course– e.g. Drug disposition
unit
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Using CAL• Practical simulation type
– Use before an actual laboratory practical (e.g. mousewatch)
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Using CAL• Practical simulation type
– Use in place of a laboratory practical (e.g. Experiments on guinea pig ileum)
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Using CAL•Make the CAL program the basis of a student activity (e.g. Teaching and Learning Resource Packs)
e.g. Problem-based learning scenario: “Susan had shown that salbutamol produced a relaxation of isolated hobbit airways of rapid onset.”
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Using CAL• CAL programs as a resource for student-led
learning
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Usage in a PBL course
• 52 students asked about 9 CAL programs, whether used and useful
• 60% return of questionnaire
• 61% usage of CAL programs
• 92% of users thought them useful
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Summary
Usage of CAL programs is increased if:
• Embedded in curricula
• Students perceive them as a part of the curricula
• Their content is assessed