zimbabwe - assessment of agricultural information needs

ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION NEEDS IN

AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN & PACIFIC (ACP) STATES

SOUTHERN AFRICA

Country Study: Zimbabwe

Final report

Report prepared by

Tafireyi Chamboko

on behalf of the

Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA)

Project: 4-7-41-209-6/g

12/10/2007

Zimbabwe Assessment of Agricultural Information Needs

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Disclaimer This report has been commissioned by the CTA to enhance its monitoring of information needs in ACP countries. CTA does not guarantee the accuracy of data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of CTA. CTA reserves the right to select projects and recommendations that fall within its mandate. (ACP-EU) Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) Agro Business Park 2 6708 PW Wageningen The Netherlands Website: www.cta.int E-mail: [email protected]


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Acknowledgements The consultant would like to thank all individuals and organisations that provided useful data and information during the course of this study. In particular, the people interviewed from the select list of institutions in the annex that gave time from their busy schedules in order to make this study successful.


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List of Acronyms ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific ACBF Africa Capacity Building Foundation AGRIBANK Agricultural Development Bank of Zimbabwe AGRITEX Agricultural Technical and Extension Services AFP Agence French Press AGORA Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture ARDA Agricultural and Rural Development Authority AREX Agricultural Research and Extension ASPEF Agricultural Sector Productivity Enhancement Facility AU Africa University BUSE Bindura University of Science Education CA Communal Area CFU Commercial Farmers Union CIAT Centre for International Agriculture in the Tropics CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSO Central Statistical Office CTA Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CUIZ Catholic University in Zimbabwe CUT Chinhoyi University of Technology CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries DDF District Development Fund DED German Development Organisation DFID Department for International Development DStv Digital SateliteTelevision DVS Department of Veterinary Services DZL Dairibord Zimbabwe Limited EPA Economic Partnership Agreement EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FTLRP Fast Track Land Reform Program GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information Systems GMB Grain Marketing Board GNP Gross National Product GoZ Government of Zimbabwe IFAP International Federation of Agricultural Producers ICDL International Computer Driving License ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ICT Information and Communication Technology ICM Information and Communication Management ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics ISTA International Seed Trade Association IMF International Monetary Fund Km kilometres LSCF Large Scale Commercial Farms MASU Masvingo State University MDG Millennium Development Goals MERP Millennium Economic Recovery Programme MIC Media and Information Commission MoLA Ministry of Lands and Agriculture MPSLSW Ministry of Public Service Labour and Social Welfare MSU Midlands State University MT Metric Tonnes NANGO National Association of Non-Government Organisations NECF National Economic Consultative Forum NERP National Economic Recovery Programme NGO Non Government Organisation NR Natural Region NUST National University of Science and Technology


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PASS Poverty Assessment Study Survey POTRAZ Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority PTC Post and Telecommunications Corporation RA Resettlement Area RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe REA Rural Electrification Agency RUFORUM Regional Universities Forum on Agriculture SACAU Southern Africa Confederation of Agricultural Unions SADC Southern Africa Development Community SCC Swedish Cooperative Centre SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SSCF Small Scale Commercial Farms TIMB Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board TV Television UNESCO United Nations Education and Scientific Organisation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UZFA University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Agriculture US United States WTO World Trade Organisation WUIA Women University in Africa ZATG Zimbabwe Association of Tobacco Growers ZBC Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation ZBH Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings ZCFU Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority ZFU Zimbabwe Farmers Union ZMMT Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust ZNCC Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce ZSE Zimbabwe Stock Exchange ZTA Zimbabwe Tobacco Association ZUJ Zimbabwe Union of Journalists

Exchange rates on 13 March 2007: 1 US$ = Z$250.00 and 1 Euro = Z$ 329.40.


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Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. ii List of Acronyms...................................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. v Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 4 2. COUNTRY PROFILE ....................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Livestock ......................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Agriculture 6 2.1.2 Fisheries 7 2.1.3 Forestry 8 2.1.4 Pastorialism 8

2.2 Brief Description of the Status of ICT Infrastructure and Recent Developments in the Sector . 9 3. STATUS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Institutional and Regulatory Policy Framework ...................................................................... 10 3.2 Operational Aspects .............................................................................................................. 11

3.2.1Description of agricultural information and services 11 3.2.2 Information sources 12 3.2.3 Information products and services provided. 15 3.2.4 Information and communication management capacity. 16

3.3 Interventions Supporting Information and Communication for Agriculture and Rural Development ......................................................................................................................... 18

4. INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS ANALYSIS (MAIN BOTTLENECKS AND SHORTCOMINGS) .............. 20 4.1 Information Needs ................................................................................................................. 20 4.2 Capacity-building Needs (IC Policies & Strategies, Sensitisation, Networking, Skills, Training,

Media, ICT, Equipment)......................................................................................................... 23 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................. 27

5.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 27 5.1.1 Information needs 27 5.1.2 Capacity building needs 28 5.1.3 Potential partners and beneficiaries 29

5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................. 30 5.2.1 Information needs 30 5.2.2 Capacity Building needs 30 5.2.3 Potential Strategic Partner institutions 31

6. PROPOSED CTA INTERVENTION STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ......................................... 32 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................. 36 Annex 1. Terms of Reference............................................................................................................. 37 Annex 2. Country Profile – Zimbabwe ................................................................................................ 42

2.1 General agricultural profile ........................................................................................................ 42 2.1.1 Size of agricultural population (male / female / youth) 42 2.1.2 Farmed land, forests, fishing areas 44 2.1.3 Agricultural systems 48 2.1.4 Agriculture in the economy (percentage GDP) 51 2.1.5 Main agricultural produce and secondary products 57 2.1.6 Main export markets 71 2.1.7 Trade agreements that include agriculture 73 2.1.8 Sectoral policy related to agriculture, fisheries and forests 73 2.1.9 Institutional, regulatory and policy framework for Information and communication 78

2.2 Socio-economic profile.............................................................................................................. 80 2.2.1 Demographics 80 2.2.2 Literacy level and languages 82 2.2.3 Access to services 84 2.2.4 Rural–urban drift 87


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2.3 Media and telecommunications ............................................................................................. 88 2.3.1 Newspapers, periodicals and broadcast media 88 2.3.2 Telecommunication services 95 2.3.3 Computers and the Internet 95

Annex 3. Profile of institutions ............................................................................................................ 98 3.1 List of all institutions .............................................................................................................. 98 3.2 Select list of key institutions................................................................................................. 126

4. List of Persons Interviewed .......................................................................................................... 146 5. Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 147


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Tables Table 1: Agricultural information sources............................................................................................ 13 Table 2: Information needs for current programmes........................................................................... 21 Table 3: Information that is difficult to find .......................................................................................... 23 Table 4: Training needs...................................................................................................................... 26 Table 5: CTA Intervention strategy and action plan............................................................................ 33 Table 6: Zimbabwe Population (in millions) 2002-2007 ...................................................................... 42 Table 7: Distribution of the population by province, Zimbabwe 2002.................................................. 43 Table 8: Percent Distribution of the Survey Population by Age Group and Sex, Zimbabwe 2003....... 43 Table 9: Distribution of population by sex and sector, Zimbabwe 2002 Census ................................. 44 Table 10: Zimbabwe land classification by natural region, 1989......................................................... 45 Table 11: The New Land Ownership Structure................................................................................... 47 Table 12: The natural regions of Zimbabwe ....................................................................................... 48 Table 13: Farming activities by natural region .................................................................................... 49 Table 14: Land ownership patterns after fast track reform (as at 31 July 2003).................................. 50 Table 15: Distribution of irrigated area before and after the year 2000............................................... 51 Table 16: Crops grown under large-scale irrigation ............................................................................ 51 Table 17: Gross Domestic Product by industry at current prices: percentage distribution (1995-2003)53 Table 18: Gross Domestic Product by industry at current prices: nominal growth rates - percentage 54 (1995-2003)........................................................................................................................................ 54 Table 19: Gross Domestic Product by industry at constant (1990) prices: percentage distribution..... 55 (1995-2003)........................................................................................................................................ 55 Table 20: Gross Domestic Product by industry at constant (1990) prices: annual growth rates –

percentage (1995-2003) ............................................................................................................. 56 Table 21:Maize production by sector (1996-2006).............................................................................. 58 Table 22: Wheat production (1996-2006) ........................................................................................... 58 Table 23: Sorghum production by sector (1996-2006)........................................................................ 59 Table 24: Pearl millet production by sector (1996-2006) .................................................................... 60 Table 25: Finger millet production by sector (1996-2006)................................................................... 61 Table 26: Cotton production by sector (1996-2006)............................................................................ 62 Table 27: Tobacco production by sector (1996-2006) ........................................................................ 63 Table 28: Soyabean production by sector (1996-2006) ...................................................................... 64 Table 29: Sunflower production by sector (1996-2006) ...................................................................... 65 Table 30: Groundnut production by sector (1996-2006) ..................................................................... 66 Table 31: Field beans production by sector (1996-2006).................................................................... 67 Table 32: Paprika production by sector (1996-2006) .......................................................................... 68 Table 33: Numbers of livestock by province, 2004 ............................................................................. 69 Table 34: Numbers of livestock by province, 2005 ............................................................................. 69 Table 35: National dairy herd and milk production (1997-2006) ......................................................... 70 Table 36: Tobacco regional physical exports (tonnes) 2001-2004...................................................... 71 Table 37: Physical exports and value of Zimbabwe tobacco (1996-2004) .......................................... 71 Table 38: Export commodities from Zimbabwe, 2004......................................................................... 72 Table 39: Type of services licensed ................................................................................................... 78 Table 40: Economic Indicators (2000-2005) ....................................................................................... 80 Table 41: Percent distribution of the survey population by age group, sex and sector, Zimbabwe,

PASS 2003.................................................................................................................................. 81 Table 42: Dependency ratio by land use area .................................................................................... 81 Table 43: Dependency ratio by province, Zimbabwe 2003 ................................................................. 81 Table 44: Distribution of total population by age group and ethnicity, Zimbabwe 2002 census........... 82 Table 45: Adult literacy rate by province (%), Zimbabwe, 1995 and 2003 .......................................... 83 Table 46: Literacy rates for the 15-24 year age group by province, Zimbabwe 2003.......................... 83 Table 47: Literacy rates for the 15-24 age group by land use sector and poverty category, Zimbabwe

2003 ............................................................................................................................................ 83 Table 48: Functional literacy rate by province and poverty category, Zimbabwe 2003 ....................... 84 Table 49: Percentage population without access to health by province, Zimbabwe, 1995 and 2003.. 85 Table 50: Distance of households to nearest health facility by sector................................................. 85 and poverty category, percent households, Zimbabwe 2003.............................................................. 85 Table 51: Distance of households from primary schools by province, Zimbabwe 2003 ...................... 86 Table 52: Distance of households from secondary schools by province, Zimbabwe 2003.................. 86 Table 53: Main source of energy for lighting by sector, percent households, Zimbabwe 2003 ........... 87


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Table 54: Main source of energy for lighting by land use area, percent households, Zimbabwe 200387 Table 55: Out Migration on the last 12 Months, Percent, Zimbabwe 2003.......................................... 88 Table 3.1: List of institutions in the agricultural sector ........................................................................ 98


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Executive summary Introduction Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) works primarily through intermediary public and private partners to promote agriculture and rural development. The Centre’s new strategic plan covering the 2007 – 2010 period places emphasis on: improving CTA’s efficiency and increasing the Centre’s outreach by addressing the major bottleneck of difficult or insufficient access to information in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries; (ii) honing CTA’s profile and further defining the niche where the Centre has a comparative advantage. Consequently, reaching more beneficiaries and further strengthening CTA’s partnership networks are key as well as the thrust to make information and communication technologies (ICTs) and information and communication management (ICM) strategies more widely available. Under the new strategic plan, the organisations targeted will be extended to include print media, editors, radio, Television (TV) and journalist networks in order to further maximise outreach. The identification of appropriate partners is therefore of primordial importance. Objectives of the study The overall objective of the study is to improve the collaboration strategies with ACP agricultural organisations and relevance of CTA’s support to African ACP countries. The study should also highlight where there are specific needs for CTA’s products and services thereby enabling improvement in the delivery of the same. Methodology The country profile was produced through a two-phased process. The first was a desk study to review the available literature and information sources including the findings of programme evaluations. Information available on the Internet and from published and unpublished sources was used. Through the desk study a preliminary select list of 14 institutions was developed for in-depth interviews. The criteria for selection included the importance of the institution in agriculture and rural development based on resource, social and economic contribution to the economy. Also taken into consideration was the need to include mass media services (print and electronic) given CTA strategic focus. The preliminary select list was shared with the CTA through the regional coordinator. However, given the time frame constraints and logistics, and the dynamics of the Zimbabwean political and economic environment in getting the relevant key informants, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 11 institutions during the months of March and April 2007. One group discussion with a team of five was conducted with one institution during the month of April. A combination of qualitative and quantitative rapid appraisal methods was used and a guideline data capture form was used as the basis of the interviews and group discussion. Expected results The study will provide: (1) status of infrastructure, information services and ICM capacity of institutions involved in agriculture and rural development in Zimbabwe; (2) identification of information and capacity building needs in the area of ICM for key institutions and potential CTA partners involved in agriculture and rural development; and (3) compilation of baseline data on the status of ICM and ICT in agriculture and rural development for monitoring purposes and improved outreach. The study should therefore also provide updated country profiles on the status of agricultural information services, the status of ICM/T in the country, which will allow CTA to make informed decisions on the type and mode of intervention as well as partner selection. Findings Zimbabwe’s economy has in the last seven years been characterised by low agricultural output, high inflation, shortages of foreign currency and basic food commodities, increased food insecurity, and high unemployment among the population, particularly of poor marginalised smallholder farmers. Prime among the reasons for the deterioration was the implementation of the fast track land reform programme (FTLRP) which led to loss of


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experienced commercial farmers. The new farmers have lacked experience particularly in the high value export commodities, leading to a decline in foreign currency inflows. This was accompanied by decline in real GDP growth. Real agriculture GDP also declined. The economic environment has a bearing on agriculture information dissemination, particularly in relation to ICM and use of ICTs for information dissemination to poor farmers given the already existing digital divide between the urban and rural areas. The main actors in the area of information and communication in agriculture and rural development include public, private, NGOs, regional and international organisations. These also act as the main source of information on agriculture and rural development through linkages, information sharing and the provision of a variety of information products and services (publications - hardcopy or electronic, libraries, databases and websites). The ICM function is performed by units or assigned individuals, whose levels of training and qualifications, resources available, budgets, equipment, information resources and access to the Internet vary depending on the priority the institution concerned gives to ICM. Computer hardware and software, mobile phones, fixed lines are relatively accessible to most of the institutions. Web sites are used as dissemination and sources of information but electrical power outages, technical problems; limited staff capacity and poor telephone lines limit the accessibility of the web sites. The Internet is relatively accessible, but the extent of availability and accessibility in relation to staff levels is the main problem, including the connectivity and the slow speed of connection. Conclusions The main information required to execute current programmes can broadly be divided into rural development, technical and economic information. Rural information is needed on farm problems and government and international regulations. Technical information required is on grading systems, post-harvest technology, crop varieties, packaging, and integrated pest management, while economic information on credit and micro-credit, market data on local, regional and international markets, and commodity profiles is required. This information is sourced from various organisations on the local, regional and international scene, including the electronic and print media, and the use of the Internet. The main information that is difficult to find are journal articles, abstracts, material suitable for mass distribution and material in appropriate languages for the information. In Zimbabwe, this information relates to that which originates outside the country, which, due to limited foreign currency availability, organisations are not able to purchase or subscribe to. There seem to be little or no interaction between CTA and companies in the private sector, chambers of commerce, state enterprises, or statutory bodies, although individuals within these organisations may be aware of CTA and its products and services. However, their target audiences may potentially benefit through access to CTA products and services, though currently not recipients of such products and services. There is realisation on the need for improved use of ICM and ICTs for providing information to farmers, although this is different for specific target groups (commercial farmers, small scale farmers and smallholders). For commercial farmers there is general interest to see more farmers being linked up through e-mail, to enable institutions to provide real time information, through electronic bulletins, on daily prices, quantities sold, etc. Smallholder farmers could be provided with the information through reproduction of available literature and packaging it in appropriate languages for wider distribution to especially those without access to other media, in light of the digital divide between the urban and rural areas. Although some organisations have introduced or are planning to introduce mobile network short message service (sms) for disseminating market information to farmers, current limitations on mobile networks exclude the majority in the remote rural areas. Although Zimbabwe has over the years developed the capacity to produce, analyse and process agricultural information relevant for various groups of farmers and stakeholders, the main bottleneck is the lack of a structured national ICM strategy that outlines how the


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available information resources can be effectively utilised for the benefit of the whole country, despite having a draft national Information and communication technology framework. Capacity building for organisations through funding, additional equipment procurement and financing, additional staff, and the need for staff training in new technologies that have potential to improve the management of information within the organisation, have potential to improve ICM within organisations, including the development of ICM/ICT policies and strategies, training in computers, web site construction and posting. Potential strategic partners to improve outreach include the mass media services (written press, radio, and TV) to provide new impetus for CTA. Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings (ZBH) is the de facto monopoly supplier of radio and TV programmes, while organisations such as Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) and Seedco currently contribute human resource for some of the radio and TV programmes. Zimbabwe Union of Journalists (ZUJ) is the umbrella civil society organisation for journalists in Zimbabwe. Through strategic partnerships, CTA can strengthen the capacity of the organisation to make use of ICM and ICT to disseminate information. Recommendations The study recommends that CTA provide capacity building and support for producing a national ICM strategy for Zimbabwe. The ICM strategy should ensure and provide guidelines for strengthening the capacity of organisations to acquire, process and disseminate information to various target groups and beneficiaries. This should also include guidelines on sharing information within and between organisations to meet their current and anticipated future programmes. Finally, the ICM strategy should provide for communication channels between the poor marginalised groups and organisations and institutions serving them, including addressing cross-cutting issues of gender, HIV and AIDS. It is recommended that CTA products and services should be made accessible and provided to organisations that currently do not receive them, in particular companies in the private sector, state enterprises and statutory bodies. In addition, current partnerships between CTA and farmer associations should be strengthened financially to improve the capacity in delivery of appropriate information packages to rural communities in local languages. In particular information flow should be improved and increased on farm problems, grading systems, post-harvest technologies, crop varieties, packaging, integrated pest management, and credit and market information. The study also recommends that CTA supports organisations in establishing regional and international links that improve and increase access to information that is difficult to find such journal articles and abstracts. CTA should also support organisations to identify, source, and target funding to meet the training, equipment sourcing and staff capacity building of strategic partners to improve agricultural information flow between organisations within the country and with the rural communities, in particular information in appropriate local languages. Finally, it is recommended that given its mandate and strategic focus for 2007-2010, CTA should initiate, conclude and financially support strategic partnerships with organisations in the print and electronic media and journalist networks to enable these organisations to disseminate information on agriculture and rural development for maximum outreach. The support should focus on training for improved use of ICTs and ICM for information dissemination and exchange.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was established

in 1983 under the Lomé Convention between the African Caribbean Pacific (ACP) Group of States and the European Union Member States. Since 2000, it has operated within the framework of the ACP-EC Cotonou Agreement and is tasked with developing and providing services that improve access to information for agricultural and rural development.

2. It also aims to strengthen the capacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire,

exchange and utilise information in this area. CTA’s programmes are organised around three principal activities which take account of methodological developments in cross-cutting issues (gender, youth, information & communication technologies – ICTs, and social capital), findings from impact assessments and evaluations of ongoing programmes as well as priority information themes for ACP agriculture.

3. CTA’s activities are currently distributed among three operational programme areas /

departments: • Information Products and Services; • Communication Channels and Services; • Information and Communication Management Skills and Systems. The centre’s new strategic plan covering the period 2007-2010 period places emphasis on improving CTA’s efficiency and increasing the Centre’s outreach by addressing the major bottleneck of difficult or insufficient access to information in ACP countries.

4. CTA works primarily through intermediary public and private partners (research

centres, extension services, libraries, NGOs, farmers’ organisations, regional organisations and networks, …) to promote agriculture and rural development. Under the new strategic plan, the organisations targeted will be extended to include print media, radio, TV and journalist networks in order to further maximise outreach. The identification of appropriate partners is therefore of primordial importance.

5. This country report on Zimbabwe is part of a series commissioned by CTA in

Southern Africa and Ghana under phase II. The overall objective is to improve collaboration strategies with agricultural organisations and relevance of CTA support to ACP countries (details are in the Terms of Reference in Annex 1). The study will focus on: • providing an overview of main agricultural services and actors existing in the

country (information supply side) in terms of their strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for collaboration with CTA;

• identifying agricultural information and ICM capacity building needs of key actors / key strategic partners for CTA products and services;

• identifying potential strategic partners for CTA activities and services (paying special attention to e.g. print media, editors, radio, TV and journalist networks);

• developing some baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in the country to facilitate subsequent monitoring and updating activities.

6. The study should assist CTA to improve and better target interventions and activities

aimed at potential partners and beneficiaries (including women, youth, private sector and civil society organisations) to have a more informed picture of their needs and aid in the elaboration of a strategy and framework of action. The study should also highlight where there are specific needs for CTA’s products and services thereby enabling improvement in the delivery of the same.


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2. COUNTRY PROFILE

7. Zimbabwe covers a total land area of 390,757 square kilometres, lies between the Zambezi River to the north and Limpopo River to the south, and shares borders with South Africa to the South, Zambia to the North, Mozambique to the East and Botswana in the West. It lies between 15 and 22 degrees south latitude and from 26 to 34 degrees east longitude. Although entirely within the tropics, the country experiences tropical to sub-tropical climate, moderated by altitude.

8. On the basis of altitude, the country can be divided into low (below 600 metres),

middle (600 to 1200 metres) and highveld (above 1200 metres). Various crops are grown depending on the suitability of the crop at the particular altitude; for example, sugar cane is mainly grown in the lowveld.

9. The country has also been divided into five natural regions (NR) on the basis of

rainfall. NR I (above 1000mm rainfall per annum) is a small specialised area occupying less than 2 percent of the land area, is suitable for specialised and diversified intensive farming for the production of forest, coffee, tea, bananas, potatoes and peas, among others. NR II (750 to 1000mm) occupies about 19 percent of the total land area and is suitable for intensive farming with major crops including tobacco, maize, cotton, wheat, soyabeans, coffee and beef.

10. Natural Region III (500 to 700 mm rainfall per annum) is subject to mid season

droughts and occupies about 17 percent of the country. The region is suitable for semi-intensive farming such as ranching, maize, cotton, groundnuts and burley tobacco. NR IV (450 to 600mm) occupies about 33 percent of the country and is suitable for semi-intensive farming. Millets, maize and ranching are mainly practised. NR V occupies about 26 percent of the land area, and is suitable for extensive farming. Millets, maize and ranching are mainly farmed. These natural regions determine the potential of the area in terms of crop and livestock production, and the population density varies accordingly.

11. The population of Zimbabwe, projected to be 12 million in 2007, depends mainly on

agriculture as their main source of livelihoods. About 35 percent of the population is found in the urban areas while 65 percent is found in the rural areas (CSO, 2002). The rural areas include the main production systems of communal areas (CA), resettlement areas (RA), large-scale commercial farms (LSCF) and small-scale commercial farms (SSCF). The CA is home to approximately 50 percent of the female population, indicating the importance of women in communal agricultural production. Most production in all the production systems is rain-fed while irrigation takes place where water is available for supplementation in summer (November to March) or production of winter crops or horticulture crops in winter (April to September).

12. Most of the population of Zimbabwe is literate, with national adult literacy rate of

about 89 percent and 99 percent for the 15-24 year age group. The dominant ethnic group are people of African origin constituting 98 percent (of which the Shona are 84 percent, the Ndebele 14 percent, and others about 2 percent), although the official language is English reflecting the colonial history of the country.

13. Due to the skewed land distribution inherited at independence in 1980, and the slow

pace of the subsequent land resettlement programmes during the period 1980-1999, the government in 2000 implemented a fast track land reform programme (FTLRP). One of the consequences was loss of experienced commercial farmers. Inexperienced indigenous farmers who lacked the financial resources and knowledge to productively use the acquired land, particularly in the high value export crops such


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as horticulture replaced these. Foreign currency inflows into the country declined, and general output of most agricultural commodities also declined.

14. The strong linkages between agriculture and the rest of the economy were reflected

in overall decline in national output, with real GDP growth rate declining cumulatively by more than 30 percent between 2000 and 2005. Agriculture GDP growth declined by 22 percent in 2002, and continued on this trend, declining another 12 percent in 2005. The contraction in the economy was accompanied by deteriorating macro-economic environment, reflected by high inflation, foreign currency shortages affecting all sectors of the economy, and high unemployment and increased food insecurity.

15. Increased food insecurity is more pronounced in the rural areas, where there is also

a high dependency ratio (0.95 in the CA and 0.87 in RA) compared to an overall country dependency ratio of 0.79. Access to services such as schools, electricity, and health are not the same, with higher proportion in the rural areas (24 percent) falling outside the government policy of a household within 10km of secondary school compared to 2 percent in the urban areas. Electricity from the national grid is mainly available in the urban areas (85 percent), compared to only 3 percent in the rural areas. The macro-economic environment, as well as the HIV/AIDS pandemic affects access to health services.

16. Agriculture exports, in particular the principal tobacco and horticulture exports

declined partly due to lack of production incentives and a fixed exchange rate regime that has led to a thriving parallel market. Government in response, has introduced a number of economic reform programmes in order to rebound production, particularly in the key agricultural sector. The latest is the National Economic Priority Development programme that is meant to partner with the private sector in order to resuscitate the economy.

2.1 Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Livestock 2.1.1 Agriculture

17. Zimbabwe’s agricultural sector post FTLRP consists of new agricultural farming

models in the form of A1 model farms similar to communal areas (CA), and A2 farms similar to large scale commercial farms (LSCF), in addition to resettlement areas (RA), small scale commercial (SSCF) and large scale commercial farms. The smallholder farms (CA, old RA, and A1) occupy about 73 percent of the 33 million hectares farming land, while small to medium scale commercial farms (old SCCF and small A2) now comprise about 8 percent, LSCF (medium large A2, black LSCF, and white LSCF) comprise 9 percent, corporate estates (company, church, and parastatals and other transitionally unallocated land) comprise about 6 percent of the total ( Table11, Annex 2).

18. Mixed farming systems predominate in the smallholder farming areas, and cattle are

an integral part in draft power provision. Predominant crops include maize, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, cotton, tobacco, soyabean, sunflower, groundnuts, field beans and paprika (Tables 21 to 32, Annex 2). The LSCF and corporate estates are highly mechanised and dominant in the production of irrigated crops such as wheat (Tables 15, 16, Annex 2) tea, sugar cane and coffee.

19. Key state institutions to support this diverse agricultural system include the Division

of Research and Extension (AREX), which is the main institution providing extension, and research and development activities. Research and development is provided through 16 research stations throughout the country specialised in various fields


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including agronomy, soil and chemistry research, plant protection, coffee research, cotton research, grassland science, livestock and pastures research.

20. Extension is provided through an extensive countrywide network of provincial and

district offices, with a presence in all the country’s 8 provinces and 57 of the country‘s 58 districts. The Agricultural Education Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, which runs all agricultural colleges and institutes training students to diploma and certificate levels, produces most of the staff of AREX. In addition there are state universities (University of Zimbabwe, National University of Science and Technology, Midlands State University, Masvingo State University, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Bindura University of Science Education) and private universities (Africa University, Catholic University in Zimbabwe, Solusi University, Women University in Africa) and colleges that also train students in agriculture and management.

21. Agricultural inputs such as seed, fertilisers and chemicals are supplied by diverse

private sector companies, which also provides research and development, and sometimes specialised extension outreach for specific contract grown crops (for example hybrid seed maize). Seedco, Pannar and Pioneer are dominant private companies supplying seed for various crops, while Windmill, Sable Chemicals, Zimbabwe Fertiliser Company (ZFC) Private Limited, Omnia Zimbabwe Limited are some of the main private companies supplying fertilisers, and chemicals are supplied by many companies including ZFC, Agricura, etc. The Division of AREX provides the necessary regulatory activities such as seed certification, fertiliser and chemical registration.

22. Both animal drawn and tractor drawn equipment are provided through a number of

private sector firms. Zimplow Limited and Hastt Zimbabwe are the main companies producing ox-drawn equipment. Ox-drawn equipment is predominantly produced for smallholder production systems. Farmec, Same Tractors and Sabata Holdings are some of the companies providing mechanised agricultural equipment, tractors, and after sales farm support services, predominantly to large scale commercial farms (LSCF).

23. Agricultural finance is available through a number of commercial banks (AGRIBANK,

Barclays Bank of Zimbabwe Limited, First Banking Corporation, The Jewel Bank, Kingdom Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ZB bank, Zimbabwe Allied Banking Corporation etc.). The Agricultural Development Bank of Zimbabwe (AGRIBANK) is the main channel through which government has been providing finance to farmers post FTLRP due to the insecurity of tenure that has led to the reluctance of most financial institutions providing finance to agriculture. Finance is also available through contract farming for crops such as tobacco, cotton, paprika, beans and others. Farmers are contracted either individually or as groups through their farmer associations.

24. There are three main farmer unions in the country through which farmers are

organised. The Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU) represents mainly smallholder farmers, the Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union (ZCFU) represents emerging black indigenous commercial farmers while the Commercial Farmers Union (CFU) represents established large-scale commercial, mainly white farmers. Besides these three, there are a number of local associations representing various farmer interest groups and non-government organisations (NGOs) that are involved in agriculture and rural development.

2.1.2 Fisheries

25. In terms of fishing, Zimbabwe has no coastal borders or natural lakes. All stored

water is held in artificial reservoirs, ranging in size from small farm dams of less than


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a hectare, to large reservoirs, such as Lake Mutirikwi, with a surface area of 9 100 ha (FAO, 2003). Most of the reservoirs were constructed for the provision of water for domestic use, irrigation or industrial use. Kariba dam, for example was constructed primarily for hydroelectric power generation and is the largest artificial lake, shared with Zambia. According to the FAO (2003) there are over 10 700 dams in Zimbabwe, but most of these are small. The number of large dams (according to the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) classification) is less than 130. Due to the smaller size, most of the water bodies are affected by the vagaries of weather, ultimately affecting fish production.

26. National Parks and Wildlife Management Authority perform fisheries research and

regulation of fishing in all the country dams. Fishing licenses in all the country’s major dams are issued annually, and all companies intending to participate pay annual fees to the Authority. However, the fishing sector is not as significant in Zimbabwe compared to crop production and livestock production.

2.1.3 Forestry

27. The country’s national parks and forests occupy approximately 6 million hectares of

land. The Forest Company of Zimbabwe, a commercialised government company, formerly the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe, is the regulatory body for the country’s forests. Gazetted forests cover about 800,000 hectares in the north-eastern parts of the country and are part of the fragile Kalahari ecosystem. This ecosystem is highly prone to desertification if mismanaged, but also contain some highly valued indigenous timbers that contribute to employment and GDP.

28. The Forestry Company provide research and development in the forestry sector, and

also trains personnel through the Forestry Industries Training Centre. A number of private companies are involved in exotic tree plantations, and these are mainly confined to the Eastern highlands, in NR II and I where the rainfall is sufficient for their economic production. The overall thrust of forestry has been sustainable utilisation and management of both exotic and indigenous timbers.

2.1.4 Pastorialism

29. Livestock are produced in all the production systems (A1, A2, CA, RA, SSCF, LSCF).

The main types produced are cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and poultry (Tables 33 and 34, Annex 2) Horses are also found mainly on LSCF. In the smallholder areas (A1, CA, RA, SSCF) cattle are important in crop production for providing draft power. In the LSCF cattle are mainly reared for producing beef and milk in the case of dairy cattle.

30. Both the private and public sectors serve the livestock sector. Private sector

companies such as Coopers, Milborrow Animal Health Zimbabwe, and Chemplex are some of the main providers of animal health products such as tick control acaricides, vaccines and chemicals. Private veterinarians who offer services on full cost recovery mainly to LSCF back this sector.

31. The main state institution responsible for livestock research, development and animal

health extension is the Division of Veterinary Services and Livestock Production. Through its two main departments of Veterinary Services and Livestock Production, with offices at provincial and district levels, smallholder farmers are able to access animal health services either for free or on partial cost recovery basis. The meat inspection branch ensures that all livestock marketed through public licensed outlets is inspected before it is sold.


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2.2 Brief Description of the Status of ICT Infrastructure and Recent Developments in the Sector

32. The status of ICT infrastructure and recent development in the sector reflect the

developments in the country given the economic challenges the country is facing. The telecommunications sector in Zimbabwe is deregulated, with the Postal Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ) providing the licensing and overseeing competition in the sector. Since deregulation, POTRAZ has licensed 2 fixed line networks, 3 mobile networks, 3 public data service, one broadcasting transmission infrastructure, one public broadcasting license, 4 radio stations and 6 private network licences.

33. Although there are two licensed fixed line networks, Telone is the only network

currently providing service. The second license granted to Teleaccess Private Limited, which was later cancelled, is still being contested in the courts by the company. Telone, which is a government owned company, has capacity for approximately 320,000 lines as at end December 2005 (Telone, 2005). The distribution of these lines is such that 22 percent serve the rural areas while 78 percent serve the urban areas. The Telone network is composed of both digital and analogue, but the company continues to digitalise with four areas digitalised in 2005, realising a total of 12,500 lines. Network growth and expansion on the fixed line network has also resulted in upgrading of the Mazowe Earth Station for increased satellite link and completion of the Beit-Bridge to Gweru microwave radio link project in 2005.

34. There are three mobile network service providers. Econet Wireless, a Zimbabwe

Stock Exchange (ZSE) quoted company with a reach of approximately 60 percent of the country is the largest with subscriber base of about 700,000. Netone reaches about 70-75 percent of the country, has a subscriber base of about 350,000 and is the second largest. The smallest is Telecel Zimbabwe Limited, which reaches about 30 percent of the country and has a subscriber base of about 200,000.

35. Broadcasting is dominated by the state through 100 percent government owned

companies. These are controlled through the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings (ZBH), which has virtual monopoly through the one local television station and four radio stations in the country.

36. Zimbabwe has recorded phenomenal growth in the use of ICT in the last 5 years.

The number of computers per 1000 people increased from 4 in 2000 to 30 in 2004. In the same year 2004, about 400 percent growth in Internet users was recorded. The latest statistics (2007) from Internet World Stats shows that Zimbabwe now has one million Internet users, which are about 8 percent of the population and a use growth rate of 1,900 percent between 2000 and 2007.


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3. STATUS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION FOR

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Institutional and Regulatory Policy Framework

37. Although Zimbabwe’s telecommunications sector is deregulated and POTRAZ is the body charged with regulating the sector, there are virtually no other private companies to compete with the state controlled Telone, leaving the company with monopoly in the provision of fixed telephones lines. This has affected the provision of telephones lines to some outlying districts particularly in remote agricultural areas away from the main urban centres. The lack of foreign currency to import equipment to upgrade current equipment and also connect new customers has often been cited as the main reason for the slow pace of expansion in the provision of fixed line telephones. Government recognises these constraints, and has promised to support the telecommunications sector in its expansion initiatives through provision of foreign currency so that their continued expansion to reach out to the rural areas, which form the agricultural base of the country continues.

38. Post FTLRP, the broadcasting media (radio and TV) have been paying special

attention to the agricultural sector. A new agricultural programme in which farmers phone-in with their questions on various topics that would be under discussion has been introduced on Sunday. This is in line with the land reform and distribution policy of government that has created many new farmers with little knowledge on agriculture.

39. In the media, the Media and Information Commission (MIC) is the regulatory body

responsible for licensing newspapers circulating in the country. Through use of some of the laws that are generally regarded to be repressive such as the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, the MIC has closed some of the newspapers once considered popular in the country.

40. The use of the Internet has grown considerably in the last few years and the main

strategic focus is the improved use of ICT in information for agriculture and rural development. The main advantages are that conventional and modern ICTs can be used for mass dissemination of information, are relatively cheap and can reach a bigger audience particularly in light of the FTLRP that has led to many new, inexperienced farmers with little knowledge on agriculture going into farming as a business.

41. The main opportunities posed by the political, institutional and regulatory

environment include the political support in the use of ICTs from the highest office, the expanded rural electrification programme, deregulation in the telecommunications sector, phenomenal growth in the use of the Internet, massive computerisation of government ministries and the continued expansion in the fixed line and mobile networks.

42. The main threats posed by the political, institutional and regulatory environment

include declining economic growth, deteriorating macro economic environment characterised by high inflation, shortages of foreign currency, high unemployment, among others. There is also generally lack of national coordination in the use and application of ICTs in the country.


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3.2 Operational Aspects

43. Institutions in Zimbabwe get information from a variety of sources. The sources include local, regional and international sources. The use of the Internet has enabled information to be available across the various sectors that have access to ICTs. 3.2.1 Description of agricultural information and services

44. The main actors in the area of information and communication for agriculture and

rural development include the Ministry of Agriculture, government departments, universities, input suppliers and other agribusiness companies, farmer organisations, government parastatals, NGOs, regional and international organisations. The Ministry of Agriculture Head Office and its departments of Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) and the Division of Veterinary Services and Livestock Production are the main government departments involved. CFU, ZFU, and ZCFU and commodity associations such as ZFU Tobacco Association, Zimbabwe Association of Tobacco Growers (ZATG) and Zimbabwe Tobacco Association (ZTA) are some of the farmer associations.

45. Universities include both state and private universities. The main state universities

are the University of Zimbabwe, Midlands State University, Masvingo State University, National University of Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Bindura University of Science Education, and Lupane State University. Private universities include Africa University, Catholic University in Zimbabwe and Solusi University. Within the universities, besides faculties of agriculture, there are many specialised institutes involved in agriculture and rural development.

46. Input suppliers include the seed, fertiliser, chemical and equipment companies. The

seed companies include Seedco, Pioneer, Pannar, National Tested Seeds, and other indigenous companies. Fertiliser companies include Windmill, ZFC Limited, Chemplex Corporation, Sable Chemicals, Farmers World, Omnia Fertilisers Zimbabwe while chemical companies include Agricura, Shell chemicals, Syngenta, among others. Equipment companies include companies such as Zimplow, Hastt Zimbabwe, Farmec, Same tractors, Sabata holdings and others.

47. Agri-business sector includes both input supplies and agricultural buying and

processing companies. Agricultural buying companies include companies specialised in buying specific agricultural commodities such as Cottco and Cargill, for cotton, and Paprika Zimbabwe for paprika.

48. Agricultural parastatal companies include the Cold Storage Company (CSC) which

specialises in the buying and processing of beef, the Grain Marketing Board (GMB) for the buying of grains, oilseeds and beans, including processing and milling of grains, the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA) which is a major producer and marketer of diversified commodities.

49. Local financial institutions are the main providers of information on agricultural

finance. These include organisation such the Agricultural Development Bank of Zimbabwe (AGRIBANK), Barclays Bank of Zimbabwe Limited, First Banking Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank Limited, ZB bank, and Zimbabwe Allied Banking Corporation, etc. Recently, the country’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe has been the major provider of agricultural finance post FTLRP.

50. Regional, International organisations and donor agencies are also actors in

information and communication on agriculture and rural development. Regional organisations mentioned include SADC, SACAU and RUFORUM. International


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organisations mentioned include CTA, CIMMYT, CIAT, ICRISAT and IFAP. Donor agencies include DFID, EU, and others.

51. The Internet is widely used as a source of information for all the organisations.

Although all organisations face various problems such as the slow speed of connection, the high cost of broadband Internet access, financial resources required for constructing the web sites, and lack of foreign currency to import hardware and software, the importance of the Internet and ICTs are widely recognised. 3.2.2 Information sources

52. There are many sources of information in the country that can broadly be classified

into local, regional and international. Local sources include universities, farmer organisations, government departments, national research institutions, parastatal organisations or state enterprises, agriculture development and other commercial banks, input suppliers, commercial attaches at embassies and NGOs. Information on agriculture needs is also sourced through meetings with beneficiaries farmers and this is practiced by almost all organisations interviewed. Publications, which include books, flyers, bulletins, research papers, newspapers and personal collections of researchers, are also used as information sources.

53. The electronic media that include radio and TV programmes, and use of the Internet

and other agricultural electronic networks are widely used and recognised as sources of information. Fairs and exhibitions, which are mainly organised and run during the agricultural off-season in the main urban areas and farming towns, bring together various stakeholders for information sharing and exchange. Table 1 gives a summary of the sources of information used by the various organisations interviewed.


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Table 1: Agricultural information sources Source of information on agriculture needs Which organisation uses the source? Local State universities (UZ, NUST, MSU, MASU, BUSE, CUT) AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Private universities (AU, CUIZ, Solusi) AREX, NANGO, GMB, WUIA Ministry of Agriculture AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC Government departments (AREX, DVS) NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC National research institutions (AREX) NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Parastatal organisations (ARDA etc.) AREX, GMB,TIMB, UZFA, ZFU Farmer Unions/ Commodity or farmer associations AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC Meetings with beneficiaries (farmers and others) AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZFU Agriculture development banks AREX, GMB, Seedco,TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC Other commercial banks and credit institutions AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, ZFU, ZNCC Input suppliers (seed, fertilisers, chemicals) AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Commercial attaches at embassies AREX NGOs WUIA Regional SADC AREX, NANGO, GMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC RUFORUM UZFA Other agricultural networks AREX, WUIA, ZFU, Seedco International International research institutions (ICRISAST, CIAT, CIMMYT) AREX, GMB, Seedco, UZFA, ZFU Other international organisations NANGO, GMB, Seedco, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC, ZUJ Publications CTA booklets/bulletins AREX, WUIA, UZFA, ZFU University research papers AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Ministry of agriculture booklets/flyers AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC Newspapers AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC, ZUJPersonal collection of researchers AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC


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Table 1: Agricultural information sources Source of information on agriculture needs Which organisation uses the source? Electronic media Radio programmes AREX, NANGO, GMB, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC, ZUJ TV programmes AREX, NANGO, GMB, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC, ZUJ Internet AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC, ZUJAgricultural research electronic networks AREX, UZFA Other sources Fairs and exhibitions AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU, ZNCC Colleagues AREX, NANGO, GMB, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Agribusiness consultants AREX, NANGO, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Source: Results of interviews (2007)


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54. Institutions in particular fields link up with regional and international organisations

specialised in the specific field for information sharing and exchange. Regionally, many institutions are members of the appropriate organisations in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) dealing with their particular area of interest. For example, NANGO is a member of the SADC Council of NGOs, ZNCC of the Association of SADC chambers of commerce, ZBH of the Southern Africa Broadcasting Association, ZUJ of the Southern Africa Journalists Association, and ZFU is a member of the Southern Africa Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU). Internationally, ZFU is a member of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), ZNCC is a member of the International Association of Chambers of Commerce and ZUJ is a member of the International Federation of Journalists, Seedco of International Seed Trade Association (ISTA) while ZBH has running agreements with international news agencies like Reuters, AFP and Associated Press. 3.2.3 Information products and services provided

55. The main actors in the area of information and communication in agriculture and rural development provide a variety of information products and services. These can be grouped broadly into publications (hardcopy or electronic), libraries, databases and websites.

56. Publications are produced and provided by various institutions. AREX for example

produces and provides advisory pamphlets to farmers on various crops, fact-sheets that provide information on pertinent issues on various crops and livestock, posters to educate farmers and also for use in extension and flyers for providing information. The ZFU produces a bi-monthly magazine “The Zimbabwean Farmer (Murimi/Umlimi)” that used to be distributed freely to member farmers but would from 2007 be provided on a cost recovery basis. NANGO produces a quarterly magazine called “The Umbrella” although there are also plans to produce a new magazine on Civil Society in Zimbabwe. The TIMB produces weekly and monthly sales reports, and Annual Statistical Reports. The ZNCC also produces a newsletter as well as a quarterly bulletin. Seedco produces brochures, flyers and technical bulletins. Organisations such as GMB for example, had to discontinue their magazine (The Granary/The Silo) due to financial problems. There are, however plans by the GMB to launch a new format magazine in the future, resources permitting. Although ZUJ currently does not disseminate any agricultural information, there are plans by the Union to introduce a small online newsletter.

57. Library services are found in most of the institutions interviewed and these provide a

collection of books, periodicals, journals and other reference material. The main problem is that some of the material may be outdated particularly that sourced outside the country and requires foreign currency payment, which is currently scarce on the formal market. In AREX, for example there is a library in every section and research station to provide information to researchers and other interested stakeholders. NANGO, WUIA, ZNCC and ZBH all have libraries that act as centres of information. The NANGO resource centre acts as a one-stop shop for information and literature on the NGO sector in Zimbabwe and abroad, and is open to the public on a daily basis. The UZFA however relies on the main UZ library, which given the increase in the student population is also stretched for resources. Plans to set up a library for the Faculty of Agriculture were stalled by lack of financial resources. There are however, small resource centres in each department to cater specifically for students and staff in that department. Seedco had plans to set up an Agri-Library on breeding, production and marketing to act as resource centre for information for farmers and other stakeholders. This would have documented their cumulative


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technical and research and development experience. However, the plans have not been implemented due to financial constraints.

58. Databases are an important component of most organisations and those interviewed

(AREX, ZFU, ZUJ, ZNCC, NANGO, Seedco, TIMB, WUIA, ZBH, and GMB) all maintain databases of some sort. The nature and type of the database depend largely on the business of the organisation concerned. In AREX for example, all sections maintain databases on crops and livestock research performed by researchers of that institution, while ZFU maintains a database on farmers, their identity, and the crops and livestock produced by the member farmer. ZUJ maintains a database on member journalists such as name, contact details, and media house of employment. ZNCC on the other hand keep a database on business and trade information, which is the main interest of their member organisations. Seedco maintains a comprehensive database of the research and varieties released by the company to date, and on the farmers producing seed on contract, with contact details such as farm physical address, postal address and telephone numbers. The database contains information on the research that has been carried out over the years which includes release of more than 30 maize hybrid varieties, more than 15 soyabean varieties, and more than 15 wheat varieties. The TIMB whose core business is tobacco keep a comprehensive database on all tobacco growers in the country such as area planted, quantities delivered and sold, prices achieved that enable them to monitor all sales of tobacco, the buyers and the quantities bought and prices. NANGO has database (or NGO directory) of their member NGO organisations in Zimbabwe, which include such information as NGO area of interest and contact details. WUIA database is mainly for teaching and outreach purposes and contains information on structure, staff, students, programmes, research priorities and material for students. ZBH, keeps a central database of archival material that includes programmes, news, current affairs and documentaries.

59. Web sites are important in both disseminating and as a source of information.

Although most of the institutions interviewed had web site addresses (ZUJ, ZNCC, NANGO, TIMB, WUIA, ZBH, UZFA and GMB) there are various problems each faced with regard to the functionality and usefulness of the site for disseminating and as a source of information. The ZUJ web site experienced technical problems and was under reconstruction in order to improve the site. WUIA web site was down due to technical problems. The ZBH web site was still under construction and is expected to be activated mid-2007.

60. Some of the organisations (AREX, ZFU) do not have web sites although attempts

have been made in the past to have web portals. AREX previously attempted to have a web portal on the main Ministry of Agriculture web site but there are indications that this never yielded the desired results. ZFU has attempted to have a web site but due to the high staff turnover, this has never materialised. The capacity of the staff to construct and maintain the web sites is one of the constraints. In organisations that have functional web sites (UZFA) the main problem is the slow speed of connection.

61. All the main actors normally converge to provide and exchange information through

field days, annual agricultural shows held in the main urban centres and farming towns, farm tours, meetings with beneficiary farmers or stakeholders and farm visits, among others. This brings together government, private sector, NGOs and civil society organisations and others interested in agriculture and rural development.

3.2.4 Information and communication management capacity

62. The information and communication management (ICM) function in institutions interviewed is performed by various units or individuals assigned to perform this


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function. The levels of training and qualifications, resources available, budgets, equipment, information resources and access to the Internet vary depending on the priority the institution concerned gives to ICM.

63. A number of institutions have staff trained to Masters Degree level performing their

ICM (AREX, NANGO, TIMB, WUIA), although some have staff trained to first degree or Diploma level (ZNCC, ZUJ, ZBH), while others did not have staff recruited specifically to perform this function due to high staff turnover (ZFU) or financial constraints. For example, in AREX the ICM is performed by the Training and Information Branch, while in other organisations (GMB, WUIA, ZNCC, UZFA) this function is performed by the Public Relations Office. The umbrella for NGOs (NANGO) has a dedicated unit for advocacy and communication. The number of staff varies from two individuals in organisations like ZNCC, up to six persons in organisations such as GMB. In the main media organisations such as ZBH, the newsroom performs this function with up to 50 journalists. In smaller organisations such as ZUJ this function also relies on the services of part-time members of the information sub-committee of the union with up to five members.

64. Budgetary resources vary between organisations. While some have committed

budget lines for ICM, some rely on provisions made in the global budget for the organisation. For example in AREX, while there is no special provision for the ICM function the provisions of the total departmental budget are drawn upon. In other organisations the proportion of budget for ICM as percent of total ranges from 2 percent (WUIA), 10 percent (ZUJ), 25 percent (ZNCC, ZBH) and 40 percent (NANGO) reflecting the varying degrees of importance the organisation attaches to ICM depending on its major strategic focus.

65. All organisations have a number of information resources available for ICM, which

broadly can be classified into publications, libraries, databases, web sites and access to the Internet. For example, AREX has a library in every section and research station, and has a number of publications such as advisory pamphlets, fact-sheets, posters, radio programmes and databases on research activities of the various sections and departments. Their major constraint in disseminating the information is the lack of a printing press to mass-produce the available resources to make them available to farmers. According to the Acting Director, experience in the former Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX) which had its own printing press before it broke down into an irreparable state, shows that this is an effective method for reaching out to the many poor smallholder farmers without access to other media for information dissemination.

66. Other institutions interviewed (GMB, NANGO, Seedco, UZFA, WUIA, ZFU, ZNCC,

ZUJ) have resources in the form of publications such as pamphlets, brochures, flyers, posters, and magazines or bulletins. Some have resource centres, which act as information centres for various stakeholders. The main limiting factor is financial resources to produce and disseminate the available information resources. The TIMB has a well developed database as the monopoly organisation mandated to handle all issues relating to tobacco marketing, this contains information on tobacco growers, historical data on each grower in terms of areas planted, yields, quantities marketed, and prices achieved. The institution also produces weekly, monthly and annual statistical reports. Besides the internal dissemination of the information to their target audience, most of the institutions also use the print and electronic media to disseminate information targeting various groups and stakeholders.

67. Equipment such as computers (hardware), and the software, mobile phones and

fixed lines were relatively accessible to most of the institutions interviewed. However, the main problem is the adequacy of the computers in relation to the staff levels in


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some institutions. For example, in AREX, there is at least one computer per station and provincial office and about 60 percent of districts have at least have one computer, although some of the computers are old and need replacement which is limited by financial resources.

68. Although a number of institutions interviewed have web sites, there were various

problems with regard to the sites as dissemination and sources of information. In some cases electrical power outages, technical problems, limited staff capacity and poor telephone lines limit the accessibility of the web sites. Some do not have web sites mainly due to lack of human resource capacity to ensure the sites are constructed, activated and properly maintained to be useful.

69. Internet is relatively accessible to most of the institutions, but the extent of availability

and accessibility in relation to staff levels is a limiting factor in some institutions. For example, in AREX Internet availability is limited to offices, which have collaborating projects with international organisations such as ICRAF, and is some cases is only available through individual researcher efforts. In NANGO, Internet access and communication are limited by the lack of Internet access in some member organisations. The other problem of Internet access in most institutions is that of connectivity and the slow speed of connection.

3.3 Interventions Supporting Information and Communication for Agriculture and Rural Development

70. In order to support information and communication for agriculture and rural development, the state, donor agencies and the private sector are planning to undertake a number of interventions, some planned or foreseen. The state through the state companies responsible for providing fixed line networks intends to continue the expansion of the network, and modernise the system from analogue to digital switches that can accommodate more lines and improve service particularly in the rural areas. Telone has completed installation of phase one of the Code Division Multiple Access Local Loop in the capital Harare. Phase two to cover both rural and other urban centres is expected to commerce in 2007.

71. Donor agencies are expected to support a number of institutions that have

traditionally sought assistance from the donor community. However, there may be problems in accessing assistance due to the current isolation of Zimbabwe on the international scene. For example, AREX expects to approach international organisations such as the UNDP and FAO to assist with financial resources required to develop and implement an ICT strategic plan. The ZBH has in the past been supported by international organisations such as UNESCO, UNDP and others, but currently have not identified any donors to support them in the use of ICT applications in both radio and television. Support from donors for the necessary purchases and training is critical, particularly where there is a foreign currency component given the shortages that have persisted over the years.

72. Other organisations such as NANGO and ZFU, have already identified capacity

building partners to assist in the identified needs. NANGO, through its collaboration with international organisations has found a German organisation interested in funding the infusion of geographic information systems (GIS) and data capture from its member organisation that will improve information access and dissemination. DED, a German organisation through its collaboration with ZFU has indicated interest in capacity building of the union and would be seconding a development officer attached to the organisation. The specific areas for capacity building are still to be finalised but will include the improvement in information access and dissemination in


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the union, which is one of its core business. The WUIA expect to approach and receive grants from the Africa Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) for the implementation of its vision of the e-learning project in Africa, although part of the resources would come from internal sources.

73. Statutory bodies such as the TIMB, which mainly generate resources from levies and

farmer licenses, expect to raise internally the resources required for both hardware and software to implement their IT strategy. This includes e-mail link up with growers who have access to e-mail facilities, introduction of electronic registration of farmers through electronic cards, farmers accessing web sites or the Internet through Tele-Centres, introducing electronic bulletins and the general availability of timely information to the farmer.

74. The private sector companies such as mobile networks have indicated the continued

expansion in their networks through the construction of more base stations to cover the rural areas and rural growth service centres. This would improve access to services and communication in remote areas.


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4. INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS ANALYSIS

75. This section presents a synthesis of the institutional needs, that is, the main

bottlenecks and shortcomings, and the findings of the study in terms of information needs, how these information needs are met and the information that is difficult to find. Also presented are the capacity building needs of the institutions in terms of IC policies and strategies, sensitisation, networking skills, training, media and ICT equipment.

4.1 Information Needs

76. The information needs of respondent institutions can broadly be divided into rural development, technical and economic information. Institutions require various types of the information depending on the focus on their current work programmes. Table 2 on the following page gives a summary of the information needs of the institutions interviewed.

77. The main types of rural development information needed by almost all institutions are

on farm problems and government and international regulations. The main technical information required by almost all institutions interviewed is on grading systems, post-harvest technology, crop varieties, packaging, and integrated pest management, while economic information was mainly on credit and micro-credit, market data on local, regional and international markets and commodity profiles.

78. Government departments such AREX, given its diverse nature and the scope of the

work it performs, require more information to meet the needs of its current work programmes. Rural development information required include for example, information on farm problems such as crop production problems, marketing, transport and logistics from the farm for products such as flowers for the export market. AREX also performs some of the regulations on behalf of government such as overseeing phyto-sanitary regulations and would therefore need to be updated on government and international regulations.

79. Farmer associations such as the ZFU also require information on government policy,

mainly as it relates to agricultural policy and some of the controlled products like the food security crops of maize and wheat. They also require information on farm problems, particularly as they relate to the smallholder farmers. The main economic information required relates to marketing data on prices and output on local, regional and international markets. Identification of markets is also important for farmer associations to continue serving their members. ZFU also requires information on crosscutting issues such as gender, including the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

80. Non-government organisations (NANGO) require economic and social, and

information on government policies. Technical information is mainly required by the member organisations of NANGO which are diverse in nature, with some involved in agriculture, rural development, training, food security, education, gender, HIV/AIDS, women and youth, among others.


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Table 2: Information needs for current programmes Type of information for current programmes Which institution needs it? Rural development information Farm problems (e.g. production, labour) AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU Non-farm livelihoods AREX, UZFA, ZFU Social development issues AREX, NANGO, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZFU Gender issues (including HIV/AIDS) AREX, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZFU Government and international regulations AREX, GMB, NANGO, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZNCC,ZFUConference and meetings AREX, Seedco, UZFA, ZNCC, ZFU Trade fairs AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, WUIA, ZNCC, ZFU Development and funding programmes AREX, NANGO, TIMB, UZFA, ZFU Available development networks (regional and international) AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZFU Technical information Grading systems AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZNCC, ZFU Post-harvest technology AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZNCC, ZFU Crop varieties AREX, GMB, Seedco, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Packaging AREX, GMB, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU Equipment sourcing/availability AREX, GMB, ZFU Transportation (sea, land, air) (handling of products e.g. flowers) AREX, GMB, ZNCC, ZFU Waste utilisation (from tobacco, milling etc.) AREX, GMB, TIMB Patents AREX, ZNCC Integrated pest management AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU General technical information NANGO Economic information Credit and micro-credit AREX, GMB, TIMB, UZFA, ZBH, ZFU Market data (e.g. prices on local, regional, international markets) AREX, GMB, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU Identification of markets AREX, GMB, ZFU Commodity profiles AREX, TIMB, UZFA, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU Crop insurance systems AREX,TIMB, ZFU Genera economic, and trade information NANGO and ZNCC, respectively Source: Results of interviews (2007)


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81. Universities (WUIA, UZFA) have diverse information needs to execute their current

programmes. These include rural development, technical and economic information. Farm problems, in particular labour issues on farms were mentioned (WUIA). Technical information includes grading systems in horticulture, agronomy and animal husbandry, farm business management, conservation farming, and the marketing of the products. The diversity reflects the various programmes offered by the specific Faculties of Agriculture and their specialisations, which are mainly in crop science, animal science, soil science and agricultural engineering and agricultural economics and extension.

82. State enterprises (GMB) have information needs spanning the three categories. On

the farm, their interest includes farm problems particularly as it relates to the availability of inputs. Institutions such as the GMB would be interested in linking up with coffee marketing networks, regionally and globally, and with the South African Futures Exchange for information on prices of commodities. Economic information includes exchange rates, import parity prices, inflation, and monetary and fiscal policies. Technical information required includes information on waste utilisation because the institution generates a lot of waste from its milling operations, which is later processed to stock-feed. Integrated pest management in GMB relates to grain storage pests, which form one of their core businesses of keeping the strategic grain reserve.

83. Chambers of commerce (ZNCC) main information needs reflect the thrust of the

organisation. The main interests are on trade information, be it local, regional and international that enable members to effectively participate in trade. This can also lead to export market development, expansion and opening up of new export markets.

84. Unlike most of the other institutions interviewed, TIMB generates most of the

information themselves. The information is mainly market data on tobacco, average weekly prices data, monthly sales summary on prices, quantities traded etc. They also disseminate the information to media houses like the ZBH, and to journalists who are members of ZUJ, who in turn select what they want to report.

85. Most of the institutions would meet their current information needs through various

ways. This includes radio and television programmes, newspapers, sourcing from libraries, through searching appropriate databases, identifying appropriate publications and through the Internet. However, there is still some information that is still difficult to find. Information, particularly from outside the country where payment is required in foreign currency which is in short supply is extremely difficult to find. This includes information on journal articles and abstracts, which are mainly produced outside the country. Table 3 gives summary of the information that is difficult to find according to the institutions interviewed.


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Table 3: Information that is difficult to find Type of information that is difficult to find Which institution? Journal articles AREX, GMB, Seedco, WUIA, UZFAAbstracts AREX, WUIA Material suitable for mass distribution GMB, Seedco, ZFU, ZBH Material in appropriate (vernacular) languages Seedco, ZBH, ZFU Visual or pictorial information Seedco, ZFU Information on training manuals ZUJ Status of NGOs NANGO Literature on production Seedco Internet files, requiring payment in foreign currency WUIA Information generated on Zimbabwe not available on Internet GMB Source: Results of interviews (2007)

86. The main information that is difficult to find (reported by at least two or more institutions) are journal articles, abstracts, material suitable for mass distribution and material in appropriate (vernacular) languages for the information. Most of the institutions reporting such difficulty deal in some way with smallholder farmers.

4.2 Capacity-building

87. Although many of the organisations already have identified sources of information and are linked to local, regional and international organisations for information sharing and exchange, the lack of structured ICM strategies or policies, lack of ICT policies and strategies limit the effectiveness of the available resources. Some institutions have information centres (resource centres) or libraries, or information resources such as fact-sheets, advisory notes, brochures, or flyers. However, funds for the reproduction and distribution of the available information resources to poor and marginalised groups such as smallholder farmers without access to other media sources are the major limiting factor. In some cases additional staff resources and training are required to improve the capacity of the organisations to better manage the information resources to reach the intended target groups. ICT equipment, although available in almost all the institutions interviewed, varied in terms of age and adequacy to meet the requirements of the organisations. In some cases foreign currency to procure replacements was the limiting factor.

88. Of the institutions interviewed seven (GMB, NANGO, TIMB, UZFA, ZNCC, ZUJ,

ZFU) indicated that they had a strategic plan or information policy or both. However, it was not possible to verify this in all institutions, as some of the documents were indicated to be unavailable due to confidentiality clauses, or the need to seek permission from higher authority before release. Three of the institutions (AREX, WUIA, ZBH) did not have an information policy or strategic plan or both. This may not necessarily mean the institution probably does not intend to produce one, but may transitionally be in the process of doing so. ZBH is going through another restructuring process, which requires producing the strategic plan as part of that process.

89. Only four (GMB, NANGO, TIMB, UZFA) indicated they had an ICT policy or strategy

or both while the rest did not have. Again it was not possible to verify this in all institutions, while in others the ICT policy is part of the organisation wide strategic plan.


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90. Lack of information policy or ICT policy or both points to capacity building needs within the organisation. While the organisation may have the necessary ICT tools, the lack of a coherent strategy to effectively use the available resources point to some serious deficiencies that may need capacitating in order to effectively use the available resources. For example, AREX indicated the need for capacity building to produce an effective management information system for the whole organisation, which is currently lacking but is needed in order to effectively communicate with the entire provincial and district offices and other stakeholders.

91. Although some of the institutions do not have any IC policies and strategies, they are

quite sensitised on the need to have an effective strategy that can be used to mobilise the necessary resources for implementation. The lack of adequate financial resources was reported by most institutions (AREX, ZUJ, ZFU, ZNCC, NANGO, TIMB, WUIA, ZBH, GMB) as the most limiting factor that requires capacity building. ZFU for example realises that they can provide as much information as possible to members on such issues as prices of commodities on the local and export markets, production tips and information on meetings to farmers through the website if it had been completed. ZUJ on the other hand would require capacity building to identify their main weaknesses as regards ICT and the find appropriate strategies to ensure the union utilises all facets of ICTs.

92. Seedco, being one of the main suppliers of agricultural information for example,

realises that to perform the ICM function requires a more structured ICM strategy. Their research component has many public good components in terms of benefits, but is fully funded from private resources. The introduction of the FTLRP has in some way affected how the organisation delivers its agricultural information and services to farmers, as they are constrained by a low agricultural production and marketing base, that ultimately affects revenue to the company. This has led to scaling down of some of the services previously provided to farmers. Technical bulletins on soyabeans, sorghum and the agronomy manual, which used to be provided freely to farmers are no longer available.

93. ZBH aspires to be a paperless office, and use ICTs in both radio and TV applications

but is limited by financial resources. WUIA intends to introduce e-learning as part of their mission to take education to the disadvantaged women in the rest of Africa, but financial resources are limiting. Seedco would like to introduce more ICT in the training and provision of information to farmers through use of mobile vans fully equipped with videos, cameras and power point projectors that can be used both for recording farmer problems and also for training but are limited by financial resources.

94. Some of the institutions interviewed have both Local Area Networks (LAN) and Wide

Area Networks (WAN) (GMB, TIMB, Seedco), others only have LAN (NANGO, ZBH, UZFA) while the rest do not have or are limited by the financial resources to set up such systems. In some of the organisations, while networking skills may be available, the lack of IC policies or strategies limit the effective us of the available resources because there is no structured information and communication strategy. In Seedco, for example, the company indicated the need for capacity building to produce a well-structured information and communication management policy given that the company is already performing this function, but in a less structured way that limits effectiveness.

95. Inadequacy of available staff resources was also cited as one area that requires

capacity building. This is mainly linked to the deteriorating economic and political environment in Zimbabwe that has led to out-migration of skilled personnel to other countries in the region and abroad. Seedco, for example indicated that before FTLRP, they used to have a dedicated farmer education unit. This was responsible


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for training and providing technical information to farmers mainly on Seedco varieties such as planting dates, plant spacing etc. in order to achieve maximum yields and productivity from the varieties. However, due to reduced volume of business post FTLRP, this unit could no longer be supported. However, the company realise that such a unit is necessary and additional staff such as four agronomists per province would provide adequate technical backup and information to farmers at provincial and district levels.

96. Training of staff to manage the information within the organisation was the main

training need mentioned by the majority of institutions (AREX, GMB, TIMB, Seedco, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU, ZUJ), followed by editing of reports (AREX, GMB, TIMB, ZFU, ZUJ) and participative methodologies (AREX, TIMB, ZFU). While some of the training is locally available, the training is accorded low priority in funding from the organisational resources given the economic environment in Zimbabwe. Table 4 below summarizes the frequently mentioned training needs of the institutions.

97. Media institutions such as the ZBH would be more interested in training of reporters

for editing news, documentaries etc. for the general public, and interested in the application of communication technologies in broadcasting compared to institutions such as AREX and ZFU which are interested in the application of communication technologies in extension. In some way this reflects the focus of the institution and the requirement for capacity building in light of the main target audiences of the organisation. The main thrust for organisations like AREX and ZFU are to work with smallholder farmers who are the disadvantaged group in terms of access to information.

98. Although there was general accessibility to hardware such as computers in most of

the institutions (for example GMB has over 1000 computers), in some organisations such as AREX, the equipment was old and needed replacement. Generally, the adequacy of the computers in relation to staff of the organisation was the main limiting factor due to lack of adequate financial resources. As a result, access to the Internet is limited, as staff without computers finds difficulty in accessing information from the web, even where some information is available on the local intranet (UZFA).


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Table 4: Training needs Training needs Which institution? Application of communication technologies in extension AREX, Seedco, ZFU Application of communication technologies in broadcasting ZBH Management of information within the organisation AREX, GMB, Seedco, TIMB, WUIA, ZBH, ZFU, ZUJEditing of reports AREX, GMB, TIMB, ZFU, ZUJ Editing of news ZBH Participative methodologies AREX, TIMB, ZFU Short courses in project management/areas of expertise WUIA Source: Results of interviews (2007)


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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions 99. Zimbabwe, a country with a stable economy for most its post independence life, has

deteriorated in recent years as result of many factors. Prime among them is the implementation of the FTLRP, which led to loss of experienced commercial farmers, and a change in the agrarian structure and agricultural systems in the country. The new farmers have lacked experience particularly in the high value export commodities such as tobacco and horticulture leading to decline in foreign currency inflows. The deterioration in the socio-economic and political environment, has been accompanied by decline in real GDP growth. Agriculture, the main driver of economic growth, has also declined over the years. The economy has been characterised by low agricultural output of the major commodities, high inflation, shortages of foreign currency and basic food commodities, increased food insecurity, and high unemployment among the population, particularly of poor marginalised smallholder farmers.

100. Declining donor support to the country and the low levels of investment has affected all sectors of the economy. Skilled personnel have migrated to regional and international destinations. Both the public and private companies have been affected, the telecommunications and media sectors included. Although post FTLRP, there are many new farmers with little technical knowledge of farming, particularly small scale farmers, the poor performance of the economy has led to government, private companies, NGOs, civil society organisations scaling down in their operations due to financial problems, poor electrical supply and outages, fuel shortages, poor telecommunications, among others. This economic environment has a bearing on information and capacity building needs, particularly in relation to ICM and use of ICTs for information dissemination to poor farmers given the already existing digital divide between the urban and rural areas.

5.1.1 Information needs

101. Information for current programmes required by the respondent institutions can broadly

be divided into rural development, technical and economic information. Rural information needed by almost all institutions is on farm problems and government and international regulations. The main technical information required by almost all institutions interviewed is on grading systems, post-harvest technology, crop varieties, packaging, and integrated pest management, while economic information was mainly on credit and micro-credit, market data on local, regional and international markets and commodity profiles. This information is sourced from various organisations on the local, regional and international scene, including the electronic and print media, and the use of the Internet.

102. The main local organisations providing information on agriculture and rural development include the Ministry of Agriculture, government departments, national research institutions (both public and private), universities (public and private), farmer organisations or associations, agricultural development bank and other financial institutions, input suppliers (seed, fertilisers and chemicals), and to some extent commercial attaches at embassies and equipment suppliers. Local information can be provided or sourced through meetings with beneficiary farmers, especially smallholder farmers who have limited access to other media, or through publications, electronic and print media, or other sources as such as agricultural shows, field days, trade fairs and others.

103. Regionally and internationally, most of the institutions are linked to regional organisations that are into the same field as the country institution for both information sharing and exchange, while internationally there is also tendency to link with


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international organisational groupings of the same particular field. This allows the international exchange and sharing of experiences and information for organisation in specific fields such as groupings of international producers, chambers of commerce, journalists, seed producers, and international newsagents.

104. The main information that is difficult to find are journal articles, abstracts, material

suitable for mass distribution and material in appropriate (vernacular) languages for the information. In Zimbabwe, this information relates to that which mainly originates outside the country, which, due to limited foreign currency availability, organisations are not able to purchase or subscribe to. This can be publications (hardcopy or electronic) or subscription through the Internet.

105. In meeting the agriculture information needs of the organisations interviewed, it is

important to note that besides universities, farmer organisations, and government departments, which probably because CTA has been working with these, there seem to be little or no interaction between CTA and companies in the private sector, chambers of commerce, state enterprises, or statutory bodies. Although individuals within these organisations may be aware of CTA products and services, the institutions are not recipients of such products and services although their target audiences may benefit through access to CTA products and services.

106. Although some organisations have introduced mobile network short message service

(sms) for disseminating market information to farmers on issues such as the opening of auction floors, type of packaging to be used for deliveries of tobacco, etc., other organisations also intend to use sms to provide market data on prices, availability, and quantities of crop seeds to farmers growing specific crops like wheat, soybeans, etc. on which databases of such farmers are available.

107. There was realisation on the need for improved use of ICM and ICTs for providing

information to farmers, although this was different for specific target groups. For commercial farmers, there was expressed interest from a number of some organisations to see more farmers being linked up to the institutions through e-mail facilities, in providing real time information to farmers through electronic bulletins, on daily prices, quantities sold, weekly, monthly and annual statistical reports. Smallholder farmers could be provided with the information through reproduction of available literature and packaging it in appropriate (vernacular) languages for wider distribution to especially those without access to other media, in light of the digital divide between the urban and rural areas.

5.1.2 Capacity building needs

108. Zimbabwe has over the years developed capacity to produce, analyse and process agricultural information relevant for various groups of farmers and stakeholders. Institutions have also developed linkages and sources at the local, regional and international level. However, the main bottleneck is the lack of a structured national ICM strategy that outlines how the available information resources can be effectively utilised for the benefit of the whole country. Although the country has a draft national information and communication technology framework, this would require the support of government, private sector and civil society for effective implementation.

109. In order to achieve and realise their current agricultural information needs and effectively disseminate the same to the their target audiences that include large scale commercial farmers, smallholder and small scale and communal farmers, organisation require capacity building in funding, additional equipment procurement and financing, additional staff, and the need for staff training in new technologies that have potential to improve the management of information within the organisation.


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110. Organisations lacking national ICM strategies or ICT policies requires capacity building

to produce the same. These can be used to mobilise resources for implementation. The process can lead to a national ICM strategy for Zimbabwe taking into account the available resources, the digital divide, and the literacy levels of the population.

111. Although some institutions do have information centres (resource centres) or libraries,

or information resources such as fact-sheets, advisory notes, brochures, flyers and technical bulletins, these would require capacity building through funding for the reproduction and distribution of the available information resources to poor and marginalised groups such as smallholder farmers without access to other media sources. Those organisations without resource centres or libraries would require capacity building to have the same, which can be integrated with the provision of Internet services, Tele-centres or multimedia centres for information dissemination. Additional staff resources and training require capacity building to improve the capacity of the organisations to better manage the information resources to reach the intended target groups. ICT equipment, although available in almost all the institutions interviewed, varied in terms of age and adequacy to meet the requirements of the organisations, and in some cases the funds and the foreign currency to procure replacement were the limiting factors and these require capacity building to overcome the bottlenecks.

112. Most of the training in computers, web site construction and posting, and ICM can be

locally sourced but the main bottleneck that requires capacity building is the financial resources.

5.1.3 Potential partners and beneficiaries

113. The organisations (AREX, Seedco, ZBH and ZUJ) are potential strategic partners for CTA in Zimbabwe. AREX through links with farmer’s organisations, input suppliers, and through its mandate to link research and extension with emphasis on small scale and communal farmers, has potential to reach out to farmers in the whole country. AREX also provides technical staff resources for producing some of the radio and most of the TV programmes, currently controlled through ZBH. Seedco, given its dominant position in the seed market can be a strategic partner for CTA. While the company does not currently use CTA products and services, their link with AREX and the focus on training farmers to improve productivity and yields, given new technologies, has seen them reaching out to many poor farmers in the communal areas. Their national crop farming competition in the smallholder rural areas, has acted as a major leaning point for other farmers, and for sharing experiences for the improvement of productivity. Seedco is also linked to farmer associations, and currently provides training of the trainer, by training AREX personnel in new technologies for extension to farmers. Seedco also provides resource staff persons for some programmes on both radio and TV.

114. ZBH and ZUJ are potential strategic partners for CTA given the focus of CTA to include

the mass media services (written press, radio, and TV) to provide new impetus for CTA outreach (CTA Strategic Plan, 2007-2010). ZBH is the de facto monopoly supplier of radio programmes (10 million listeners) and TV (5 million listeners) that reach out to many of the generality of the population, including farmers in the rural areas. They have currently programmes for farmers on both radio and TV. CTA in the field can provide capacity in information outreach, content, and effectiveness for the various target groups. They also have dedicated radio programmes in vernacular and minority languages that have potential to reach out to many disadvantaged communities. ZUJ, on the other hand is a civil society organisation whose current focus is on representing journalists on work related issues. Their current membership of 450 journalists based at various media houses of newspapers, radio and TV, is strategic, with potential membership of 800 journalists. Through strategic partnerships, CTA can strengthen the capacity of the


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organisation to make use of ICM and ICT to disseminate information to member journalists who are responsible for researching and producing most of the stories in newspapers, radio and TV.

5.2 Recommendations

5.2.1 Information needs

115. On the basis of the information needs which organisation require for their current programmes in the form of rural development, technical and economic information, we recommend that CTA is better placed to improve the capacity of the organisation to acquire, process and disseminate the same information to various target groups of stakeholders. While organisations already perform the function of ICM to some extent, and make of use of ICT, there is no structured way to deliver the products and services to beneficiaries. CTA should therefore provide capacity building for producing a national ICM strategy for Zimbabwe.

116. It is recommended that CTA identifies and develops training programmes for the

enhanced use of ICTs in information dissemination. The training programmes should include website development and maintenance, management of information within organisations and applications of ICTs in information dissemination and exchange. Experiences of other ACP countries that have successfully used such services to disseminate and reach out to poor and marginalised groups can be used as examples in such training programmes. These include the use of sms messages to disseminate timely information given the continued expansion and penetration of mobile networks into rural areas. The establishment of Tele-centres, or multimedia information centres or kiosks can be used as examples of how to improve access particularly in rural areas where power is available to provide such facilities.

117. CTA already works with farmer associations in Zimbabwe in particular ZFU (CTA Annual

Report, 2005). This is the main apex body-representing smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe, who are the disadvantaged group of farmers and should form the focus of CTA activities for products and services. It is recommended that the partnership should be strengthened financially and medium to long-term programmes identified and supported in order to improve the capacity of the farmer associations to mobilise, organise farmers into functional, dynamic groups or commodity associations that enable delivery of the information packages from various sources, including from within the farmer associations. The groups can also be easily identified for radio listening clubs, etc. or allow other organisations such as input suppliers to reach out to them with well structured information packages on new technologies.

118. In terms of information that is difficult to find such as journal articles and abstracts, it is

recommended that CTA, through its international linkages identify, develop and support organisations to access some of free online resources, or low cost resources affordable and accessible to low income ACP country organisations.

5.2.2 Capacity Building needs

119. The main capacity building needs relate to funding, equipment, staff training and

resources. It is recommended that CTA through its regional and international links identify, source, and target funding to meet the training, equipment sourcing and staff capacity building of strategic partners to improve agricultural information flow within the country and for the intended beneficiaries. CTA should develop, target, facilitate or support training opportunities that improve information flow to disadvantaged communities. This should include technical, economic and rural development information


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that is biased towards the transformation of rural areas and appropriate technologies suitable for these areas. Awareness should be raised on the Question and Answer service and its capacity strengthened financially so that the intended beneficiaries can fully utilise the service and achieve the intended results.

120. In order to improve information sharing and management in the country, we recommend that CTA facilitate capacity building to produce an ICM strategy for Zimbabwe. This would give guidelines for those organisations without ICM strategies to formulate and produce ICM strategies in line with the national strategy. It is recommended the national strategy addresses the issue of disadvantaged communities such as women and youth, people living with HIV/AIDS and also address crosscutting issues of gender, HIV and AIDS.

5.2.3 Potential Strategic Partner institutions

121. The potential strategic institutions have been identified on the basis of either their track

record in working with smallholder farmers (AREX, Seedco) or on their potential to reach out to many beneficiaries given the strategic focus of CTA (ZBH, ZUJ). It is recommended that CTA, given its current mandate and strategic focus for 2007-2010, initiate, negotiate and conclude strategic partnerships that will maximise the delivery of its products and services to the intended beneficiaries.


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6. PROPOSED CTA INTERVENTION STRATEGY AND ACTION

PLAN

122. The proposed intervention strategy is based on the needs that are not currently met in terms of information needs, capacity building needs and training needs. Some of the needs are in line CTA supply of products and services. For example, the Question and Answer Service (QAS), although now hosted by the University of Zimbabwe main library, not many organisations seem to be aware of its availability and accessibility.

123. The strategy in bridging the information gap in terms of information needs not currently met, which are mainly journal articles and abstracts, is for CTA to identify and link the institutions with journals that are currently available either low cost or free resources suitable for developing countries. The information needs mainly relate to failure by the institutions to procure foreign currency to subscribe to the relevant journals or in some cases they are expensive relative to the resources of the institutions. CTA, through its international links and partnerships, can identify and source some of the journals and make them available online to institutions. Resources such as the Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) which provide online access to the latest journals, are currently not available to many institutions, which are in need.

124. The intervention strategy and action plan depends to a large extent on the available

financial resources. CTA should therefore assist in the mobilisation of financial resources, and identifying and linking up the relevant organisations with the possible sources of funding. CTA products and services should also be made available to organisations that currently do not receive them or do not have access to them. This may increase CTA outreach given that some of the organisations already have links to grass-root farmers.

125. The strategy on capacity building needs is for CTA to develop long-term capacity

building strategies that would systematically integrate the ICM and the use of ICT within the organisations, and continually evaluate how the changing ICTs can effectively be used to reach out to the smallholder farmers in the rural areas, who are the main target groups. This should continuously take into account of the digital divide that exists between the rural and urban areas. The development process is, and continues to be highly skewed in favour of urban areas, so the continuous monitoring of the environment is key to see how these can be integrated into the modern world of ICTs. Although some institutions are already using sms services for disseminating information, there is scope to examine how this service can be made more readily available and more useful to outlying areas that are normally neglected. The main challenge in some organisations seem to be how to get feedback from farmers on the problems they are encountering, and channelling these into the relevant problem solving network and response. The QAS, which many beneficiaries seem not to be aware of, can be strengthened in capacity to meet the requirements of intended beneficiaries.

126. The intervention strategy on funding should be for CTA to assist the institutions identify,

and source the required funding for capacity building. This would enable the institutions concerned to procure the necessary ICT equipment to improve the availability of ICT tools that enable ICM.

127. The intervention strategy on training should be to integrate, and or develop training

programmes that take into account how organisations can improve information management. CTA currently supports developing country personnel to attend a number of training courses either run by or co-sponsored by CTA. Within this framework, CTA can


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further identify or develop courses that are tailored to meet the requirements of ACP states or organisations within the framework of constraints facing such countries or organisations.

128. Table 5 below gives a summary of the needs not currently met, proposed intervention

strategy and the action plan for implementation.


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Table 5: CTA Intervention strategy and action plan Needs not currently met Intervention strategy Action plan Information needs Lack of access to current journal articles, abstracts Provide access to updated/current technical information, journal articles Develop medium-term plan (1-2 years) and abstracts for implementation Lack of material suitable for mass distribution Provide access to material suitable for mass distribution Develop medium-term (1-2 years) strategy Lack of material in appropriate languages Facilitate translation of relevant locally available materials into appropriate Languages Provide access to material in appropriate languages Develop medium-term (1-2 years) strategy Lack of access to Internet articles Develop a databank of web portals with relevant agricultural and rural Develop medium-term (1-2 years) strategy development information and provide access to the information Lack of access to information generated in the country

Facilitate development of a national ICM strategy for the country that improves Develop long-term strategy (1-5 years)

information sharing within the country and links regionally & internationally Capacity building needs Training in website development, maintenance, management of Provide training to staff responsible for ICM and ICTs (public, private, NGOs, Structured training (1-5 years) information within organisations civil society organisations) Lack of funding, inadequate equipment Identify and source funding and equipment for partner institutions Resources mobilisation (1-5 years) Inadequate staffing Provide capacity building for staff resources in partner institutions Long-term partnerships (1-5) years Training needs Application of communication technologies in extension/broadcasting Provide/facilitate training to extension and broadcasting staff in applications

Structured training programmes (1-5) years

of ICTs in extension and broadcasting Management of information within organisations Provide/facilitate training to organisation staff responsible for ICM Editing of reports/news Provide/facilitate training in editing of reports, news to potential/partners

Participative methodologies Provide/facilitate training in participative methodologies for relevant organisations

Short courses in project management/areas of expertise Provide/facilitate training in identified needs


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MASVINGO

MASH EAST

MASHONALAND CENTRAL

MASH WEST

MANICALAND MIDLANDS

MATEBELELAND SOUTH

MATEBELELAND NORTH

Bulawayo

Harare

Figure 1: Map of Zimbabwe showing provinces

Source: DVS Information Management Unit


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Annexes

Annex 1 Terms of reference Annex 2 Country Profile Annex 3 Profile of institutions Annex 4 List of institutions/persons interviewed Annex 5 Bibliography


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Annex 1 Terms of Reference

ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION NEEDS IN ACP AFRICAN STATES: Phase 2: Southern Africa & Ghana 1. Introduction The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was established in 1983 under the Lomé Convention between the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union Member States. Since 2000, it has operated within the framework of the ACP-EC Cotonou Agreement. CTA’s tasks are to develop and provide services that improve access to information for agricultural and rural development, and to strengthen the capacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in this area. CTA’s programmes are organised around three principal activities: providing an increasing range and quantity of information products and services and enhancing awareness of relevant information sources; supporting the integrated use of appropriate communication channels and intensifying contacts and information exchange (particularly intra-ACP); and developing ACP capacity to generate and manage agricultural information and to formulate information and communication management (ICM) strategies, including those relevant to science and technology. These activities take account of methodological developments in cross-cutting issues (gender, youth, information & communication technologies – ICTs, and social capital), findings from impact assessments and evaluations of ongoing programmes as well as priority information themes for ACP agriculture . CTA’s activities are currently distributed among three operational programme areas / departments:

Information Products and Services; Communication Channels and Services; Information and Communication Management Skills and Systems.

These operational departments are supported by Planning Corporate Services (P&CS) which is charged with the methodological underpinning of their work and monitoring the ACP environment in order to identify emerging issues and trends and make proposals for their translation into programmes and activities. This current exercise, therefore, falls within the mandate of P&CS. 2. Background Since 2003, CTA has been systematically conducting needs assessment studies across the Pacific, Caribbean and Africa regions – the regions it has been mandated to serve. These studies have been in direct response to calls for CTA, in various evaluations of its products, services and programmes, to be more strategic in its choice regarding the setting of its own agenda and reacting to demand. In putting together its Strategic Plan and Framework for Action 2001 – 2005, CTA took a pragmatic view and opted to develop a strategy combining the benefits of both approaches, whereby the need to address the expressed demands of its stakeholders and the potential long-term advantages of developing programmes that address future needs were combined. The Centre’s new strategic plan covering the 2007 – 2010 period places emphasis on: improving CTA’s efficiency and increasing the Centre’s outreach by addressing the major bottleneck of difficult or insufficient access to information in ACP countries; (ii) honing CTA’s profile and further defining the niche where the Centre has a comparative advantage.


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Consequently, reaching more beneficiaries and further strengthening CTA’s partnership networks is key as well as the thrust to make ICTs and ICM strategies more widely available. 3. Main issues CTA works primarily through intermediary public and private partners (research centres, extension services, libraries, NGOs, farmers’ organisations, regional organisations and networks, …) to promote agriculture and rural development. Under the new strategic plan, the organisations targeted will be extended to include print media, editors, radio, TV and journalist networks in order to further maximise outreach. Through these partnerships, CTA hopes to increase the number of ACP organisations capable of accessing and combining modern and conventional ICTs, generating and managing information and developing their own ICM strategies. The identification of appropriate partners is therefore of primordial importance, whilst bearing in mind issues such as geographical coverage, decentralisation, regionalisation, thematic orientation and transparent and objective criteria and procedures for partner selection. 4. Overall Objective Collaboration strategies with ACP agricultural organisations and relevance of CTA’s support to African ACP countries improved. 5. Scope of the study The study will focus on:

providing an overview of main agricultural services and actors existing in the country (information supply side) in terms of their strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for collaboration with CTA;

identifying agricultural information and ICM capacity building needs of key actors / key strategic partners for CTA products and services;

identifying potential strategic partners for CTA activities and services (paying special attention to e.g. print media, editors, radio, TV and journalist networks);

developing some baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in the country to facilitate subsequent monitoring and updating activities.

The study should assist CTA to improve and better target interventions and activities aimed at potential partners and beneficiaries (including women, youth, private sector and civil society organisations) to have a more informed picture of their needs and aid in the elaboration of a strategy and framework of action. The study should also highlight where there are specific needs for CTA’s products and services thereby enabling improvement in the delivery of the same. 6. Expected results The expected results of the study are as follows:

status of infrastructure, information services and ICM capacity of institutions involved in agriculture and rural development described and analysed;

information and capacity building needs in the area of ICM identified for key institutions and potential CTA partners involved in agriculture and rural development;

baseline data on the status of ICM and ICT in agriculture and rural development compiled for monitoring purposes and improved outreach.

The study should therefore also provide updated country profiles on the status agricultural information services, the status of ICM/T in the country, which will allow CTA to make informed decisions re type and mode of intervention as well as partner selection. This will be summarised in one (1) main report per country not exceeding 30 pages excluding annexes (cf. section 8 below).


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7. Methodology The consultant will use a combination of qualitative and quantitative rapid appraisal methods including:

the desk review of available literature and information sources including the findings of programme evaluations;

the conduct of face-to-face interviews with relevant stakeholders / concerned parties; the limited use of questionnaires.

The rapid appraisal approach will allow a general overview of the key issues and company / organisational profiles on a per country basis and may give rise to more in-depth studies as and when needed in the future. 8. Reporting The country reports will not exceed 30 pages (excluding annexes) and is broken down as follows: Main report Acknowledgements List of Acronyms Executive summary 1. Introduction 2. Country profile

2.1 Brief description of agriculture and recent developments in the sector: 2.1.1 Agriculture 2.1.2 Fisheries 2.1.3 Forestry 2.1.4 Pastorialism / Livestock (where applicable)

2.2 Brief description of the status of ICT infrastructure and recent developments in the sector 3. Status of information and communication for agriculture and rural development

3.1 Institutional, regulatory and policy framework Status of national and/or other sectoral policies on information and communication for agriculture and rural development; definition of main strategic focus and principal characteristics; opportunities and threats posed by the political, institutional and regulatory environment

3.2 Operational aspects 3.2.1 Description of agricultural information and services (main actors in the area of

information and communication for agriculture and rural development) 3.2.2 Information products and services provided 3.2.3 Information and communication management capacity

3.3 Interventions supporting information and communication for agriculture and rural development

Examine the main interventions undertaken, planned or foreseen by the State, donor agencies, private sector (e.g. telecommunications sector) to respond to identified needs paying particular attention to the priorities and means mobilised. Lessons learnt should also be addressed in this section

3.4. Needs analysis (Main bottlenecks and shortcomings) 3.4.1 Information needs 3.4.2 Capacity building needs (IC policies & strategies, sensitisation, networking, skills, training, media, ICT, equipment)

4. Conclusions and recommendations 4.1 Conclusions

4.1.1 Information Needs 4.1.2 Capacity Building Needs 4.1.3 Potential Strategic Partners


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4.2 Recommendations 4.2.1 Capacity Building Needs 4.2.2 Information Needs 4.2.3. Potential Strategic Partner Institutions

5. Proposed CTA Intervention Strategy and Action Plan From the above analysis, establish a link between the needs which are not currently met or for which complementary actions are needed and CTA’s supply (products and services). This should lead to an overall and coherent strategy for CTA and an action plan in priorities are identified and an implementation schedule defined. Annexes 1. Terms of reference 2. Country profile

2.1 General agricultural profile (from available documentation) 2.1.2 Size of agricultural population (male / female / youth)

2.1.3 Farmed land, forests, fishing areas 2.1.4 Agricultural systems

2.1.5 Agriculture in the economy (percentage GDP) 2.1.6 Main agricultural produce and secondary products

2.1.7 Main export markets 2.1.8 Trade agreements that include agriculture 2.1.9 Sectoral policy related to agriculture, fisheries and forests 2.2 Socio-economic profile (from available documentation)

2.2.1 Total active population, demographic breakdown 2.2.2 Literacy level and languages 2.2.3 Access to services (health, schools, electricity) 2.2.4 Rural urban drift 2.3 Media and telecommunications (update / check)

2.3.1 Newspapers, periodicals, magazines, radio stations, television channels, 2.3.2 Telecommunication services (fixed, mobile, etc.)

2.3.3 Computers and Internet access 3. Profile of institutions

3.1 List of all main institutions involved in agriculture and rural development activities, including private sector and civil society organisations, with name, contact details, type and role of institution

3.2 Select list of key institutions involved in agriculture and rural development, with extensive data and information on the institution, the problems faced and why it is considered a key actor

4. List of institutions / persons interviewed (to include full contact details) 5. Bibliography 9. Timing The draft final report is to be submitted within three months after contract signature by CTA; the final report is due two weeks after receipt of comments from CTA. 10. Expertise needed The national consultant should have a university degree or equivalent by experience. In addition, he/she should have at least 10 years experience in field of agriculture, rural development or social / economic sciences. He/she must have in-depth knowledge of the agricultural sector in his/her country and be able to identify key players and institutions / organisations active in this area. Some knowledge of information sciences would be an added advantage. The ability to communicate and write clearly in English is essential, while knowledge of at least one of the local languages for communication / interview purposes is an added advantage.


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In addition to the skills above, the overall coordinator is expected to be fluent in English, have some knowledge of the 9 countries forming the object of this study, have demonstrated experience in coordinating studies with several consultants and in producing synthesis reports. The overall coordination of the exercise will be carried out by Ms Christine Webster, Deputy Head, Planning and Corporate Services CTA. 11. Implementation schedule (CTA)

Preparation/Finalisation of ToR; Identification/ short-listing of (potential) consultants; Call for offers: July – October 2006;

Selection of consultants & contractual arrangements: October – November 2006 Briefing: December 2006 / January 2007 Start date of contract: 1 December 2006 Implementation period 1 December 2006 – 31 August 2007 End date of project: 31 October 2007

12. Key documents to be made available to consultants Documents include:

Cotonou Framework Agreement Executive Summaries of previous evaluation reports including ITAD, OPM, etc. CTA’s Strategic Plan (2007-2010) Annual Reports Examples of reports of previous needs assessment studies Documents on products & services provided by CTA

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Annex 2. Country Profile – Zimbabwe

2.1 General agricultural profile 2.1.1 Size of agricultural population (male / female / youth) The total population of Zimbabwe is projected to be about 12 million in 2007 (CSO, 2004), the proportion of males (48 percent) and females (52 percent). Of the total population 35 percent is found in the urban areas while 65 percent is found in the rural areas (CSO, 2002). Agriculture in Zimbabwe forms the back borne of the economy and most of the population in the rural areas depends on agriculture for their survival. The rural areas include the communal areas, small-scale commercial farms, large-scale commercial farms and the resettlement areas. According to the last population census (CSO, 2002), the majority of the population (about 49 percent) are found in the communal areas. In terms of gender, the communal areas are home to approximately 50 percent of the female population while approximately 47 percent of the male population are found in the communal areas. Previous estimates (MoLA, 2000) indicated that 68 percent of the population is dependent on agriculture. According to the Poverty Assessment Study Survey of 2003 (MPSLSW, 2006), 74 percent of the population resided in the rural areas while 26 percent lived in the urban areas. The proportion of the urban population under 15 years of age was 33 percent while that of the old population aged 65 years and above was two percent. In the rural population, the proportion of the rural population that was under 15 years was 43 percent while the population aged 65 years and above was four percent. A large proportion of dependents lived in rural areas (47percent) compared to urban areas (35 percent). The average rate of natural increase for the whole country was 1.1 percent in 2001/2002 (CSO, 2002). This growth rate related to the difference in fertility and mortality without taking into account any growth due to migration. The following tables give estimates of the size of the agricultural population in Zimbabwe.

Table 6: Zimbabwe Population (in millions) 2002-2007

Year Males Females Total 2002 5.65 5.98 11.632003 5.64 6.01 11.652004 5.68 6.05 11.732005 5.72 6.09 11.812006 5.76 6.13 11.892007 5.79 6.16 11.95

Note: The population figures for 2002 to 2007 were projected from the 2002 population census figures Source: Central Statistical Office (CSO) (2004)


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Table 7: Distribution of the population by province, Zimbabwe 2002 Province Total population Percent Area (sq. km) DensityBulawayo 676,650 5.82 479 1,412.63Manicaland 1,568,930 13.49 36,459 43.03Mashonaland Central 995,427 8.56 28,347 35.12Mashonaland East 1,127,413 9.69 32,230 34.98Mashonaland West 1,224,670 10.53 57,441 21.32Matabeleland North 704,948 6.06 75,025 9.40Matabeleland South 653,054 5.61 54,172 12.06Midlands 1,463,993 12.59 49,166 29.78Masvingo 1,320,438 11.35 56,566 23.34Harare 1,896,134 16.30 872 2,174.47Total 11,631,657 100.00 390,757 29.77Source: CSO (2002) Table 8: Percent Distribution of the Survey Population by Age Group and

Sex, Zimbabwe 2003 Male Female Age Group Percent Number Percent Number Total Number 0-4 13.8 9,386 13.3 9,570 13.6 18,991 5-9 14.5 9,886 13.5 9,655 14.0 19,568 10-14 13.6 9,269 12.7 9,124 13.2 18,404 15-14 13.3 9,054 12.4 8,905 12.8 17,963 15-19 9.7 6,605 10.7 7,667 10.2 14,273 20-24 8.7 5,906 8.6 6,200 8.7 12,109 25-29 6.3 4,285 6.0 4,315 6.2 8,602 30-34 4.3 2,929 4.3 3,081 4.3 6,010 35-39 3.1 2,110 3.9 2,774 3.5 4,884 40-44 2.9 1,949 3.1 2,258 3.0 4,207 45-49 2.4 1,637 3.4 2,474 2.9 4,112 50-54 1.8 1,229 2.1 1,482 1.9 2,712 60-64 1.7 1,169 1.9 1,367 1.8 2,537 65-69 1.3 895 1.3 961 1.3 1,857 70-74 1.1 750 1.1 794 1.1 1,545 75+ 1.3 859 1.5 1,041 1.4 1,900 Not Stated 0.0 31 0.1 81 0.1 117 Total 100.0 67,949 100.0 71,749 100.0 139,791 Note: The totals for males and females do not add up to 1379791 as the remainder were 'not stated'. Source: Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare (MPSLSW) (2006)


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Table 9: Distribution of population by sex and sector,

Zimbabwe 2002 Census Males Sector Total persons Total percent Special category 2,699 0.05Communal lands 2,643,075 46.91Small scale commercial farms 75,287 1.34Large scale commercial farms 522,227 9.27Resettlement areas 402,716 7.15Urban council areas 1,819,700 32.30Administrative centres 8,196 0.15Growth points 34,662 0.62Other urban areas 112,647 2.00State land 12,971 0.23Total 5,634,180 100.00Sector Females Total persons Total percent Special category 1,015 0.02Communal lands 3,018,482 50.33Small scale commercial farms 74,224 1.24Large scale commercial farms 465,015 7.75Resettlement areas 397,210 6.62Urban council areas 1,876,125 31.28Administrative centres 9,168 0.15Growth points 40,019 0.67Other urban areas 105,133 1.75State land 11,086 0.18Total 5,997,477 100.00Source: CSO (2002) 2.1.2 Farmed land, forests, fishing areas Zimbabwe has a total land area of 39.6 million hectares. Thirty three million hectares are reserved for agriculture while the rest is reserved for national parks, forests and urban settlements (MPSLSW, 2006). The composition of the agricultural land between the various sectors has been changing over the years due to the implementation of the resettlement programme from 1980 onwards. By 1990, of the 33.3 million hectares reserved for farmed land, approximately 11 million hectares belonged to large-scale commercial farms, 16 million hectares to communal areas, 1.4 million to small-scale commercial farms, while parks and forestry occupied approximately 6 million hectares, resettlement areas about 3 million hectares and state land under the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA) some half a million hectares (Agricultural Sector Memorandum, 1990).


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Table 10: Zimbabwe land classification by natural region, 1989 Natural Region Communal Large Scale Small Scale Resettlement Parks and ARDA Total Land Commercial Land Commercial Land Forestry AreaI 140,000 200,000 10,000 30,000 310,000 10,000 700,000II 1,270,000 3,690,000 240,000 590,000 60,000 10,000 5,860,000III 2,820,000 2,410,000 530,000 1,240,000 130,000 160,000 7,290,000IV 7,340,000 2,430,000 500,000 810,000 3,649,000 60,000 14,789,000V 4,780,000 2,490,000 100,000 620,000 2,190,000 260,000 10,440,000Total 16,350,000 11,220,000 1,380,000 3,290,000 6,339,000 500,000 39,079,000 Source: Agricultural Sector Memorandum (1990)


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In the year 2000, government embarked on fast track land reform program (FTLRP) to redistribute land. This was mainly in response to the inherited skewed distribution of land between large-scale commercial and communal areas. The slow pace of the resettlement program between the period 1980 to 1999 based on the willing buyer willing seller basis led to the acquisition and transfer of approximately 3 million hectares for resettlement. The implementation of the FTLRP has led to the compulsory acquisition and transfer of about 11 million hectares to new indigenous farmers. The new land ownership structure has altered the composition of farmed land between the various sectors. By the year 2004, smallholder farms (encompassing communal, old resettlement and the new A1 farms) comprised approximately 72.9 percent of the 33 million hectares, small scale to medium scale commercial comprising the old small scale commercial and new small A2 farms approximately 8.1 percent, while large scale commercial farms comprised 9 percent and corporate estates 6.1 percent. Approximately four percent of the land is transitionally unallocated.


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Table 11: The New Land Ownership Structure Farm Class Land Tenure Farms/ Households Area Numbers %of Total Hectares (million) %of Total Farm Size (ha) Smallholder Communal 1,100,000 16.400 15 Old Resettlement 72,000 3.700 51 A1 130,438 4.200 32 Sub-total 1,303,000 97.9 24.300 72.9 19Small to Medium Old SSCF 8,000 1.400 175Scale Commercial Small A2 11,056 1.300 87 Sub-total 22,900 1.7 2.700 8.1 118Large-Scale Medium-Large A2 1,500 0.900 600Commercial Black LSCF 1,440 0.900 625 White LSCF 1,377 1.200 871 Sub-total 4,317 0.3 3.000 9.0 695Corporate Estates Company 743 1.400 1,884 Church 64 0.041 641 Parastatal 153 0.600 3,922 Sub-total 960 0.1 2.041 2,126Transitional Unallocated 1.300 6.1 Total 1,331,177 100.0 33.300 Source: S. Moyo and Paris Yeros (2005)


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In terms of fishing, Zimbabwe has no coastal borders or natural lakes. All stored water is held in artificial reservoirs, ranging in size from small farm dams of less than a hectare, to large reservoirs, such as Lake Mutirikwi, with a surface area of 9 100 ha (FAO, 2003). Most of the reservoirs were constructed for the provision of water for domestic use, irrigation or industrial use. Kariba dam, for example was constructed primarily for hydroelectric power generation and is the largest artificial lake, shared with Zambia. According to the FAO (2003) there are over 10 700 dams in Zimbabwe, but most of these are small. The number of large dams (according to the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) classification) is less than 130. Due to the smaller size, most of the water bodies are affected by the vagaries of weather, ultimately affecting fish production. 2.1.3 Agricultural systems Agricultural systems depend to a large extent on the location of the country, natural resource endowments, climatic conditions, and investments in infrastructure such as the construction of dams for irrigation. Zimbabwe is a land locked country and stretches from about 15 degrees to 22 degrees south latitude and from 26 to 34 degrees east longitude. Although it is within the tropics, the country experiences tropical to sub-tropical conditions, moderated by altitude. On the basis of altitude the country can be divided into the lowveld, middleveld and highveld. The lowveld is generally below 600 metres above sea level, while the middleveld is between 600 and 1200 metres above sea level, and the highveld is the area above 1200 metres above sea level. Different crops are grown depending on the suitability of the crop at a particular altitude. For example, sugar cane is mainly produced under irrigation in the lowveld due to the suitability of this zone for cane production. The country has been divided into five natural regions on the basis of rainfall (Vincent and Thomas, 1962). Rainfall decreases from natural (NR) I to natural region V, with NR I being a high potential area suited for intensive and specialised agricultural production, while NR V is a low potential zone suited for wildlife and beef ranching. Various crops can be grown in natural I to V, with potential output decreasing with decreasing rainfall levels. The rainfall season is normally from November to March, and winter season from April to July and the dry months are generally between August and October. The soils are also varied, ranging from sandy soils to heavier loamy soils and clay soils. The sandy soils predominate in the communal lands. Table 12: The natural regions of Zimbabwe Natural region Characteristic I 1,050 mm rainfall per annum with some rain in all months of (613, 233 ha) (1.56%) the year and relatively low temperatures II (7,343,059 ha) (18.98 %) 700 - 1,050 mm rainfall per annum confined to summer. III 500 - 700 mm rainfall per annum with relatively high temperatures(6,854,958) (17.43%) and infrequent, heavy falls of rain and subject to season droughtsIV (13,010,036) (33.03%) 450-600 mm rainfall per annum and subject to frequent droughts V Normally less than 500 mm rainfall per annum. Very erratic (10,288,036 ha) (26.2%) rainfall. Northern lowveld may have more rain but the topography and soils are poorer. Note: The original table was adapted from Vincent and Thomas (1962) Source: Muir-Leresche (2006)


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Table 13: Farming activities by natural region Natural region Intensity of farming Major activities I Specialised and diversified farming Forest, coffee, tea, banana plantations potatoes, peas II Intensive farming Tobacco, maize, cotton, wheat, soyabeans, coffee, beefIII Semi-intensive farming Ranching, maize, cotton, groundnuts, burley tobacco IV Semi-intensive farming Millets, maize, ranching V Extensive farming Millets, maize, ranching Source: Surveyor General (1984): Map of Zimbabwe 1:1000,000 natural regions and farming areas


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Agricultural farming systems in Zimbabwe have also evolved on the basis of the historical aspects to land ownership in Zimbabwe. Prior to independence the communally owned farms were predominantly subsistence oriented and employed most of the population (Muir-Leresche, 2006). The agricultural sector was distinctly dualistic in nature (Rukuni, 2006) with the resource poor communal areas (CA) existing alongside a modern highly mechanised large-scale commercial farming (LSCF) sector. In addition there existed small-scale commercial farms (SSCF), established by the settler government to provide an option for black Zimbabweans to invest in land (Muir-Leresche, 2006). After independence the resettlement areas (RA) evolved as people were resettled on land acquired from the LSCF. The implementation of the FTLRP has created new agrarian resettlement models in the form of A1, similar to communal lands and A2 model that is similar to large-scale commercial farms. The following tables give a summary of the agricultural systems post-FTLRP. Table 14: Land ownership patterns after fast track reform (as at 31 July 2003) Category No. of Households Area (million Ha) % of total land area A1 127,192 4.2 11A2 7,260 2.2 6Old resettlement 71,000 3.7 9Communal 2,000,000 16.4 41Large-scale commercial 500 2.6 6Small scale commercial 8,000 1.4 4National parks and urban state State 6.0 15State land (other land) parastatals 3.1 8Total land area 2,500,000 39.6 100Note: The original table was computed from the Utete Report (2003) The total number of farms acquired in the A1 model is 2,652 and in the A2 model 1,672. Large-scale commercial include farms remaining (farms owned by indigenous people, farms under country-to-country agreements and farms under agro-processing for local companies. Source: Matondi and Munyuki (2006) In all the agricultural production systems, the main cropping season is from November to March during the rainy season for most of the major commodities. In the smallholder production systems (CAs, SSCF, RAs, A1) the farmers make use of animal draft power for most agricultural activities, while the commercial sector is highly mechanised in most operations. Production of crops such as wheat takes place in winter under irrigation during the period April to September. Most of the land for irrigation was located in the LSCF although this distribution has now changed due to the FTLRP. LSCF generally use more purchased inputs such as fertilisers, chemicals, herbicides and hired labour compared to their CAs, SSCF and RAs counterparts. The financing of the LSCF has generally been from the commercial banks although after FTLRP banks have largely been reluctant to lend due to the insecurity of tenure. Although government has issued 99-year leases to the new farmers, these have not resolved the security of tenure issue. Post FTLRP most of the agricultural sector financing has been from government under special concessionary interest facilities for new farmers (RBZ, 2005). Smallholder farmers participate in the production of plantation crops such as sugar cane and tea through out grower schemes run by either government parastatals or private agro-industrial companies. Horticultural production takes place under green houses and is largely a domain of the LSCF. Smallholder farms use various small irrigations schemes located in their areas and other micro-irrigation systems for the production of crops such as tomatoes, onions and other vegetables, which are a major source of livelihoods.


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Livestock in all the production systems are mostly produced under free range. Depending on the economics of production pen fattening is practiced depending on livestock feed availability. Table 15: Distribution of irrigated area before and after the year 2000 Category Before 2000 After 2000 Area (ha) % of total Area (ha) % of total A1 n/a n/a 7,620 6.3 A2 n/a n/a 12,450 10.3 Communal and resettlement 10,000 6.0 11,860 9.8 Indigenous LSCF (or informal) 20,000 11.0 9,250 7.7 Traditional LSCF (white-owned) 139,500 73.0 8,140 6.8 ARDA 13,500 8.0 7,620 6.3 Estates 63,470 52.3 Settler 3,600 2.0 Total 186,600 100.0 120,410 100.0 Note: n/a-not applicable The original table was from the Department of Agricultural Engineering (2002) and IFAD (1997) Source: Makhado et. al. (2006) Table 16: Crops grown under large-scale irrigation Crop Average Average Average (1980-90) (1991-99) (2002/3) hectares hectares HectaresWheat 33,659 42,587 51,540Sugar cane 32,711 36,950 40,784Cotton 19,817 9,549 - Maize (winter) 18,035 12,498 15,000Soyabeans 14,035 17,209 20,000Vegetables 7,501 - - Flue-cured tobacco 7,415 20,991 Coffee 5,957 4,329 7,500Barley 4,501 4,997 - Tea 2,340 3,207 5,800Source: Makhado et. al. (2006) 2.1.4 Agriculture in the economy (percentage GDP) Agriculture dominates the Zimbabwean economy despite the fact that it contributes between 15-20 percent to GNP in most years (Muir-Leresche, 2006). Before the implementation of the FTLRP, agriculture provided employment to over 75 percent of the population, while generally people in the urban areas look to the rural areas for retirement, security and annual holidays. Nominally, between 1995 and 2003, agriculture contributed between 13 and 24 percent Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (CSO, 2005). In 1999 it contributed about 24 percent and this nominally went down to about 15 percent in 2003. When measured at constant 1990 prices, between 1995 and 2003 agriculture contributed between 14 and 19 percent GDP. In 2000, agriculture contributed about 19 percent GDP while in 2003 it contributed about 16 percent at constant prices. While the nominal growth rates in GDP shows that the contribution of agriculture grew by 168 percent in 2003, when measured at constant 1990 prices, GDP has actually been declining. In 2002 the annual growth rate in GDP was a negative 22 percent, while another one percent decline was recorded in 2003. The negative growth rates in agricultural GDP have largely been linked to the implementation of the FTLRP, which was started in the year 2000. This led to the downturn in agricultural production as farms were transferred from the


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white commercial farmers to indigenous black farmers who were largely inexperienced and lacked the necessary financial and human capital to productively utilise the farms. High inflationary environment has characterised the economy with year on year inflation recorded at 1730 percent end February 2007(CSO, 2007). Growth in per capita GDP has also been showing a negative trend since 1999. In 2003, there was a negative growth rate of about 11 percent. The following tables show the percentage distribution of GDP in Zimbabwe for the period 1995 to 2003 both in nominal and at constant 1990 prices and the growth rates during the period.


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Table 17: Gross Domestic Product by industry at current prices: percentage distribution

(1995-2003) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing 13.4 20.4 20.5 19.0 23.7 19.7 21.4 17.6 14.6Mining and Quarrying 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.6Manufacturing 19.2 16.4 14.9 14.0 13.4 11.4 9.7 7.2 10.8Electricity and Water 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.3Construction 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.7Finance and Insurance 7.9 6.6 8.2 11.2 12.1 18.7 26.8 38.0 39.9Real Estate 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.0Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants 18.9 17.3 15.8 15.7 15.6 13.4 10.5 8.0 8.3Transport and Communication 5.8 5.0 5.0 6.6 7.0 7.6 9.6 10.1 7.5Public Administration 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.1 3.6 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.1Education 5.6 6.5 6.9 6.1 4.6 8.0 5.3 3.8 2.3Health 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4 1.5 1.2 0.8Domestic Services 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2Other Services 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.7 5.0 4.3 3.2 1.9Less Fin Int Services Indirectly Measured -1.8 -1.8 -2.8 -3.9 -4.6 -5.7 -5.9 -4.8 -3.0GDP at factor cost 88.5 89.0 88.2 87.3 88.9 91.6 92.3 92.5 90.0Net other taxes on production 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0Other taxes on production 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0Other subsidies on production GDP at basic prices 89.0 89.5 88.5 87.8 89.2 91.9 92.5 92.6 90.0Net taxes on products 11.0 10.5 11.5 12.2 10.8 8.1 7.5 7.4 10.0Taxes on products 11.2 10.5 11.5 12.3 10.8 8.1 7.5 7.4 10.0Subsidies on products 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 GDP at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: Central Statistical Office (2005)


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Table 18: Gross Domestic Product by industry at current prices: nominal growth rates - percentage

(1995-2003) Industry 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing -13.4 113.5 25.4 26.8 92.3 31.1 113.9 97.1 168.2Mining and Quarrying -54.9 12.7 8.8 72.3 46.0 16.3 23.5 119.5 196.1Manufacturing 10.9 20.2 13.5 27.8 47.8 34.1 67.7 78.5 383.4Electricity and Water -13.6 55.2 17.9 9.7 40.9 42.4 106.0 86.0 203.1Construction -5.2 35.4 48.9 43.1 30.0 40.6 13.7 66.1 206.0Finance and Insurance 5.9 17.5 53.6 88.0 66.5 143.9 180.9 239.8 241.4Real Estate 21.5 6.8 72.2 24.6 24.2 54.3 12.4 160.4 201.4Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants 41.2 29.1 13.6 35.5 52.7 35.8 53.8 82.9 239.3Transport and Communication 16.7 19.8 24.5 80.4 63.7 73.1 147.2 150.8 141.2Public Administration 23.6 36.5 21.8 23.8 37.5 93.5 86.8 133.3 141.3Education 16.4 65.0 31.2 21.6 16.8 172.3 30.2 73.7 94.5Health 16.7 35.1 42.0 33.8 60.5 124.3 25.4 89.8 115.9Domestic Services 9.9 35.2 35.0 8.7 19.4 -1.8 26.0 35.6 279.5Other Services 10.6 45.5 30.3 33.0 52.8 110.4 69.8 77.5 96.4Less Fin Int Services Indirectly Measured -15.2 44.0 93.8 87.8 81.9 96.4 104.7 95.2 100.9GDP at factor cost 8.5 41.4 23.3 35.5 56.7 63.4 97.6 140.1 216.0Net other taxes on production 31.7 23.7 -16.4 81.8 33.0 29.2 31.1 31.6 32.1Other taxes on production 31.7 23.7 -16.4 81.8 33.0 29.2 31.1 31.6 32.1Other subsidies on production GDP at basic prices 8.6 41.3 23.1 35.6 56.6 63.0 97.4 139.8 215.8Net taxes on products 27.4 33.9 36.3 46.0 35.2 18.5 83.5 134.7 340.0Taxes on products 23.1 32.5 36.0 46.1 34.9 18.5 83.5 134.7 340.0Subsidies on products -62.6 -65.3 -62.6 195.7 -100.0 -100.0 GDP at market prices 10.4 40.5 24.5 36.8 53.9 58.2 96.3 139.4 225.0GDP per capita growth rate 6.8 36.0 25.7 37.2 54.4 58.7 96.8 140.1 221.0Source: Central Statistical Office (2005)


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Table 19: Gross Domestic Product by industry at constant (1990) prices: percentage distribution

(1995-2003) Industry 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing 13.7 14.9 15.2 15.5 16.7 18.6 18.3 16.4 14.6Mining and Quarrying 4.3 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.7 2.9Manufacturing 18.8 19.7 19.2 18.6 18.4 17.6 17.1 15.5 14.9Electricity and Water 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.6 3.0Construction 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.5 0.9 0.9Finance and Insurance 7.6 7.1 6.7 7.2 7.1 7.7 7.8 9.9 8.4Real Estate 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.4Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants 16.2 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.7 16.4 16.0 15.9 12.3Transport and Communication 7.5 8.2 8.1 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.9 7.0Public Administration 4.4 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.4Education 5.9 6.0 6.4 6.8 6.5 7.2 7.9 8.3 9.3Health 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 2.0Domestic Services 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8Other Services 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.4 6.2Less Fin Int Services Indirectly Measured -1.8 -1.8 -2.9 -3.9 -4.6 -5.7 -5.8 -4.6 -3.8GDP at factor cost 91.0 91.0 90.0 88.0 90.0 92.0 91.0 90.0 90.0Net other taxes on production 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0GDP at basic prices 91.0 91.0 90.0 89.0 90.0 92.0 91.0 91.0 90.0Net taxes on products 9.0 9.0 10.1 11.2 9.9 8.1 8.9 9.4 9.9GDP at market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: Central Statistical Office (2005)


56

Table 20: Gross Domestic Product by industry at constant (1990) prices: annual growth rates - percentage

(1995-2003) Industry 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing -7.6 19.8 3.2 2.3 3.6 3.2 -3.9 -22.1 -1.0Mining and Quarrying 6.1 -4.0 -0.5 8.5 -7.0 -6.9 -13.5 2.2 -28.7Manufacturing -7.2 14.7 -0.8 -3.4 -4.4 -11.5 -5.4 -13.2 -13.8Electricity and Water -1.9 -1.6 -0.4 -4.3 7.8 -1.0 10.3 6.2 1.5Construction -23.9 12.0 16.6 6.0 -11.0 -15.0 -35.2 -41.0 -15.5Finance and Insurance 3.0 3.8 -4.2 6.2 -4.5 0.8 -1.2 21.2 -23.7Real Estate 4.5 3.9 4.9 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.2 3.9 2.2Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants 5.5 6.7 2.3 0.8 0.4 -8.8 -5.2 -4.5 -30.8Transport and Communication 23.3 19.9 0.0 -16.2 -3.4 -6.3 -5.5 -1.0 -8.1Public Administration 0.5 -8.2 -4.6 -3.0 -4.7 -6.2 4.7 2.0 2.1Education 2.4 10.2 7.8 6.8 -7.9 3.7 5.9 1.0 0.7Health -5.4 -5.9 -23.5 6.3 14.5 -7.6 17.8 -13.0 1.4Domestic Services -5.5 6.3 2.5 -1.2 -6.4 -5.0 5.7 2.5 0.4Other Services -5.4 7.9 11.0 2.2 7.4 -2.1 -2.7 1.8 1.8Less Fin Int Services Indirectly Measured -22.2 12.0 57.4 36.9 13.7 13.9 0.0 -24.8 -25.6GDP at factor cost -0.2 9.7 0.2 -1.2 -2.1 -5.4 -3.4 -4.8 -10.8Net other taxes on production 7.4 1.9 -29.7 38.0 -16.1 -17.1 -23.7 -43.6 -71.6GDP at basic prices -2.0 9.7 0.0 -1.1 -2.2 -5.4 -3.5 -4.9 -10.9Net taxes on products 4.0 10.0 14.7 10.9 -14.7 -24.0 6.7 0.6 -5.4GDP at market prices 0.2 9.7 1.4 0.1 -3.6 -7.3 -2.7 -4.4 -10.4GDP per capita growth rate -3.1 6.2 2.4 0.4 -3.3 -7.0 -2.4 -4.1 -11.3Source: Central Statistical Office (2005)


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2.1.5 Main agricultural produce and secondary products Zimbabwe produces a number of agricultural commodities from smallholder farms (SSCF, CAs, RAs) and LSCF some for both the local and export markets. The main commodities produced include the food grain crops (which include maize, wheat, barley) and small grains (sorghum and millets), the traditional export crops (such as tobacco and cotton), oilseed crops (soyabean, groundnuts and sunflower), plantation crops (sugarcane, tea, coffee and citrus), horticulture (which include floriculture and vegetables) and other non-traditional export crops such as paprika. Some of the crops are produced under dry land while crops like wheat are produced under irrigation in winter. Livestock are also produced by all the agricultural farming systems. The main types of livestock produced are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry. Production of major agricultural commodities in the LSCF has been on a downward trend in since the year 2000. For example, approximately 180,000 tonnes of tobacco were produced in the year 2000, while about 34,000 tonnes was produced in 2004 (CSO, 2006). CSO Crop Forecasting Committee figures show that by 2006 only about 19,000 tonnes of tobacco was expected from the LSCF. Maize production on LSCF also decreased from about 617,000 tonnes in 2000 to about 67,000 tonnes in 2006. Production in the CAs and RAs between the year 2000 and 2006 show a different scenario. Maize production decreased from over one million tonnes in 2000 to about 900,000 tonnes in 2004 in the CAs. Tobacco in the resettlement areas increased form about 7,000 tonnes in 2000 to 40,000 tonnes in 2004, while soyabeans increased from about 560 tonnes to about 52,000 tonnes in 2006 in the RAs and sunflower from about 2000 tonnes to about 7000 tonnes (CSO,2006). It is important to note that for crops such as cotton, LSCF by the year 2000 accounted for less than one percent total production while the bulk of this commodity now comes from smallholder farms (CAs, RAs, and SSCF). Crops such as cotton were largely unaffected by the implementation of the FTLRP. Production of some of the commodities such as maize, have also been affected by poor pricing policies that make it unattractive for farmers to grow the commodities. The following tables give a summary of the production of major commodities in Zimbabwe, by sector.


58

Table 21:Maize production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area (ha)Prodn (t) 1996 145,796 699,600 46,820 71,611 91,160 167,741 1,175,835 1,126,386 1,459,611 2,065,31997 130,644 568,847 42,714 61,081 79,362 128,687 1,153,354 794,088 1,406,074 1,552,71998 111,907 525,559 39,332 47,296 90,000 99,000 939,968 524,074 1,181,207 1,195,91999 123,052 606,158 37,823 56,086 100,000 90,000 1,217,115 854,344 1,477,990 1,606,52000 122,635 617,257 37,942 63,685 100,000 130,000 1,112,540 808,709 1,373,117 1,619,62001 90,888 434,888 65,000 97,500 100,000 100,000 984,100 893,940 1,239,988 1,526,32002 67,833 279,480 61,000 14,640 195,000 58,500 1,004,021 252,138 1,327,854 604,72003 45,000 180,000 81,577 61,340 271,831 161,874 953,960 655,572 1,352,368 1,058,72004 45,353 136,474 47,657 43,707 496,110 902,990 904,690 602,980 1,493,810 1,686,12005 22,158 53,444 46,095 18,503 478,039 468,723 1,176,836 364,417 1,723,128 905,02006 20,668 67,565 39,991 38,626 523,670 845,989 1,121,559 752,807 1,705,888 1,704,9Note: 1997 is 1996-97 growing season and so on Source: CSO Crop Forecasting Committee (Various Years) Table 22: Wheat production (1996-2006) Year Area (ha) Prodn (t)

1996 41,039 214,7751997 47,607 245,4571998 41,943 245,4311999 52,592 285,7552000 47,796 250,5222001 42,117 231,7912002 32,900 195,0002003 16,400 103,0002004 13,500 68,8512005 46,889 211,0022006 54,000 234,000

Source: CSO Crop Forecasting Committee (Various Years)


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Table 23: Sorghum production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 10,054 30,666 2,141 1,556 4,789 6,034 188,925 51,959 205,909 90,2151997 8,130 21,937 1,930 1,602 3,925 3,370 165,742 37,518 179,727 64,4271998 7,422 22,619 1,528 866 5,000 2,000 112,089 13,669 126,039 39,1541999 5,475 15,460 943 699 4,800 2,400 132,694 38,976 143,912 57,5352000 5,519 16,373 834 592 5,000 2,500 104,895 26,842 116,248 46,3072001 5,138 14,168 1,900 950 7,500 3,000 95,600 38,240 110,138 56,3582002 3,813 9,359 4,000 1,200 3,700 555 70,000 10,500 81,513 21,6142003 11,000 33,000 1,300 520 11,609 2,936 104,621 34,801 128,530 71,2572004 7,374 16,759 2,547 1,509 37,558 35,529 180,289 75,594 227,768 129,3912005 2,746 2,952 1,402 741 18,511 11,497 139,735 22,897 162,394 38,0872006 2,454 4,352 2,444 1,847 31,157 40,715 229,137 88,128 265,192 135,042

Note: 1997 is 1996-97 growing season and so on Source: Crop Forecasting Committee (Various Years)


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Table 24: Pearl millet production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 125 198 803 302 2555 2046 240776 49263 244259 518091997 155 164 442 151 4300 1935 178145 29133 183042 313831998 158 327 436 81 3000 750 139167 14210 142761 153681999 107 181 407 84 1400 560 144935 24336 146849 251612000 46 74 348 108 4000 1200 118323 17977 122717 193592001 13 15 1570 471 4400 1100 92900 18580 98883 201662002 3 1 250 25 2000 200 63000 3780 65253 40062003 0 0 1000 200 9341 1355 124216 21573 134557 231282004 3 3 539 155 10487 3745 153855 41720 164629 456232005 18 19 284 53 10305 2894 124198 15482 135070 184482006 8 1 549 204 13574 4533 161793 42846 175375 47584

Note: 1997 is 1996-97 growing season and so on Source: CSO Crop Forecasting Committee (Various Years)


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Table 25: Finger millet production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha)Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 60 82 1,818 787 4,058 3,029 32,015 14,101 37,951 17,9991997 56 86 1,538 663 7,450 3,725 30,229 11,759 39,273 16,2331998 108 87 1,283 385 7,000 2,100 18,152 3,089 26,543 5,6611999 83 105 1,377 579 6,000 2,400 29,135 13,651 36,595 16,7352000 77 82 1,324 572 6,600 2,640 21,672 8,340 29,673 11,6342001 106 148 3,400 1,360 4,000 1,600 49,800 19,920 57,306 23,0282002 103 107 9,000 1,350 8,000 1,200 50,000 7,500 67,103 10,1572003 3,400 1,020 3,634 1,444 28,576 15,970 35,610 18,4342004 44 72 1,354 459 8,856 5,340 41,562 15,209 51,391 21,0802005 11 2 929 262 10,311 3,148 25,484 5,850 37,341 9,2622006 21 11 1,535 895 9,369 6,324 46,199 19,484 55,589 26,714



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Table 26: Cotton production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 38,312 68,368 9,770 8,321 16,849 19,751 167,587 137,539 232,518 233,9791997 33,892 57,245 9,842 8,018 18,685 22,065 238,123 107,884 300,542 195,2121998 26,648 53,207 9,158 8,214 22,000 17,600 178,481 100,326 236,287 179,3471999 23,974 39,743 9,013 8,341 24,500 19,600 253,047 129,575 310,534 197,2592000 22,071 37,778 8,960 9,333 26,000 23,400 225,438 171,453 282,469 241,9642001 16,574 34,469 15,000 11,385 33,000 26,400 320,000 208,000 384,574 280,2542002 11,397 20,339 21,000 14,700 53,000 31,800 316,500 127,250 401,897 194,0892003 2,670 3,606 950 760 53,273 26,991 138,184 128,140 195,077 159,4972004 381 546 10,875 7,255 85,676 111,655 234,784 244,810 331,716 364,2662005 68 119 6,115 3,307 47,953 38,463 239,864 154,411 294,000 196,3002006 25 33 5,928 4,997 59,922 68,705 200,209 174,522 266,084 248,257



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Table 27: Tobacco production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 71,198 174,366 423 401 2,048 2,178 1,165 939 74,834 177,8841997 75,134 165,704 682 641 2,784 3,049 2,007 1,797 80,607 171,1911998 73,000 183,724 886 886 5,850 4,930 3,489 7,682 83,225 197,2221999 68,515 168,050 723 1,086 6,823 4,886 3,047 1,260 79,108 175,2822000 64,448 179,933 834 1,051 7,507 6,751 3,697 2,507 76,486 190,2422001 54,675 153,059 1,470 1,261 6,825 4,766 4,138 767 67,108 159,8532002 37,213 100,025 2,150 1,955 10,420 7,352 5,805 4,303 55,588 113,6352003 30,510 76,099 3,698 3,256 10,435 9,403 2,650 4,756 47,293 93,5142004 19,173 34,348 571 684 33,010 40,744 2,830 2,536 55,584 78,3122005 9,988 23,386 1,034 1,138 34,431 53,431 5,714 5,275 51,167 83,2302006 7,346 18,832 581 708 26,138 37,172 4,800 1,296 38,865 58,008



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Table 28: Soyabean production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha)Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 48,492 96,008 72 48 163 166 2,531 726 51,258 96,9481997 52,437 96,645 73 35 148 95 796 288 53,454 97,0631998 57,952 115,229 62 35 60 42 2,216 1,023 60,290 116,3291999 49,424 117,220 141 119 360 324 3,006 3,022 52,931 120,6852000 55,022 132,347 180 147 700 560 4,748 2,363 60,650 135,4172001 51,859 128,213 1,400 1,680 750 900 10,000 10,000 64,009 140,7932002 33,782 76,781 1,000 400 1,500 360 15,000 6,900 51,282 84,4412003 20,000 36,000 950 760 2,487 1,046 1,953 3,391 25,390 41,1972004 24,969 46,449 397 202 19,986 36,882 4,220 2,294 49,572 85,8272005 10,642 21,457 577 299 24,278 30,913 6,374 4,061 41,871 56,7302006 9,105 23,400 543 525 27,620 52,320 9,869 7,107 47 18



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Table 29: Sunflower production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 2,396 1,264 3,851 2,873 6,970 5,395 44,870 18,648 58,087 28,1801997 2,381 946 2,131 1,536 4,064 2,950 41,556 13,431 50,132 18,8631998 1,588 1,232 1,815 1,281 13,000 5,850 16,442 5,864 32,845 14,2271999 1,419 1,130 1,484 1,202 4,500 2,700 14,727 7,276 22,130 12,3082000 1,354 1,128 1,359 1,386 3,000 1,650 11,764 5,060 17,477 9,2242001 1,330 893 2,500 1,500 3,000 2,100 37,000 25,900 43,830 30,3932002 1,318 837 800 144 3,000 420 19,000 3,230 24,118 4,6312003 300 450 1,000 400 4,302 1,882 15,753 14,191 21,355 16,9232004 1,186 1,205 1,472 524 15,768 9,444 19,374 9,068 36,976 20,2412005 337 431 648 212 6,962 3,830 10,182 2,946 18,464 7,4192006 596 509 983 427 13,138 7,708 32,008 12,172 45,742 20,816



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Table 30: Groundnut production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 1,341 3,056 9,265 6,195 12,476 7,668 105,259 50,643 128,341 67,5621997 1,601 3,538 10,241 9,106 13,919 12,321 141,830 98,668 167,591 123,6331998 1,305 2,890 9,052 4,871 12,000 3,600 156,198 34,787 178,555 46,1481999 984 1,872 8,987 7,003 14,500 7,250 107,646 64,115 132,117 80,2402000 1,259 2,798 9,319 9,554 18,000 12,600 147,195 99,165 175,773 124,1172001 916 1,965 18,000 10,800 23,000 16,100 233,120 139,884 275,036 168,7492002 610 1,078 15,000 3,000 37,000 11,100 206,000 41,200 258,610 56,3782003 100 300 8,600 6,880 8,331 6,237 88,021 73,077 105,052 86,4942004 580 671 8,140 2,781 30,911 19,659 93,708 41,046 133,464 64,1572005 254 369 8,265 2,554 37,367 19,104 154,706 35,727 199,198 57,7542006 588 588 6,871 4,203 34,801 29,584 133,936 55,110 169,325 89,485



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Table 31: Field beans production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 1,969 1,360 893 464 1,148 783 11,592 2,227 15,602 4,8341997 2,460 1,655 1,492 789 1,410 534 11,028 4,900 16,390 7,8781998 2,005 1,371 1,296 508 16,724 3,833 20,025 5,7121999 2,081 1,111 1,137 741 11,265 7,637 14,483 9,4892000 969 1,098 1,047 697 13,072 5,648 15,088 7,4432001 1,253 1,305 1,173 640 12,803 5,317 15,229 7,2622002 1,000 917 1,229 675 12,978 5,467 15,207 7,0592003 2,396 835 13,177 9,925 15,573 10,7602004 2,518 2,451 2,692 1,024 36,593 35,494 26,780 17,807 67,662 56,7762005 1,266 1,359 1,771 416 17,901 14,290 26,512 5,417 47,431 21,4822006 1,984 2,836 1,752 994 22,835 22,746 39,436 23,837 64,255 50,413



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Table 32: Paprika production by sector (1996-2006) LSCF SSCF Resettlement Communal Total Year Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t) Area(ha) Prodn(t)

1996 2,378 5,390 63 40 8 2 5 1 2,454 5,4331997 3,709 10,173 294 151 2,115 3,702 6,118 14,0261998 5,468 13,225 347 180 3,795 1,250 9,610 14,6551999 3,918 9,982 262 141 60 36 1,758 559 5,998 10,7182000 3,013 6,596 186 80 50 35 673 631 3,922 7,3422001 2,817 7,282 85 34 2,000 800 2,991 681 7,893 8,7972002 1,977 4,975 1,400 420 4,000 1,600 9,096 2,830 16,473 9,8252003 3,500 10,500 2,200 770 4,426 1,961 1,978 961 12,104 14,1922004 5,736 6,534 243 83 5,118 3,396 2,161 864 13,508 10,8772005 748 1,413 493 178 2,925 1,533 1,402 80 5,552 3,2042006 681 1,226 477 255 3,238 3,119 1,366 628 5,285 5,228



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Table 33: Numbers of livestock by province, 2004 Province Cattle Sheep Goat Pig Donkey Horse Manicaland 718,620 48,145 331,045 16,297 21,514 267Mashonaland Central 469,019 30,022 247,699 21,129 6,395 111Mashonaland East 698,966 28,226 195,809 28,662 5,295 201Mashonaland West 555,602 55,388 205,047 51,488 19,620 130Masvingo 841,951 88,649 608,705 21,877 74,892 61Matabelelend North 582,262 78,316 582,596 12,030 76,579 440Matabelelend South 462,173 110,445 489,865 4,480 131,548 66Midlands 897,926 38,376 444,692 13,273 109,653 1,052Grand Total 5,226,519 477,567 3,105,458 169,236 445,496 2,328Source: Department of Veterinary Services-Epidemiology Unit (2004) Table 34: Numbers of livestock by province,

2005 Province Cattle Sheep Goat Pig Donkey Horse Manicaland 705,869 49,801 576,839 20,434 16,783 146Mashonaland Central 510,642 61,504 249,944 32,849 6,642 268Mashonaland East 693,714 25,044 205,749 29,584 6,559 380Mashonaland West 481,144 42,715 181,199 38,346 22,094 117Masvingo 810,375 69,334 666,627 16,672 65,420 59Matabelelend North 547,648 54,030 485,315 13,602 71,863 233Matabelelend South 466,260 88,045 373,466 3,890 111,275 86Midlands 771,759 25,428 529,579 12,398 100,933 165Grand Total 4,987,411 415,901 3,268,718 167,775 401,569 1,454Source: Department of Veterinary Services-Epidemiology Unit (2007)


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Table 35: National dairy herd and milk production (1997-2006) Year No. of commercial Total milk National milk Producers herd production (000' litres)

1997 340 95,187 183,0251998 328 89,064 183,0001999 319 81,139 181,6002000 318 74,267 179,8002001 312 55,150 156,0002002 285 50,650 140,0002003 285 45,000 112,0002004 232 43,000 91,0002005 205 40,000 95,0002006 179 40,000 85,000

Source: Dairibord Zimbabwe Limited (2005)


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2.1.6 Main export markets Major agricultural exports from Zimbabwe include tobacco, cotton, tea, coffee, beef, sugar and horticultural exports. The country also used to be a net exporter of maize to the region depending on the rainfall pattern but is now a net importer of the commodity. Export performance has generally been constrained by a number of factors over the years, including since the year 2000, the implementation of the land reform and resettlement programme that has led to reduction in production of major commodities such as tobacco (TIMB, 2004). The volatile diplomatic row between Harare and the EU has also significantly undermined exports, especially to the EU market (FAO, 2003). Agriculture exports declined by 12.6 percent from US$384.2 million in 2004 to US$335.9 million in 2005 (RBZ, 2005). According to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ), this was largely attributed to the underperformance in the tobacco and horticultural sub-sectors, which contribute about 60.7 percent of total agricultural exports. The major markets for Zimbabwe's agricultural products include regional markets in SADC and Africa, the Americas, the EU, the Far East, Middle East, Oceania and the rest of Europe. For the two leading commodity sub-sectors, about 64.4 million kilograms of tobacco valued at US$203.8 million was exported in 2005. Part of the declining export production stem from the vagaries of weather which led to the country experiencing adverse effects of drought and shortages of inputs. According to the Reserve Bank (2005) horticultural exports declined by 10 percent from US$84.1 million in 2004 to US$75.9 million in 2005. Part of this decline is also attributed to new farmers still in the process of developing appropriate expertise. The following tables summarise agricultural exports for Zimbabwe (Tables 36 to 38). Table 36: Tobacco regional physical exports (tonnes)

2001-2004 Region 2001 2002 2003 2004Africa 17,723 11,080 11,575 6,225Americas 7,945 1,853 1,434 1,094European Union 89,643 68,369 49,825 27,754Far East 44,701 36,542 19,724 20,864Middle East 15,744 5,479 6,324 4,779Oceania 2,416 1,517 3,118 571Rest of Europe 19,364 17,259 11,355 7,680Total 197,536 142,099 103,355 69,967Source: TIMB (2004) Table 37: Physical exports and value of Zimbabwe tobacco

(1996-2004) Year Mass (tonnes) Value (US$) 1996 186,568 687,421,9481997 155,444 589,665,3291998 164,156 515,501,4131999 222,531 668,340,4392000 182,092 530,225,2452001 198,219 578,302,8492002 142,773 432,093,6412003 103,355 321,056,1052004 69,967 226,542,7772005 64,400 203,800,000

Source: TIMB (2004) and RBZ (2005)


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Table 38: Export commodities from Zimbabwe, 2004 Commodity Quantity (Mt) Value (000 US$) Tobacco leaves 150,943 396,123Cotton lint 173,406 236,775Sugar (centrifugal, raw) 78,569 26,986Cigarettes 3,324 26,804Tobacco products nes 9,851 15,987Tea 14,968 13,277Sugar refined 24,035 9,757Vegetables fresh nes 3,722 8,191Hen eggs 5,566 6,936Malt of barley 16,680 6,578Pimento, allspice 7,375 5,371Sugar, confectionary 5,024 5,234Coffee, green 4,557 4,906Hide dry-salted 69 4,533Oranges 38,308 4,455Margarine + shortening 2,931 3,890Meat preparations pigs 3,208 2,759Meat nes 530 2,438Vegetables prepared nes 1,661 1,910Nuts nes 1,185 1,862Source: FAO Country Profiles for Zimbabwe (2004)


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2.1.7 Trade agreements that include agriculture Zimbabwe has five preferential bilateral trade agreements under which exports can benefit and these are between Zimbabwe and Botswana, Namibia, Malawi, South Africa and Mozambique (Zimtrade, 2007). The Zimbabwe-Botswana agreement was ratified in 1998, while the Zimbabwe-Namibia has been operational since 1992. The Zimbabwe-Malawi agreement was implemented in 1995 while the most recent version of the trade agreement between Zimbabwe and South Africa was signed in 1996. The Zimbabwe-Mozambique agreement was signed in 2004 and became operational in 2005. The general objectives of these bilateral trade agreements are to encourage and stimulate trade between Zimbabwe and the cooperating partner country through the elimination of tariffs and other non-tariff barriers to trade. These allow traders to purchase goods from the signatory country without paying duty or paying a small-agreed rate as long as the goods qualify under the terms of the agreement between the signatory countries. Zimbabwe is also a member of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). Other members of SADC include Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles, Swaziland, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. The SADC promotes investment and trade between member countries, and also facilitates and co-ordinates development projects in the Southern African region. Besides SADC, Zimbabwe is also a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). This regional trade organisation was set up to encourage trade by reducing and eventually eliminating trade barriers and create a common market. Zimbabwe with eight other countries namely Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan and Zambia has now formed a Free Trade Area under COMESA. Other member states of COMESA include Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Swaziland and Uganda. The ACP-EU Cotonou agreement, which succeeded the Lome Conventions, is one of the agreements Zimbabwe is signatory to. This is a non-reciprocal trade agreement between African Caribbean Pacific (ACP) countries and the European Union (EU) that allows preferential market access to the EU. The objectives of the Cotonou agreement include helping to balance the level of trade between the two groupings and to promote the development of ACP states. The agreement in its current form runs upto the end of 2007 when the reciprocal Economic Partnerships Agreements (EPAs) are supposed to have been finalised and effected. Zimbabwe is negotiating under Eastern and Southern Africa grouping with the EU for the new Economic Partnership Agreements. Zimbabwe is also a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The WTO is the global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between countries.

2.1.8 Sectoral policy related to agriculture, fisheries and forests Agriculture forms the backbone of the economy of Zimbabwe, is considered the mainstay of the economy and will anchor the country’s stabilisation programme (NEDPP, 2006). The sector has strong linkages with the rest of the economy and when it under-performs the whole economy is affected. The Government of Zimbabwe Policy Framework 1995-2020 states that agricultural policy is built on four basic pillars:

• The transformation of smallholder agriculture into a fully commercial farming system. • An average increase in total agricultural output each year that is significantly larger

than the increase in population, • The full development of physical and social infrastructure in all the rural areas

throughout the country.


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• The development of fully sustainable farming systems throughout the country, which reverses current environment degradation and soil erosion.

This policy framework has by and large guided the development of the agricultural sector in Zimbabwe from the mid-nineties. However, other policy statements such as the country presentation at the World Food Summit in Rome in 2002, underlie the importance of the agricultural sector in achieving food security at national, household and individual levels. This is in line with the policy framework, which states the following with regard to crop production:

• To achieve a rapid growth in farm output, the average yields of basic crops-maize, small grains, sunflowers, groundnuts and cotton –must be increased across the country.

• Farmers in marginal rainfall areas will be encouraged to grow drought tolerant crops particularly cotton, small grains and sunflowers, through appropriate research and extension.

• The contract system between producers and processors will be encouraged and further strengthened, in order to assure producers of a secure market for their produce.

• The potential in the smallholder sector will be developed through training and the promotion of linkages between large producers and smallholders.

With regard to the livestock sector, the policy framework document states the following:

• To achieve sustained growth in cattle production, smallholder must participate fully in commercial marketing through increased rate of off take from their herds.

• The dairy industry will be developed through expansion of smallholder development schemes, the growth of small scale processing plants in small towns to meet local demand and increase exports of high value dairy products.

• Specialised training for new entrants and commercial farm workers will be provided to ensure that quality standards are maintained.

However the period 1996 to 2005 in Zimbabwe has been marked by accelerated deterioration in the socio-economic situation (MPSLSW, 2006). In particular the implementation of the controversial fast track land resettlement and reform programme in 2000 has witnessed the continued decline in agricultural output. In response, government has implemented a number of economic reform programmes with an emphasis on the revival of the agricultural sector as the engine of production. In 2001, government launched the Millennium Economic Revival Programme (MERP) in order to restore economic vibrancy and address the underlying economic fundamentals. However, due to the withdrawal of international support following the implementation of the FTLRP, this programme was largely rendered ineffective. The FTLRP, due to its nature was not well planned. Implementation was on the basis of the land reform and resettlement programme policy, revised phase II (GoZ, 2001). This policy incorporates the accelerated land reform and resettlement programme (fast track). In 2003, government launched another 12-month stabilisation programme called the National Economic Revival programme (NERP) meant to address challenges in the economy including declining agricultural production. The NERP failed to generate the foreign currency needed to support economic recovery. The macro-economic policy framework, towards sustained economic growth in 2004, which like its predecessors failed to revive the economy, then replaced this programme. In 2006, government launched the National Economic Priority Development Programme (NEDPP). The NEDPP while recognising the challenges facing the economy which among others included the contraction in national output, persistent hyper-inflation, high unemployment, increasing poverty levels, acute shortages and leakages of foreign currency, food shortages and price distortions, placed


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emphasis on objectives revolving around reduction of inflation, stabilisation of the currency, ensuring food security, increasing output and productivity, generation of foreign exchange, removal of price distortions and effective policy coordination and implementation. In the agricultural sector, NEDPP specifies the increased agricultural output of food security crops (maize, wheat, sorghum), oilseeds (sunflower, groundnuts), livestock and dairy. Targeted foreign exchange generation crops are tobacco, cotton and horticulture. NEDPP aims to achieve production of targeted crops on the basis of identified capable farmers by region and province while at the same time the policy indicates an aggressive promotion of value addition of cotton, timber, wood, hides and skins, and tobacco. The 2007 national budget statement by the Minister of Finance refers to NEDPP in the context of partnering with the private sector in implementation of NEDPP with a thrust towards quick win programmes and projects whose objective is to stabilise the economy and lay the foundation for sustained economic growth. On the agriculture sector, some of whose problems revolve around the viability of controlled commodities such as the staples maize and wheat, the Minister of Finance notes that government will timeously monitor and review agricultural producer prices, balancing this against changes in costs of production and reasonable rates of return for the farmer. The revival of the agricultural sector has dominated policy statements since the decline in agricultural output started in 2000 and Zimbabwe had to rely on imports to achieve food security. Monetary policy statements by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (2007) underscore the importance of the agricultural sector, in particular in reference to the pricing of controlled agricultural products and inputs, which have placed a have burden on the fiscus (RBZ, 2007). The President in his nineteenth state of the nation address (December, 2006) underscores the need to reverse the decline in agricultural output by indicating that a target of 55000 hectares have been earmarked for tobacco production in the 2006/7 season, representing a 40 percent increase from the previous season, while a total of 300000 hectares have been set aside for the production of the strategic maize grain reserve during the 2006/7 summer season. According to the Presidential address this programme would be implemented under operation Maguta/Inala and an Agricultural Development Bank (AGRIBANK) facility, in collaboration with the District Development Fund (DDF) and will target A1, communal and the old resettlement farmers. A2 farmers will, according to the address, continue to access funding from the Reserve Bank’s Agricultural Sector Enhancement Facility (ASPEF), commercial banks and other contract schemes. The rehabilitation of irrigation schemes, some of which were vandalised during the FTLRP, is reported would be funded under an accelerated irrigation development programme in order to minimise the impact of unfavourable weather conditions. The emphasis on reviving the agricultural is directly related to the fact that this sector has strong linkages with manufacturing. The RBZ (2005) in justifying its continued support to the agricultural sector notes that “The revival of agriculture will relay economy-wide positive impulses through horizontal and vertical linkages. This would uplift overall economic performance as well as employment creation.” Although Zimbabwe does not have a very significant fisheries sector, overall the major policy thrust relating to agriculture and forestry in particular has now focussed on revival of the sector to reverse the continued decline in agricultural output. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (2005) lists some of the challenges faced by agricultural sector and farmers in particular to include the following: Crop production

• Limited availability of foreign currency to import essential inputs, such as fertilisers, chemicals and raw materials for irrigation equipment;

• Untimely delivery of inputs caused by delayed access to financing, unavailability of some inputs and transport bottlenecks arising from fuel shortages;


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• Huge and frequent increases in input costs; • Unviable producer prices for controlled commodities; • Inadequate irrigation infrastructure which was worsened by vandalism and theft of

existing infrastructure and soaring costs of equipment; • Shortage of farm labour; • Increased incidences of farm disturbances which has resulted in over 90 cases being

reported to the Bank as at 31 December 2005, with 24 farmers being evicted or ceasing operations.

Livestock production Challenges listed under livestock production include the following:

• Limited availability of beef and dairy breeding stock in the country; • Animal disease control, particularly the foot and mouth disease; • Beef and dairy production are long term businesses which require loan tenor periods

of 18 months for working capital and 36 months for capital expenditure resulting in farmers generally opting for quick returns and shunning beef and dairy projects;

• The capital intensive nature of livestock production discouraged some farmers from borrowing;

• Scarcity and inhibitive costs of stock feeds and veterinary chemicals discouraged prospective livestock farmers from venturing into livestock production;

• Insecurity of tenure by a large number of farmers who wanted to invest in beef, dairy and piggery projects. Farmers were therefore, reluctant to venture into long-term businesses;

• Banks were also reluctant to lend to this group of farmers, because of the perceived high risk exposure, and

• Lack of expertise of such projects like dairy and piggery. Sectoral policy relating to forestry is implemented by the Forestry Company of Zimbabwe (previously the Forestry Commission), which falls under the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. As the regulatory body, the Company regulates all wood based activities as provided for in the statutes. The forest policy relates to some of the gazetted forests, which cover about 800,000 ha in the northeastern parts of the country and are part of the fragile Kalahari ecosystem. The ecosystem is highly prone to desertification if mismanaged. However, they also contain highly valued indigenous commercial timber species, and the forests are also important for soil protection, water shed management and bio-diversity conservation(Forestry Commission, 2004). Overall forest policy in Zimbabwe is reflected in the objectives of the two main technical divisions of the Forestry Company of Zimbabwe, conservation and extension and research and development. The objectives of the conservation and extension are stated as (Forestry Commission, 2004):

• Facilitate the improved supply and management of tree and forest resources throughout the country with emphasis on communal and resettlement areas. This is achieved by equipping communities with knowledge and practical skills on tree planting and tree management.

• Promote the sustainable and economic use of tree and forestry products in communal and resettlement areas through value addition. This is achieved by assisting communities to engage in forest-based enterprises through the provision of technical, organisational and marketing skills.

• Sustainably manage gazetted forests and regulate the timber industry. Activities undertaken include forest protection, setting standards, enforcing the forest act and the communal lands forest produce act and regulating the use of timber and non-timber products.


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The research and development covers disciplines such as breeding, silviculture, forest protection, agro forestry, and ecology and forest industries. The research and training division objectives are listed as (Forestry Commission, 2004):

• To develop, adapt and generate demand driven and cost effective technologies on forestry related activities and disseminate results.

• To produce genetically superior and high quality seed of desirable characteristics in plantation forests and natural woodlands.

• To train skilled personnel for the national and SADC forestry sectors and assist national graduates to create employment.

Overall, the policy is on sustainable use yield of both indigenous and exotic forests. Zimbabwe in 1987 produced a national conservation strategy based on the world conservation strategy whose main objective was to ensure that natural resources are used on a sustained yield basis (FAO, 2003). Relevant legislation The Agricultural Policy Framework (1995-2020) lists the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the following legislation: Agriculture finance corporation act [chapter 101] Agricultural employment industry (employment pension scheme) act, 1975 (no..41of 1975) Agricultural marketing authority [chapter 102] Agricultural research act [chapter 103] Animal health act [chapter 103] Cold storage commission act [chapter 105] Cotton marketing and control act [chapter 106] Dairy act [chapter 107] Dairy produce and marketing act [chapter 108] Farmers licensing and levy act[chapter 109] Farmers stop order act [chapter 110] Fertilisers, farm seeds and remedies act [chapter 111] Fruit marketing act [chapter 112] Grain marketing act [chapter 113] Locust control act [chapter 126] Noxious weeds act [chapter 127] Pig industry act [chapter 114] Plant breeder’s rights act [chapter 115] Plant pests and diseases act [chapter 128] Produce export act [chapter 116] Registration of pedigree farm livestock act, 1981 (no. 21 of 1981) Scientific animal experiments act [chapter 132] Seeds act [chapter 133] Sericulture act, 1989 (no. 25 of 1989) Stock trespass act, 1991 (no. 6 of 1991) Tobacco corporation act [chapter 118] Tobacco marketing and levy act, 1977 (no. 32 of 1977) Tobacco research act [chapter 120] Veterinary surgeons act [chapter 227] These are the main acts the Ministry is responsible for, and as amended from time to time by the Parliament of Zimbabwe. For example, a number of acts were amended to pave the way for the privatisation of the dairy and cotton sectors during the 1990s as the country implemented International Monetary Fund (IMF) structural adjustments programmes. The agricultural marketing authority was abolished in the 1990s as part of this process but was reintroduced and again passed through parliament in the last two years. These acts give the Minister the powers to intervene in the agricultural sector.


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Forestry legislation This mandate is implemented by the Forestry Company of Zimbabwe whose mandate derives from the Forest Act (Chapter 19:05 as amended in 1999) and the Communal Lands Forest Produce Act (Chapter 20 of 1987), which provide for the regulation of the forestry sector, forestry extension, the management of gazetted indigenous forests, forestry research and training and income generation. To ensure the country benefits from processing of timber resources through employment creation, statutory instrument 112 of 2001 prohibits exportation of unprocessed hardwood timber of some selected species. 2.1.9 Institutional, regulatory and policy framework for Information and

communication The telecommunications sector in Zimbabwe is deregulated, with the Postal Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ) providing the licensing and overseeing the levelling of competition in the provision of services. However, POTRAZ has come under severe criticism from the parliamentary portfolio committee on Transport and Communications for failing to license new players (The Herald, 2007). The table below shows the number players who have been issued with licenses for specific services since deregulation. Table 39: Type of services licensed Type of Service Licensed Number of Players Fixed public telephone 2 Cellular (mobile) network 3 Public data service 3 Broadcasting transmission infrastructure 1 Public broadcasting 1 Radio stations 4 Private network license 6 Source: Zimbabwe National Information and Communication Technology Policy Framework (2005) In the fixed line network there are two licensed players (Tel-one and TeleAccess). The license for TeleAccess was cancelled for non-performance and inefficiency two years ago but the matter is still pending in the courts. POTRAZ, in response has not proceeded to license new players before finalisation of the court case unless government policy changes allowing the licensing of three players (The Herald, 2007). Although Zimbabwe has a draft national information and communication technology policy framework (2005) which has been endorsed and adopted by cabinet, the policy is yet to be launched by the Minister of Science and Technology Development (Engineer Kundishora, pers. comm., 2007). This policy framework document was produced through the collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Science and Technology Development, National Economic Consultative Forum (NECF), with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The policy framework document recognises that although Zimbabwe has registered significant progress in the development and application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in all sectors of the economy, there still existed disparities leading to digital divide at all levels. The impact of this divide is said to be more evident among rural communities where there is limited supportive infrastructure such as energy. The national ICT policy framework states that it is meant to provide strategic direction and guidance for sustainable national development through the development and application of ICTs in Zimbabwe. The objectives of the national ICTs policy framework are given as to:


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• Ensure provision and maintenance of infrastructure facilities necessary for ICTs development, such as reliable supply of electricity, communications and transport.

• Promote and support the systematic, relevant and sustainable development of ICTs. • Embark on extensive educational and training programmes to provide adequate

supply of qualified ICTs personnel and knowledge workers in all sectors. • Establish structures for effective implementation of ICTs strategies. • Establish institutional and mechanisms and procedures for determining sectoral

application priorities; and • Encourage the development and use of, and ensure equitable access to benefits

offered by ICTs across gender, youths, and disabled and the elderly. In preparing the national ICT policy framework, an e-readiness survey was conducted and this survey identified the developments and institutions that have contributed to the development and utilisation of ICTs in all sectors of the economy and society in Zimbabwe. These key developments were identified as:

• Committed leadership at the highest level exemplified by the President’s donations of computers in the education sector.

• Establishment of the cabinet committee on scientific research, technology development and applications.

• Expanded rural electrification programme. • Government wide area network used among others by Public Financial

Management Services (PFMS). • Deregulation of the telecommunications sector. • Phenomenal growth in Internet users of up to 400 percent in 2004. • Establishment of regulatory frameworks in the ICT sector. • Massive computerisation of government ministries.

The ICT policy framework recognises the challenges faced by the ICTs sector in Zimbabwe and these are given as:

• Inadequate communications infrastructure. • Inadequate ICTs facilities. • Inadequate ICTs skills. • Limited institutional arrangements. • Inadequate financial resources. • Limited public private partnerships. • Limited data management capacity. • Inadequate horizontal and vertical communication. • Inadequate bandwidth nationally and on the gateway.

In the agriculture sector, the policy framework states that the modernisation of agriculture through systematic adoption of and use of ICTs will contribute directly to food security at national and household levels, beneficiation of agricultural produce, effective land management and creation of national wealth. In this regard, some of the policy statements in agriculture include the promotion of the development of, and access to ICTs in land and water utilisation, and management of national agricultural development systems, facilitating the development of software and provision of ICTs-enabled infrastructure in the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products and promoting the use of ICTs in environmental forecasting and prediction in support of sustainable agricultural development. In support of the use of ICTs, the 2007 national budget statement note that further expansion by the mobile networks should progressively raise the penetration rate of mobile phones to regional best practices of close to 50 percent of the population. New developments as highlighted in the budget statement include more base stations being set up, as the industry


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embraces the introduction of wireless and broadband Internet access technology. Government and cooperating partners are expected to support these expansion initiatives by the telecommunication industry, including the provision of foreign currency to import modern equipment and technology (The National Budget Statement , 2007). The President in his nineteenth state of the nation address (December, 2006) also outlines the important role of the telecommunications sector when he said:

“The role of the telecommunications sector as both driver and catalyst of modern economic competitiveness is universally acclaimed. In consonance with this, measures to boost the country’s telecommunications infrastructure are being implemented. Net-One has now extended its network base coverage to rural, farming and mining areas, and growth points and tourist resorts, while Te-one is installing phase one of the Code Division Multiple Access Wireless Local Loop equipment in Harare. Phase two and three to cover both rural and other urban areas shall commence next year”.

Overall, the policy framework recognises that there currently are no effective institutions to coordinate and spearhead the development and applications of ICTs in Zimbabwe. It therefore recommends the establishment of a National Information and Communications Authority for ensuring policy coherence across all sectors of the economy and that existing and new public and private sector institutions across all sectors should formulate sector based strategies or programmes to implement ICTs flagship projects.

2.2 Socio-economic profile Table 40: Economic Indicators (2000-2005) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Real GDP: factor cost $m 20802 20088 19134 17075 16835 16138Real GDP growth rate (%) -7.3 -2.7 -4.4 -10.3 -2.3 -4.3Agriculture GDP growth rate (Y.O.Y%) -22.7 -1.0 7.0 -12.1Budget deficit as % of GDP 24 8 4 0.3 6.7 3.7End period rate of Inflation 55 112 199 599 133 586Exchange rate-end of period: Z$/US$ 55.07 55.04 55.04 826.45 5696.03 85158.02Source: RBZ (2005) 2.2.1 Demographics According to the 2003 poverty assessment survey study gender analysis, the population had slightly more females (51 percent) than males (49 percent). This translated into sex ratio of 94, which implied that for every 100 females, there were 94 males. Analysis of the age and sex structure also showed that Zimbabwe had a youthful population which imply a high dependency ratio in the age group 15-64 years, which is the economically active group. Dependents consist of those below the age of 15 years and those aged 65 years and above. The overall dependency ratio in Zimbabwe was very high at 0.79 (MPSLSW, 2006). This means that 100 people in the 15-64 age groups are looking after 79 dependents. The high dependency ratio has negative effects on the economy and those in the age group 15-64 years because instead of saving their incomes, they use it in supporting dependents. The dependency ratio by land use also revealed that CAs had the highest dependency ratio of 0.95, followed by RAs (0.87), SSCF (0.74) and LSCF (0.67). The high dependency ratio in the CAs has been attributed to the overpopulation and poor soils, which drive economically active people away into the cities where there are better economic opportunities. It has also been attributed to the practice where people retire into their rural homes as well as the critically ill moving away from the towns to their rural homes (MPSLSW, 2006).


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The following tables show a summary of the demographic breakdown of the population of Zimbabwe according the 2003 poverty assessment study, including dependency ratios by land use type. Table 41: Percent distribution of the survey population by age

group, sex and sector, Zimbabwe, PASS 2003 Rural Urban Age group Males Females Total Males Females Total 0-4 14.3 13.6 14.0 12.4 12.5 12.45-9 15.7 14.3 15.0 11.4 11.1 11.310-14 15.1 13.7 14.4 9.6 9.8 9.715-19 14.4 12.2 13.2 10.4 13.1 11.820-24 8.9 9.3 9.1 12.0 14.9 13.425-29 7.2 7.4 7.3 12.8 12.2 12.530-34 5.2 5.5 5.3 9.5 7.6 8.535-39 3.5 3.9 3.7 6.7 5.3 6.040-44 2.8 3.8 3.3 4.1 4.1 4.145-49 2.6 3.2 2.9 3.7 2.9 3.350-54 2.3 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.655-59 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.560-64 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.0 1.065-69 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.870-74 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.575+ 1.5 1.8 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.5Not stated 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Total Number 49,937 53,574 103,595 18,012 18,175 36,196Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 42: Dependency ratio by land

use area Land Use Sector Total Communal Areas 0.95SSCF 0.74LSCF 0.67Resettlement Areas 0.87Urban Areas 0.54Total 0.79Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 43: Dependency ratio by province,

Zimbabwe 2003 Province Total ratio Manicaland 0.87Mashonaland Central 0.85Mashonaland East 0.84Mashonaland West 0.74Matabeleland North 0.98Matabeleland South 0.99Midlands 0.81Masvingo 0.89Harare 0.53Bulawayo 0.54National 0.79Source: MPSLSW (2006)


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2.2.2 Literacy level and languages According to the 2002 census, Zimbabwe’s population was almost predominantly of African ethnic origin. A negligible percent accounted for persons of European, Asiatic and Mixed origin. In both the urban and rural areas people of African origin dominate at more than 98 percent while there were slightly more Europeans in the urban areas at 0.95 percent compared to 0.11 percent in the rural areas. The dominant ethnic group are the African which constitute approximately 98 percent (of which the Shona constitute about 84 percent, the Ndebele 14 percent and others about two percent), Mixed and Asian about one percent and Whites less than one percent. The languages generally spoken are English, which is the official language, Shona and Ndebele, and numerous but minor tribal dialects. The minor tribal dialects include the Tonga, Venda, Tswana and others. Zimbabwe has probably one of the highest literacy levels in the Southern Africa region. This is mainly because at independence in 1980 the government promulgated the policy of universal primary education. This resulted in massive increases in primary education. By the early 1990s the country was almost on course for achieving the universal primary education goal. The current policy on education is now premised on the enhancement of quality and is now focused on the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) agenda (MPSLSW, 2006). Poverty assessments studies performed in 1995 and 2003 show that overall there was an improvement in the adult literacy rate by 5 percent from 84 percent in 1995 to 89 percent in 2003. Adult literacy rate was defined as the completion of grade three for people aged 15 years and above while functional literacy was defined as the ability to read, write and perform accurate monetary transactions for people aged 15 years and above. Within this context the adult literacy in the urban areas was higher at 93 percent compared to the rural areas, which had a literacy rate of 88 percent in 2003. Nationally, gender parity in adult literacy was exhibited for males and females at 90 percent each (MPSLSW, 2006). According to the 2003 survey, in terms of the literacy rate for the 15-24 year age group, the country was almost on course for achieving the 2015 MDG target of 100 percent. The literacy in this group increased from 95 percent in 1995 to 99 percent in 2003. This literacy rate is replicated at all levels and by gender. Adult functional literacy also showed an improvement between 1995 and 2003, and increased from 87 percent in 1995 to 93 percent in 2003. This pattern for adult literacy was repeated for adult functional literacy, at all levels and also by gender. The following tables gives a summary of the literacy rates for Zimbabwe according to the 2003 poverty assessment study survey and with some comparison for 1995 where possible. Table 44: Distribution of total population by age group and ethnicity,

Zimbabwe 2002 census Ethnicity Age group 0-14 15-64 65+ Not stated Total Percent African 4,700,829 6,395,872 407,256 44,029 11,547,986 99.28 European 8,997 27922 9,713 111 46743 0.40 Asiatic 3,068 7504 900 20 11492 0.10 Mixed 7,468 13508 1,156 44 22176 0.19 Other 717 719 121 10 1567 0.01 Not stated 934 425 42 292 1693 0.01 Total 4,722,013 6,445,950 419,188 44,506 11,631,657 100.00 Source: CSO (2002)


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Table 45: Adult literacy rate by province (%), Zimbabwe, 1995 and 2003

Province 1995 2003Manicaland 81 88Mashonaland Central 76 88Mashonaland East 80 90Mashonaland West 79 90Matabeleland North 80 88Matabeleland South 81 88Midlands 86 89Masvingo 80 88Harare 94 94Bulawayo 94 93National average 83 89Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 46: Literacy rates for the 15-24 year age

group by province, Zimbabwe 2003 Province Rate (%) Manicaland 98Mashonaland Central 98Mashonaland East 99Mashonaland West 99Matabeleland North 99Matabeleland South 99Midlands 99Masvingo 99Harare 100Bulawayo 100National average 99Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 47: Literacy rates for the 15-24 age group by land use

sector and poverty category, Zimbabwe 2003 Very poor Poor Non-poor Total % Total No. Communal land 99 99 99 99 17,529SSCF 99 99 99 99 508LSCF 98 99 99 98 2,572Resettlement area 99 100 100 99 2,058Urban area 100 100 100 100 9,025National average 99 99 99 99 31,692Source: MPSLSW (2006)


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Table 48: Functional literacy rate by province and poverty category, Zimbabwe 2003

Very poor Poor Non-poor Total % Total No.Manicaland 91 93 97 93 9,510Mashonaland Central 87 91 93 91 6,275Mashonaland East 91 91 96 93 7,253Mashonaland West 89 92 95 92 7,754Matabeleland North 85 86 93 87 4,715Matabeleland South 90 93 94 92 4,826Midlands 92 94 96 93 10,390Masvingo 88 92 93 90 9,319Harare 98 99 100 99 11,644Bulawayo 98 100 100 99 4,596National average 91 94 96 93 76,282Source: MPSLSW (2006) 2.2.3 Access to services Although Zimbabwe has probably one of the most developed economies in the Southern Africa region, the development has not equitably covered the urban and rural areas in terms of access to health, schools and electricity. The urban centres seem to have been more developed and have better access to these facilities compared to the rural areas. Health The 2003 poverty assessment study survey (PASS) defined access to health as those who fell ill and did not visit a health facility either because it was too far or because they could not afford funds for treatment. In comparison to the 1995 survey, the population without access to health services in Zimbabwe increased from 9 percent in 1995 to 13 percent in 2003. The two largest urban settlements of the capital Harare and the second largest city of Bulawayo were among the provinces with high proportions of people without access to health services (Harare at 17 percent and Bulawayo at 15 percent). This was, however attributed to functional constraints as 49 percent and 45 percent respectively in Harare and Bulawayo did not visit a health facility because could not afford the costs. Although the country has made enormous progress in terms of access to health care, reduction in funding and the shortages of foreign currency to procure essential drugs are major challenges. This is coupled with the HIV/AIDS pandemic with a prevalence of more than 20 percent (MPSLSW, 2006). According to the same PASS report, one of the goals of the Ministry of Health and Child welfare’s 1999-2007 national health strategy is to ensure that within each province, at least one health centre is located within 8 to 10 km of the household with at least one hospital for each district and one hospital with specialised services for each province. Nationally, the majority (about 69 percent) of households are less than 8 km from the nearest health facility, while 6 percent are between 8 to 10 km and 25 percent are more than 10 km (MPSLSW, 2006). In the CAs, the majority of households (about 66 percent) are less than 8 km. The highest proportion of households who travel more than 10 km to the nearest health facility is found in the LSCF (52 percent) followed by RAs (42 percent). The situation in these two sectors is mainly because of the low number of established facilities in these areas. The PASS survey also showed that of the sampled health facilities nationally, less than half of the health facilities had filled at least 80 percent of the established positions for doctors (48 percent) and nurses (45 percent). Zimbabwe has been experiencing a serious brain drain in the health sector with experienced personnel leaving for greener pastures both within the region and abroad. This to some extent has affected the delivery of health services. The urban areas health facilities (53 percent and 55 percent) had filled at least 80 percent of established position for doctors and nurses respectively compared to 53 percent and 47 percent respectively for health facilities in the rural areas. However, private clinics


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and hospitals, which are mainly found in the urban areas, had a high proportion of filled posts compared to other categories (MPSLSW, 2006). Generally, a small percentage who did not visit health facilities consulted traditional or faith healers in the rural areas. The following tables give a summary of access to health care services in Zimbabwe as indicated by the 2003 PASS. Table 49: Percentage population without access to health by

province, Zimbabwe, 1995 and 2003 Province 1995 2003Manicaland 9.3 10.7Mashonaland Central 9.6 12.2Mashonaland East 7.0 18.1Mashonaland West 11.2 15.4Matabeleland North 8.8 10.0Matabeleland South 6.3 8.6Midlands 9.9 11.4Masvingo 3.1 10.1Harare 7.3 17.3Bulawayo 14.0 15.2National average 8.8 13.0Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 50: Distance of households to nearest health facility by sector

and poverty category, percent households, Zimbabwe 2003 Urban Less than 8 km 8 to 10 km More than 10 km Total PercentVery poor 98.2 0.4 1.4 100.0Poor 98.7 1.0 0.3 100.0Non-poor 98.7 0.4 0.9 100.0Total 98.6 0.5 0.9 100.0Rural Very poor 60.9 7.7 31.4 100.0Poor 61.5 7.0 31.5 100.0Non-poor 66.7 4.0 29.3 100.0Total 61.9 7.1 31.1 100.0Source: MPSLSW (2006) Schools According to the 2003 PASS, Zimbabwe’s policy of universal free primary education and government policy to have primary schools within 5 km of households they are serving and secondary schools within 10 km has gone some way in achieving the desired objectives. The survey found that the majority of households (86 percent) were within the distance of 5 km to the nearest primary school. However, about 64 percent of households were within 5 km to the nearest secondary school. In the rural areas, a higher proportion of households (about 24 percent) were outside the government policy distance compared to only 2 percent in the urban areas. The following table gives a summary of access to schools by the population of Zimbabwe according to the 2003 PASS.


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Table 51: Distance of households from primary schools by

province, Zimbabwe 2003 Province < 1 1- 5 km 5 km + Total % Total No. Manicaland 35 54 11 100 4,246Mashonaland Central 24 54 22 100 2,697Mashonaland East 18 63 19 100 3,116Mashonaland West 33 51 17 100 3,262Matabeleland North 26 48 27 100 1,880Matabeleland South 18 62 20 100 1,982Midlands 28 55 17 100 4,007Masvingo 20 61 19 100 3,803Harare 73 27 0 100 4,715Bulawayo 85 15 0 100 1,733National 36 50 14 100 31,441Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 52: Distance of households from secondary schools by

province, Zimbabwe 2003 Province < 1 1- 5 km 5 km + Total % Total No. Manicaland 16 45 39 100 4,246Mashonaland Central 12 36 51 100 2,697Mashonaland East 12 49 39 100 3,116Mashonaland West 19 41 39 100 3,262Matabeleland North 9 33 58 100 1,880Matabeleland South 9 39 51 100 1,982Midlands 9 43 48 100 4,007Masvingo 9 49 43 100 3,803Harare 41 54 5 100 4,715Bulawayo 52 43 5 100 1,733National 19 45 37 100 31,441Source: MPSLSW (2006) Electricity Although Zimbabwe has a Rural Electrification Agency (REA) that is responsible for rural electrification, the rural areas lag far behind in terms of access to electricity compared to urban areas. The 2003 PASS showed that more than 90 percent of households in rural areas mainly use wood for cooking while in the urban areas nearly 90 percent had access to electricity provided by the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA), the main electricity power supply company. In the rural areas only 3 percent used electricity from ZESA compared to 85 percent in the urban areas. Although government has made efforts in electrifying rural areas particularly institutions and business centres to encourage households to use alternative sources of energy thereby reducing deforestation, there are still big disparities between the two. In the urban areas, the policy to have electricity connected to each property has made it readily available, while this remains a major challenge for the rural areas. The following tables give a summary of access to electricity between the rural and urban centres in Zimbabwe as reported in the 2003 PASS.


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Table 53: Main source of energy for lighting by sector, percent households, Zimbabwe 2003

Male Female-headed Not-stated Total Urban Wood 1.1 1.2 1.1 Paraffin 6.2 7.5 6.6 Electricity ZESA 89.0 87.4 88.6 Electricity solar 0.3 0.3 0.3 Electricity generator 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 0.1 0.3 0.2 Not-stated 0.6 0.4 0.6 Total No. 7,209 2,312 9,521 Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0Rural Wood 40.0 45.3 0.0 42.0 Paraffin 44.1 42.9 0.0 43.7 Electricity ZESA 6.8 3.3 100.0 5.5 Electricity solar 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.8 Electricity generator 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 2.2 1.5 0.0 2.0 Not-stated 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 Total No. 13,825 8,378 1 22,204 Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: MPSLSW (2006) Table 54: Main source of energy for lighting by land use area, percent

households, Zimbabwe 2003 Communal Area SSCF LSCF Resettlement Urban Area Wood 44.9 27.3 30.2 40.9 1.1Paraffin 43.7 5.5 39.5 47.9 6.6Electricity ZESA 2.5 13.0 20.1 4.0 88.6Electricity solar 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.3Electricity generator 0.1 0.0 0Gas 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0Other 2.0 1.6 2.3 0.9 0.2Not-stated 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.6Total Number 16,552 440 3,328 1,884 9521Total percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100Source: MPSLSW (2006) 2.2.4 Rural–urban drift Migration of people as they seek better economic opportunities in the cities and elsewhere in the region and abroad has been a characteristic of Zimbabwe’s economy, particularly with the deterioration in socio-economic situation following the fast track land reform. Although the 2003 PASS results may appear outdated because of the further economic deterioration in the last two years, the figures give an indication of the trends. According to the survey, the dominant type of migration is the rural to urban migration (78 percent) (MPSLSW, 2006). This is mainly because of the better infrastructure and better job opportunities in the urban areas, which encourage the economically active groups to move in search of opportunities. The young in particular find fewer opportunities in the rural areas and migrate to the urban centres. Another dominant type of migration is the urban to urban migration (72 percent). This was mainly attributed to migration from small towns to larger towns and from economically depressed to economically vital areas. There is also significant migration from urban to rural areas (23 percent). This is mainly attributed to the economic hardships in the urban centres due to retrenchments and job losses or due to the impact of HIV/AIDS as


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critically ill people move back to the rural areas. Another form of migration is the rural to rural migration (18 percent). This could partly be attributed to the land and resettlement programme, which has seen people migrating from CAs to designated farms. Overall, the figures for 2003 show low percentage of migration abroad from both rural and urban centres. However, the continued deterioration in the political and economic environment has meant continued migration of Zimbabweans in search of better economic opportunities in the region and abroad. Table 55: Out Migration on the last 12 Months, Percent,

Zimbabwe 2003 Destination Source Urban Area Rural Area Abroad Other Total Rural Percent 78.4 17.7 3.1 0.8 100.0Number 3,522 797 139 34 4,492Urban Percent 72.4 23.0 3.6 1.0 100.0Number 990 314 49 14 1,367Total Percent 77.0 19.0 0.8 0.8 100.0Number 4,512 1,111 48 48 5,859Source: MPSLSW (2006)

2.3 Media and telecommunications 2.3.1 Newspapers, periodicals and broadcast media Zimbabwe’s media and telecommunications sector is dominated by the state through participation in both the print and electronic media. The Zimbabwe Newspapers group which is majority owned by the state through the Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust (ZMMT) dominates in the daily newspaper category while the broadcast media is dominated by the state through the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings Group (ZBH), formerly the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC). Although digital satellite television (Dstv) is available this requires payment in hard currency and one requires the necessary decoders, which are imported. Availability of Dstv to the generality of the population is limited due to foreign currency shortages. The print media is regulated by the Media and Information Commission (MIC), which licenses newspapers circulated in the country. Two newspapers that were once considered popular in the country (The Daily News and the Daily News on Sunday) were closed in 2003 for failing to comply with the licensing regulations of the MIC. This was followed by the closure of The Tribune and The Weekly Times in 2004 under the same regulations. The following are the major newspapers and periodicals circulated in the country.


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Newspapers and Periodicals Newspaper/ Periodical Name The Herald Ownership Government Circulation 70-80,000 copies daily Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.herald.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Chronicle Ownership Government Circulation Daily Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.chronicle.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Sunday Mail Ownership Government Circulation 90,000 copies weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.sundaymail.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Daily Mirror Ownership Private Circulation Daily Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.dailymirror.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Sunday News Ownership Government Circulation Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.sundaynews.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Manica Post Ownership Government Circulation 22,000 weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.maicapost.com Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency


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Name Kwayedza Ownership Government Circulation 15-20,000 weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.kwayedza.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Newspaper/ Periodical Name Umthunywa Ownership Government Circulation 15-20,000 weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.umthunywa.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Independent Ownership Private Circulation Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.independent.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Standard Ownership Private Circulation Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site www.standard.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Financial Gazette Ownership Private Circulation Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular, weekly page Web site www.fingaz.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Gweru Times Ownership Community Newspapers Group

(Government) Circulation 15,000 Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site - Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency


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Name The Masvingo Star Ownership Community Newspapers Group

(Government) Circulation 15,000 Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site - Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions, Agency Name The Zimbabwean Ownership Private Circulation Weekly Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site www.thezimbabwean.co.uk Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions. Name Chaminuka News Ownership Government through Community

Newspapers Group Circulation 10,000 Weekly in Mashonaland East and

Manicaland. Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site - Delivery outlets Street vendors, Supermarkets, Shops,

Gas Service Stations, Correspondents in rural areas.

Name Ilanga Ownership Government through Community

Newspapers Group Circulation 10,000 Weekly in Matabeleland North

and South, and Bulawayo. Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site - Delivery outlets Street vendors, Supermarkets, Shops,


Name The Telegraph Ownership Government through Community

Newspapers Group Circulation 10,000 Weekly in Mashonaland West Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site - Delivery outlets Street vendors, Supermarkets, Shops,



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Name Nehanda Guardian Ownership Government through Community

Newspapers Group Circulation 10,000 Weekly in Mashonaland Central Agriculture and rural development focus Regular Web site - Delivery outlets Street vendors, Supermarkets, Shops,


Newspaper/ Periodical Name New Farmer Ownership Government Circulation 6,000 copies monthly Agriculture and rural development focus Farming magazine Web site www.newfarmer.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions Name Zimbabwe Travel Ownership Government Circulation 5,000 monthly Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site www.zimtravel.co.zw Delivery outlets Streets, Supermarkets, Shops, Gas

Service Stations, Subscriptions Name The Zimbabwean Farmer (Murimi

/Umlimi) Ownership Private – Farmers Union Circulation 200 copies bi-monthly Agriculture and rural development focus Farming magazine Web site Not available Delivery outlets Used to be freely distributed through

provincial and district offices, and various stakeholders, but cost recovery is being introduced.


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Technical Journals Name Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal Ownership Zimbabwe Veterinary Association Circulation - Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Delivery outlets Libraries, Bookshops, Subscriptions Name Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural

Research Ownership Government department, Southern

African Centre for Cooperation in Agricultural Research

Circulation - Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Delivery outlets Libraries, Bookshops, Subscriptions Name The Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal Ownership Government Circulation - Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Delivery outlets Libraries, Bookshops, Subscriptions Name Zambezia Ownership University of Zimbabwe Circulation - Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Delivery outlets Libraries, Bookshops, Subscriptions


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Broadcast media (Radio/Television) Name Radio Zimbabwe Ownership Government Broadcast hours 24 hours Agriculture and rural development focus Farming news(Nhau dzevarimi) , Today’s

Farmer (Tirimurimi wanhasi) programmes on radio

Web site - Reach of broadcast More than 80 % of population Name Spot FM Ownership Government Broadcast hours 24 hours Agriculture and rural development focus Farming news Web site - Reach of broadcast More than 80 % of population Name Power FM Ownership Government Broadcast hours 24 hours Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Reach of broadcast More than 80 % of population Name National FM Ownership Government Broadcast hours 18 hours Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Reach of broadcast More than 80 % of population Name Zimbabwe Television (ZTV) Ownership Government Broadcast hours Approximately 18 hours Agriculture and rural development focus Talking farming programme one hour

weekly in vernacular languages (Shona and Ndebele)

Web site www.newsnet.co.zw Reach of broadcast More than 40 % of population Name DStv Ownership Private Broadcast hours - Agriculture and rural development focus - Web site - Reach of broadcast -


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2.3.2 Telecommunication services There are two licensed fixed line public telephone companies, Tel-one and TeleAccess Zimbabwe Limited. Tel-one is a government owned commercialised company that was formed at the unbundling of the former Posts and Telecommunication Corporation (PTC). TeleAccess, a private company, was the second to be granted a licence. The license was however later cancelled for non-delivery of services and the case is still pending in the courts (The Herald, 2007), effectively leaving Tel-one with a de-facto monopoly. As at December 2005, Tel-one had a working capacity of more than 320,000 lines, with 22 percent in the rural areas and 78 percent in the urban areas (Tel-one, 2005). According to Tel-one, the network is also comprised of 154 telephone exchanges and remote line units, 80 analogue and 74 digital switches, 3 truck switches (and an international switch with an antennae pointing to the Indian Ocean) and Earth Station in Mazowe with an antennae pointing to satellites in the Atlantic Ocean, a packet switch on Internet hub and VSAT hub. There company is continually digitalising and in 2005, 29,500 lines were realised as a result. The cost of fixed telephone line calls is as follows: Fixed line public provider Cost per unit (3 minutes) Tel-One Z$45.00 (€ 0.14) (with effect from 1 February 2007)

Z$203.58 (€ 0.62) (with effect from 15 March 2007) Source: Tel-One (2007), and The Sunday Mail (2007) There are three licensed mobile networks in the country, Net-one, Econet Wireless Zimbabwe Limited and Telecel Zimbabwe Limited. Net-one is a government owned commercialised company that was formed at the unbundling of the former PTC. This was the first company to be granted a GSM licence to operate in the country and its coverage includes all major urban centres and some rural service centres, most main roads, and some rural areas. Econet Wireless Zimbabwe Limited is a private company listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE) and covers all major urban centres, some rural service centres, most main roads and some rural areas. The company reaches approximately 60 percent of the country (I. Nyangari, pers., comm., 2007). Telecel Zimbabwe Limited is also a private company and is the smallest of the three mobile networks and also covers most of the major urban centres, some rural service centres, some main roads and some rural areas. According to Mandimika (pers., comm., 2007) in terms of geographic coverage for the three networks, Telecel Zimbabwe covers approximately 30 percent, Net One about 70 to 75 percent and Econet Wireless 60 percent. Telecel Zimbabwe per unit costs is higher due to the smaller subscriber base, which makes per unit costs higher compared to other networks. The following summarises the number of subscribers and the cost of calls per 3 minutes for mobile operators (approved effective 6 February 2007): Mobile operator Number of subscribers Cost per 3 minutes Net-One Approximately 350,000 Z$1,035.00 (€ 3.14) Econet Wireless Approximately 700,000 Z$975.00 (€ 2.96) Telecel Zimbabwe Limited Approximately 200,000 Z$1,200.00 (€ 3.64) Source: Mandimika (2007) and Nyangari (2007) 2.3.3 Computers and the Internet There are approximately 47 personal computers per 1,000 people in Zimbabwe (World Bank, 2007). According to the World Bank, ICT at a glance, the number of Internet users has also grown from 4 per 1,000 people in year 2000 to 30 per 1,000 people in 2004. The latest Internet users data from Internet World Stats shows that Zimbabwe has one million Internet users, which is about 8 percent of the population and a use growth rate between 2000 and 2007 of 1900 percent. The Zimbabwe National Information and Communication Technology Policy Framework also reports phenomenal growth of 400 percent Internet users in the year 2004.


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The following table gives a summary of the ICT sector performance in Zimbabwe (2000 and 2004). ICT sector performance 2000 2004 Access Telephone main lines (per 1,000 people) 20 23 International voice traffic (minutes per person) 12 13 Mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 24 30 Internet users (per 1,000 people) 4 30 Personal computers (per 1,000 people) 15 47 Households with television (%) 25 26 Quality indicators Broadband subscribers (per 1,000 people) 0.0 0.4 International Internet bandwidth (bits per person) 1 1 Affordability Price basket for fixed line (US$ per month, residential) 6.3 2.0 Price basket for mobile (US$ per month) - 17.8 Price basket for Internet (US$ per month) - 23.3 Price of call to United States (US$ per 3 minutes) 4.36 - Institutional efficiency and sustainability Total telecommunications revenue (% of GDP) 2.5 - Total telephone subscribers per employee 121 140 Total telecommunications investment (% of revenue) 66.6 - ICT applications ICT expenditure (% of GDP) 4.2 11.8 E-government readiness index (scale 0-1) - 0.02 Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people) 0.1 0.5 Source: World Bank, ICT at a Glance (2007) The Zimbabwe Internet Service Providers Association (ZISPA) web site lists about 27 members of the association. Some of the members are Internet service providers while others are web-hosting companies. The following gives members name and web site address. Service provider Web site address Africa Online www.africaonline.co.zw Arachnid Design www.arachnid.co.zw Cyberpelex Africa www.cyberplexafrica.com Design@7 www.designat7.co.zw Ecoweb www.ecoweb.co.zw Eworld www.eworld.co.zw Earth Internet www.earth.co.zw Global Internet www.global.co.zw Goldnet - Harvey Micro Systems (HMS) - Mango - Mweb www.mweb.co.zw Reliant Computers www.reliant.co.zw Roach Web Design - Taurai Zimbabwe www.taurai.co.zw Telco Internet www.telco.co.zw Utande Internet Services www.utande.co.zw Venekera Works Technologies www.venekera.co.zw


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Service provider Web site address Webdev www.webdev.co.zw Web Solutions - Yo! Africa www.yoafrica.co.zw Zambezi Net www.zambezi.net ZARNet www.zarnet.co.zw Zimbabwe Internat Mail www.zim.co.zw Zimbabwe Online www.zol.co.zw Zimbabwe Business Network (Zimbiz) - Zimlink www.zimlink.co.zw Source: ZISPA (2007) The following table gives a summary of charges for some of the Internet service providers, which do not include initial connection costs and charges, which vary widely from company to company. Service provider Cost of dial-up Internet

connection per month (Z$) Africa Online 21,000.00 (€ 63.75)Ecoweb 8,000.00 (€ 24.29)Eworld 8,200.00 ( € 24.89)Mweb 15,000.00 ( € 45.54)Mango 3,000.00 ( € 9.11)Utande Internet Services 56,000.00 ( € 170.00)Taurai 24,000.00 ( € 72.86) Zimbabwe Online 44,300.00 ( € 134.47)Note: The official exchange rate is 1US$/Z$250 (13 March 2007) Source: ZISPA Members (2007)


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Annex 3. Profile of institutions

3.1 List of all institutions Table 3.1: List of institutions in the agricultural sector Name and contacts Type Role

Africa University Postal address: P. O. Box 1320, Mutare Tel: 263-20-60026, 263-20-61611; Fax: 263-20-61785; Email: [email protected] Website: www.africaun.edu

EDU CHU

TR IN

Africare Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 308, Harare Tel: 263-4-745859, 263-4-745860-1; Fax: 263 (4) 498108; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU TR

Africa Groups of Sweden Postal address: P.O. Box CY 892, Harare Tel:263-4-733595 Fax: 263-4-732585 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Africa Institute for Agrarian Studies (AIAS) Postal address: P.O. CY 3396, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-795751 Fax: 263-4-795754 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.aiastrust.org

OTH TR

Africa Resources Trust Postal address: P.O. Box A 860, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-792625 Fax: 263-4-731719 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Africa Youth International Zimbabwe (AYIZ) Postal address: P.O. Box 4420, Harare Tel: 263-4- Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

NGO TR OT

African Centre for Fertilizer Development (ACFD) Postal address: P.O. Box A469, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-860421/2 Fax: 263-4-860424 Email: [email protected] Web site:

REG RD

Agricar Postal address: P.O. Box Tel 263-4-335419, 263-4-332141 Fax: 263-4-302084 Email: [email protected] Website: www.centralair.co.zw

PRV PS-S


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Name and contacts Type Role Agriconcord (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box ST 1401, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-772268 Fax: 263-4-756128 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Agpy Postal address: P.O. Box 66024, Kopje, Harare Tel: 263-4-754666 Fax: 263-4-754673 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Agricultural Buying and Veterinary Services Postal address: P.O. Box 66057, Kopje, Harare Tel: 263-4-754650, 263-4-754654, 263-4-754657 Fax: 263-4-754660 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA) Postal address: P. O. Box CY1420, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-7054841/2/3/4/5/6, 263-4-700095, 263-4-703919; Fax: 263-4-736496, 263-4-700880; Email: [email protected] Web site:

STA RU

Agricultural Development Bank of Zimbabwe (AGRIBANK) Postal address: P. O. Box 369, Harare Tel: 263-4-774429, 263-4-773704/5, 263-4-777133; Fax: 263-4-736496, 263-4-700880 Email: [email protected] Web site:

BNK FS

Agricultural Education Division Postal address: P. Bag 7701, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4)-251322-5, 263-4-797389/90-5; Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

GOV TR

Agricultural Research and Extension Division (AREX) Postal address: P. O. Box CY 594, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263 –4-704531, 263-4-704541; Fax: 263 –4-728317 Email: Web site:

GOV EX RD

Agricultural Research Trust (ART) Postal address: P.O. Box MP 84, Mount Pleasant, Harare Tel: 263 –4-860412-5; Fax: 263-4-860416; Email: artfarm@africaonline. co.zw Web site: www.africaonline.co.zw/art

PRV RD

Agricultural Seeds and Services (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 6766, Harare Tel 263-4-700655 Fax: 263-4-701833 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Agri Supplies Postal address: 56 R. Mugabe Way, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-60382 Fax: 263-9- Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S


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Name and contacts Type Role Agricura (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 2742, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-621570/9 Fax: 263-4-621407 Email: [email protected] Website:

PRV PS-S

Agrifoods Postal address: P.O. Box 290, Kopje, Harare Tel 263-4-756100/1/2/3/4/5 Fax: 263-4-756047 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-M

Ag-Venture (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box ST236, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-754333/6 Fax: 263-4-754337 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Association of Women’s Clubs (AWC) Postal address: P.O. Box UA 339, Harare Tel: 263-4-571903 Fax: 263-4- Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO AS-W

OT

Bain Industries (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 1180, Harare Tel 263-4-662616/9 Fax: 263-4-666632 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Bain New Holland Postal address: P.O. Box 1180, Harare Tel: 263-4-621081 Fax: 263-4-621089 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Baptist Women’s Association Postal address: P.O. Box 280, Harare Tel: 263-4- Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site

NGO AS-W

OT

Barclays Bank of Zimbabwe Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 1279, Harare Tel 263-4-758280/99 Fax: 263-4-752913 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.africa.barclays.com

BNK FS

Bateleur Ventures (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box HG 9, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-4-499030/6 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

PRV TM

Bayer Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box AY 78, Amby, Harare Tel: 263-4-487245/8 Fax: 263-4-621524 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Blackfordy Agricultural Institute Postal address: P.O. Box EH 197, Emerald Hill, Harare Tel: 263-75-2532/3, 263-75-2927, 263-75-2929-32; Fax: 263 –75-2539 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV TR


101

Name and contacts Type Role Bindura University of Science Education Postal address: Private Bag 1020, Bindura Tel: 263-71-7531-3, 263-71-6761, 263-71-7079, 263-71-7615-20, 263-71-7621-4, 263-71-7535-6 Fax: 263-71-7534 Email: [email protected] Website: www.buse.ac.zw

EDU TR

Biotechnology Research Institute Postal: P.O. Box 6640, Harare Tel: 263-4-860321 Fax: 263-4-860350 Email: [email protected] Web site:

STA RD

Blue Ribbon Foods Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 4350, Msasa, Harare Tel 263-4-486910/7 Fax: 263-4-480726 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-M

Border Timbers Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 81, Harare Tel: 263-4-752617/9 Fax: 263-4-771880 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-P

Brookfield Seedlings (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box HG 671, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-4-490971 Fax: 263-4- Email: [email protected]

PRV PS-S

Burley Marketing Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 1979, Harare Tel: 263-4-621310 Fax: 263-4-663065

PRV TM

Cairns Foods Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 1813, Harare Tel: 263-4-620410/9 Fax: 263-4-620429 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-M

Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (Campfire) Postal address: P.O. Box 661, Harare Tel: 263-4-747422/29/30 Fax: 263-4-747470 Email: [email protected] Web site:www.campfire-zimbabwe.org

NGO OT

Care International in Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box HG 937, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263 –4-727986-8, 263-4-708115, 263-4-708047; Fax: 263-4-7727989 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.carezimbabwe.org

NGO RU

Cargill Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box BW 320, Borrowdale, Harare Tel 263-4-851600/6 Fax: 263-4-851615 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-E EX


102

Name and contacts Type Role Catholic Development Commission (CADEC) Postal address: P.O. Box 403, Masvingo Tel: 263-39-62331 Fax: 263-39-65205 Email: Web site:

NGO CHU

TR OT

Catholic Development Commission (CADEC) Postal address: P.O. Box 680, Chinhoyi Tel: 263-67-23039 Fax: 263-67-22217 Email: Web site:

NGO CHU

RU

Catholic Development Commission (CADEC) Mutare Postal address: P.O. Box 877, Mutare Tel: 263-20-60504 Fax: 263-20-60504 Email: Web site:

NGO CHU

RU

Catholic Development Commission (CADEC) Postal address: P.O. Box 830, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-69218 Fax: 263-9-69218 Email: Web site:

NGO CHU

OT

Catholic Institute for International Relations Postal address: P.O. Box 4572, Harare Tel: 263-4-741115; Fax: 263 –4-741559; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.ciir.org

NGO RU

Catholic University in Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box CY 3442, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263 –4-570169/396/570, 263-4-573405, 263-4-573973; Fax: 263-4-573973 Email: Web site:

EDU TR

Catholic Women’s League Postal address: P.O. Box 54, Harare Tel: 263-4-720862 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

NGO AS-W

OT

Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL) Postal address: P. O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-705885/6/7; Fax: 263 –4- Web site:

GOV RD

Chemplex Corporation Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 989, Harare Tel: 263-4-251800-8 Fax: 263-4-498838 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Chemplex Animal and Public Health Postal address: P.O. Box GT 117, Greendale, Harare Tel: 263-4-912425266 Fax: 263-4-912551068 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.chemplexanimal.co.zw

PRV PS-S

Chibero College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag 901, Norton Tel: 263-62-2230, 263-62-2238/9 Fax: 263 –62- Email: Web site:

EDU TR


103

Name and contacts Type Role Chinhoyi University of Technology (CUT) Postal address: Chinhoyi Tel: 263 –67-22203/4/5, 263-67-29051, 263-67-23364, 263-67-26278, 263-67-29050/3/4/5, 263-67-24082, 263-67-28946/7/8, 263-67-28949, 263-67-28956/7 Fax: 263-67-23726 Email: Web site:

EDU TR

Christian Care Postal address: P.O. Box 33, Harare Tel: 263 –4-728016, 263-4-708248, 263-4-732722; Fax: 263-4-708248, 263-4-794171 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU

Christian Aid (CA) Postal address: P.O. Box CY1629, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-722001/7 Fax: 263-4-737289 Email: [email protected] Website: www.christianaid.co.zw

NGO RU OT

Circle Cement Limited Postal address: P.O. Box GD 160, Greendale, Harare Tel 263-4-491030 Fax: 263-4-491044 Email: [email protected] Web site

PRV PS-S

Coffee Growers Association Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 390, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-309800 Fax: 263-4-309842 Email: Web site:

AS-F IN EX

Collective Self Finance Scheme Postal address: P.O. Box 706, Harare Tel: 263-4-774712, 263-4-774373, 263-4-751564; Fax: 263 –4-771393 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO FS TR

Cold Storage Company Postal address: P.O. Box 8307, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-470141, 263-9-470015 Fax: 263-9-470743, 263-9-471529 Email: [email protected] Web site:

STE TM

Commercial Farmers Union (CFU) Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 390, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-309800; Fax: 263-4-309874; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cfu.co.zw

AS-F EXT IN

Commercial Grain Producers Association Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 390, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-309800, 263-4-309850 Email: [email protected] Web site:

AS-F IN EX

Commercial Oil Seeds Producers Association Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 390, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-309843 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

AS-F IN EX


104

Name and contacts Type Role Community Technology Development Trust (CTDT) Postal address: P.O. Box 7232, Harare Tel: 263-4-576108; Fax: 263-4-576091; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU IN

Compassion Ministries Postal address: P.O. Box BW 91, Harare Tel: 263 91237, 26391234547; Fax: 263 –4-700925; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU

Colcom Foods Postal address: P.O. Box 2474, Harare Tel: 263-4-751051/9 Fax: 263-4-750723 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-P PS-M

Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) Postal address: P.O. Box 3794, Harare Tel: 263-4-251490/7 Fax: 263-4-252424 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.czi.co.zw

CCI IN

Consoltech (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box CY 576, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-573053 Fax: 263-4-576335 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Cotton Company of Zimbabwe Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 2697, Harare Tel 263-4-749450/58, 263-4-771981/5 Fax: 263-4-749785 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.thecottoncompany.com

PRV PS-E EX

Cotton Training Centre (CTC) Postal address: P.O. Box 530, Kadoma Tel: 263-68-2656, 263-68-2885; Fax: 263-68- Email: Web site:

PRV TR

Croplink Postal address: P.O. Box 17, Harare Tel: 263-4-252240/1 Fax: 263-4-708652 Email: Web site:

PRV TR

Crown Combines (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box BW 1685, Borrowdale, Harare Tel: 263-4-860066 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Cooper Zimbabwe (1992) (Pvt) Ltd. Postal address: P.O. Box 2699, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-620191 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Delta Corporation Limited Postal address: P.O. Box BW 294, Borrowdale, Harare Tel: 263-4-883865/43 Fax: 263-4-883864 Email: Web site: www.delta.co.zw

PRV PS-M


105

Name and contacts Type Role Division of Veterinary Services and Livestock Production Postal address: P. O. Box CY 66, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-73864, 263-4-791356; Fax: 263-4- Email: [email protected] Web site:

GOV EX IN RG

Dore and Pitt Postal address: P.O. Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-621741/5 Fax: 263-4-621740 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

DP Foundation Postal address: P.O. Box 1768, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-882879-80, 263-9-75123; Fax: 263-9- Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU IN

Drip-Tech Irrigation Postal address: P.O. Box ST769, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-620531/4 Fax: 263-4-620535 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Dzidzai Women’s Club Postal address: P.O. Box 26, Hauna Tel: 263-28-396 Fax: 263-28- Email: Web site:

NGO AS-W

OT

DZL Holdings Postal address: P.O. Box 587, Harare Tel: 263-4-790801, 263-4-731071/8 Fax: 263-4-795220 Email: Web site: www.dairibord.co.zw

PRV PS-M PS-E

Economics and Marketing Division Postal address: P. Bag 7701, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-251322-5, 263-4-797389/90-5, Fax: 263-4- Web site:

GOV PP IN

Emerald Seedlings (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box BW1584, Borrowdale, Harare Tel: 263-4-884510 Fax: 263-4-884510 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Enterprise Works Zimbabwe Trust Postal address: 2 Central Avenue, The Monument, Harare Tel: 263-4-796300 Fax 263-4- Email: Web site:

NGO TR OT

Esigodini Agricultural Institute Postal address: P. Bag 5808, Esigodini Tel: 263-88-465, 263-88-270 Fax: 263-88-296 Email: Web site:

EDU TR

Environment Africa Postal address: P.O. Box A 639, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-339691 Fax: 263-4-339691 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.eafrica.utande.co.zw

NGO RU


106

Name and contacts Type Role Environment and Development Activities (ENDA) Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 3492, Harare Tel: 263-4-301156, 263-4-301162 Fax: 263-4-301024 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.enda.sn

NGO RU TR

Environmental Management Agency (EMA) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 385, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-793122 Fax: 263-4-793123 Email: [email protected] Web site:

STA RG

Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box CY 2995, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-252800 Fax: 263-4-252819 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.ecgc.co.zw

BNK FS

Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) of Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 661484, Kopje, Harare Tel: 263-4-780147 Fax: 263-4-773843 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.epz.co.zw

STA IN PP

Export Leaf Tobacco Postal address: P.O. Box 3192, Harare Tel 263-4-754730/41 Fax: 263-4-757117 Email: [email protected]

PRV PS-M PS-E

Farmers Association of Chief/Headman Investment Groups (FACHIG) Postal address: P.O. Box 904, Bindura Tel: 263-71-7908 Fax: 263-71-7909 Email: [email protected] Web site:

AS-F IN OT

FBC Bank Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 1227, Harare Tel 263-4-700312 Fax: 263-4-252596 Email: [email protected] We site:

BNK FS

Forestry Company of Zimbabwe Limited Postal address: P.O. Box HG 139, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-4-498436-9 Fax: 263-4-497066 Email: Web site: www.forestrycommission.co.zw

STE EX TM RU

Forestry Industries Training Centre and Zimbabwe College of Forestry Postal address: P.O. Box 977, Mutare Tel: 263-20-62748 Fax: 263-20-61566 Email: [email protected] Web site:

STE EDU TR

Forestry Research Centre Postal address: P.O. Box HG 595, Harare Tel: 263-4-496878 Fax: 263-4-497070

Fambidzanai Permaculture Centre (FPC) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 301, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263 –4-336151; Fax: 263-4-726911 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU TR


107

Name and contacts Type Role Farm and City Centre Postal address: P.O. Box 510, Harare Tel: 263-4-253700, 263-4-2537006, 263-4-251162 Fax: 263-4-728570 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box HG 690, Harare Tel: 263-4-498326 Fax: 263-4-497329 Email:[email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Farmquip (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box GD 20, Greendale, Harare Tel 263-4-487813/6 Fax: 263-4-487743 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Farmec Postal address: P.O. Box 590, Harare Tel 263-4-754612/22 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Farmers Development Trust (FDT) Postal address: P.O. Box 6767, Harare Tel: 263-4-250972; Fax: 263-4-707791; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO EX TR

Farmers World Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box AY 331, Amby, Harare Tel 263-4-485745/6/8 Fax: 263-4-485737 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Favco Postal address: P.O. Box 1910, Msasa, Harare Tel 263-4-486961/2 Fax: 263-4-487134 Email: Web site:

PRV TM

Genesis Investment Bank Limited Postal address: P.O. Box CY 1064, Causeway, Harare Tel 263-4-703791-7 Fax: 263-4-705491 Email: [email protected] Web site:

BNK FS

Gutu Rural Environment Development Association (GREDA) Postal address: P.O. Box 88, Mpandawana Tel: 263-30-640 Fax: 263-30-562 Email: Web site:

NGO TR OT

Grain Marketing Board (GMB) Postal address: P. O. Box CY 77, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-701870-95, 263-4-796183/4/5/6, 263-4-701898; Fax: 263-4-251294, 263-4-251243; Email: Web site:

STE TM

Gwebi College of Agriculture Postal address: P. Bag 376B, Harare Tel: 263-4-304515/6 Fax: 263-4-333850 Email: [email protected] Web site:

EDU TR


108

Name and contacts Type Role Habitat for Humanity International Postal address: P.O. Box CY 789, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-795010, 263-4-732998; Fax: 263-4-732998; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.habitat.org

NGO OT

H.A.E. (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 66038, Kopje, Harare Tel: 263-4-669926/7 Fax: 263-4-669929 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Hamish Cameron (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 1421, Harare Tel: 263-4-754687 Fax: 263-4-754687 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Hoglan Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box A1349, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-721843 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Horticultural Promotion Council Postal address: P.O.Box WGT 290, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-745868 Fax: 263-4-745480 Email: Web site:

AS-F IN

Harare Shelter for Destitute Postal address: P.O. Box CY 1308, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-486825; Fax: 263-4-486189; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO TR OT

Hastt Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 2356, Harare Tel: 263-4-620321, 263-4-620327 Fax: 263-4-620371 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.hastt.co.zw

PRV PS-S

Heifer Project International Postal address: P.O. Box 855, Gweru Tel: 263 –54-25123; Fax: 263-54-21640 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Highfield Bag Postal address: P.O. Box 1267, Harare Tel 263-4-620691/9 Fax: 263-4-620690 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Hippo Valley Estates Limited Postal address: P.O.Box 1, Chiredzi Tel: 263-31-5151/6 Fax: 263-31-2554 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-P


109

Name and contacts Type Role Hlekweni Friends Rural Service Centre Postal address: P.O. Box 708, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-479888 Fax: 263-4-479888 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO TR

Hydraulic and Tractor Services (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box GD 216, Greendale, Harare Tel: 263-4-621524, 263-4-621525 Fax: 263-4-621524 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Hygrotech Seed Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box BE 712, Belvedere, Harare Tel: 263-4-331318/9 Fax: 263-4-331308 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.hygrotech.com

PRV PS-S

Independent Tractor Services Postal address: P.O. Box ST 553, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-663520, 263-4-668747 Fax: 263-4-663520 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Industrial Development Corporation Postal address: P.O. Box CY 1431, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-706971/5 Fax: 263-4-250385 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.idc.co.zw

STE PS-M

Intermarket Banking Corporation Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 3290, Harare Tel 263-4-796841-44 Fax: 263-4-796774 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.intermarketzimbabwe.com

BNK FS

International Voluntary Services (IVS) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 8186, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-339691; Fax: 263-4-339691; Email: Web site:

NGO OT

IRED (Development Innovation and Networks) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 3, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-799597; Fax: 263-4-741459; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.iredafrica.org

NGO OT

IUCN – The World Conservation Union Postal address: P.O. Box 745, Harare Tel: 263-4-706261 Fax: 263-4-720738 Email: [email protected] Web site:www.iucnrosa.org.zw

NGO OT

Jairos Jiri Association Postal address: P.O. Box 1529, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-74331-2; Fax: 263-9-743333; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.goodwill.org

NGO OT


110

Name and contacts Type Role Jekesa Pfungwa/ Vulingqondo Postal address: P.O. Box CY 2811, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-570846; Fax: 263-4-572024; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Kajiwa Development and Coordinating Association Postal address: Private Bag 505, Mutoko Tel: 263-72-2796, 263-4-2293; Fax: 263-72-2796; Email: Web site:

NGO TR OT

Kingdom Financial Holdings Limited Postal address: P.O. Box CY3205, Causeway, Harare Tel 263-4-749948 Fax: 263-4-755201 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.kingdom.co.zw

BNK FS

Kushanda Dissemination Project Postal address: P.O. Box 647, Marondera Tel: 263-79-4698 Fax: 263-79- Email: Web site:

NGO IN

Kushinga Phikelela National Farmer Training Centre Postal address: P. Bag 3705, Marondera Tel: 263-79-24329, 263-79-24398 Fax: 263-79- Email: Web site:

EDU TR

Kunzwana Women’s Association Postal address: P.O. Box AY 302, Amby, Harare Tel: 263-4-747190, 263-4-4992836 Fax: 263-4- Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO AS-W

IN OT

Lutheran World Federation Postal: P.O. Box 688, Zvishavane Tel: 263-51-3356 Fax: Email: Web site:

NGO IN RU

Lupane State University Postal address: P.O. Box AC 255, Ascot, Bulawayo Tel: 263 (9) 883830/40; Fax: 263 (9) 280380; Email: Web site:

EDU TR

Manicaland Development Association Postal address: P.O. Box 976, Mutare Tel: 263-20-60013 Fax: 263-20-61813 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Masvingo State University (Great Zimbabwe University) Postal address: P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo Tel: 263-39-253507, 263-39-252720; Fax: 263-39-253504; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.masu.ac.zw

EDU TR

Methodist Women’s Association Postal address: P.O. Box H100, Hatfield, Harare Tel: 263-4-707788 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

NGO AS-W

OT


111

Name and contacts Type Role Metropolitan Bank of Zimbabwe Limited Postal address: P.O. Box CY 1177, Causeway, Harare Tel 263-4-706128 Fax: 263-4-733014 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.metbank.co.zw

BNK FS

Midlands State University Postal address: P. Bag 9055, Gweru Tel: 263-54-260409, 263-54-260497, 263-54-260490, 263-54-260575 Fax: 263-54-260233, 263-54-260311 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.msu.ac.zw

EDU TR

Mine-Elect Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 1574, Harare Tel: 263-4-756491/3 Fax: 263-4-756494 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Ministry of Agriculture Head Office Postal address: P. Bag 7701, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-251322-5, 263-4-797389/90-5; Fax: 263-4-797409; Email: Website: www.moa.org.zw

GOV PP

Ministry of Agriculture Head Office Library Postal address: P. Bag 7701, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-251322-5, 263-4-797389/90-5; Fax: Email: Web site:

GOV IN

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Postal address: Private Bag 7705, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-738603 Fax: 263-4-792750 Email: Website: www.mofed.gov.zw

GOV PP

Ministry of Lands, Land Reform and Resettlement Postal address: Private Bag 7779, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-797325-30/794242-9, 263-4-701163, 263-4-701166; Fax: 263-4-797335 Email: Web site:

GOV PP

Ministry of Water Resources and Infrastructure Development Postal address: Private Bag 7712, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-704119, 263-4-707861; Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

GOV PP

Milborrow Animal Health Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 2324 Tel: 263-4-701787 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S


112

Name and contacts Type Role Mlezu Agricultural Institute Postal address: P. Bag 8062, Kwekwe Tel: 263-55-23087 , 263-55-20288 Fax: 263-55-20289 Email: [email protected] Web site:

EDU TR

Mother of Pearce Orphanage Community Postal address: P.O. Box 310, Mutoko Tel: 263-72-2345 Fax: 263-72-2998 Email: Web site:

NGO OT TR

Mutoko Development Council for Youths (MDCY) Postal address: P.O. Box 16, Mutoko Tel: 263-72-2538 Fax: 263-72- Email: Website

NGO TR OT

Mwenezi Development Training Centre Postal address: P.O. 39, Neshuro, Masvingo Tel: 263-36-208; Fax: 263-36-208; Email: Website:

NGO RU TR

Molisv Postal address: P.O. Box 4994, Harare Tel: 263-4-791561; Fax: 263-4- Email: Website:

NGO OT

MS Zimbabwe (Danish Association for International Cooperation) Postal address: P.O. Box 2542, Harare Tel: 263-4-253145-8; Fax: 263-4-253277; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO TR

Mupfure Self Help College Postal address: P.O. Box 347, Chegutu Tel: 263-53-2863 Fax: 263-53-27678 Email: Web site:

NGO TR

Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa Postal address: P.O. Box 5690, Harare Tel: 263-4-737301, 263-4-720814 Fax: 263-4-737301 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO IN

National Association of Dairy Farmers of Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 390, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-309800/18 Fax: 263-4-309837 Email: [email protected] Web site:

AS-F IN EX

National Association of Non-Government Organizations (NANGO) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 250, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-703579, 263-4-708761, 263-4-732612; Fax: 263-4-794973 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nango.org.zw

NGO IN


113

Name and contacts Type Role National Fencing Postal address: P.O.Box ST436, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-621716/9 Fax: 263-4-621720 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

National Foods Postal address: P.O. Box 269, Harare Tel 263-4-753741 Fax: 263-4-781701 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-M

National Parks and Wildlife Management Authority Postal address: P. O. Box CY 140, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-707624, 263-4-720627, 263-4-708344, Fax: 263-4-726089 Email: Web site:

STA RG IN

National Tested Seeds (NTS) Postal address: P.O. Box 2705, Harare Tel: 263-4-310284-7 Fax: 263-4-331050 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Postal address: P. O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-282842, 263-4-289438; Fax: 263-9-286803; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.nust.ac.zw

EDU TR

Natural Farming Network of Zimbabwe (NFN) Postal address: P.O. Box A 1640, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-726538, 263-4-727225, 263-4-792223; Fax: 263-4-723056 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU

NMB Bank Limited Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box 2564, Harare Tel: 263-4-759651 Fax: 263-4-759648 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.nmbz.co.zw

Novartis Agro Services Postal address: P.O. Box A1563, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-252438 Fax: 263-4-728168 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Nyanga Development Projects Postal address: P.O. Box 180, Nyangare Tel: 263-26-21821; Fax: 263-26- Email: Web site:

NGO OT

Omnia Fertilizer Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P .O. Box BW36, Borrowdale, Harare Tel: 263-4-369390, 263-4-369391, 263-4-369394 Fax: 263-4-369393 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S


114

Name and contacts Type Role Olivine Industries (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 797, Harare Tel: 263-4-754556/64/8 Fax: 263-4-757455 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-M

Opportunity International Postal address: P.O. Box H831, Harare Tel: 263-4-749651; Fax: 263-4-775320 Email: Web site: www.opportunity.org

NGO OT

Organisation of Collective Cooperation in Zimbabwe (OCCZIM) Postal address: P.O. Box 66102, Kopje, Harare Tel: 263-4-751193 Fax: 263-4-771477 Email: Web site:

NGO IN

Organisations of Rural Associations for Progress (ORAP) Postal address: P.O. Box 877, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-208538, 263-9-208588; Fax: 263-9-74288, 263-9-75661 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO TR RU

Paseco Quality Seeds (Pvt) Ltd P.O. Box MP 348, Mount Pleasant, Harare Tel: 263-4-336297 Fax: 263-4-335714 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Peak Trading (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box A1161, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-667560/1 Fax: 263-4- Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV TM

Pig Industry Board (PIB) Postal address: P. O. Box HG 297, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-74-2394-5; Fax: 263-74-2394-5 Email: Web site:

STA RD EX IN

Practical Action Southern Africa Postal address: P.O. Box 1744, Harare Tel: 263-4-788152, 263-4-776107; Fax: 263-4-771030; Email: [email protected] Web site: www.practicalaction.org

NGO RU

Pannar Seed (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O.Box 99, Ruwa Tel 263-73-2631/4 Fax: 263-73-2652 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.pannar.com

PRV PS-S

Pioneer Hi-breed Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box A6118, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-339303, 263-4-339301 Fax: 263-4-339102 Email: Web site:

PRV PE-S


115

Name and contacts Type Role Plan International Zimbabwe Postal address: Private Bag 7232, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-4-708383 Fax: 263-4-796283 Email: Web site: www.plan-international.org

Plan International Masvingo Postal address: P.O. Box 330, Chiredzi Tel: 263-31-3206 Fax: 263-31- Email: Web site:

NGO OT

Plan International – Mutare Postal address: P.O. Box 190, Mutare Tel: 263-20-64415 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

NGO OT

Plan International Kwekwe Postal address: P.O. Box 8020, Kwekwe Tel: 263-55-3511 Fax: 263-55-2169 Email: Web site:

NGO OT

Plastique Industries Postal address: P.O. Box AY 206, Amby, Harare Tel: 263-4-480511/2 Fax: 263-4-486054 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Precision Grinders Engineers Postal address: P.O. Box 1790 Tel: 263-4-665631/5 Fax: 263-4-668628 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.chigayo.com

PRV PS-S

Premier Bank Postal address: P.O. Box 1464, Borrowdale, Harare Tel 263-4-851642-49 Fax: 263-4-851630 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.premierfinancegrp.com

BNK FS

Prime Seeds (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box BW 1798, Borrowdale, Harare Tel: 263-4-485572 Fax: 263-4-480501 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Produtrade (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box CY 952, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-369765/74 Fax: 263-4-369784 Email: Web site:

PRV TM

Quton Seed Company Postal address: 3 Lawson Avenue, Milton Park, Harare Tel: 263-4-253933/4/6; Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Rattray Arnold Research Station Postal address: P.O. Box CH 142, Chisipite, Harare Tel: 263-74-2592; Fax: 263-912552330 Email: Website:

PRV RD


116

Name and contacts Type Role Rau & Co. (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box CH 621, Chisipite, Harare Tel: 263-4-495336 Fax: Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Rio-Tinto Agricultural Institute Postal address: P. Bag 702, Kadoma Tel: 263-68-22472 Fax: 263-4-797409 Email: Web site:

EDU TR

Rural Unity for Development Organisation (RUDO) Postal address: P.O. Box 1329, Masvingo Tel: 263-39-63903, 263-39-62374, Fax: 263-39-63903 Email: [email protected] Website: www.rudocraft.co.zw

NGO TR

Sabata Holdings Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 619, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-621351 Fax: 263-4-668568 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Sable Chemical Industries limited Postal address: P.O. Box 561, Kwekwe Tel 263-55-23601/9 Fax: 263-55-22896, 263-55-23611 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

SADC – Southern Africa Development Community, FANR – Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Postal address: P.O. Box 4046, Harare Tel: 263-4-736051 Fax: 263-4-795345 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.sadc-fanr.org.zw

REG IN PP

Salwire Manufacturers and Fencing (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 3278, Harare Tel: 263-4-621791, 263-4-621793 Fax: 263-4-621791 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Same Tractors Postal address: P.O. Box 528, Harare Tel 263-4-664418/9 Fax: 263-4-663468 Email:[email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Savanna Tobacco Company Postal address: 16km peg, Masvingo road, Harare Tel: 263-4-680144/5/6/7 Fax: Email Web site:

PRV PS-M

Seed co Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 164, Westgate, Harare Tel 263-4-308881-8 Fax: 263-4-304841 Email: [email protected] Website: www.seedco.co.zw

PRV PS-S

Seed Potato Co-op Co (1987) Limited Postal address: P.O. Box AY 28, Amby, Harare Tel 263-4-486684 Fax: 263-4-486684 Email: [email protected] Web site

PRV PS-S


117

Name and contacts Type Role Self Help Development Foundation Postal address: P.O. Box 4576, Harare Tel: 263-4-570611 Fax: 263-4-572933 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Shell Chemicals (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 553, Harare Tel 263-4-703115/7 Fax: 263-4-701720 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Silveira House Centre Physical address : Acturus Road, Harare Postal address: P.O. Box 545, Harare Tel: 263-4-491066/7, 263-4-491885/9; Fax: 263-4-491057 Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Website:

NGO CHU

RU TR

SNV Zimbabwe (Netherlands Development Organisation) Postal address: P.O. Box CY156, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-369040/3 Fax: 263-4-369045 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.snvworld.org

NGO TR OT

Solusi University Postal address: P. O. Box T5399, Bulawayo Tel: 263-17-387, 263-17-22, 263-17-232, 263-17-203; Fax: 263-17-229 Email: [email protected] Website: www.solusi.ac.zw

EDU TR

Stanbic Bank Postal address: P.O. Box 300, Harare Tel 263-4-759471 Fax: 263-4-749991Email: Web site: www.stanbic.com

BNK FS

Standard Chartered Bank Zimbabwe Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 373, Harare Tel 263-4-752864/8 Fax: 263-4-758076 Email: Web site:

BNK FS

Stewart and Lloyds Postal address: P.O. Box 784, Harare Tel: 263-4-620761/5 Fax: 263-4-620766 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Small Enterprises Development Corporation (Sedco) Postal address: P.O. Box 4520, Harare Tel 263-4-792821/5 Fax: 263-4-722139 Email: Web site:

BNK FS

Syngeta Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 1088, Harare Tel 263-4-663590/9 Fax: 263-4-661501 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Southern Africa Cooperative Network (SACNET) Postal address: P.O. Box 706, Harare Tel: 263-4-730176 Fax: 263-4-705121 Email: Web site:

NGO IN


118

Name and contacts Type Role Southern Africa Development Institute Postal address: P.O. Box 2390, Harare Tel: 263-4-704858 Fax: 263-4-704859 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU

Southern Africa Media Service Organisation (SAMSO) Postal address: P.O. Box UA 547, Harare Tel: 263-4-773009 Fax:263-4-732448 Email: Web site:

NGO OT

Southern Alliance for Indigenous Resources (SAFIRE) Postal address: P.O. Box BE 398, Belvedere, Harare Tel: 263-4-795461 Fax: 263-4-790470 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO TR OT

SOS Children’s Villages Zimbabwe Postal address: P.O. Box HG 766, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-4-746451, 263-4-746457; Fax: 263-4-746454 Email: [email protected] Website: www.soschildrensvillages.org.zw

NGO OT

The Environment 2000 Foundation Postal address: P. O. Box A 639, Avondale, Harare Tel: 263-4-225189 Fax: 263-4-225189 Email: Web site:

NGO OT

The United Church of Christ in Zimbabwe (UCCZ) Postal address: P.O. Box W 116, Waterfalls, Harare Tel: 263-4-667000; Fax: 263-4-668325; Email: [email protected] Website:

NGO CHU

RU TR

The Jewel Bank Postal address: P.O. Box 3313, Harare Tel 263-4-748050/70 Fax: 263-4-758077 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cbz.zw

BNK FS

Tanaka Power (Pvt) Ltd Postal Address: P.O. Box ST605, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-621671 Fax: 263-4-621795 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Tara-Fern Cotton Postal address: P.O. Box 192, Triangle Tel: 263-33-6351 Fax: 263-33-6368 Email: Web site:

PRV TM

Tarrys Postal address: P.O. Box 577, Harare Tel: 263-4-620373, 263-4-621610 Fax: 263-4-621613 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Technical Services Africa Postal address: P.O. Box W222, Waterfalls, Harare Tel 263-4-621401 Fax: 263-4-621405 Email: [email protected] Website

PRV PS-S


119

Name and contacts Type Role Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board (TIMB) Postal address: P. O. Box UA 214, Union Avenue, Harare Tel: 263-4-613318, 263-4-613263, 263-4-613532; Fax: 263-4-613264 Email: [email protected] Website:

STA RG

Tobacco Research Board (TRB) Postal address: P. O. Box 1909, Harare Tel: 263-4-575289, 263-4-575537, 263-4-575538; Fax: 263-4-613264 Email: [email protected] Web site:

STA RD

Tobacco Processors Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 661290, Kopje, Harare Tel 263-4-755381/2 Fax: 263-4-754747 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-M

Tobacco Sales Floor Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 66031, Kopje, Harare Tel 263-4-621621 Fax: 263-4-621620

PRV TM

Torondor Irrigation Postal address: P.O. Box AY218 Amby, Harare Tel 263-4-480625/6 Fax: 263-4-480627 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

Triangle Limited Postal address: Private Bag 801, Triangle Tel: 263-33-6221 Fax: 263-33-6839 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-P

Tselentis (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 2201, Harare Tel: 263-4-750753, 263-4-738988, 263-4-790210 Fax: 263-4-736162 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

University of Zimbabwe (UZ) Postal address: P. O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare Tel: 263-4-303211; Fax: 263 (4) 333407; Email: [email protected] Website: www.uz.ac.zw

EDU TR IN RD

VECO- Zimbabwe (VECO) Vredeseilanden Coopibo Postal address: P.O. Box CY 892, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-720709, 263-4-733595; Fax: 263-4-732585; Email: [email protected] Website: www.vredeseilanden.org

NGO OT

Veterinary Training Institute Postal address: P. Bag 20, Mazowe Tel: 263-75-2571/2, 263-75-2292 Fax: 263-75- Email: Web site:

EDU TR

VetPham (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box GD 395, Greendale, Harare Tel: 263-4-728455 Fax: 263-4-728459 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S


120

Name and contacts Type Role Victoria Foods Postal address: P.O. Box ST131, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-666401 Fax: 263-4-621869 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-M

Volunteer Services Abroad New Zealand (VSA) Postal address: P.O. Box 1390, Harare Tel: 263-4-729147, 263-4-729144; Fax: 263-4-725640; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU

Vredeseilanden Coopibo – Belgium Postal address: P.O. Box CY 892, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-720709; Fax: 263-4-732585; Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Women University in Africa Postal address: Tel: 263-4-333103/139/154, 263-4-334506/2050, 263-4-334158/179/80/2 Fax: 263-4- 333154 Email: Web site:

EDU TR

World University Service of Canada (WUSU) Postal address: P.O. Box 1390, Harare Tel: 263-4-729144 Fax: 263-4-725640 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU OT

World Vision International Postal addess: 2420, Harare Tel: 263-4-721106 Fax: 263-4-729467 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO RU

Windmill (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 560, Westgate, Harare Tel 263-4-334911/9 Fax: 263-4-334910 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Wiruma Postal address: P.O. Box ST471, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-667496 Fax: 263-4-665959 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-S

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 1409, Causeway, Harare Tel 263-4-252533/34 Fax: 263-4-703902 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.panda.org/sarpo

REG IN RU

Wright Rain Africa (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 3237, Southerton, Harare Tel 263-4-754641/4 Fax: 263-4-754645 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S


121

Name and contacts Type Role Yokomat (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box ST 177, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-781622 Fax: 263-4-749736 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

ZB Bank Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 3198, Harare Tel 263-4-756671/3 Fax: 263-4-756674 Email: Web site:

BNK FS

Zesa Enterprises Postal address: P.O. Box 3320, Harare Tel 263-4-774508/35 Fax: 263-4-774542

STE TM

Zimbabwe Association of Microfinance Institutions Postal address: P.O. Box Mp 1151, Harare Tel: 263-4-776150 Fax: 263-4-746920 Email: [email protected] Web site:

BNK FS

Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings (ZBH) Postal address: P.O. Box HG 444, Harare Tel: 263-4-498670, 498630, 498667, 498668; Fax: 263-4-498608, 263-4-498624 Email: Website:

STE IN

Zimbabwe Cereals Producers Association (ZCPA) Postal address: P.O. Box WGT 390, Westgate, Harare Tel: 263-4-309800 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

AS-F IN EX

Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union (ZCFU) Postal address: 26 Airport Road, Hatfield, Harare Tel: 263-4-581088/9/90/91; Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site: Not available

AS-F EX IN

Zimbabwe Development Bank (ZDB) Postal address: P.O. Box 1720, Harare Tel 263-4-774226/7 Fax: 263-4-774225 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.zdb.co.zw

BNK FS

Zimbabwe Environment Research Organisation (ZERO) Postal address: P.O. Box 5338, Harare Tel: 263-4-791333 Fax: 263-4-720405 Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Web site: www.zero.org.zw

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Ecumenical Church Loan Fund (ZECLOF) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 3272, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-706357 Fax: 263-4-794171 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.zeclof.org

BNK FS

ZFC limited Postal address: P.O. Box 385, Harare Tel: 263-4-753882, 263-4-753890, 263-4-759044 Fax: 263-4-753881 Email: [email protected] Website:

PRV PS-S


122

Name and contacts Type Role Zimbabwe/EU Micro project Programme Postal address: P.O. Box 2840, Harare Tel: 263-4751582 Fax: 263-4-756190 Email: Web site:

NGO RU

Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU) Postal address: P.O. Box 3755, Harare Tel: 263-4 251861/2/4-8; Fax: 263-4-250925, 263-4-251860 Email: [email protected] Web site: Not available

AS-F EX IN

Zimbabwe Farmers Development Trust (ZFDT) Postal address: P.O. Box 1326, Harare Tel: 263-4-795830, 263-4-79818; Fax: 263-4-795830; Email: [email protected] Website:

NGO EX IN

Zimbabwe Freedom from Hunger Campaign Postal address: P.O. Box 4375, Harare Tel: 263-4-797297 Fax: 263-4-797296 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Union of Journalists Postal address: P.O. Box 2199, Harare Tel: 263-4-795670, 263-4-795609; Fax: 263-4-795609 Email: [email protected] Website:

OT IN

Zitac Postal address: 13km peg, Simon Mazorodze road, Harare Tel 263-4-610851 Fax: Email Web site

PRV TM

Zimbabwe Indigenous Economic Empowerment Organisation Postal address: P.O. Box Tel: 263-4-780199 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

NGO IN

Zimbabwe Informal Sector Association Postal address: Stand 9567 Glen View Home Industry, Harare Tel: 263-4-690949 Fax: 263-4-690222 Email: Web site:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Institute of Permaculture Postal address: P.O. Box CY 301, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-726911, 263-4-794878 Fax: 263-4-726911 Email: Website:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Institute of Religious Research and Ecological Conservation (ZIRRCON) Postal address: P.O. Box HG 766, Highlands, Harare Tel: 263-39-64524, 263-39-64888, 263-39-64874, 263-39-63715 Fax: 263-39-64484, 263-39-65941 Email: [email protected] site:

NGO TR


123

Name and contacts Type Role Zimbabwe Leaf Tobacco Company (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box 1597, Harare Tel: 263-4-621821/9 Fax: 263-4-621820 Email: Web site:

PRV PS-E

Zimbabwe Agriculture Market Development Trust (Agmark) Postal address: P.O. Box CH 502, Chisipite, Harare Tel: 263-4-745827/8 Fax: 263-4-745829 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Local Government Association (ZLGA) Postal address: P.O. Box BE411, Harare Tel: 263-4-725433, 263-4-726526, 263-4-732904 Fax: 263-4- Email: Web site:

GOV PP

Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce (ZNCC) Postal address: P.O. Box 3794, Harare Tel: 263-4-775936, 263-4-749335/7, 263 –4- 749816; Fax: 263-4-799695 Email: [email protected] Website: www.zncc.co.zw

CCI IN

Zimbabwe National Environment Trust (ZIMNET) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 358, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-496105 Fax: 263-4-496105 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) Postal address: P. O. Box CY 617, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-700731, 263-4-795325, 263-4-797603-16, 263-4-796980, 263-4-729244 Fax: 263-4-700732 Email: [email protected] Web site:

STA RG

Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Postal address: P. O. Box MP1119, Mount Pleasant, Harare Tel: 263-4-250157, 263-4-721256, 263-4-250158/59, 263-4-735429, 263-4-729212 Fax: 263-4-307136, 263-4-303151 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.zou.ac.zw

EDU TR

Zimbabwe Phosphate Industries (Zimphos) Postal address: P.O. Box AY 120, Amby, Harare Tel 263-4-487802/3/6 Fax: 263-4-250662 Email: [email protected] Web site:

Zimbabwe Project Trust Postal address: P.O. Box 2078, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-68804, 263-9-71019 Fax: 263-9-76669 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO TR

Zimplow Limited Postal address: P.O. Box 1059, Bulawayo Tel: 263-9-71363/4/5 Fax: 263-4-71365 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S


124

Name and contacts Type Role Zenith Distributors (Pvt) Ltd Postal address: P.O. Box ST 161, Southerton, Harare Tel: 263-4-753993/8 Fax: 263-4-753999 Email: [email protected] Web site:

PRV PS-S

Zimbabwe Sugar Association Experiment Station (ZSAES) Postal address: Private Bag 7006, Chiredzi Tel: 263-31-2514, 263-4-2515, 263-4-2956 Fax: 263-31-2480, 263-31-4197 Email: [email protected] Website:

PRV RD EX IN

Zimbabwe Regional Environment Organisation (ZERO) Postal address: P.O. Box 5338, Harare Tel: 263-4-791333 Fax: 263-4-720405 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO IN

Zimbabwe Women’s Bureau (ZWB) Postal address: P.O. Box CR120, Cranborne, Harare Tel: 263-4-747433 Fax: 263-4-747809 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Women Finance Trust (ZWFT) Postal address: P.O. Box CY 122, Causeway, Harare Tel: 263-4-576303 Fax: 263-4-775613 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO OT

Zimbabwe Women Resource Centre and Network Postal address: P.O. Box 2192, Harare Tel: 263-4-737435 Fax: 263-4-720331 Email: [email protected] Web site:

NGO IN

Zuvarabuda Development Association Postal address: P.O. Box 494, Chinhoyi Tel: 263-67-25660 Fax: 263-67-26367 Email: Web site:

NGO TR OT

The following abbreviations are used:

Type AS-F Farmers’ association (includes co-operatives) AS-W Women’s association AS-Y Youth association BNK Bank or credit institution CCI Chamber of commerce and industry CHU Church-based group EDU Educational institution GOV Government department / ministry NGO Non-government organisation


125

PRV Private enterprise, company REG Regional organisation, project or network STA Statutory body STE State enterprise OTH Other

Role EX Extension and outreach

IN Information services FS Financial services PP Policy and planning PS-E Private sector – Exporter (fresh, frozen and dried produce) PS-M Private sector – Manufacturer (e.g. tannery, bottler, refiner, roaster) PS-P Private sector – Producer (e.g. commercial farm, fishing company) PS-S Private sector – Supplier (e.g. chemicals, equipment, seeds) RD Research and development RG Regulation (compliance, standards) TR Training (at secondary, tertiary and vocational level) TM Trade and marketing (include market development) RU Rural Development OT Other


126

3.2 Select list of key institutions

Name of institution: Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) Objective / mission statement: To facilitate increased agricultural production for food security and sustainable socio-economic development. Field of specialisation: • Extension that is provided through 8 provincial offices, 57 district offices and

frontline staff based in 1388 wards. • Research with special areas in crop breeding, soil and chemistry research,

plant protection, agronomy, horticulture, livestock and pastures. • Regulatory services for fertilisers, seed services, farm feeds, and phyto-

sanitary. Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total of 8500 staff, of which Directorate, Provincial Heads and Heads of Stations who are all professional staff with Masters or above level degree (34), middle management who are the district officers, chief or principal researchers (76), professional and technical staff (6615), support staff who are the clerical and administration (195), and general labour for research (1591). Branches, other sites: 16 research stations, 8 provincial offices, 57 district offices, and staff in some 1388 wards where there are no offices. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$26,981,933,000.00 (€ 81,912,364.91) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Government. • Agricultural Revolving Funds. • and Commercialisation of some of the activities. Programme / projects undertaken: In service training programmes and farmer training courses. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): Largest target audience are farmers, agro-industry and other stakeholders. Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: Spore Magazine, CTA publications, SDI, CD-ROM/Database subscriptions, QAS, CTA annual seminars, Co-seminars, CTA training programmes and seminar support programme. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) Collaborates with many institutions on the local, regional and international levels: Local includes other government departments, farmer organisations, agro-industry, NGOs both local and international, regionally and internationally collaborate with organisations such as DFID on projects on livelihoods, ICRAF on agro-forestry projects, CIMMYT on conservation agriculture and other maize cropping programmes, and ICRISAT on small grains and post harvest value addition. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No known government policy impacts negatively on ICTs but in fact Government realises the importance of ICTs but lacks the resources to support the programmes.


127

Name of institution: Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Currently information needs are met from many sources: • including CTA, • Universities such as University of Zimbabwe, Midlands State University,

National University of Science and Technology, Bindura University of Science Education, Chinhoyi University of Technology and Africa University,

• Regional and international research institutions such as CIMMYT, CIAT, ICRISAT

• Farmer associations such Zimbabwe Farmers Union, Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union and Commercial Farmers Union,

• Meetings with agro-industry • Agricultural development bank mainly AGRIBANK and other commercial

banks • Commercial attaches at embassies such as Japanese embassy, Japanese

International Cooperation Agency, Egyptian embassy and others. • Input suppliers such as fertiliser companies, seed and chemicals • Information also met through publications such as from CTA, university

research papers, ministry of agriculture booklet or flyers, newspapers and the personal collection of researchers.

• Electronically through radio,and TV programmes, video presentations, posters, and the Internet which is limited as it is only available in a few offices mainly those with donor-funded projects or those collaborating with other regional organisations, and through agricultural research electronic networks such as the Soil Productivity Network and Livestock Networks through the International Livestock Research Institute.

• Other sources of information include fairs and exhibition in which the organisation usually participates, colleagues or agribusiness consultants.

Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Main information needs not satisfied includes: • Journal articles, and • Abstracts mainly due to failure to subscribe. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: The main problems faced are the lack of a proper management information system, which is non-existent in the department but is needed and lack of a printing press to mass-produce materials for farmers and stakeholders. Why institution selected as a key: This is the main department responsible for agricultural research and extension services in the Ministry of Agriculture, with Head Office in Harare and Field Provincial and District offices countrywide, and specialised research stations and institutes located in various parts of the country for research into various crops and livestock (this new department combines the former departments of Research and Specialist Services – DRSS and that of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services –AGRITEX). Other observations: Although computers are available, with 60 percent districts having at least one old computer there is no provision for ICTs in the budget; Internet is only available through individual researcher efforts – those with projects, and the organisation lacks a printing press to mass produce materials for farmers and stakeholders. The communication network, which includes the radio network of the department, needs revamping, ICT needs strengthening and a printing press to duplicate materials for mass distribution would improve the effectiveness of the organisation.


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU) Objective / mission statement: The mission of the Union for the next five years would be to promote and advance farmer interests and welfare through representation, networking, information dissemination, capacity building, formation of commercially viable enterprises, gender and HIV and AIDS mainstreaming, and mobilisation of resources and members. Field of specialisation: • Commodity association building • Strengthening existing associations • Gender HIV/AIDS mainstreaming and awareness • Training (economic empowerment projects e.g. mushroom) Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total 62, professional (13), clerical (34) support staff –drivers, general hands and security guards (7), temporary –students on attachments (2); and professional project staff (6). Branches, other sites: 8 provincial offices, and district offices Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$200,000,000.00 (€ 607,164.54 ) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Farmer Union property rentals Membership subscriptions Sponsorships for certain activities Donors such as Swedish Cooperative Centre (SCC) Programme / projects undertaken: CTA funded project on information dissemination Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): Constitutionally target all farmers but main focus has been on smallholder farmers. Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: Spore magazine, CTA publications, CTA annual seminars, Co-seminars and CTA training programmes


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU) Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) Locally interact with many organisations such as NGOs, government departments, international organisations based in Zimbabwe and others for the exchange of information, participation in various projects and sharing experiences. Nationally interact with national associations of non-government organisations (NANGO) on a project focussing on women and youth, Zimbabwe Developing Communities Programme (ZDCP) and Non-State Actors Forum (NSAF) on implementation of rural development projects, Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) collaboration in providing extension services, other government ministries and departments and agri-business companies in information exchange such as weekly fertiliser updates, and equipment information update. Other donors and NGOs include the Swedish Cooperative Centre (SCC), which has a project in ZFU, and German Development Agency (DED), which has expressed willingness to partner with ZFU in capacity building. International organisations based in Zimbabwe, which ZFU interacts with, include Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), European Union (EU), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), among others. The nature of the interaction with FAO is for funding workshops and seminars, SIDA for development of partnerships through SCC, the EU for capacity building by funding constitutional meetings, UNDP funding a study on a model farmer union and through FAO for a union project on conservation farming and contract farming, DED is on collaboration for capacity building while SNV for capacity building in two provinces. Regionally, ZFU also interacts with Southern Africa Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) and Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: • Government monopoly on television allows access if the information is

deemed friendly to the government. • Government monopoly on fixed landlines affecting access to fixed line

telephones in some districts. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: • Information needs currently met through interactions and information sharing

with government departments, agribusiness sector, universities, regional institutions such as SADC, SACAU and internationally through the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) and CTA.

• The Internet is also used as a source of information. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): • Material suitable for mass distribution. • Appropriate language for the information. • Pictorial particularly videos where you can broadcast so that farmers can

learn through the videos. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management:

• High staff turnover in the information and publicity section, which is responsible for information and communication management.

• Tried to have a web site but this has also be stalled by the high staff turnover. • Smallholder farmers who are the main focus group do not have access to

ICTs. • Financial resources to expand the bi-monthly magazine, The Zimbabwean

Farmer (Murimi/Umlimi), of which currently about 200 copies are produced. Why institution selected as a key: Umbrella farmer organization representing smallholder farmers with Head Office in Harare and Provincial and District offices countrywide.


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU) Other observations: The institution is willing to use ICT although financially constrained, their other main bottleneck is that their clientele (the smallholder farmers) do not have access to these services and therefore need more publications, which are able to reach the target audience.

Name of institution: Zimbabwe Union of Journalists (ZUJ) Objective / mission statement: To represent members in their pursuance of freedom of expression within the confines of ethical journalism by promoting and reflecting media diversity of professional standards while fighting for good working conditions and mediating in labour disputes. Field of specialisation: • Trade unionism, as well as, • Advocacy and press freedom (media law reform). Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Head Office has 3 full time staff members, 2 professional and 1 support staff (messenger), and 6 subcommittees each with 6 volunteer members. Branches, other sites: 21 decentralised branches which are media-based either at newspapers, radio or television stations. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$ 200,000,000.00 ( € 607,164.54 ) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Membership fees • Donors Programme / projects undertaken: The following were trained to man the ZUJ web site: Chairperson of the information sub-committee, National coordinator President and Treasurer. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): Journalists members with current membership of 450 journalists although potential membership is around 700, and members of the public. Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: No interaction. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature ZUJ collaborates with a number of organisations locally, regionally and internationally. Locally interact with the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), which is the mother body on which they rely on for advice, legal, and strategies for collective bargaining for members. Also share information with the Media Monitoring Project and the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA). Regionally, ZUJ are members of the Southern Africa Journalists Association (SAJA), and internationally collaborate with all the media institutions that deal with the media in the world such as International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), World Press Association (WPA), includes organisations such as Al Jazira and Inwent, a German based institution, among others. Inwent trains 5 journalists per annum on on-line journalism while IFJ, WPA and SAJA participate in the exchange of information and also send members on programmes of attachments in their newsrooms, which are funded by the respective institutions.


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe Union of Journalists (ZUJ) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the National Coordinator, none known to him. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Information needs currently met through exchange of information with locally the Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe and MISA Zimbabwe, and regionally with SAJA and internationally with WPA and IFJ. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Information on training manuals that are internationally generated is difficult to access given the Zimbabwean situation. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Main problems include: • Financial resource constraints - which impacted negatively on the union such

that until 2007, there was no budget for information. • Human resource constraints - the union is short staffed and cannot afford a

full time information officer. • Reconstruction of the web site is also constrained by both financial and

human resource yet realise this is an important communication window for the union.

Why institution selected as a key: This is the civil society organisation of journalists from both the public and private media. This is in line with the new focus of CTA to improve access to information by the generality of smallholder farmers through the print media and linking up with journalist networks. Other observations: ZUJ is a decentralised structure with only the office in Harare but with branches based at media houses but with improved use of ICM and ICT has potential effectively disseminate the information to its members particularly through their web site, which is under reconstruction. Although their main focus as a civil society organisation is not to disseminate agricultural information, most of their members have potential to disseminate the information through the newspapers, radio or television stations they work for.

Name of institution: Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce (ZNCC) Objective / mission statement: The Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce aims to be a leader in business development in the national economy and a channel of communication between business and the various authorities in Zimbabwe. Field of specialisation: • Lobby and advocacy • Representing – voice of business. Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): • Total of staff: 26 • Professional staff: 8 • Technical staff: 2 • Clerical and other support staff:12 • Temporary (students on attachments): 4 Branches, other sites: 5 branches in Harare, Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru, and KweKwe. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$20,000,000.00 (€ 60,716.45)


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce (ZNCC) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Subscriptions • Training income • One donor partner Programme / projects undertaken: • Hold seminars, workshops and conferences. • Congress is held annually. • Submission of views annually for consideration in the annual national budget

and monetary policy statements of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ). Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): Members of organisation representing commerce in the country, approximately 3000 members. Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: No interaction with CTA. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) • Locally the organisation collaborates with all business organisations in

Zimbabwe such as Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries, farmers associations such as ZFU, ZCFU, CFU, agro-business, universities, government and NGOs, among others, for the exchange of information.

• Regionally is a member of the Association of SADC chambers of commerce. • Internationally is a member of the International Association of Chambers of

Commerce. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Chief Executive Officer, none known to him. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Information met from the following: • Local business community. • Business organisations in the country such as CZI, ZFU, CFU etc. • Government. • Through information sharing in association of SADC chambers of commerce,

and International Association of Chambers of Commerce. • Use of the Internet • International magazines such as The Economist. • Other sources include fairs and exhibitions, and agribusiness. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): • No particular need not satisfied, can get the information from the Internet. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial constraints to procure and replace old computers and also to incentivise the human resources of the unit. Why institution selected as a key: This is one of two main membership organisations or business chambers representing commerce and industry. ZNCC is the apex body for retailing business and commerce. The other main chamber is the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI), which represents manufacturing. Other observations: The institution is not aware of CTA, its products and services although their main interest includes trade information, which can potentially benefit their members through access to such information.


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Name of institution: National Association of Non-Government Organisations (NANGO) Objective / mission statement: To create space and identify opportunities for Non Governmental Organisations to pursue their visions and missions and to facilitate the building of members capacities, resource bases and synergies. Field of specialisation: • Communication and advocacy (NGO policies and pro-poor policies). • Membership development (recruitment of local and international NGOs). • Policy research (economics and legal). Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total number of staff: 17 Total professional staff: 10 Clerical and other support staff: 7 Branches, other sites: Divided into 5 regions (Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare, and Masvingo) Board members from the regions and one member from the environment and agriculture. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$300,000,000.00 (€ 910,746.81) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Government through Lotto (social responsibility) Various donors (international donors such as DFID, EU) Programme / projects undertaken: Undertaken training for member organisations in International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL). Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): Various target audiences: • Donors (influence so that they can fund certain activities). • Government (influence policy – economic, social and legal), also done

through some of the member organisations. • NGO members (work together to achieve mutual objectives). • Business (corporate responsibility funding for members). Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: No interaction with CTA although the Acting Chief Executive is aware of CTA publications such as Spore. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) Collaboration with various organisations such as Institute of Development Studies of the University of Zimbabwe, political information is acquired from internal sources, economic and social information form the government, universities and member organisations and donors for donor support. Regionally collaborate with the SADC council of NGOs, and the International Council for Social Welfare and internationally through CIVICUS Assembly, which is a international civil society organisation. Some mainly information exchange while some there is joint projects. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Acting Chief Executive, not aware of any but government through Science and Technology Ministry has done very well in promoting ICTs and through such actions as presidential donation of computers to schools.


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Name of institution: National Association of Non-Government Organisations (NANGO) How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Information met through various sources including universities, Internet, government, member NGOs and donors. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Difficulty in obtaining information on the status of NGOs in Zimbabwe after the NGO bill in terms of what was the impact on beneficiaries and employment in the NGO sector. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: The main problems faced include: • Hardware and software problems as some member organisations do not have

computers. • The telephones are unreliable. • Some of the phones are bugged. • Some staff is not experienced in using computers. Why institution selected as a key: Non-political, non-profit making and nondenominational organization mandated to coordinate the activities and to represent the NGO sector as the sector’s official voice in Zimbabwe, Has over 200 member NGOs involved in agriculture and rural development and a NANGO Resource centre which is a one stop shop for information and literature on the NGO sector in Zimbabwe and abroad. Other observations: The institution is constrained in communicating with other member organisations through ICTs because some of the members do not have computers. Through funding from a donor organisation, some refurbished computers are being procured for member organisations.

Name of institution: Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board (TIMB) Objective / mission statement: In support of our vision we will timely mobilise and distribute requisite resources, and develop and operate efficient orderly marketing and information systems, which satisfy the expectations of all stakeholders. Field of specialisation: In terms of the Tobacco Industries and Marketing Act, Chapter 18:20, the functions of the Board shall be (and these are their field of specialisations): • To control and regulate the marketing of tobacco in Zimbabwe • To promote, protect and maintain the sale of tobacco • To collate statistics relating to the provision, marketing, manufacture and

consumption of tobacco. • To distribute market studies and information relating to the marketing,

manufacture and consumption of tobacco, • To advise the Minister of Agriculture on all matters relating to the marketing of

tobacco; and do all such things which the actor any other enactment requires the Board to dos.

• To do all such things which the act or any other enactment requires the Board to do.

Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total staff: 54 Professional and technical: 22 Clerical and other support staff: 32 Branches, other sites:


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Name of institution: Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board (TIMB) Two satellite branches at the Tobacco Sales Floor and at Burley Marketing Zimbabwe Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$ 3.5 Billion (€ 10,625,379.48) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Levies paid by growers and buyers. • Licensing fees, imports and export licenses, registration fees. • Administration fees for administering the input credit scheme on behalf of

government. • Government grant. Programme / projects undertaken: • Training of staff for computing (ICT staff) • Installation of servers. • Train staffing the use of computers. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): • Ministry of Agriculture • Tobacco buyers • Tobacco growers • Tobacco exporters and manufacturers • Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: Seminars Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) Locally, interact with all institutions with an interest in tobacco production and marketing such as tobacco farmer associations, national research institutions, Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe Association of Tobacco Merchants, Zimbabwe Tobacco Trade Association, fertiliser and chemical companies, and AGRIBANK, among others. Also interact with Ministry of Agriculture in Zambia and Tobacco Research Institute of Malawi for sharing information, and with the World Bank Zimbabwe office for providing information on tobacco production. National /sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Acting Chief Executive, minimal impact, government does not interfere. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: • The main information used by the organisation is the data on marketing and

production, which are provided by the tobacco auction floors and growers respectively as part of statutory requirements.

• Through meetings with beneficiaries such commodity farmer associations, Association of Tobacco Merchants, Zimbabwe Tobacco Trade Association .

• The organisation also shares information with other countries in the region such as the Zambia Ministry of Agriculture and Malawi through the Tobacco Research Institute of Malawi.

• Internet • Through links with Tobacco Auction Floors that provide real time information

on marketing, that is, prices, quantities bought, grades etc. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Currently there are no information needs that are not satisfied. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management:


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Name of institution: Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board (TIMB) • Main problem is connectivity to customers, which is affected by electricity

outages and poor telephone lines. • Lack of ultra high frequency radio communication between the TIMB and the

main providers of information, which are the merchants, buyers and growers. Why institution selected as a key: Tobacco has been Zimbabwe’s main export crop in terms of foreign currency earnings from a single commodity over the years. The changing agrarian structure has seen smallholder farmers emerging to be significant players in the industry. TIMB is focusing on rebounding tobacco production with focus particularly on smallholder farmers. Other observations: TIMB is one of the organisations with an advanced information system and use of ICTs in agriculture. They currently use text messages to also send market information to stakeholders and would like to further develop the use of ICT in market information as per their ICT strategy.

Name of institution: Women University in Africa (WUIA) Objective / mission statement: The Women University in Africa is dedicated to reducing gender disparity by providing a gender sensitive and socially responsive educational training research institution using state of the art technology in Africa. Field of specialisation: • Horticulture • Animal sciences and food and nutrition • Other degree programmes in reproductive health and family sciences,

management and entrepreneurial development studies, social studies and gender development studies.

Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Faculty of Agriculture has 2 permanent lecturers and one clerical staff and 11 part-time lecturers. Branches, other sites: The university farm in Marondera measuring some 260 hectares, which besides commercial production is also used for teaching and research. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Faculty of Agriculture Z$150,000,000.00 (€ 455,373.41) Source of funding, incl. Main donors / sponsors: • Student fees. • Grants from donors and banks. • Farm income (dairy and horticulture). Programme / projects undertaken: • Training senior staff members in general information technology both

academic and non-academic in 2006. • Purchased 40 computers in 2005. • Received computer donations from the President’s Office (10) and some from

the Chinese Embassy. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): • Mature females and males, mainly those who have gone through diploma

courses • Short courses target rural women in horticulture and animal production and

feed formulation.


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Name of institution: Women University in Africa (WUIA) Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: Spore magazine Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) Collaborate with a number of institutions such as farmer organisations, universities such as the University of Zimbabwe, Africa University, agribusiness companies such as Seedco, government departments such as AREX, and NGOS. Also collaborate with Makerere University in Uganda. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Faculty Coordinator, government policy has had positive impact on use of ICTs creating interest among staff. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Information currently met through collaboration and sharing information with various organisations in Zimbabwe such as the University of Zimbabwe’s departments of Crop Science and Animal Science, agribusiness companies such as Seedco, and NGOs such as Action Against Hunger (Action Contraela Faim), the government department such as AREX, and regionally through links with universities such as Makerere University in Uganda. Newspapers and personal collections of staff also provide information, in addition to fairs, exhibitions and colleagues. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): • Main information needs not satisfied are journal articles and abstracts, printed

or electronic. • Some Internet files, which also require payment in foreign currency, are

difficult to access. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: • Constraints include the Internet connection speed, which is very slow due to

the dial up connection, while on the other hand broadband access is very expensive.

• Hardware and software access limited by financial resources and because of this Internet is only available in some offices, not all.

Why institution selected as a key: A private initiative of women of Africa that attempts to bridge the gender divide in terms of access to academic education particularly for women. Other observations: The university currently has about 800 students, with women making 75% of the total intake although, according to the Faculty Coordinator this ratio has been difficult to meet in agriculture because fewer women are forthcoming for enrolment. As a result in agriculture the ratio is 80 % males. In line with their mission policy to reach the whole of Africa, the university intends to introduce e-learning in order to reach a wider audience in different countries in Africa.


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings (ZBH) Objective / mission statement: To direct, coordinate and supervise subsidiary companies to provide world-class quality programmes and services that reflect, develop, foster, and respect the Zimbabwean national identity, character, cultural diversity, national aspiration, Zimbabwean and Pan-African values. Field of specialisation: • Broadcasting Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total number of staff: 672 Professional journalists: 336 Clerical and administration: 329 Temporary staff: 7 Branches, other sites: Four radio stations and one television. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$508 Billion (€ 1,542,197,935.64) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Advertising revenue. • License fees. Programme / projects undertaken: • Movement from analogue to digital broadcasting systems, which have now

covered Harare Zimbabwe Television and Power FM and is still ongoing, to include Bulawayo and radio stations.

Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): All Zimbabweans, radios reach about 10 million listeners, and television about 5 million listeners. Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: Conferences and workshops Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) Collaborate with a number of individuals and institutions locally for information, such as individuals at Universities, government departments, civil society, farmer unions such as ZFU, individuals in various expert fields, seed producing companies and other input suppliers. ZBH is also a member of Southern African Broadcasting Association and African Broadcasting Union, and has running agreements with international news agencies such as Reuters, AFP, and Associated Press. Zimbabwe Television and Jump Television (an American television with regional head quarters in Bahrain) recently concluded an agreement for marketing the ZBH local content on the Internet. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Group Chief Executive, government policy has very positive impact as it encourages use of ICTs.


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Name of institution: Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings (ZBH) How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Collaborate with a number of individuals and institutions locally for information, such as individuals at Universities, government departments, civil society, farmer unions such as ZFU, individuals in various expert fields, seed producing companies and other input suppliers. ZBH is also a member of Southern African Broadcasting Association and African Broadcasting Union, and has running agreements with international news agencies such as Reuters, AFP, and Associated Press. Zimbabwe Television and Jump Television (an American television with regional head quarters in Bahrain) recently concluded an agreement for marketing the ZBH local content on the Internet. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Mainly programmes originating outside the country that requires payment in foreign currency. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: • Main constraints are financial resources to train inexperienced journalists, to

perform computer education, and specialised training for archivists. This was mainly because in the previous unbundling exercise, a lot of experienced staff was lost.

• Financial resource constraints are also limiting the procurement of new technology such as new hardware, software and printers.

• Foreign currency to procure the imported components is not available. Why institution selected as a key: All radio and television services are currently monopolised through the state owned Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings and reaches more than 60% of the population. Although digital satellite television services are available, these are expensive and require payment in hard currency therefore not accessible to the majority population. ZBH currently runs farming programmes for farmers and this fits well with the new focus and thrust of CTA. Other observations: ZBH went through an unbundling process into 9 companies each with a chief executive officer, but is now going through a re-bundling process under the current management. A number of experienced staff was lost in the unbundling process and now the major challenge is to train the young and inexperienced staff left in the organisation.


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Name of institution: University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Agriculture (UZFA) Objective / mission statement: The Faculty of Agriculture's Mission is to contribute to the improvement of food security, incomes and general welfare of all peoples of Zimbabwe and the SADC region through the provision of high quality training, research and outreach activities to the agricultural and natural resources sectors. Field of specialisation • Animal science. • Crop science. • Agricultural economics and extension. • Soil science and agricultural engineering. Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total staff: 102 Professional staff: 65 (about 29 PhD, 26 MSc, 10 BSc) Technical staff: 25 Clerical and other support staff: 9 Temporary staff: 4 Branches, other sites: University farm, which besides commercial production is also used for research and training. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Faculty of Agriculture Z$30,000,000.00 (€ 91,074.68) Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Government for running the departments • Donor funds for research • RUFORUM for postgraduate training • ICAT for post graduate training Programme / projects undertaken: A number of training programmes run by the Computer Centre of the University. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): Stakeholders including government, students, farmers and others. Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: Spore magazine, CTA publications, DORA, Question and Answer Service Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) • Collaborate with a number of institutions locally such as the national research

institutions, farmer organisations such as ZFU, CFU, and ZCFU, agriculture development banks such as AGRIBANK, and input suppliers such as seed, fertiliser and chemical companies.

• Also collaborate with other universities in the region through RUFORUM, which is a network of 15 universities in 7 countries in Africa providing postgraduate training.

• SADC ICAT is also providing postgraduate training to start this year. • There is not much collaboration with the new universities. • At individual researcher level, collaborate with a number of local, regional and

international organisations. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Dean of Agriculture, positive impact but the financial resources to acquire computers are limited. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom:


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Name of institution: University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Agriculture (UZFA) • Information needs met through a number of ways, hard copies of journals in

the main library which are generally very outdated, through collaboration with national research institutions, farmer organisations such as ZFU, CFU, and ZCFU, through meetings with beneficiaries, agriculture development banks such as AGRIBANK, and input suppliers such as seed, fertiliser and chemical companies.

• Through RUFORUM which is a network of 15 universities in 7 countries in Africa, and through collaboration with SADC.

• Most of the latest information can be accessed through AGORA. • There is not much collaboration with the new state universities. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Agricultural journals, hard copies or electronic. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: One of the main problem are the dwindling staff numbers due to the prevailing political and economic situation and the low staff salaries. In terms of the Internet the main problem is the limited bandwidth and the slow connection speed. Why institution selected as a key: The University of Zimbabwe as the oldest public institution in the country has strong linkages and produces graduates who teach in other newly established state universities and colleges, degree awarding academic education, research and training institution offering various programmes including agriculture. Other observations: There are serious financial resource constraints affecting all departments leading to serious brain drain and loss of experienced staff due to the prevailing political and economic situation in the country.

Name of institution: Grain Marketing Board (GMB) Objective / mission statement: To ensure food security at household level through agricultural production support, marketing, logistics and value addition. Field of specialisation: • Ensuring food security through the purchase of maize, wheat and the

maintenance of the strategic grain reserve. • Buying and marketing of small grains, oilseeds. • Milling and other commercial activities • Rice packaging • Contract farming scheme • Sale and distribution of agricultural inputs on behalf of government Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total staff: 3500 Professional and Technical: 500 Clerical staff: 800 General hands: 1000 Temporary clerical staff: 200 Temporary general hands: 1000 Branches, other sites: 10 Provincial Offices, 80 depots and collection points. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$ 2 Trillion (€ 6,071,645,415.91)


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Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Food security crops (maize and wheat) financed by government • Funds from commercial activities (rice packaging, salt packaging, non-

controlled crops such as coffee, groundnuts, and cowpeas) • Milling (mealie-meal, flour) • Renting out storage facilities and fumigation services. Programme / projects undertaken: GMB has in the last five years updated its SAP system, and also trained users of the SAP system. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): • All farmers and the population in general • Government • Agro-Industry Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: No interaction with CTA. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) GMB collaborates with a number of organisations, for sharing information and exchange: • University of Zimbabwe crop science department for training their staff. • Government departments and other parastatals such as AREX, ARDA • Farmer organisations on crop production issues. • ICRISAT for the production of small grains production. • The Central Bank (Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe) on financing. • Input suppliers (seed, fertilisers, chemicals) on the availability of inputs • Common Fund for Commodities for financing • International Coffee Organisation • African Fine Coffee Association National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: According to the Agronomist, government policies are very supportive of Information Technology through the Ministry of Science and Technology, and GMB was also a beneficiary of computers brought in on concessionary terms from China. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Information needs are currently met through a variety of sources and these include the following: • Through collaboration with institutions such as UZ, AREX, ARDA, and farmer

organisations. • Through meetings with beneficiaries and through some of the commodity

associations of farmers for both controlled and non-controlled commodities. • Agricultural development bank mainly AGRIBANK and other commercial

banks supply agricultural finance information, and also interact with the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe.

• Through agricultural input suppliers (seed, fertilisers and chemicals). Information is also sourced from publications that include university research papers, ministry of agriculture booklets or flyers and newspapers. Electronically, information also sourced from radio and TV programmes, and the Internet. Other sources include fairs and exhibitions that the organisation participate in both nationally and internationally, and agribusiness consultants.


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Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): • Main needs not satisfied includes journal articles due to non-subscription. • Although a lot of information has been generated on Zimbabwe, not much of

the information is available on the Internet so one has to check the actual publication.

• Material suitable for mass distribution is also a problem. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Main problem is that of financial constraints that has led to the non-publication of the in-house magazine. Financial resources would be required in order to re-launch this magazine. Why institution selected as a key: Agricultural marketing state enterprise responsible for statutory marketing of food security crops (maize and wheat), small grains and oilseeds, and other commodities. Smallholder farmers mainly produce the food crops. Head Office in Harare with depots and silos located in the main producing regions throughout the country. Other observations: • The main problem in linking with the provincial offices on the WAN is that of

connectivity mainly affected by the telephones lines from Telone. • The institution due to financial problems has discontinued the in-house

magazine, The Granary or the Silo but intend to re-launch it in another form. • While the institution have strategic plan, this was said to be confidential.

Name of institution: Seed Co Zimbabwe Limited Objective / mission statement: Seedco’s mission is to be the leading supplier of world-class crop seeds in Africa. Critical success factors: • The development of superior leading products through innovative research

and access to the seed industry’s best technology. • Commitment to customer satisfaction and the enhancement of farmer

productivity and profitability. • The recruitment and development of skilled employees and the retention

through rewarding output, talent and integrity. • The efficient coordination and management of the seed supply chain, from

seed production and processing through to the distribution network. • Sound financial management and information systems to ensure continued

business viability and growth from strong financial base. • The development of new markets and the expansion of the company sphere

of operation. Field of specialisation: • Breeding of crops • Multiplication • Marketing Number of staff professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Total staff: 269 Professional/Technical: 47 Clerical and support staff: 222 Branches, other sites: Rattray Arnold, Kadoma, and Stapleford research stations and other research stations in the region. Annual budget: (in local currency with Euro equivalent) Z$188,889,682,385.00 (€ 573,435,587.08)


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Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: • Seed selling business Programme / projects undertaken: Information dissemination to farmers through various media such as radio programmes, newspapers, agricultural shows and field days, farmers visiting as groups to research stations for training in various aspects of seed crop production, training of train the trainer of AREX staff on new farming technologies and research demonstration. Target audience (plus number, actual or estimated): All farmers (large scale commercial, small scale commercial, communal and resettlement farmers) Extent of interaction with CTA – Spore Magazine, SDI, QAS, DORA, seminars, consultants, publications, training, ….: No interaction Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature) • Collaborates with local institutions such as Ministry of Agriculture through

participation in national Taskforces that have weekly meetings. • Government departments and national research institutions (AREX)

particularly Seed Services and Plant Protection Units. • Agricultural Research Trust (ART) farm. • Scientific and Industrial Research centre (SIRDC). • Farmers associations (CFU, ZFU, ZCFU) • Agriculture development banks (AGRIBANK). • Regionally through agricultural networks such as the Conservation Tillage

Network etc. • African Seed Trade Association (ASTA). • Internationally through the International Seed Trade Association (ISTA). • CIMMYT National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: The impact of foreign currency shortages on the procurement of computers. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: • Information exchange through with local, regional and international

organisations (see list above). • The limited Journals that the organisation has access to. • Through the Internet. • Electronic and print media. Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): • International Journal articles given the limitations of foreign currency to

subscribe. • Material suitable for mass distribution, particularly with lessons from other

countries outside Zimbabwe that require importation and foreign currency, and financial resources for duplication of available resources.

• Material in appropriate languages. • Visual and pictorial information from outside the country. • Literature on production.


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Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: The main problems include: • The lack of a structured unit to perform this function. • Financial resources for the recruitment of additional staff to perform this

function. • Financial resources for the procurement of new ICT such as Mobile vans,

Video cameras facilities, and power point projectors for training and information dissemination.

Why institution selected as a key: This is a private company that is involved in research and development, and the marketing of certified crop seeds used by both smallholder and large farmers with depots and agents in all provinces. Sales are mainly of hybrid maize seed, although there are also significant sales of wheat, barley, sorghum and groundnut. The Rattray Arnold Research Station also falls under Seedco, and the company holds a dominant position in the Zimbabwean seed market. Other observations: • Seedco used to have a dedicated farmer education unit before the FTLRP but

the volumes of sales no longer justify such an investment. • However, the company has strong links with all local agricultural institutions

as the dominant supplier of hybrid seeds on the local market. • The company, with appropriate financing assistance has the potential to

improve its information and communication management function with is currently not properly structured.

• Although the company also has plans to establish and Agri-Library on breeding, production and marketing that can act as a resource centre for farmers and stakeholders, this has been limited by financial resources.


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4. List of Persons Interviewed Name Function Institution Telephone Email(s) Mr Joseph Gondo Acting Director

(Deputy Director, Operations)

AREX 263-4-704531 [email protected] [email protected]

Mr Cephas Zinhumwe Acting Chief Executive NANGO 263-4-708761 [email protected] [email protected]

Mr Cain Mpofu Chief Executive ZNCC 263-4-749335 [email protected] [email protected]

Mr Jabulani Gwaringa Acting Director (National Study Circles Programmes Coordinator)

ZFU 263-4-251862 [email protected] [email protected]

Mr Chakanyuka Bosha National Coordinator ZUJ 263-4-795609 [email protected] [email protected]

Dr. A.E. Matibiri Acting Chief Executive Officer (Technical Services Director)

TIMB 263-4-613310 [email protected]

Mr Henry Muradzikwa Group Chief Executive Officer

ZBH 263-4-498641 [email protected]

Mr Stanslous Thamangani

Faculty Coordinator WUIA 263-4-334158 [email protected] [email protected]

Dr Charles Mutisi Dean UZFA 263-4-333880 [email protected] Mr Lawrence Jasi Agronomist GMB 263-4-701870 [email protected] Seedco Team [email protected] Mr D. Zaranyika Managing Director Seedco 263-4-308881-8 [email protected] Mr E.E. Mhandu Operations Director Seedco 263-4-308881-8 [email protected] Mr S. Sadya Finance Director Seedco 263-4-308881-8 [email protected] Mr B Nyakanda Sales and Agronomy

Manager Seedco 263-4-308881-8 [email protected]

Mr I. W. Craig Sales and Marketing Manager

Seedco 263-4-308881-8 [email protected]


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