zbornik radova proceedings · matrica poslovne tehnologije kao temelj razvoja informacijskog...

Senj, 26. - 29. rujan 2012. godine, HrvatskaSenj, 26th - 29th September 2012, Croatia

ZBORNIK RADOVAPROCEEDINGS

16. međunarodna konferencija tiskarstva, dizajna i grafičkih komunikacija Blaž Baromić

Knjiga sažetaka Senj, 26. - 29. rujna 2012., Hrvatska

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FOTO: Ivana Pavlović

16th international conference on printing, design and graphic communications Blaž Baromić

Senj, 26th - 29th September 2012, Croatia Book of abstracts

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IZDAVAČ / PUBLISHER

Hrvatsko društvo grafičara, Hrvatska / Croatian Society of Graphic Artists, Croatia

UREDNIK / EDITOR

v. pred. dr. sc. Miroslav Mikota

GRAFIČKA UREDNICA / GRAPHIC ART DIRECTOR

Ivana Pavlović, dipl. graf. ing.

TEHNIČKE UREDNICE / TECHNICAL EDITORS

Darija Ćutić, mag.ing.techn.graph. Jelena Kajganović, dipl. graf. ing.

DIZAJN KORICA / COVER DESIGN

Ivana Pavlović, Jelena Kajganović

TISAK / PRINT

AKD, Agencija za komercijalnu djelatnost d.o.o.

ISSN 1848-6193

Niti jedan dio ovog Zbornika ne smije se umnožavati, fotokopirati, prenositi niti na bilo koji način reproducirati bez pismenog odobrenja izdavača.



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16th International Conference on Printing, Design and Graphic Communications

16. medunarodna konferencija tiskarstva, dizajna i grafickih komunikacija

ZBORNIK RADOVA

PROCEEDINGS

Senj, 26. - 29. rujna 2012., HrvatskaSenj, 26th - 29th September 2012, Croatia



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ORGANIZATORI / ORGANIZERS

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Grafički fakultet University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Croatia

Ogranak Matice hrvatske Senj, Hrvatska Matrix Croatica Senj, Croatia

Hrvatsko društvo grafičara, Hrvatska Croatian Society of Graphic Artists, Croatia

Univerza v Ljubljani, Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Inštitut za celulozo in papir, Ljubljana, Slovenija Pulp and paper Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

SUORGANIZATORI / CO-ORGANIZER’S

University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno, Czech Republic

Veleučilište u Varaždinu, Varaždin, Hrvatska University of Applied Sciences, Varaždin, Croatia

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Tekstilno-tehnoloski fakultet University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology

ORGANIZACIJSKI ODBOR / ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

M. Mikota (voditelj organizacije Konferencije), M. Bilović, K. Draženović-Metelko, K. Golubović, T. Jeličić, G. Kozina, R. Krajačić, M. Milković, N. Mrvac, R. Naprta, D. Nekić, Đ. Osterman Parac, I. Pavlović, V. Rutar, A. Tomaš, D. Vusić, I. Zjakić

PROGRAMSKI I RECENZIJSKI ODBOR / PROGRAMME AND REVIEW COMMITTEE

W. Bauer (Aus), S. Bračko (Slo), M. Brozović (Cro), M. Cheppan (Sl), D. Čerepinko (Cro), P. Dzik (Ch), N. Enlund (Swe), D. Gregor-Svetec, (Slo), J.Gyorkos (Slo), A. Hladnik (Slo), C. Horvath (Hu), M. Jurković (Cro), H. Kipphan (Ger), M. Mikota (Cro), M. Milković (Cro), D. Modrić (Cro), N. Mrvac (Cro), A. Nazor (Cro), B. Neff Dostal (SAD), K. Možina (Slo), Z. Paszek (Pol.), Đ. Osterman Parac (Cro), M. Plenković (Cro), A. Politis (Gre), Z. Schauperl (Cro), K. Skala (Cro), A. Tomljenović (Cro), M. Vesely (Ch), G. Vlachos (Gre), E. Vlajki (Ca), D. Vusić (Cro), W. Walat (Pol.), M. Zlateva (Bug), I. Zjakić (Cro).

Naklada / Issue: 150



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Uvodna riječ

Cijenjene kolegice, cijenjeni kolege,

pred Vama je Zbornik radova 16. međunarodne konferencije tiskarstva dizajna i grafičkih komunikacija Blaž Baromić koji sadrži znanstvene radove kroz koje su pokrivene teme Konferencije: povijest tiskarstva, knjige i pisma, grafičke komunikacije i mediji, grafički dizajn, fotografija, izdavaštvo, priprema za tisak, tisak, dorada, ambalaža, sustav upravljanja bojom i kolorimetrija, materijali, postojanost papira i otisaka, kontrola kvalitete, marketing, ekologija i ostale teme vezane uz tiskarstvo, dizajn i grafičke komunikacije.

Radove, koje možete pronaći u ovom zborniku, recenzirali su članovi Međunarodnog znanstvenog i recenzijskog odbora Konferencije, no za sadržaj radova i podatke iznesene u njima odgovaraju sami autori pojedinog rada.

Posebno poglavlje Zbornika čine mentorirani studentski radovi koji su u sklopu Konferencije nominirani za Nagradu za najbolji studentski rad.

Vjerujem da ćete u Zborniku pronaći zanimljive radove koji će Vas upoznati s novim znanstvenim istraživanjima i saznanjima te koji će biti poticaj daljnjem znanstvenom radu i razvoju u područjima objavljenih radova.

Svim autorima, organizatorima Konferencije, članovima Organizacijskog i Znanstvenog i recenzijskog odbora, sponzorima i donatorima te timu koji je oblikovao i realizirao ovaj zbornik zahvaljujem na suradnji, doprinosu i trudu zahvaljujući kojem je Zbornik i realiziran.

Urednik



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Introduction Words

Dear Colleagues,

The Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Printing, Design and Graphic Communications Blaž Baromić is in front of you. The Proceedings contents abstracts of scientific papers covering Conference topics: History of printing, book and script, Graphic communications and media, Graphic design, Photography, Publishing, Prepress, Press, Postpress, Packaging, Color management, Materials, Paper and print durability, Quality control, Marketing, Ecology and other topics related to printing, design and graphic communications.

All papers are reviewed by members of the International scientific and review committee, however the contents and date of the papers are the sole responsibility of the authors.

Special chapter of the Proceedings is the chapter with mentored students’ papers nominated for the Prize for the best student paper.

I believe that you will find interesting papers with new data about scientific researches and knowledge, which will be incentive for further scientific work and development in the area of the papers published in the Proceedings.

I thank for the participation and cooperation in the creation of the Proceedings to all authors, Conference participants, Conference organizers, members of Organizing and Scientific and Review Committees, sponsors, donators and the team which designed and realized the Proceedings!

Editor



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SADRžAJ / CONTENTS

ZNANSTVENI RADOVI SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

INFRAREDESIGN TISKARSKA TEHNOLOGIJA KOJA OBJEDINJUJE VIZUALNI I INFRACRVENI SPEKTARINFRAREDESIGN PRINTING TECHNOLOGY WHICH COMBINES VISUAL AND INFRARED SPECTRUMIvana žiljak Stanimirović 14

INFRAREDESIGN NA AMBALAžI U FARMACEUTSKOJ INDUSTRIJIINFRAREDESIGN ON PACKAGING IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYJana žiljak Vujić, Dora Perčić 38

INVESTIGATION OF VIBRATIONS IN OFFSET PRINTING UNIT AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE QUALITY OF THE PRINTSJuliusz Krzyżkowski, Georgij Petriaszwili, Yuriy Pyryev 47

INDIVIDUALNI FILTER „KIŠA“ U TRANSFORMACIJI SLIKOVNOG ELEMENTAINDIVIDUALIZED FILTER „RAIN“ IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF PICTURE ELEMENTMaja Rudolf, Nikolina Stanić Loknar, Tajana Koren, Aleksandra Bernašek 57

DINAMIČKA KONVERZIJA POSTSCRIPT JEZIKA U SVG JEZIKDYNAMIC CONVERSION FROM POSTSCRIPT TO SVGRutger Pancirov Cornelisse, Klaudio Pap, Nikolina Stanić Loknar 67

THE EFFECT OF COPPER PIGMENTS ON CONSERVATION STATE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE MATERIALS HELD BY LIBRARIESDragica Krstić, Marinka Petti, Andro Šimičić 77

OPLEMENJIVANJE DENIMA - SPECIJALNI EFEKTIFINISHING OF DENIM - SPECIAL EFFECTSTanja Pušić, Tihana Dekanić, Ivo Soljačić 86

MATRICA POSLOVNE TEHNOLOGIJE KAO TEMELJ RAZVOJA INFORMACIJSKOG SUSTAVA ZA GRAFIČKO-NAKLADNIČKU DJELATNOSTBUSINESS TECHNOLOGY MATRIX AS BASIS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF IT SYSTEM IN PURPOSE OF GRAPHIC AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRYIvan Dunđer, Vedran Juričić, Ivan Pogarčić 95

PROJEKT RAZVOJA WEB KORISNIČKOG SUČELJA VELEUČILIŠTA U VARAžDINUDEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF THE WEB USER INTERFACE POLITEHNIC OF VARAžDINRobert Geček, Damir Vusić 108

THE ISSUES IN DISPLAYING FONT ON THE E-BOOK READER, PC TABLET, AND MOBILEPHONEBojan Banjanin, Uroš Nedeljković 123



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UPOTREBA EYETRACKING TEHNOLOGIJE ZA ISTRAžIVANJE INTERAKCIJE IZMEĐU PROMATRAČA NA PODRUČJU OBLIKOVANJA MEDIJA, AMBALAžE I BOJA HRANEEYETRACKING TECHNOLOGY FOR STUDYING INTERACTION BETWEEN OBSERVER IN THE FIELD OF MEDIA DESIGN, PACKAGING AND COLOR OF FOOD Gregor Franken, Klemen Možina, Andrej Iskra 135

ULOGA ILUSTRACIJE U GRAFIČKOM DIZAJNUROLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN GRAPHIC DESIGNMarino Plećaš, Mario Tomiša, Robert Geček 147

UPRAVLJANJE DIGITALNIM PRAVIMA (DRM) – ZAŠTITA KNJIGA NA INTERNETUDIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT (DRM) – PROTECTION OF BOOKS ON THE INTERNETDean žvorc, Petar Miljković 162

USPOREDBA METODOLOGIJA KONZERVATORSKO-RESTAURATORSKIH RADOVA NA TRI RUKOPISNA PRIJEPISA OSMANA IVANA GUNDULIĆA COMPARISON METHODOLOGY FOR CONSERVATION-RESTORATION OF THREE MANUSCRIPT COPY WRITTEN BY IVAN GUNDULIĆLucija Ašler, Martina Pavec, Vlasta Petruša 169

UTJECAJ SIMULTANOG KONTRASTA NA PERCEPCIJU OTISKATHE INFLUENCE OF SIMULTANEOUS LIGHTNESS CONTRAST ON THE PRINT PERCEPTIONAna Bevanda, Nikola Mrvac, Mile Matijević 180

NOVO DOBA INTERNET GRAFIČKIH KOMUNIKACIJA - DRUŠTVENE MREžE U TRAžENJU POSLOVANEW TIME INTERNET GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS - SOCIAL NETWORKS IN JOB SEARCHINGSanja Bjelovučić Kopilović, Ivor Strelar, Vlatko Kopilović 190

KVATERNIONI U 3D GRAFIČKIM APLIKACIJAMA I ROBOTICI PRIMIJENLJIVOJ U GRAFIČKOJ INDUSTRIJIQUATERNIONS IN 3D GRAPHIC APPLICATIONS AND ROBOTICS IN GRAPHIC ARTS INDUSTRYSanja Bjelovučić Kopilović, Benjamin Vuković, Vlatko Kopilović 199

ANALIZA PREZENTACIJE INFORMACIJA U HRVATSKIM I SRPSKIM TISKANIM MEDIJIMAANALISYS OF INFORMATION PRESENTATION METHODS IN CROATIAN AND SERBIAN PRINT MEDIAIvona Čulo, Mario Periša, Marin Milković 214

UTJECAJ METODOLOGIJE IMPLEMENTACIJE ERP INFORMATIČKOG SUSTAVA ZA PUNU FUNKCIONALNOST PROIZVODNOG PROCESAINFLUENCE OF IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY OF ERP INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR FULL FUNCTIONALITY PRODUCTION PROCESSMarko Morić, Damir Modrić, Jelena Vlašić 224

LIKOVNA, SADRžAJNA I GRAFIČKA PRIMJERENOST STRIPA ZA DJECU OSNOVNOŠKOLSKE DOBIVISUAL ART, CONTENT AND GRAPHICAPPROPRIATION OF COMICS TO PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDRENDanijela Mazal Ostojić, Ivana Andrić Penava, Snježana Marić 234

IMPLIKACIJE U KONTROLI KVALITETE TISKA NA PAPIRU KOJI SADRžI AGENS ZA IZBJELJIVANJEPRINTING QUALITY CONTROL IMPLICATIONS ON PAPER WITH OBAS (OPTICAL BRIGHTENING AGENTS)Roberto Pašić, Snežana Andonovska, Aleksandar Markoski 246



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UTJECAJ KALIBRACIJSKIH KRIVULJA NA PRIRAST RASTERTONSKIH VRIJEDNOSTI U OFSETNOM TISKUINFLUENCE OF CALIBRATION CURVES ON DOT GAIN IN OFFSET PRINTINGJelena Vlašić, Marin Milković, Marko Morić 253

SMJERNICE KRUTOSTI HRPTA KNJIžNOG BLOKAPAPERBACK BLOCK SPINE STIFFNESS PROPOSITIONMarijana Petrović, Suzana Pasanec Preprotić, Igor Majnarić 262

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEX APPEAL IN ADVERTISING IN RELATION TO SEMIOTIC CODESIrma Puškarević, Uroš Nedeljković 273

STRATEGIJA DIGITALIZACIJE I OBRADE VIZUALNIH SADRžAJADIGITALIZATION STRATEGY AND VISUAL CONTENT PROCESSINGLana Madračević 287

EYE TRACKING USABILITY OF DIFFERENT WEB GALERIES Andrej Iskra, Klemen Možina, Franken Gregor 297

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DETERIORATION OF A 2D CODE DUE TO COUNTERFEITINGAurore Lanneau, Lionel Chagas, Nadège Reverdy-Bruas 308

RAZVOJ GRAFIČKE TEHNOLOGIJE I UNAPREĐENJE IZDAVAČKO-TISKARSKE DJELATNOSTI HIDROGRAFSKIH ORGANIZACIJADEVELOPMENT OF GRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCEMENT OF PUBLISHING-AND-PRINTING ACTIVITIES OF HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATIONSTonći Jeličić, Josip Kasum, Milivoj Pogančić 319

FORMIRANJE MODERNE FOTOGRAFIJETHE FORMATION OF THE MODERN PHOTOGRAPHYIvana Pavlović, Miroslav Mikota 337

RAZVOJ NAPREDNOG KORISNIČKOG SUČELJA U WEB 2.0 OKRUžENJUDEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED USER INTERFACE IN WEB 2.0 ENVIRONMENTMarko Čačić, Marin Milković, Mario Tomiša 348

OPTIMIZACIJA RADNIH OPERACIJA I PLANIRANJA U KNJIGOVEŠTVUOPTIMIZATION OF THE OPERATIONS AND PLANNING IN BOOKBINDING PRODUCTIONDiana Bratić 366

ANALIZA DERFORMACIJA LINIJE NA DIGITALNIM REPRODUKCIJAMA BARKODOVALINE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS IN DIGITAL REPRODUCTION BARCODESDanijela Markotić, Nikolina Puceković, Irena Bates 375

DISTRIBUIRANO RENDERIRANJE UZ UPOTREBU GRIDA U GRAFIČKOJ TEHNOLOGIJIDISTRIBUTED RENDERING USING GRID IN GRAPHIC TECHNOLOGYKarolj Skala, Tibor Skala, Mirsad Todorovac 386



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METODE RUDARENJA PODATAKA ZA PREDVIĐANJE PROLAZNOSTI NA KOLEGIJUDATA MINING METHODS FOR PREDICTING COURSE PASSING RATESDamira Keček, Marin Milković, Krunoslav Hajdek 392

OBLIKOVANJE MODELA NORMIRANJA VREMENA TISKA I POTROŠNJE PAPIRA U NOVINSKOJ PROIZVODNJIESTABLISHING A NORMIZATION MODEL FOR PRINTING TIME AND PAPER CONSUMPTION IN NEWSPAPER PRINTINGAnte Tomaš, Nikola Mrvac, Zdeslav Schreiber, Karlo Emarcora 402

ANALIZA ZASTUPLJENOSTI POZICIJA I žANRA SNIMANJA FOTOGRAFIJA U VEČERNJEM I JUTARNJEM LISTU POSITION AND GENRE OF SHOOTING PHOTOGRAPHY IN „VEČERNJI LIST“ AND „JUTARNJI LIST“ ANALYSISMirta Takač, Mario Periša, Marin Milković 409

ELEKTRONIČKO IZDAVAŠTVO - BUDUĆNOST ČASOPISA?ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING – THE FUTURE OF MAGAZINES?Gorana Tomić, Nikola Mrvac, Mile Matijević, Goran Kozina 419

USSAGE OF GCC PARTICLE MODIFICATION IN PAPER COATING TECHNOLOGY K. Možina, V. Rutar 431

COLOR FASTNESS OF BLACK PRINTS ON WHITE TEXTILE SUBSTRATESAntoneta Tomljenović, Igor Zjakić, Tomislav Rolich 438

WEB SERVIS ZA POPULACIJSKU INTEGRACIJU PREMA CILJNOJ KONVERGENCIJI – CIRCLIESOCIAL WEB SERVICE FOR GROUP COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION – CIRCLIEMario Janković, Sven Kapuđija, Tibor Skala, Ivan Dunđer 450

UTJECAJ DODATAKA OTOPINI ZA VLAžENJE NA KOROZIJU STROJNIH DIJELOVAINFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES IN FOUNTAIN SOLUTION ON CORROSION OF MACHINE PARTSKrešimir Dragčević, Mladen Lovreček 458

UTJECAJ PRIMJENE POLARIZACIJSKOG FILTERA NA BOJE SNIMLJENE FOTOGRAFIJEIMPACTOF THE POLARIZING FILTERON THE COLORSOF SHOT PHOTOGRAPHSMiroslav Mikota, Ivana Pavlović 473

DIZAJN I TISAK SKRIVENIH PODATAKA NA KOžI SA SPOT BOJILIMA KOJE IMAJU POZNATI Z FAKTORDESIGN AND PRINT OF HIDDEN INFORMATION ONLEATHER WITH SPOT INKS THAT HAVE KNOWN Z FACTORIvana žiljak Stanimirović, Jadranka Akalović, Jana žiljak Vujić 479

ALGORITMI I IZVORNI KOD ZA MJERENJE KOLIČINE PAPIRA I PRAZNIH PROSTORA U VALOVITOM KARTONUALGORITHMS AND SOURCE CODE FOR MEASURING PAPER QUANTATIES AND IN CURROGATED BOARDDenis Jurečić, Nikolina Stanić, Vilko žiljak, Branka Lajić, Ivana žiljak Stanimirović 491



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INFRARED TEHNOLOGIJA U FLEKSOTISKU SA SPOT BOJAMAINFRARED TECHNOLOGY IN FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING WITH SPOT COLORSMartina Friščić, Ivana žiljak Stanimirović, Jana žiljak Vujić 503

STRučNI IZVjEšTAj REPORT 513

PACKAGING AS A SPECIALTY, REALISING IN COLLEGETerekhova Larissa, Shcheglova Vladislava 514 STuDENTSKI RADOVI STuDENT PAPERS 518

METODOLOGIJA PREPOZNAVANJA KRIVOTVORENIH NOVČANICA NA PRIMJERU HRVATSKIH KUNATHE METHODOLOGY OF IDENTIFICATION OF COUNTERFEIT BANK NOTES IN THE EXAMPLE OF CROATIAN KUNAVedrana Peko, Jovica Opačić 519

PREDNOSTI I MANE STATIČNIH I DINAMIČNIH WEB SJEDIŠTAADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC WEB SITESAna Agić, Iva Sušilović 542

PSIHOFIZIČKI DOžIVLJAJ I KOLORIMETRIJA BOJA BRENDOVAPSYCHOPHYSICAL EXPERIENCE AND BRANDS COLORIMETRY Tea Car, Maja Fuček, Jelena Poljak 553

PRIMJENA ANIMIRANO-STATIČNIH (žIVOLIKIH) SLIKA U GRAFIČKOJ TEHNOLOGIJITHE USE OF ANIMATED-STATIC (LIFELIKE) PICTURES IN GRAPHIC TEHNOLOGYTihana Cegur 566

MREžA GRADACITY LACEMatija Čop 577

IDEJA, PROJEKT I IZRADA SLIKOVNICE “KARLINA PRVA BIBLIJA„ – STUDIJA SLUČAJACONCEPT, PROJECT AND MAKING OF PICTURE BOOK KARLA’S FIRST BIBLE„ – CASE STUDYMajda Horvat 585

U BEZDANU SIMULACIJE I NOVIH MEDIJAIN THE ABYSS OF SIMULATION AND NEW MEDIAPetra Krpan 599

UTJECAJ KONTROLIRANOG ELEKTROMAGNETSKOG ZRAČENJA NA DEGRADACIJU OPTIČKIH SVOJSTAVA PAPIRAINFLUENCE OF CONTROLLED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON DEGRADATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPERDeni Macinić, Matija Juričko, Juraj Baškarad 607



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TERMIČKI INDUCIRANA DEGRADACIJA PAPIRATHERMALLY INDUCED DEGRADATION OF PAPERMara Modrić, Sandra Mustač, Dijana Vojvodić 620

UTJECAJ IDEJNOG RJEŠENJA POP-UP SLIKOVNICE NA REALIZACIJU VRSTE UVEZA KNJIGOVEŠKOG PROIZVODAIMPACT OF THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR POP-UP PICTURE BOOKS ON THE REALIZATION OF BOOK BINDING TYPESonja Batušić, Stela Kovačić, Tiziana Tomadin 632

KONTROLA KVALITETE POLIAMIDNIH MATERIJALA ZA SPECIFIČNU NAMJENUQUALITY CONTROLOF POLYAMIDE MATERIALS FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONKristina Rusak 647

LINIJA žENSKOG TIJELA U FUNKCIJI DIZAJNATHE FEMALE SILHOUETTE AS A FUNCTION OF DESIGNVedrana Šehagić 659

STUPANJ MINIMALNOG KONTRASTA IZMEĐU PODLOGE I PROČELJA QR KODA ZA OČUVANJE ČITLJIVOSTI I PRIMJENU U MARKETINŠKE SVRHEMINIMUM DEGREE OF CONTRAST BETWEEN SURFACE AND QR CODE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF READABILITY AND USAGE IN MARKETINGAleksandar Rapaić, Iva Mesić 670

INDEx 683

SPONZORI / SPONSORS DONATORI / DONATORS 688



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ZNANSTVENI RADOVI SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

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Senj, 26. –29. rujan 2012. Senj, 26th – 29th September 2012

262

PAPERBACK BLOCK SPINE STIFFNESS PROPOSITION

SMJERNICE KRUTOSTI HRPTA KNJIŽNOG BLOKA

Marijana Petrović, Suzana Pasanec Preprotić, Igor Majnarić

Grafički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Getaldićeva 2, Zagreb, Hrvatska

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The goal of this research is to determine which type of paper and adhesive has better

properties on Paperback block spine characteristics. Individual pages of book block are fixed

for the single-piece cover sheet in the spinal area which causes problems during the books

opening. For these research there were selected uncoated and coated papers, which are

bonded with hot-melt and PUR adhesives. The purpose was to show which combinations of

paper and adhesive gives the best book block strength. Changing the parameters (paper,

adhesive) has a strong influence on dynamical strain in the line connection, and therefore on

strength of book itself.

Key words: binding line, block spine stiffness, paper and adhesive properties, adhesive joint strength

SAŽETAK

Glavni cilj ovog rada je odrediti koje vrste papira i ljepila pokazuju bolja svojstva na mjestu

linije uvezivanja meko uvezane lijepljene knjige. Pojedinačne stranice knjižnoga bloka su

fiksirane za jednodijelne kartonske korice u hrptenom dijelu zbog čega dolazi do problema

prilikom otvaranja knjige. Za ispitivanje smo odabrali nepremazani i premazani papir, koji su

uvezivani sa hot-melt i PUR ljepilom. Svrha je bila prikazati koja kombinacija papira i ljepila

daje najbolju čvrstoću knjižnoga bloka. Promjena parametara (papir, ljepilo) ima snažan

utjecaj na naprezanje u liniji veza, a time i samu čvrstoću knjige.

Ključne riječi: linija uvezivanja, krutost hrpta knjižnog bloka, svojstva papira i ljepila, čvrstoća slijepljenog spoja

mailto:[email protected]�



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263

1 INTRODUCTION

Perfect (adhesive) binding is complex method of bookbinding where a flexible adhesive band

together a loose leaves into a solid book block.(1, 2) Application of the adhesive to the edges

of the loose leaves (block spine) together to the single-piece cover papers is frequently used.

This creates a direct connection between block spine and cover. Although perfect binding is

the traditional adhesive bound format known for its mass production, economy and ability to

bind thick and thin books, its main drawback is the book’s spine that’s often not flexible

enough to remain open by itself. This means that perfect binding has particularly block spine

stiffness. Loose leaves tend not to want to lay flat. If the book is forced open aggressively,

the block spine tends to snap. After that the loose leaves fall out and the paperback block is

ruined. In perfect binding, block spine stiffness is usually caused of adverse cross-grain

paper and re-acclimation subsequent to the binding process. (3,4)

2 THEORETICAL PART

2.1 Paperback block spine stiffness depends on paper characteristics

Choice of high paper grades (EN 643:2001) is crucial in Paperback adhesive binding. (5)

Paper bindability has partly impact on Paperback block spine stiffness characteristics.

Jermann studies have shown that paper structure to affects enough the block spine

designing. (6) Further, papers drapeability refers to its ability to fall naturally, paper drapes

easily into the gutter margin during the Paperback opening. Previous studies have shown

that high grades papers properties lead to the gutter margin differences. High paper grades

stiffness increasing tends to remain in upstanding loose leaf position during Paperback

opening. It takes significant force to paper drapes into the gutter margin. Accordingly, its

drapaebility indicates how much loose leaf able to open to the binding line. Paperback block

spine form never allows to lay open flat and loose leaves binding edges transfer tensile

stress. (7) Korhonen, Gastel, Roberts, Lamb and Southworth studies have shown that inter

phase region (adherend) can only improve adhesive bond strength. (8-11) Lamb has said

that paper morphology especially its surface roughness properties mostly influence on

mechanical interlocking adhesion intensity. Packman has said that adhesive bond strength is

based on mechanical interlocking adhesion. (12) Further, Plowman has said that paper grain

direction needs running parallel with Paperback block spine. (13) Paper hygroscopic nature

due to it’s constantly change to reach equilibrium with its environment. Like a sponge, paper

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264

fibers are either expanding through moisture absorption or contracting through moisture loss.

Generally paper fibers expand and shrinkage more in their width than in length, due to high

paper grades shrink more in the cross grain direction. When Paperback and cover adhesive

binding have grain direction perpendicular to the block spine, varying buckle of loose leaves

may develop. Further loose leaves naturally and uniformly push out from fixed block spine to

the open face. Grain direction enables Paperback lay flat in a broader range of ambient

conditions. (4) Therefore high paper grades conditions must comply with Standard conditions

in order to prevent Paperback opening problems. Thickness and bulk properties mostly

influence on high paper grades drapeability. Generally, Paperback adhesive binding includes

cheap porous high paper grades, uncoated rather than surface coated high paper grades.

The uncoated high paper grades tend to have Paperback block spine stiffness reduction and

adhesive binding strength increasing. On the other hand, surface coated high paper grades

cause its higher stiffness.

2.2 Adhesive properties influence on Paperback binding line characteristics

Generally, hot melt and PUR adhesive have different effects on Paperbacks block spine

stiffness. High paper grades drapeabilitiy increasing tends to have higher adhesive potential

energy on the Paperback line binding (opening, listing). Hot-melt adhesive has lower

resistance to pulling in relation to elastic PUR. Consequently, loose leaf which is not able to

open to the binding line and Paperback block spine is exposed to higher potential energy. (7)

On the other hand, PUR adhesive tends to stretch and compress without Paperback binding

line failure. Adhesive application in Paperback perfect binding enables flexible block spine to

return to previous state after stress action (pull, peel). Therefore adhesive flexibility

characteristic is the most relevant factor in adhesive binding. (6)

3 EXPERIMENTAL

Paperback binding quality depends exclusively on adherend characteristics including high

paper grades and adhesive properties. Furthermore, technological adhesive parameters

have an impact on binding line characteristics including appropriate block spine preparation

and adhesive application (thickness layer, open dray time). (14) Paperback binding line tends

to open flat without damaging the block spine shape. High paper grades performance mostly

influence on line binding quality than adhesive (hot-melt, PUR). On the other hand

appropriate combination papers and adhesive type contributes to adherend characteristics to

accomplish better binding strength results. Block spine evaluation is subject of paper

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265

research. Interface high paper grades and adhesive is observed to the Paperback line

binding flexibility evaluation.

The first part of paper research including the Paperback binding strength (adhesive joint

strength). (15) A binding endurance test (pull-test) determines the force required to pull a

loose leaf from block spine. Pull test measurement including tearing and pulling force from

line binding, adherend layer is measured. The results Fz (N/cm) is compared with a rating of

adhesive joint strength (bad, sufficient, good and very good binding strength) according to

FOGRA guidelines for page pull test. (16,17) Arithmetic mean was calculated based on ten

measurements. Paperbacks made from different high paper grades (uncoated, coated) and

adhesives (hot-melt and PUR) under optimal quality and standardized conditions perfect

binding process (ISO 11800, 187, 3219), (Tab, 1 and 2).

Table 1 Selected adhesive under perfect binding technological specification

Table 2 Selected High paper grades properties

The

sequence

number

Paper type Basic weight

(g/m2)

Thickness

(µm) Bulk (g/m3) Paper Mark

1. Two-sided coated paper

BVS matt Scheufelen 114,85 101,25 0,88 P_115

2. Uncoated paper

Masterprint 79,85 103,23 1,29 N_80

The

sequence

number

Adhesive name/Mark Viscosity (Pa*s)

Adhesive

operating

temperature (°C)

Adhesive

open drying

time

Type adhesive binding

machine, speed

1. HM/Planatol 6010 HM 2,20 130 6 sec Müller Martini

Pony 5, 600 books/hour

2. PUR/Durmelt

QR3317BR 7,20 130 24 h

Müller Martini Normbinder

1500 books/hour

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266

The paperback unprinted sample specification is 15cm (width) x 21 cm (height) x 64 loose

leaves (volume). The loose leaves binding edge (line binding) run parallel with grain

direction, parallel with paperback height. The binding edges are filled with adhesive and

loose leaves are locked in fixed block spine without radius. Four Paperback samples with

identical spine treatment condition were made according to preliminary tests.

4 RESULTS AND DISSCUSION

In the first part, measurement of Paperback binding strength is presented in Figure 1-2. The

Paperback samples conditioning were performed in compliance with Standard HRN ISO 187,

over 24 hours. Adhesive joint strength results for HM and PUR adhesive are compared in

order to analyze Paperback spine block stiffness. Hot-melt adhesive was shown sufficient

Paperback adhesive binding strength. On the other hand PUR adhesive has showed very

good binding strength results for all high paper grades.

Paper surface composition is more relevant factor on adherend characteristics with hot-melt

adhesive. Paper surface roughness enhancement and ash content reduction properties

mostly improve adherend. Coating particles (coated paper) are retained on Paperback block

spine surface, adhesive interlocking adhesion is reduced which leads to cracking of

Paperback line binding. Applications of hot melt adhesive and coated high paper grades

mostly influence on adhesive joint strength results decrease. On the other hand PUR

adhesive application regardless to high paper grades type improves excellent adhesive joint

strength results as presented on Figure 3.

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267

Figure 1 Paperback adhesive binding strength results of N_80

Figure 2 Paperback adhesive binding strength results of P_115

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268

Figure 3 Paperback adhesive binding strength results including N_80 and P_115 with HM and PUR adhesive

In the second part of the research, adherend was examined in environmental scanning

microscope. The paper mechanical properties affect on adhesive joint strength results due to

the external load is transmitted across inter phase region. Further, adherend characteristics

tend to binding line failure also. The Paperback (loose leaf) line binding for N_80 and PUR

adhesive is presented on Figure 4a. The substrate (high paper grades) failure mode appears

as fiber network fracture beyond the line binding. Further adhesive join failure (line binding)

appears hot-melt adhesive application without fibers network fracture (Fig.4b).

a) b)

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269

c) d)

Figure 4a-d Loose leaf line binding failure mode

The Paperback (loose leaf) line binding for N_80 and PUR adhesive is presented on Figure

4a. The substrate (high paper grades) failure mode appears as fiber network fracture beyond

the line binding.

The substrate failure appears as significant fiber network fracture beyond the loose leaf line

binding with high paper grades P_115 and PUR adhesive (Fig.4c), while the adhesive joint

failure is established with hot melt (Fig. 4d).

Visual evaluation directly explains adherend characteristics involving adhesive joint strength

results changes. Hot-melt adhesive causes adhesive joint failure because its chemical bond

inability with high paper grades.

Paperback open ability characteristics partially depend on high paper grades drapeability, but

much more on adhesive elasticity (Fig. 5a-d). Block spine stiffness is higher with hot-melt

adhesive. Flat back spine is cased a one-peace covering (13), it prevents the arc of the

opening because adhesive has no elastic properties. Paperback block stiffness increasing

cause adhesive binding strength results reduction. Block spine transformation is related to

adhesive binding strength.

Paperback flat spine flexes when its opens only with PUR elastic adhesive including high

paper grades (uncoated, coated). Arc is occurred across the block spine only with elastic

adhesive (Fig.5a and Fig. 5c). One-peace cover cracking on block spine occurs exclusively

due to samples preparation for microscopic view (Fig. 5a). Adhesive binding strength results

increasing are occurred primarily because block spine flexibility. Although hot melt adhesive

layer thickness is higher than PUR adhesive (Fig.5b-d), block spine arc isn’t occurred due to

fixed binding edges. Coated paper P_115 tends to cohesive failure due to surface coating, its

stiffness generates low potential energy with hot-melt adhesive. On the other hand paper

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270

P_115 is allowed to flex at line binding, significant potential energy is concentrated on

adhesive line. Furthermore, PUR adhesive is compressed and stretched allowing the loose

leave to flex without failure including high paper grades N_80 and P_115.

a) N_80 with PUR b) N_80 with HM

c) P_115 with PUR d) P_115 with HM

Figure 5a-d Paperback block spine open ability - cross section view

5 CONCLUSION

Adhesive elastic properties have major influences on block spine stiffness. Its stiffness

characteristics affects on Paperback open ability reduction. The high paper grades

drapeability has lower impact on block spine stiffness. Generally, block spine stiffness

increases with hot-melt adhesive application including high paper grades N_80 and P_115.

__________________________________________________________________________________


271

On the other hand, PUR adhesive stretch and compress abilities allow returning to previous

state without failure. It occurs paperback block spine stiffness reducing.

It was found that high paper grades (coated) tend to bend easily, its drapaebility reducing

occurs block spine stiffness even more. On the contrary Paperback open ability isn’t reduced

because adhesive elasticity. Furthermore, Paperback binding strength result increasing

tends to block spine stiffness reducing because adhesive generates low potential energy on

spine line fixed. Hot-melt adhesive prevent generates potential energy on fixed block spine

because binding strength results reducing or block spine stiffness increasing regardless of

paper drapaebility decreasing.

This preliminary research can be used in future with the aim of achieving optimal production

of Paperback block spine stiffness including different paper grades and adhesive types.

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Senj, 26. - 29. rujan 2012. godine, HrvatskaSenj, 26th - 29th September 2012, Croatia

ZBORNIK RADOVAPROCEEDINGS

ORGANIZATORI / ORGANIZERS

Sv te u Zagrebu, Gr ki fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, C roatia

Veleu te u Vara dinu, Vara din, Hrvatska University of Applied Sciences, Vara din, Croatia

Sv te u Zagrebu, Tekstilno-tehnološki fakultet, Zagreb, HrvatskaUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Zagreb, Croatia

Ogranak Matice hrvatske Senj, Senj, Hrvatska

Univerza v Ljubljani, Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, Slovenija

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Inštitut za celulozo in papir, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Pulp and paper Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Zagreb, HrvatskaCroatian Society of Graphic Artists, Zagreb, Croatia

SUORGANIZATORI / CO-ORGANIZERS

University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno, Czech Republic

Matrix Croatica Senj, Croatia

ISSN 1848-6193

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