zanzibar’sclimatechangestrategy - paul watkiss summarylr dra… · zanzibar is a semi-autonomous...

Zanzibar’s Climate Change Strategy

Summary

Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy

Introduction

Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of theUnited Republic of Tanzania (the two countries ofTanzania and Zanzibar were united in 1964 toform the United Republic of Tanzania).

The Zanzibar archipelago comprises of twomajor islands – Unguja and Pemba – and morethan 50 other small and remote islets.

As a small developing island, Zanzibar isparticularly at risk from climate change. Theislands have progressed numerous initiatives tobuild the foundations for tackling climate changeand developing a sustainable society. However,despite these positive steps, Zanzibar has beenlargely responding reactively.

To address this, the Revolutionary Governmentof Zanzibar – in consultation with stakeholders –has produced a Zanzibar Climate ChangeStrategy. This sets out a vision and objectives,assesses the risks and opportunities of climatechange, and presents a strategic action plan totake forward.

Vision and Objectives

As part of the Strategy development, an overallvision has been developed to guide the process.

The vision is to build a climate resilientand sustainable Zanzibar by 2030.

The Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy is themajor starting point for delivering this Vision. Itprovides a ‘response framework’ for addressingvulnerability, impacts and adaptation, for currentclimate variability and future climate change, andconsiders the potential opportunities for lowcarbon sustainable development, aligned withcurrent and forthcoming Governmentdevelopment policies. This framework identifiesstrategic interventions, as well as sectoral,cross-sectoral and cross-cutting priorities.

The objectives of the Strategy are:

• To provide a coherent and consistent view onthe vulnerability and risks of current climatevariability and future climate change, alongsidepossible opportunities for reduced emissionsand low carbon sustainable development.

• To establish a response framework toenhance Zanzibar’s economic, social andenvironmental resilience and enhance lowcarbon opportunities.

• To help build capacity, raise awareness, andpromote climate aware and sustainablelivelihoods for all of society, but especiallylocal communities.

• To guide the mainstreaming of climate changeacross government and all society, integratingin current development plans.

• To encourage the transfer, adoption anddiffusion of resilient and low carbontechnologies.

• To propose ways to develop and strengthenthe institutional and coordination arrangementsfor addressing climate change, and to developplans to mobilize financial support.

A set of guiding principles have been adopted indeveloping the strategy, including the use ofparticipatory approaches and the considerationof key cross-cutting issues of gender andvulnerable groups

Current situation

Zanzibar is located in the Indian Ocean, justsouth of the Equator, some 30 km off the coastof Tanzania. The islands have many uniquecharacteristics. The coastal capital is ZanzibarCity and the historic centre, Stone Town, is aWorld Heritage Site. The islands are also the siteof extensive coral reefs, which surround much ofthe shoreline of the islands, and there areimportant forests and mangroves.

The population of the islands is around 1.3million. Zanzibar has a very high populationdensity, at an average of 530/km2, which isequivalent to the highest country populationdensity in Africa. This puts high pressure on landand other natural resources.

A large proportion of GDP on the islands (~50%),and even greater share of employment andlivelihoods, are associated with climate sensitiveactivities, notably in agriculture and tourism.Cloves and seaweed farming dominate exports(> 90% by value) and are a major source offoreign exchange earnings. The economy of theislands and the livelihoods of the people are thushighly affected by weather and climate.

The islands are also very reliant on coastal,marine and terrestrial ecosystem services, whichcurrently underpin around half of GDP. Thesenatural systems are under existing pressures dueto population and socio-economic pressures,and are also very vulnerable to climate variabilityand future climate change.

The two major islands have important differencesin their terrain, topography and resources.Unguja is relatively flat and undulating, with largeareas of coral rag scrub, while Pemba has amore hilly terrain, with steeper slopes and moresurface water. Large areas of both islands, andnearly all the smaller islets, are low lying, andthus vulnerable to sea level rise.


PembaUnguja

Figure 1.Aerial Mapof ZanzibarSource: SMOLE (2013)

Zanzibar currently has a tropical climate, withfairly constant average temperatures across theyear. It has relatively high levels of averageprecipitation, and experiences strong rains inMarch to May, with shorter rains in Novemberand December. The dry season lasts from Juneto October. However, there is variability acrossand between the two islands, and considerablevariability in rainfall levels across years.

Zanzibar already suffers major impacts fromcurrent climate variability. It is periodicallyaffected by the extremes associated with El Niñoand La Niña years, which leads to heavyprecipitation (floods) and dry spells (droughts).These extreme events have major economiccosts on the islands, which are significant at themacro-economic level, as well as affecting manylivelihoods. The islands therefore have a largeexisting adaptation deficit.

Analysis of historic meteorological data showsthat the climate of Zanzibar is changing already.Observations show strong temperature increasesover recent decades (see Figure 2 below).Rainfall trends are more complex, although someimportant trends are emerging, with a long-termfall in rainfall on Pemba, and reports of changingrainfall variability on both islands. A key priorityfor the Strategy is to address these early trends.

Figure 2. Mean monthly minimum temperaturein January and February on Unguja showtemperatures have increased strongly over thelast 40 years – Source: TMA (ZCCS, 2013).

The marine and coastal environment is alsochanging. There are observations of increasingwind speeds on the islands over the last 20years, shown in Figure 3 below, with anincreasing tendency of extreme wind events.

Figure 3. Trends in annual monthly mean windspeeds for Unguja show wind speeds haveincreased in recent decades. Source: Shaghudeand Dubi (2008).

This has been accompanied by an increase inwave heights and monthly high water levels,shown in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4. Monthly mean high water level forZanzibar show peak wave heights haveincreased over recent decades. SourceShaghude and Dubi (2008).

These changes are a factor in enhanced coastalerosion and increasing saltwater intrusion on theislands, though other factors are involved. Seasurface temperatures have been rising, whichhas affected the seaweed farming industry, uponwhich many women depend.


The Climate of Zanzibar is Changing

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Meanminim

ummon

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rature

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Feb

The Strategy has considered future climatemodel projections of climate change on Zanzibarto explore the potential future trends and risks.The analysis has focused on understanding therange of uncertainty, using downscaled modelresults and future envelopes of change, ratherthan central trends.

Future temperatures are projected to rise onZanzibar with increases of 1.5 to 2°C by the2050s (2045–2065) and 2 to 4°C by the 2090s(2081–2100),relative to the baseline period(1961–2000) as shown in Figure 5 (top panel).The rate of these increases is much higher thanrecent observed rates of change.

The changes in future precipitation are morecomplex. The rainfall regime of Zanzibar willchange but the projections vary, shown in Figure5 (bottom panel). Nonetheless, there are someindicative trends of increasing rainfall during theMarch–May wet season and decreasing rainfall

during the dry season (June – October).

These changes will exacerbate existingprecipitation trends and water managementissues, for floods and droughts respectively. Thechanges in future climate variability are moreuncertain, though increases in the intensity ofrainfall are projected during the rainy season.

A critical concern for Zanzibar is sea level rise,and in line with global trends, sea level isexpected to rise, with projected increases of 0.2to 1.0 metres over the next century. The increasein sea level will have potential effects for manylow lying areas of the islands.

However, other changes in the marineenvironment are also important. These includehigher sea surface temperatures and oceanacidification, which are a concern for theextensive coral reefs and marine ecosystemsaround Zanzibar.


Future climate change on the islands

Change in Future Monthly Daily Maximum Temperature and Precipitation (2040- 2060) Relative to Baseline for Zanzibar, A2. Source: CSAG, University of Cape Town, SA. In Watkiss et al, 2012.

TEMPE

RATU

RERA

INFA

LL

Change from baseline period

• Higher temperatures across the year

• Around 2 degrees warmer by 2050s

Figure 5. Downscaled Projections of Climate Change for Zanzibar

• More uncertainty in trends

• Likely increase during wet seasons, but decrease during dry season.

• Changes in onset and variability

Change from baseline period

Figure 5. Downscaled Projections of Climate Change for Zanzibar

Future climate change has the potential toexacerbate existing impacts and lead to newchallenges. The Strategy has undertaken adetailed assessment of vulnerability, impacts andadaptation, building on existing studies andusing extensive stakeholder consultation.

There are potentially large impacts from climatechange to the coastal and marine environment,from a combination of sea level rise, storm surgeand increased wind speeds, as well as seasurface temperature and ocean acidification.This will lead to coastal erosion and salt waterintrusion, as well as flooding and loss of land. Itwill also impact on the coastal and marineresource base of the islands and the ecosystemservices they provide, such as fisheries and foodproduction, coral reefs and tourism, andseaweed farming and exports.

Zanzibar is particularly vulnerable to theseimpacts because it has large areas of low lyingland – as shown in the figures below.Indeed there is already a problem of salt water

intrusion (see Box on the next page) which isaffecting agricultural production and fresh watersupplies on the islands. Furthermore, Zanzibar’sextensive corals are at risk from bleaching due tohigher sea temperatures: the corals on theislands were heavily damaged by the 1998 ENSOevent which led to widespread bleaching (seeBox).

A number of potential adaptation options canaddress these various coastal risks, ranging fromengineered protection through to ecosystembased adaptation (buffer zones), supported byenhanced monitoring, capacity and integratedcoastal zone management. Building coastal andmarine resilience is a priority, especially whereadaptation can help introduce more sustainablenatural resource management.

Agriculture is another highly vulnerable sector,because of the current dominance of rain-fedagriculture, which is reflected in the high existingimpacts of climate variability (see Box).


Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation

Figure 6. Around 20% of Unguja and 30% of Pemba is in the coastal lower elevation zone and highlyvulnerable to sea level rise. Source SUZA In Watkiss et al, 2012.


Case Example 1: Salt Water Intrusion

The coastal climate regime is changing on Zanzibar, andincreasing wave activity and wave heights are a factor inrecent increase in salt water intrusion on the islands. Amonitoring programme has been set-up to track thesechanges and around 150 separate sites on the islandshave been identified as being affected by salt waterintrusion. The increase is due to a combination of thechanging coastal climate regime but also socio-economicdrivers such as the loss of mangroves. However, a clearpriority is to address these impacts, as they impactlivelihoods and production, and they have long-termconsequences in contaminating water supplies and land.

Case Example 2: Coral Bleaching

Coral reefs are very vulnerable to future climate change due to the risk of coral bleaching fromincreased sea surface temperatures, leading to reduced growth rates and mortality. Even modest seatemperature increases over a period of time can cause mass bleaching. This occurred during the1998 El Niño event (see figure below) when 25-50% of Zanzibar’s corals were bleached, leading totourism losses recorded in $millions. A priority is to increase the monitoring and conservation ofZanzibar’s reefs and investigate future resilience.

Case Example 3 Climate Variability and Extremes

Zanzibar is highly affected by the high climate variability associated with the regional El Niño and LaNiña events. The rainfall variability associated with these events is a major problem for the islands.

• Low and erratic rainfall in 2006/7 led to a major crop failure, leading to a major hunger crisisaffecting over 20% of the population, with particularly high impacts on Pemba

• High rainfall intensity also leads to high impacts from flooding: the highest rainfall recorded was in2005 and this led to a flood that displaced 10,000 people, with an estimated cost of over 1% ofGDP.

• There is evidence of strengthening wind speeds on the islands, and increased impacts fromstorms (and storm surges). Major wind storm events occurred in 2009 and 2011.

There is some evidence that these extreme events are intensifying: the most extreme cases of heavyrainfall, wind speeds and high temperature on record have all occurred over the last ten years on theislands. Building resilience for agriculture and settlements (including urban areas) is therefore a priority.

Figure 7. Salt Water Intrusion isincreasing – sites on Northern Pemba:Source DoE/SMOLE

Above. Coral before and after bleaching

Figure 8. Left. Sea surface temperatureat Chumbe Reef site, Zanzibar, showingthe El Niño of 1998. Source: IMS.

The potential future impacts of climate changeon agriculture involve a range of complexfactors, which will affect crops and farmingsystems differently, though with potentially largerisks. A range of adaptation options areidentified, with promising options built aroundcapacity and sustainable (climate smart)agriculture.

Tourism is a major economic sector for Zanzibar,and is growing rapidly. Certain parts of the sectorare highly sensitive and climate change couldchange the suitability of the islands climate, aswell as impacting on coastal areas and key touristattractions (corals and potentially cultural heritage).

Climate change will also increase electricity(cooling) and water demand on the islands, aswell as having potential impacts on supply.These are particularly important because oftourism demand. However, an integratedadaptation response is possible, building on theno- and low-regret options (efficiencyprogrammes and awareness) which align withsustainable tourism. A key issue for the watersector will be the greater seasonal variability,with lower rainfall in the months of the year whendemand is highest, and higher rainfall in wetmonths of the year thus increasing flood risk topeople, settlements and infrastructure.

A range of adaptation options have beenidentified to address these risks, which includebetter monitoring and early warning systems, aswell as integrated planning and watershedmanagement.

Climate change will also have effects on othersectors, including risks to health (particularlywater borne disease) and for forests andterrestrial ecosystems. Finally, a number of crosscutting issues have been identified. Gender anddistributional inequalities may be increased byclimate change, and these issues are considereda priority for the Strategy. Gender aspects are afocus for adaptation and community basedresponses and plans need to be targeted toensure adaptation is focused on the mostvulnerable groups.

Given the overall scale of potential impacts, it isalso clear that climate change could affect theachievement of Zanzibar’s long-termdevelopment and economic growth aspirations,and there is a need to mainstream climatechange in development planning.

As part of the Strategy, stakeholder workshopswere held to engage with local communities andidentify priority impacts and responses, asshown in the figure below. This revealedimportant differences in risks between the twomajor islands. The workshops identified strongpreferences for capacity building, awareness,and ecosystem based adaptation, especially atthe community level.


The Strategy has consulted widely on keyimpacts and potential adaptation responses

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Higher sea temperature and sea weed farming issues

Loss of biodiversity/ wildlife terrestrial/aquatic species

Human health disease (water, vector, respiratory)

Rainfall irregularity (late onset, variability)

Drought and agriculture (crop losses)

Falling water levels (ponds, streams) and agriculture

Salt water intrusion

Coastal erosion

P

Unguja

Pemba

Figure 9. Stakeholder Views on Priority Impacts

Priority Impacts (as a % of participant views)

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Zanzibar faces a number of challenges in additionto climate change. Robust and sustainedeconomic growth in future years requires carefulmanagement of indigenous resources, particularlyforests and coastal areas, a reliable and affordableenergy supply, a modern and productiveagriculture system and a strong tourism sector.

However, the conditions for growth are beingundermined by a range of factors includingunsustainable natural resource use, unreliableelectricity supplies, high costs of energycompared to income levels, low productivityagricultural practices and poorly planned tourismsector expansion. These challenges are furthercompounded by the high population density,which is growing quickly, leading to rapidurbanisation. These existing challenges are likelyto be aggravated in the future by climate change.

The strategy has therefore looked for low carbonopportunities that support sustainabledevelopment, i.e. that address the challengesabove. It has identified measures that both reduceemissions whilst promoting development goalsthat are beneficial for the islands. These build onemission inventories and projections. Currentgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Zanzibar arelow (0.6 tCO2e/capita) but are set to increase by190% over a 20 year time horizon. Whileincreases in emissions will be necessary for

Zanzibar’s growth, there is an opportunity to movetowards an alternative growth trajectory thatwould be lower carbon and more sustainable,providing economic, growth and environmentalbenefits as well as as possible sources of finance.

The Strategy has identified and assessed suchoptions, including expanding existing activitiesunder Reduced Emissions from Deforestationand Degradation (REDD), reducing energy use inhouseholds, developing sources of renewableelectricity generation, reducing deforestation,promoting (climate smart) agriculture,sustainable tourism and improving naturalresource management.


Sustainable Low Carbon Development

Figure 10. Future emission projections for Zanzibar. Source: Updated from Pye et al, 2012.

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Improved cook stoves and community forestschemes on Zanzibar.

Zanzibar has set-up an existing institutional andgovernance structure for climate change, shownin the figure, which is cross-governmental andincludes a wide range of stakeholders includingcivil society and the private sector.

This governance structure has been used forthe development of the Zanzibar climate changestrategy and forms the basis for subsequentimplementation. However, the Strategy has alsoconsidered how Zanzibar sits in relation to theoverall United Republic of Tanzania (URT) andits climate change strategy, as the URT is thefocal point for the UNFCCC and theinternational climate change governancearchitecture.

A key priority identified in the Strategy is theneed to build capacity, raise awareness andenhance co-ordination on Zanzibar. There are anumber of initiatives that are on-going thatprovide a strong basis for this, from island wideinitiatives through to local schemes, and thesewill help in mainstreaming the Strategyrecommendations and helping Zanzibar moveforwards. Nonetheless, while capacity isgrowing, further strengthening is needed. Thereis also a priority to build local community basedinitiatives, to ensure adaptation is targeted at themost vulnerable.

A key part of the Strategy has been to identifystrategic action plans to help move towardsimplementation. These will need to bedeveloped into investment plans and preparingthese plans will require strengthened capacityand co-ordination, within the sectors andcentrally.

These plans will also require financing. WhileZanzibar is already advancing and financingmany initiatives itself that are building resilienceand enhancing low carbon sustainabledevelopment, there will be a need for additionalsupport to realise the priorities identified in theStrategy. The issue of climate finance forZanzibar is linked to the URT and ensuringcollaboration with Tanzania is a priority, alongwith investigating other sources of finance


Zanzibar Climate Change Governance

Hon Minister (FVPO)

Climate Change Steering Committee for Zanzibar

Climate Change Technical Committee for Zanzibar

Climate Change Sub-Committee for Specific Issues

Technical Working Groups

Secretariat

Co-ordination

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The Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy hasdeveloped a response framework to address therisks of current climate variability and futureclimate change, and to take advantage of thepotential opportunities for low carbonsustainable development.

The response framework aims to be practicaland implementable. To advance this, theStrategy recognises that an extremely largenumber of possible risks and opportunities havebeen identified for Zanzibar, and that it isnecessary to move beyond this long-list ofpossible responses to identify priorities.

At the same time, and in looking to thesubsequent delivery of the Strategy, there is aneed to make sure any priorities are aligned tothe existing institutional landscape on Zanzibar.This ensures they will build on existingdevelopment, sector and policy objectives, aswell as identifying clear responsibilities.

To advance this, the Strategy has developed aframework to identify key priorities, built arounda Zanzibar Climate Change Action Plan.

The Action Plan first identified strategic prioritiesfor early action, built around the emergingrecommendations of iterative adaptivemanagement for adaptation and low carbondevelopment strategies.

It then identified key sectoral/cross-sectoralspecific priorities, which focus on the mostimportant issues for Zanzibar. These prioritieswere chosen on the basis of the analysis in theStrategy, supplemented by extensive stakeholderconsultation and discussion with the ZanzibarTechnical and Steering Climate ChangeCommittees.

Finally, the Action Plan identified key cross-cutting issues, linked to the key principlesidentified in the Strategy.

These three elements were combined in a matrixto identify the priority areas for intervention forZanzibar. The list of possible options were thenmapped onto this matrix, and were subsequentlyprioritised based on stakeholder priorities,benefits of the options, alignment with

development objectives and existing policy, andthat had the potential for implementation.

The four strategic objectives identified were:

• Building adaptive capacity, includingdata, information and research, as well asinstitutional strengthening and awareness;

• Focusing on win-win, no regret or lowcost adaptation and low carbon measures(justified by current climate conditions, orreduced GHG emissions and economicbenefits);

• Mainstreaming resilience and low carbondevelopment, especially where this buildson existing programmes and activities;

• Planning for long-term major challengeswith adaptive management frameworksand identifying early actions that helplonger term decisions or provide flexibilityand robustness.

It is stressed that these activities arecomplementary, and not a linear sequence. Theyinvolve a set of actions that together will buildresilience, starting with current climate variability,but also preparing for future climate change.Most importantly they allow the Action Plan toidentify the types of activities and options thatshould be taken forward early on in the Strategyimplementation.


Zanzibar’s Strategic Action Plan

Alongside these, priority sectors were identified.The review results, as well as the stakeholderworkshops and meetings across governmentprovided a clear steer on the key risks ofconcern and key opportunities for Zanzibar,taking account of the islands unique attributesand vulnerability.

Five sectoral/cross-sectoral specific prioritieswere identified:

• Information, disaster risk managementand resilient settlements. Improvingclimate information, monitoring, research,education, awareness, planning andstrengthening institutions to build capacityto co-ordinate climate risks andopportunities, linking this to enhanceddisaster management (including EWS) andplanning.

• Resilient coastal and marine areas.Addressing threats of sea level rise, erosionand salt water intrusion, and ensuring thatcoastal and marine ecosystems – and theservices they provide – are resilient tocurrent climate variability and to futureclimate change

• Climate smart agriculture and naturalresource management. Ensuringagriculture on the islands is resilient tocurrent and future climate change andminimises GHG emissions through thedevelopment of climate smart agriculture,linked to sustainable natural resourcemanagement of water and land

• Sustainable forests and energy. Buildingon the existing actions to address currentforest loss, improving the energy efficiencyof biomass use, and looking for alternativesto reduce pressures, including the potentialfor renewable energy.

• Resilient, sustainable and low carbontourism. Making sure tourism developmentis sustainable, resilient to the changingclimate, and takes advantage of theopportunities for resource use efficiency.

The sectoral focus allows the Plan to matchagainst current responsibility and developmentstrategies within Ministries, Departments andAgencies (MDAs).

Finally, cross-cutting themes were identified:

• Consistency with Zanzibar’s developmentobjectives of sustainable development,eradicating poverty and improving livelihoods.

• Ensuring actions address gender anddistributional issues, to benefit women andthe most vulnerable.

• Making sure opportunities exist island-wide,across all of society, but particularly for localcommunity based responses.

The strategic priorities, sector specific prioritiesand cross-cutting themes were combined in amatrix. For each of the five key sector areas a setof interventions was identified, which form theoverall Action Plan.

A summary of the most important priority actionsis presented below.

The next steps are to develop structured andcosted Investment Plans for these priorities,building on on-going and planned initiatives, tocontinue to build capacity and enhance climategovernance and co-ordination, to build a roadmap for mobilisation of finance, and to developand pilot a number of fast-track projects thataddress the most important risks andopportunities.


New mangrove planting and community forestmanagement on Pemba.


Action PlanSummary Low and no

regretoptions

Addressingfuture

challenges

BuildingCapacity

Mainstreaming

Information,capacity, DRM& settlements

Resilientcoastal andmarine areas

Climate smartagriculture& NRM

Sustainableforests andenergy

Climateresilient, lowC tourism

-Good practice-SALM, soil management, water conservation (e.g. agro-forestry, rain-water harvesting)

-Enhanced communication-Enhanced forecasting-Strengthening of DRM-Enhanced EWS (inccommunity level)

-Enhanced coastal & marine data and monitoring -Capacity and awareness (inc.community groups, policy maker)

-Enhanced capacity& co-ordination -Enhanced met. serv.-Awareness raising-Governance-Finance & Investment

-Enhanced climate risk screening-Risk mapping use in spatial planning -Sector mainstreaming

-Enhanced climate risk screening

-Strengthening Integrated coastal zone management / Community ICZ

-High resolution risk elevation mapping. -Research & pilot studies (e.g. cage-culture, livelihood diversification)-Study on blue carbon

-Information support and awareness raising (e.g. extension service,, indigenous knowledge, etc.)

-Sustainable land use planning

-Integrated water management

-Research and pilots (e.g. new varieties, new practices, future risks such as cloves)

-Community forest management-Enforcement-Improved cook-stoves-Energy efficiency-Solar water heating-Renewable power

-REDD+ extension-Energy surveys-Public/community awareness and education

-Survey/ assessment and pilots-Awareness raising-Analysis of sustainability criteria

-Long-term sustain. tourism planning. -Research on tourism development & climate change

-Energy and water efficiency programs-Enhanced awareness and enforcement

-Investment and development planning controls-Risk screening

Crosscuttingpriorities

Gender equalityProtect the most vulnerable

Align with sustainable development objectives

Community based capacity, awareness raising and plans

Strategic Priorities

SectorPriorities

-Sustainable land use planning

-Standards and codes for development planning

-Salt water intrusion -analysis & programme-Mangrove & shoreline replanting / restoration -Enhanced protection & conservation (fisheries) inc community manag.

-Sustainable energy for all-Renewable energy develop. & studies-Urban sustainable & resilience

-Enhanced research-Linkages to URT, regional, SIDS and global research-Urban resilienceZNAP/ZLAPA/ZAMA

Good Governance

Acknowledgements

Summary of the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy.

Published by the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, 2013.

We acknowledge the support of the United Nations Development Assistance Program (UNDAP)through the Tanzania Environment and Climate Change Component.

Photographs: Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy team.

A full list of references is included in the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy.

zanzibar’sclimatechangestrategy - paul watkiss summarylr dra… · zanzibar is a semi-autonomous...

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