~RDA NCE E X rLOiEvi

DEIGER~HANDBO0%

:Z This Document

ReproducdFrmBest Av*7ale COAPY

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ORDNANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN CON r"DENT1AIllDGNERS' HANDBOOK SECURITY INFORMATION

LIST OF COINTRIBTORS

_ The contributors to this handbook fire or have been rnemutwrA of~~ ~ the iNaval Ordnance Lalhoraor Sti qrle othemw~- drjt~

-~ ~ I - - - - - - . - l t r d i - . n -. P . w j'i i d v v

- --- ~Materials. A. ~ I'tJxWt .'05.

--- -- -- - - - - - - - -Iaraecei:i., r of 'ri mes G. I' Graff.

1. IKnhik

- --------------- ('aractri.-;i", (,f 13lv1 ra -I~ - I .U (nI

5---------- - Charticteristirs of Le.-nds- It ~ra . If. Ishr-si r.

S. If. Ww Il.I

8------------- -- Inteiractioni of F;,;aI -i v t Traiii H . if. St r'nti.

Copoens A. %1.

10-------- oand-ig.. - - - - - -if. 11. .or.I; u Graff.j

Naval Ordnane TIest stsuo:m. Chins Lake. Calif.j

ii (:OWIDEMT'A I

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CONID f .MA BEST AVAILABLE COPYSECURITY NFORMAT!C)N

PR EFACEtz 'IllrP~se Of t his Ilfn(Il~o~- is to bring together in concise form

hbe principles hi: the art and ice science of explosive train desiir.ThE~eiinOeln Ito priniary *~-eof these data, as they have been~'tered amowng a large' nurr io f sources, including letters, speci-

ficat ions. andI~ private rioteboo!-,I n thfe !nst 20 --fars manny ioii~ishave tconcerned themselves

wit h ordnative dil; i Diiriz, "i Uw W 'i.-r HI certain scientists, par-1 tivlarly p)IV$Iilt8U 1( pbsW4-ems, becamne intecrested in the

sci11i1i1e Of thle ~nt~ nof 01, i-; ,ar' :oiidue'" 1 valuablis experit-

Jinents l oth tlinrretv~-A !indtIc. .. j 1 .& .. r, Inance. rinese ~dataI, as well a., futndamental facia u." eci have long been knownm, arcprvf'sente(I in this handbook.

W~here possible, an attempt has '-ia madch to establisi a connectionbl)'w(Pfl the art and the sciern't. £_t will become obvious that theart has tho- aidvantage of a great ~:Istart over the science. For in-sinie. thc properties and pre ,rAton of mercury fulminate havebeeni known since the year 1800': f.r c certain ordlnance purposes thismaterial hies not. b~een supplantel- ahiung the le-st century and a hall.

A further purpose of this volume ~sto uncover serious gaps in theart. as, wvell ais the sciene of expfc'ir .. train design. The gaps will be-COMP OhIvioti in perusal of the h. since it will be noticed that the-iatirini in varions spots will fall -qlw-t of the &-,signed goal of a com-,

'edescription of design prniejp .It is hoped that, by Ilse of this liandbook the design work of those

Di lrf'ally acquainted with the field will be facilitated and improved by11llowing the designer to review th~w entire art in one paclkage. Fur-4flk. this handbook is intended to help the newcomer to the field to

aciplithdi(esignl work with a ininimn of false starts.The(!o~trbt~o~to thiq handbook vi.x indebted to the Bureau. of

Ordtanee f'Or Iinaricial support. The Ilst, of acknowledgments ofholpful advice and criticism wommhi i.-wiehup C~ho folletwin c; c:- W

Booth, 11, .1. Burke, A. H. Erick-.,R. L Graumann, A. Lightbodv.Ni and 1). E. Sanford, all of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory staff: and

N. A. 'M nO .t"od. of Old and Barne-s, Inc., Pasadeia, Calif

CONFIDENTIAL

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4. ORDNANCE EX"PLOSIVE TRAIN COWFDEN TADESIGNERS' HANDBOOK SECURITY INFORRMA'

TABLE OF kV S

NIto I, :4 PA44

II

~i1A.\(~:1I$'r1('sme fKP.VV 14 13 t 1')'T . V.

-satiol vfhsit-s 2-15 Vovwr, 24 15,Iisi

2r -15:v ~ .3-m n prom %r I4 . 4 1,1. tt.!~ r 2 '

vfsw-ii-rk~9. 1im e .

hNmeigi4rM. 2- 1 ;;3 ItiL 2--'r 11s'r: z -j ii-'tkit,.2 7:

high expki-4 - -vo 2 172)jlvogrd lad igiw', 2- 2 17;t~e' Zs-t iluit' -1. Iri-ny i.. 12;

2-1: h'~ma Jrojvr ~2-8 15.im: 12-17:,xin- 211;Asimo~exn-cuI ladi ignirtigr. 2iti. -12; 7. iti ntutiknl 'i -m riula Inkurv-

Vttarem', 2-15: COOr~ delay mnixt uari-, 2- 12. IIIlu k powder. 2 .19,

.C"" Black powder fiitA. 2-21 ; Quiick-twitch, 2, 21; Fireraxker fus~e,2-22; Safety hlastifiv fi-4- 2,23.

Other 'Materiails Uqed hii Shiort Dlma 2 23NornaI lead mi ypiaxu, 2- 23; Normalt Iewl .- ittrre":" i v

2-23.- ~~~~ ~~~ ~Sect k'ri .3: low aind hlaidi 1L tuC(arneta'risii. id ~ - 1 r- .~..'1'.

londuag dcrisii v, 2-23i: I'unuap.rntiiio of ex.plnu-imn, 2 -26i: s:f tivitv to -'Itvef rwi P. I i c dikrh arw -. 2 -27 - Si ni it f. % of vvplq .4-

2-i:Solulijty of exploti 2-3(l.~~' ,~~~ 111TIm fl ig (hairneterist ic*-4

ttk4 A01, .

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CONFIDENTIAL CONTENTSSECURITY INFORMATION

C3-3

Appliations. 3 1 : .Vlvaritages. 3-1; D~isadvantages. 3I.i 'ntst nrii,,i .3-2

ff-*t S of ( "t~t ruct Do 1etails or, fIipilt Cartriic- -- 3-Firiing pin Aij 3-3: Firing pin mrat.i'rial, 3-5; I.i-sk thick ness vs.

iinpti rierltiretrifeiits, 3-6: ffect of firing pin Veclocity on~ input-$ Vi*:1et' of Lotrlirig Terdiuiiijiu..i---------------- 3-7

Effect 4d kcading pressulre~ oni in put reqiliremnen ts. .3-7.

Chai u (ljrairirii(- 3- o U ..

I':fri-c of lowtling pres urv* O tlit ..3-.-; C. .~~ n r-___________

t~ii- uuI~-lif~len~,3-9; Effect of in.~ 1)11on out put,3-9i.

Sw oi2: J'ercip..sion Pie. - -- -- - --------- 3-10

A;lieCitiori.-. 3-10.(Thitrutiu----------------------------------------- 3-13

Gerralg~ CIaracle-ris.t ics, 3-13: Suitable p~rimary explosives, o'.-13;S-aligit of rx-rctission fuze primters, 3-1 4; Metah; for co. upo-

1;freer of Niv'dunni' t )ails on Inrmut (s'haractvrisli"s- - - .3-14Effect of firinizg pin contfour, 3-1-1; Effect of eccentric firingt pin

1, 0:; .seii iit 3-15; ffct of coveringt) ' eo Lvilandit c'harge, 3-1.5; Effect of'flring pitt velocity, 3-16; Effect ofs1i tiiuated ryiecthaiiciil details, 3-18.

CtATet (If Loaduing IPrestire ohi Input Recquiremnents --------- -------- 3-19ElTvrct of AmoiEhlt (if (Charge on OWtu-------------------3-19

, -e~t. of A mout of I nit iating I nrgy on Otitput--------- -- 3-22l'.c f o(igIP irer- on ut-put - ------ - ------ ----- 3-22

INetioi 3: Elvtui nc 1'ritiers ----------------- -------------------- 3-22Ge'ieral P'erformuance (Characterist ics ------------ ---------------- 3-22

A~kvantnges, 3-23; JLihuiliatsL antd disadvantags 3-24.'ounstroc! ion-------------------------------3-24

(ecral chiaracterist ics, 3-2-1; Stiitble primary explosives, 3-24;Mc' ails for compIJoneTuts, 3-2.5.

J';~iuuuth' ---- ----------------------- 3-25Igmi ion elf-ti t of thle exjXeriiikeuit M spray metal tvp primcr, 3-

2,. llase charge of spray mnetal typ~e printer, 3-26; Ectric FuzePrjier '%Ik t 12 M~od is 3-27; Carbon-bridge type primer, 3-27.

B~t~t flridge Di)insions on Input CharactesriStrics of rde

Wire IN vp Primter --------------------------------- 3-29oiet(f wii~t' volumne, 3-29; Effect of wire dianketer, 3-34; I-ffect

I';:r-cc. of Rau of Etwry v rrupinu rdg-W Type Primter------3-36Conunsi-~~' iiseharge eircu.N~, 3-36; Induct ive firing cireifts, 3-10,;

C onst ant cturret 4iigt01~s 3-A

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ORDNANCE EXLiETRI CONFIDENTIALDESIGNERS' HANDBOOK SEC RiTY INFORMA'T!O''

Section' 3: Elc ~ric ine' n n.~

I*:reet of Lo4adin~g prcsm'drv J tI-~i~1

3-51 1'fevt of rate of eiler~v itipoit, 3 !0

O)ttit C.harateristi- 3 1.

sect i(If 4: R(-ferenwe_ 3 5

(~ ~ C.~.C'1~ 11%'so' i-;i- AT( HS,

Section I; Flw.h Deto, ito2-s .. ~.General Performancoe (lharacteri-t icr. A *

Advaratage-4, 4-I : Lirniftiorj-. 4-1,

Meal for componeni-;, 41-2.

Example" of Flas~h-t Letoio; . . .. -. . 32Input Charaeter~ie~ic 1 3

Effect of type of cknmrp on -4%rvkitivltv. i-5: P.T-' of- ei.'6

end explosive on sernitivity, 4-5.Output Charactristics .------ . .. ~. .

Effect of amtount oif exjiloiv on out put, wi mewoure(I to .N th- fsawd

bomb. 4-7; Fffer1. of nrnomnt ofon oltp ini al'n&As~ ~ - ured by the copper bNock te.-t, 4-7.

Section 2: Stab Detonatom ......-------------------. 9~I ~ ~~~~General Performance Charactetistics-------. I.Advantagesi, 4-8; Linmsitatiovis, 4-8.

Construzction ---------------------------- - 3Suitable exp~losive cornponentm, 4-; il. for ronomim .59

E~xamples~ of St-*.b Typew 1etolnatort.--------- - .

IJit pt LCharactcrist cs---------------------- .....IEffect of mechanical detaIily, 4-10; Effect e! !oading pre ,ii1rv (ill

Anput requiretnent-s,4-0Output CIifracterLWtHm-,----- - .. !-- - 2 2

Effect of amnounit of base charge on otitput, 4-2 ftct of itlpz tenergy on output, 4-1..

Sectioh 3: Electric D~etounators----------------- 4 - 3IGenteral Performance Cliaracterimtics------------- .

Advantages, A-15; Limtationis and( dimiivantages, 4-315t.

General, 4-16.; Suitable explomjivm~ for the Ignition elestiernt, 4-16; fInterraediate Charge tiaitterialm, 4-. 17; ;Wej chargo explomivi-s,4-17; Metamn for cornpio, ., 1-17.

E!fctr1.c Detonator Mk 40 Mod! 0, -1-17: Electric Detmntor Mk 53M~vod 0, 4-18: Armay Electric IDetontmtor NMI;. -18-i.

'hpu (.1;!'13'iti'f-- - - - - - - - - -

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CONFIDENTIALSCURITY lNFORMAiN LUN IhNIS

Sertion 3: Electric Pi-Outp't (h~r~et'r,~ri.. ~4-20

(Gewral, .1-20; Ignition emdttoitrediate charge, 4-20.Initermnediate charge to bfts(!, Pharge 4-21.

v(-1i(! 1. lackrPoder-------------------------------------------4-2

ObturaAted collumn type, 5-2 Vented coltimn type, 5-12; RingAt pe delays, 5-13; Pre.%-tr(tVjT~e delay,51.

(nsinruction of Comnponert - ----- ---- 5_8ihIvbod V, 5 - Pellet eon refo and laig -0 etn

arrautgei'lents, .1)-21; Pellei'i kipport, 5-23; Primer hoiocr, 5--26;Primuer, :k-27, Firing pin, 5 ;28; Baffle, 5-29; R~elay detonator-s,

JDesigru Faclors ----------------------------- 5-32D~iamewter of lelity body, r 732; Length of black powder columrn,I',

.5-32; size or expansion ch.) limber, .7-32; Size of baffle, 5-33; Size4-~ relay detonators, 5-3&3.------

l-:fT-*( s r VArinlbles on I1uvraing inic of Delay Elemnrts ------------- 5-33,E~ffect of inoistitre content,' f black powder, 5-34: Effect of type

rit podr 5-3fi; Effect o) primer output, Z-38; Efferf of volume

c;!~~~~~~ 49aiir:cabr - ; E~ffeet of t, naperature, 5-39; EffectOf p)re-?siure dwvell, fi-45; , Itflect of loading pressure, .5-47; Effect(of size of inerent 2-

Seet imn 2: ( nsless D elay Elemnents---------------------------------- 5-49Oh! uraed IDelav Element As.,ernblie_-4---------------------------- 5-50

Elertriv delay fuze primers, Mks 115, 116, and 117, 5-50; Electri RIDlatv Detonator M4k 35 Mod 1, 5-51; Hxperimental percussion

del.mty detonator, 5-5t.hNon-obtuirafed Gasless Delay Elcment Assemblies------ ------------ 5-53

i)gkn1 of GMawes4 Delay Elements----- ------------------ 5-54Ihtirnivig Pate of Glagless Delay Powder --------------------------- 5-54rhe De.sign of thme D~elay Colmnn-------------------------------- 5-56

Ser! Ion 3: Q11her Delay. Eeinent; ------ - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - 5-585"Millist-corid Le-ad Styphinate Delity.. -------- ----------- 5-59250o--Mieomd Nifrostarch ehy..- - - - - - -5-59

S~ci~u 4 htlg1ral D~elay Printers, and D~etonator.,---------------------55

. m'FARA(MTERISTICS Ole LEADS

I I i I t I II o J Jajl .- - -- -------- - - *- - - - -

I'murjpoi,. 14 i 'V hed---- . - -.- - - - -- -- -- - -- - -

(,C"~~~~~ I ID .11 ,

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ODNANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAN C, A N~A L;DSGERS' HANDBOOK SECURITY INF0qIr%'ATON

sct jon' 2: construlli ion 9

Cotrol) or mist i, v 'Ir F'laking of' Lte~wd

C1up-type I'&.Army lend cup deign~. 6-5: Nt%, lva v ~ iij K ~iT. C

Non-cup T% pe b'AdsSection, 4: Loading Tec'hniiqiie" t.

Section 5: An Actmal Firuu Tri IgTe'n .- I.'

seetion 6: Refcte f -. .

-~'I Af'Flw .II 7

s~ect ion 1: B~oo-ter (on-t ri toll

G;eneral Cowhldrat ionw .,' 7

%faterisk, 7-1 1,010ing. 7--2: A!,-,Afxiblv Ifwilriml, 7-2: 11wwtershapp. 7-5: Coiofinene~nt and momtinpl. 1-7.

section 2: Bx~yster 'sensitivt v. ... -.. ,7-

Eftect of Boo'z:er Explo..ivo on) S411sitivity 7-. . 10Effect of Php-ical Fori'i of IBoo'zt;r ExjoI'iive (if $'4f4iiiivity, 7 -11

ffumo T-trDntVt~t~ * k 7-11

Effect of Boomecr Expjo ;ivv G ralat ion oti 84.wP-itv .. - I$Effect, of Jk~osttor 'Shape- andi ConfinemenWt............ 7-- :3Variation (it Sensit iiy with 1 Ip4rw-.. 7-1tControl of Booit4'r Senffitiv it .... 7-1.w

Sctfion 3: WoTR.cr 0(it t 7 --

9.wn-ra Consi'n.,ratiults-.. . . . . . . . -

FAclors Affect inkz Boster Output 7 -.2 iEfect of IWooter tmize, 7-21 : Boosicr romipoition an frlirrt~it v,

7- 22; 1 toap, 7-22: Boolter pornfirnment. 7-2.1: (Grawruim-tion ofd lbooxtfr expj11.ive, 7- 2-1: AmbIIient (491npcrTtmer, 7.-...

Miscollaneoxus Factors Affecting the- TJraflwftiykiot) of BtxwtvtP (OwiJpftto the Main ClharzC.--.. . . . . . . . .7-..71

hocosttr position, 7-2.1; Sepprat ion of I)($,tf'r frint main ehastge.,* 7-2-1.

Sectioni 4: Referencps---------- - 11

I NrERACTIoN OiF L- \IIIASIIV1. TRAI\N ( OM 19 )\ JN\F

Section 1: Tilto Initialio lof Or -- - -- -.

Design Var~tbiv.........lielial)IP iniitiationL of the deliy, 9'-2: Prtcting 01fe ledii -Mirlt

From particle iuupingt'mcnt, v- 2; 1Prk.vi-itiing flit- pres. irE

isdisruptit;-n of tho vl''oluim~, S-2.

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CONFIDENTIAL -

4 ECUR!TY ""OMA T!QN LLJN I rIpa'IN

Section I: T1he Initiation of Delays--CntigeTest,. Pror'edure ------------- ----------- -------- - (_2

Reliabilitv of initiation of the delay column, 8-2; Reproducibilityof t he delay time, 8--3. i

-,ection 2: -Time, Initiation of Flash Detonator --------------------------- &-3General- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------

Design Variaibies----- --------- -------------------------- 84Spatial arrangement,-, 8-7; Confinement, 8-7.

Tes~t i'rocedtires ------ -------------------------------------- &-9Sect ion 3: The Initiation of Leads and Boo-sters ----------------------- 8-11

*(;cneral -'nidrato'------------------------- 8-12

.. i.- Gapm Between Donor and Alcceptor --------------------------- 89-13Diameter effects, 81B-18; Length effects 8-19; Effects of variations

of explosive materials, 8-25; Density effects, 8-25; Particle-sizeeffect,4, 8-26; Confinement effects, 8-27.

Tranisverse Dizjplacernent --------------------------------------- 8-301Barirs.------------------- ---------------------------- 8-32

Shaiwd Charge Efliets----------------------------------------8-33Setion 4: Refereunce---------------------------------------------- 8-37.

CHAPT'ER 9

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Section 1: Sensitivity Measuremnnts--------------------------------- 9-4Initiatort of Rooster-type Explosives (Detonators) ------------------ 9-4

'Stab (letonatiors, 9-4; Electric detonawmor, 9-7; Fhih detonators,

hut i&Itir- of Prtimary Explo,7ves &nd Pyrotechnics (Pime --------- 91Stab primers, 9-17; Percussion primers, 9-21; Electric primers,

Cenra RQWSIemarks on Sen-titivity T------------------------- 9-28'*c.tion 2: Outpot Tes;ts ----------------------------------------------- 9-30

Iruitintorz!:of Booster-type Explosives (Detonators and Leads) -------- 9431St.ab detonators, 9-31; Electric detonators, 9-31; Flash detona-

tors, 9-33; Recent detonator tests, 9-33.Init iatorrs of~ S'- U>posives and Pyrotechnics (Primers) --------- 9-42

Smbj p.4::iers, 9-42; Pe. cussion primrs 9-44; Electric primers,i"49.

Miscellaneouis Safety and Output Test,; -------------------------- 9-52

'tion 3: References---------------------------------------------- 3 LLOADING

Section 1: Design Factors That Affect Loading Plant Operations------10-1Se~gregation of the Correct Amount of Charge----------... 10-4ICharging And Con.4olidating the Explosive into the Cavity TO BeI

Loaded ---------------------------------- ------------------ 10-1Semiring the Chare ------------------------------------------ 10-21Standlardization ---------------------------------------------- 10-3

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ORDNNCEEXPLOCS!VTRA! CONFIDENTIAL~____ - .K SECURITY WNVOR ATION

S ection~ 2: Dh'ign of Too1ls anid ~c~inifor 1.4 aing Pi.

Genecral Cousidetio.- .... ...-zixisiunal N 1(-3.; hA-diltot h'11rr ~ .1 Fj ~i

"A L~1oading for Fxperirneiius Vurpo~e a...1Fuizes. 10-5. tt4vdi M lit -r.~. (M-7: 1F'lie p1uige-4 ti)"). 4"r.

Electric primrs znd ;lctdnawor-, 10- 12.Loaffing for Prwductiot ....... v--1

Chaigepiate method, 10-17; Wet lowliig tr~iJw 0Jon". rmuchine, 10-20; L(ladirK O e4 ds 0-2 LoanIitig I)(

oc-e' 1-24; Laing o lick ix~wd.er delay itleniel t.,1 - 6Loading of gwqle_-.i- delIay inns 10-24.

Methodsg of Segregating the C'errzvt Quivitity of MaterilL ~. 1 2"-ction 3: Refr. -"

Glossary of Term., Is in Qrd~taiiC Traizi ~ !)~~

Indiex of the Hitndtook-----------------------

-24

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CONFIDENTIAL 11SECUJRITY iNFORIMATION _ _______CONTENTS

L~IST 0i-I TA.8T RATIO.NS

I I I14se Ftize 1k21, Ar;.embiled Position. 8tetionaI Vie ------ 1-

1--2 isa&q' Fiiie Mk 21, Firing o.ii'n Sectional 'Vie -i( .1 ..2 *Ierciiry Fiftrni nate, f)ensity vs. I)etonation NVelocity ------ - 5

2 2 Leadl Az'ide. 1)enstit v vs. I)ettonation Ve locit----------- 2-6 N._2, 3 Lend St yrltate, JDen.sityv vs. Dectonationi Ve!ocity ------------------ 72 .1 I)iazo I )i it ropfhenol, rPensity vs. Detonation Velocity ------------ 2-82 5. Effect of %loiswre on ignitabilitv of Black Powder-.------------- 2-22

----- ----- ----3 1 SI at; Primers~ in I se by the Army and Navy-------------------3-43 2 FiIring Pi from Italian Amminition ---------------- 3-

.1 3 Mk 102 Type Primier, IDis-k Thickness vs. Sensitiv'ity-------------3-63-4 P1rimer M~k 102 Sensitivity Tests with Standard N avy Test Firing

Pin. Plot, of Impact Velocity vs. Total Energy Required for 100 .-

Perrent. Firing . -------------------- 3-7

:1 5 Primter NMk 101 Mod 0-.. - ------------ 3-1l

: t Primer Mk 105 Mod 0. -------- --------- ------------------- .3-3 -7 Primer Nk 106 Mvod 0----------------------------------313 9 Primer M29 ------ ---------------------------------------- 3-12

a9 New No. 4 Primner (Pceussion) ----------------------------- 313 10 Trhe Effenct of Impact Velocity on the Energy Required to Fire 25

(,otiseuitive Samples ------------------------ ----------- 31

3s 11 Effwc, of Charge Weight on Output Chuaracteristics of Modified 4NayPrimer NMk 101 Assemibled with Shortened Copper Sca'ing

('uips. CIS 866 Priming Mixture -------------------------- 32

3-12 Effect of Charge Weight on Output Characteristics of Primers Mk101 Assembled with Shortened Copper Scaling Cups. Experi-Inelrial Styvphuxate Prinming 'Mixture No. 17 ------------------- 20 M4U-

3 -131; riuta Spray M.\etal Electric Primer--------------------- 3-263-.14 Elect ric 1-ze Primer M~k 112 Mod 0-------------------------- 3-273-1I5 [lecti ne Vtze Primer M.\k 121 -------------------------------- 3-2S81 41.3-16 Rlelatinship Between Wire Diameter and Resistance per Unit

l.crgt~h for Tungsten Wire Bridge ------ --------------------- 3-303 i7 Relationship Between Wire Diameter and Resistance ]Per Unit

Length for Tophet-C Wire Bridge -------------------------- 3-31-- 18 fifect of Bridge Wire Volume on Input Characteristics of Tungsten ;

Wire Plis Lead Styphnate. 14-20 Volt Firing Potential ---- 33

-v9 E'ffect of Bridge W~ire Volume on Input Characteristics of Tophet-OWire Plus Lead Styphnate. 14-20 Voft Firing Potential ------- 3-33

3--20 Energy Requirement vs. Bridge Wire Diameter for Spray Metal

Bridged Eia'etrie InWIttorA. Bridge Metal, Tungsten ----------- 3-35 a

3-21 Capacitance 'Required for 50 Percent Firing vs. Potential for ElectricInitiators with Tungsten Wire of Various Diameters. FlashCharge, bead1 Styphnate ----------------------------------- 37......

3-22 IccofTn of Energy lIput on the Firing Energy. Tungsten EWire0.030 Inch Long with Lead Styphnate- ------------------ 3-38

l--23 [Ilect of Time of Energy Ijiput on Required Energy for 50 Percent3

Firing. Tiingsten Wire wifth Lead Styphnate ---------------- 3 gS

CONFIDENTIAL x; 5W 7

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ORDNANCE EXPL OSIVE TFAN CO'"NFIDEN11A

DESIGNERS' HA NDBOOK SEURT INFORMATIC0t

3 21 l-e o Y~ f Pote-ia m,~ :ru ~r ,f. "r

3-6 urvyg 1-.'y' rmwu N- P, D xl

to Short l''ro)41 Vsl':i' t,, 1 imi~it,~ Vn ~s~ ~rim-!f,,Between I'l'-~ '1

3 -27 Tcreent, (if Primers F~iiuv %-. Crv.i I !;izt O.CHR I koh i r

F-reiif of Primr irit~vr vr~s '. C, rrvni 1ipIIut. 0.4'9044 hitch Oimyot

Tophet-C Wire with l.v $ ph32q Percent of P~rimiers NI k 112 Firina. Cutrrwit bifjoit 3~30 Variait (.if Firings ('uriztt wI ti ~ir' et -im Ov

I'irer 1~ic~ TWiren t isnd Mtyphilts 1.11%,41 C argo. 3; C'3-3 "Arct of Ixitfct .irei..t y Ii I tr srilrv t4i Firr Sim

MIetal Pri3f1 ri

1--33 T'ngthl-Diaieter- Itek' "teir ff'r itW-r i'rji*-rc 1%il TiIi#lie

Wire antl Lead Styphiiiate.3

Wire '~L-i,d Stvidlilatc.3 13-35i Effect of Dag ('ocelut rat in oil Fir~i i cf ('rhlge Priln.'p% 3 -W

4-1 Eamples of .pe -I.1-2 Two) (;vziral Tvp~ 1 '4ttlh iOv:onatcrm 1 104.-3 EtTet of lxeaditg Prt.cjsiun oil t he -I-.-ii-itivit y of LearI A,,!?4f- Priti- -

ing NMixture, Te-st Set Mk 13r,, 2..Otiule. Rall -I

F frect of LoaiisgPetr.~ h Seriiity of N(! o 130)Prlnilg lilli ,Test Set Mlk 136. -ue*Bl..13'7 4-5 Fer~tricIDetonattor Mk .16Mwo 0 lhne - tI

V~arious Ty'pes~ of fDep .-tv.

ing Posit ion)).Time: 0.033 (±0.0015 Se ol (.Loading: 0.0Or-am A-5 Black Powde-r, I.4pfded 1h Thlare ji Sijngl(.

Increment at 81,000 1)qApplication: Nat,, Bpu fetoliatiig Ftup Ntk 21 AWod I HiiOrd

Dr-awing 2255... . . .-- --

3 elY TjC: Column; Obturated:. Witnti l,itT ime: 0.3.3 ( + 0.0,5 - 0.03) sfeeowi(Londinix: 0.0,) Gram 4-55 Mlark TWowde' r sdc4 , Pae

Appiieafjon: Nav y Bomb Fuyem Mk X XI Mod a arid %Mk X X II IMod 2. Butird brawjngg 2341553 and 215L.

5-4 !)ejayTr pe: Coljunizi; Obtirated; With Ilat~e.Time:- 0.010 (+0,002-0.0015LOnding: 0.025 GiaiT Meal I) Blark Powder, Loadedin la inj

lsjiig~ In1crerilfnt at rm5,Wfl psci.

i~ bif WiF Ni i Ii~iL

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z:e

Applieit ion: snvi' Bomfb Frives Wk 221 and MIK 223 B!10OrdlDrAwirigs 20f1618 and 202619 ------------ ------- ----------

4- Dea Type: Coltimn; Oh izrated; Without, Raffle. ILoading: O.065 Gramn A-5 Black Powder, Load1-d it) Ilaee in-

Single Incremnent at 60,0W0 psi,Ap~plicationI: Army BaseC Detonating Fuzze M3.I'

Army Or-dnanice Drawing 73-2-181 ------------------------ 5-7Dea *'.: C(...l!.: Oborted;I WtH~hout lflfln

T'ime:0.010 Second.0.02-5 Secon#d.

0. 100 Second.

Loa~d ing: i0.005 Gri A- 5 Black Powder.

.06f; G;ram A-5) Black Powder.Each Loaded in) Place in Single Increment at 60,000 psi.

Application: Army Bomb Fuze AN--MIOOA2.Army Ordna~nce Drawing 73-8-3 ----------------------- 8

5 7 )Dlay Type: Columvn; Obturated; W~ithi Baffle.

0.0-5 Second.ii.i.SendI

Load inIIg:0.033 Gram A-5 Black Powder.

.0416 Grami Black Powder (Approx. 80 Percent Slow BurningBlack Powder and 20 Percent Fuze Powdler Type 1).

E*ach Loaded in Place in Single Inicrement at 60,000 psi.

Army Point Detonating Fuze IN48tA)2.Armiy Ordnance Drawing 73-215---------------

4,-9 Delay Tlv:p: Column; Obturated; Withou~t Bai~ie.

* 'rimew: o.041 to 0.0f) Second.ILoad..g: 0.032 Gram A-5 Black Powder, Loaded in Place in

Single Increment at. 125,000 psi.Application:

Army Base Detonating Fuze MOIO.Army OdaeDrwn7--6..--- - - - -5-10

59 Delay Type: Column; Obturated; Wt aferime: 0l.010 (+0.003-.004) Second.Loading: 0.031 Grain A-5 Black Powder, Loaded in Placa in

Single Jncrement. at 73,000 psi.Application:

Navy Ba.se Detonating Fitze Mik 19.Bi iOrd Drawling 206'" 1. -------------------------- 5-11

5-10 Declay Type- Column; Obturatiied; Without Baffle.Thie: 0.25 Second.Li-ading: (M.I I Gram D--55 Black Powder, Loaded in Place ini 3

Equal Inc'remienits at 651.000 psi.

CONIDENTIAL

S..17T; ~ ,.- - - - - - ' " ~

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A1'

Applifacatim Experimen~talINY\ 3--11 NOL 12749

5iIDelay Type: RinK or ra" ~d ihu:ia1'1itne: Selective; I to- 21 Sw--,ik

Load in sz:

A-7 Black Pow~der, L-0-0d' i'iVie -z'I, S11,4 lul#tI 'v-1tto ak

68,000 psi.Annlicatioti: Armv Artillerv Feiiy NIS Vititage Armv Orviaanc'-

Dbrawing 73-3--;-4~. .fZ-12 D.elay Type: Aresiut'v; Vented; With Baffle,

Time: 0.00i t , ".3 Seccond.IA'in: .'~3Ciwi i%-5 Blac3k fPow4 er, 1.4'aded In 1'13re irn

- A Single Increment at, 4,000 psi,Applicat ion: Brit isit Poin~t D etwinti!1$ Ftw, NO!. F~prime'wn!

Ven(,fl NOL Sketcha 7099-. . -. .51

"I'l, to'4 j7-. 05- 13 Dejai Type: Pre-saure; Vented:. ir'uit iBan V.T iml-e: 0.002 to 0.0% Sfcowl.Loading:- 0.G73 G;ramr A-5 Miark Powder, L~ei4l iiirar 0,i'

Single Increment at 5.00 pi.Applicazion: Navy Experimewntal Rocket Flue. NOM, Skptcli

154M .. . .............- - - 5 15- 14 Soe eri entesgn FeaJtuares4 of (kohamrt Type Detav Body

ly1Typical LoAading TwAo....................~2"1 jPosition of Acrc'ftfing cavitv in, Columtn Type! obtkiritedi I)iv, 15 21

5-7Stpp Type Loading Ram---------------------------.5 215I S Two Mepthods of Seinling the Vent----------------------5 22

5-1 9 Burning Time vs. Ttrnperature, Solder 'Sealed Vent ina Delay le-4 mnt-------------------------------------------- ------ 52&--20 Buniiing Time vs. Temperature, Un-seftled Venit In Delay lEletnefit,

7.Seconds D~ela-Y --------- -------------------------- -- 1Z-21 Burning Time vp. Vollune oif Exhaw-A (:hainwr------... 2 r,2

5-22 Pel Iet 1'upportma--------. 5 . .~ 2 65-23 Primer Holder Detail -... . . . . . . . . 5275-24 Two Types8 of Primers-------------------- 2$5-25 Control of Firing Pin Penetration-----,.--.. ...- - - 2915-26 Two Types of Bans----------- ---------------- 5 34)+5-27 A Relay Detonator Design--------------------- 35-6-28 Burning Time vsi. Moisture, 0.010 8econld Obturated IDelav Elemnit 5 345-29 Buirning Time vs. Moisture, 0.25±0.25a $#cond Obtllrat4)'l '

Iiei-ex~-------------------------------------.5-30 Burning Time v8. MN'oist:ire with anld Without 1)(tlkvation. 0.0:33

Secon d Obtuiir ated B tI~ l'k owd er Del1a ElAiv'n et t------------:76-St Burning Time vs. Volumte of E-',pgtjrqion Chamber, 0.251j0.025

Brecond Obturated Delay Eleiaoj .. . .. .-.

* ~~5-32 Burning Time vs. 'ITtinperat rns; 0.00.1 Secoand iDelav i'.'4.:O

Pressure 'Type-------------------- .15-33 Burning Timec vs. Teniperntire; 0.010 84-on Delay Illenr t,

-b~at-------------- ------------------------- 12&-- 34,; IN.araing 'lime vsj. Teiperature; 0.25 Seuaajld Deiln- Elemenat',

CObt jrated------ . . . .. . . . 5 ;

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4 CONFIDENTIALSrE 1*01 V of ~~ TYVN AT-iO CONT.ENTS

FIgtrA Pairs5-35 Web of 0.010 Second Delay Fel- -t .............- -455-36 Loading Pre.sur- vs. Biurning Time, 0.010+0.003-0.004 Second

Obturatced Delay Pement -------------- 5- 4

5-37 Loading Pres.sure vs. Burning Time, 0.25 ±0.025 Second Obturated

U , .. a s n a n., a L' . ........... t ( nn L.. t S~ Ji, 5--.-7 .l ..

' ;Sfeond Wmtmirat-d Delay Element_ 5--48 . .

5-39 Elec-trir Iollay Fiize Primer Mk 115. General Arrangement~. --- -505-40 Electric Delav )etonfator INk 35 Mod 1. C tneral ArrangemenL 5-51 1 '5-4 1 Four to Six Second Experimental Obtur _ I Percussion Delay

)tonator.--------.----------------------------------- 5-525-42 Typical -1-5 Second Nenobturated Delay ----------------------- 535-43 ':xperimental Electric Delay Primer. General Arrangement ----- 5-58 -5--1 Flatn Iniitiated 0.10 Second Flash Delay )etonator. General

Arrangement ..---------.............. 5-59 35-.15 Stab Initiated 0.02 Second Delay Detonator. General Arrange-

ment --------------------------------------------------- 5-606-1 Loation, of Le!d-out mnd Lead-in in the Firing Train. Armed g7i

loiin. . ..------------------------------------------------ 6--6-2 Lneaion of a rA'ad in the Firing Train ------------------------ 6-2 I6;-3 A Preflanged Lead Cup Used by the Army -------------------- 6-5fl-,t Army Lead Ctp Inserted in Fuze Bulkhead ..- ------- 6-5

1-5 Lead Cu Placed in Fuze Bulkhead, Then Flanged -------------- -6N- Noncup Type Lead--- ------------------------------------- 6-7

,-7 Seoring of the Wal. of the Lead Hole -------------------------- 6-7-- . An Actual Design of a Firing Train of a Fuze Drawn to Scale __ 6-10C-- 9 )imensions and Tolerances of the Lead Holes, Lead Cup, and Re-

lat.ed Parts of the Firing Train of the Fuze Shown in Figure 6-8. 6-117-1 Booster Pellet. Tetryl -------------------------------------- 7-3

7-2 Booster Assembly for Base D)etonating Fuze Mk 21 Type ------- 7-47-3 Blaso letonat ing Fuze Mk 28 Type, Assembled to 5 Inch A. A. C.

'rj',,etih. ------------------------------------------------- 7-57-4 Booster Assembly for Base Detonating Fuze M60 Type_--- 7-67-5 Bo(,.;t,,r Assembly for Auxiliary Detonating Fuze Mk 44 --------- 7-77-6 Booster Assembly for Bomb Fuze AN-M103A1---- . ..----- 7-787-7 Gap Test Arrangement .------ ------------------------------ 7-07- (Crit ical Gap Lengths (I nches) for Several Explosives as a Function

of Percent Voids... -------------------------------------- 712 f

7--9 Pr,,s-ure Profile of a Detonation Nave Occurring in a Charge of A70 Fi,,ite Extent -- ----------------------------------- 7-157.-10 Profile of the Detonation Wave of a Cylindrical Booster of Very

-: : larg,, )iamm'er Crossing the Boundary of a Cylindrical MainiIP:'Charge of Equa! Diameter --------------------------------- 7-16 !..

D.(,(, t ajoj1 Wa I-'o ... tained When a Charg .1 nittd at _- Peint"k on, its Surface ----------------------------------------- 7-18

7-12 Detonation Wave in a Booster Initiating a Much Larger MainCharge ---------------------------------------------- - 7-19

7 3 )etonation Wave in a TNT Charge Cast in the Form of a Block Land Iniitahed Along One Leg ------------------------------- 7-20

7--14 De'onation Wave iv a Booster Whose Diameter is Large Corn-pared to 1h Reaction Zone Letgth of the Main Charge ------- 7-20 ;4

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ORDNANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN CONFIDENT-NALDESVGNERS' HANDBOOK __SECURITY INFORMATION

7- 1.5 Completely IF-ctirnal io'7-16 V~ariatiton oef PlIate 1)eyt w ith iiPe14 l-I *8-1 Flaseh D~etonator Init iAtiois in 1i.'i ;-*onenaj Fuzv MI k 2.X - " 1)einv-IDtonator Arrange'nwnt, I *,-e in Ba*ew' DoAt*rating FI-r ef. 'I 18-3 Initiation (i a T).'toimtor Over s I~mi: Ga nA~ lI e' it,

I fDfltotifin Faze I 5A. '.4

S-- 11-Irpori-mental NIoditicmt ivn' (if I *tonator Nf xT-i -~t Fbvture .vemhblv for 1)?$r~rug(~C1'. rn nro

D~iamerter for Primerr Mk I113 0

8- D onor aiirl Acceptor Chm-, IIhl igb.I t'onn.-d ine Nfir!A) fifo - 4 ~8Y-S Critical (;apla. a Fejicetioce of C olmllen Diattnwts-r8-9 Critim-l Axial Air (ace Am,"?,~ %%16:0 rDvtf.nit ionl i.4 Trml~oqlsitt I"t

liptworen e .(ad Az7irk' and Tlr 178-10 N ireiimr Priinrg Ci tr'are! (ir Gals frr Of i.'a: PI'.0"1.1 N.

Imrepact Sellsit wity 4i8--I1 Part A. (Critical Gap w'-4 a Fanrtgo of D.e i v, t % .(K Irlr)

i utinrer Lecad Aizide' I )cpenr. 0.100 Inchb and 0 fiartI , 1viq.. Tqe'ri .ircevxor-4. N-;- Part ii N . * 10-q

8-1l Pprt Bi. C'ritical Gap, w-4 at Yomim of Dei ~-itv. S"'~ Part A x 219-i2 rari A. C~rit ical Gap a,% a ht tiom f .nit 0n I00 Iif-te-r

Lad A7.ide 1 )or;Ots, 0. 1 MX I tichl and 0.200) 1 :ecb )imrcf*.- rtrAce ptors. Sc at1.- .- -. 22

8-12 Part 1i. Critical Gap a.m n~ 'e'et 240 o (i Ovivv;. S~ at; 2.1813 Arrangement Used in eadn4 tee J*smter E1xprimeri- %4 24

Arr4 gemnt of D)onor anid Accee-plor ill lbo Trar.arr-w ispla -8- merit Te-st~................

8-5Initiation Projvrtie% of the 1>rplouivr. ArroqeA Iraner-e 44Plceen And Axial Air Gaps 44f3

9-2 Firing Time vit. Drop Height for Staib iDeonatr . .93 lectric Primer awl Detonator Tet lqipnit-- .. 91

4-4 Sanfety Firing 'hrc or Electric Prim.'rs4 9-S l~tail of interlock Switchl for Safety Firing Chawbe~r I I

%-6 Initiation of Fla-sh Sensitive Charges Imy Vuir jog Prime-r Lomdl.. 919-7 Flash Dectonator T(ester, Fronit View TI ,~.Rme. m., 174 Nfid 0, 9 16

'98 x Hydrogen FiILdi De"tonatoer Tester %Ik 17S 0_.. 10 IS'99 ece.-itivity 'I'n.$f. o! Dc!( nultor VI' '

0-10 FIritn.g Timne v-4. D~rop Ilfeight, Stab Prineerm Mk 102 !1. 2c39-1Test Se-t Mk 135 Mod I) for Pereusso Piiws .42

t!.i iet lict Mk 173 Mod 0 for P;'rctzsioe Irirnerm. io -t 24%-311 Bkc-k Di.-agramr 4f TJimring Eqiuipment.-----.

4.

9-14, Typical Extieritrienrtal hr-,tiltA. IrIn TJinto .- : P rop Height of4 -&'r-e'- * -phere. lypical Fim- Pt ryper. 'Mo-reury F'idmiruzto

9-. D~etail of Lezrr D isk Nfounting li-lo)w Detoinaor ine Iast it Ioirer 9) 329-- 16 Taj)orod JHotkiesore I;ar for Il idil I'rv-' irv Te-t, .39- -17 Ibepjkr ~of 1ar for Loregitteirtinal I'r-ieurv. Tple.-,~(

-. XVI CONFIDE- TIAL

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CONFIDENTIAL j-_SEURTY INFORAA T! n k CONTENTS"

9 f lopkinwaon Preio.ire liar Modified! for INrect Velocity Mea.iurementOil irn~fW~~..~ . - .~ 9-36

-19 1'ropedc Deigri of P'ressuire Bar Tt--er. Genernl Arrangement - 9-37920 J-'perimntali MdAv1 of Simnplified lopkinsorr liar. Spherical

Pendulom Bob Driven N~rectly by Bar- ------------ cr9-38%.21 Stauuehappar, %se l l d -409. 212 Stumehapp;arat, 'Wit hout Protective Cylinder - ---------- 9-419 23 Tt Set XTk 175 Mod 0. ---------------- %-43

9-2~'tS,'. N!k 172 M..-d , ljorl-A r'e-in Stab a',d ismI cric Pei ner., 9-15f. 2.5 Test Set, Mlk ISO Mod 0 (Primjer Prssutre Bomb Apparatus)9-5

II IC I Eiperimuental Hand loftadmg Tool for IDetornators. Sectional View-. 10-510) 2 Exix-rimuerut-al fand LoadIing Tool for Detonators. Ram arid Raim

Guide 1tt-moved----------- .------------ 10-610) 3 Pri-r Lnafling Tool for %fk 101 Type Primer. Sectional View- 10-61 0 1 1Brirmer l.lJL(iik 'roo, for mk i01 Ty pe fPrirner------------10-710- 5 1 ari i-oading Tool f or L~eads. Sectional View---- . - 10-710(- .6 Hand Loeadinug Tqoo for Leads -------------------------------- 10-81(1 7 Ilayrid JL'q fing Tool for Booters. Sectional View---------10-8II -) Is Hatd imading Tool for Boosters------------------ - ---- 10-9I G 9 T'ool for Assemnblinug l)Ptonator into Plunger -----------.----- 10-10 i ifl

'P 0 ool for Loading I t ryl R{elay Charge Dlirect ly into Plunger- 10-li10-il Tool for E~xpeqrimrenutal 1,oadnir of Black Powder Delays. Sectional

View.~ ----------------------- 10-12I10 -12 Tool for l->qierimntal Loading of Black Powder 1)elays --------- 10-1310 -13 To;.l for Producetion T,oadiiug of Black P'owder Delay Element.

sevtieuuual View.- ------ ---- ---------------------------- 10-1410 -l- Toolce for I'rodlmction L~oading of Black Powder Delay Element. --- M0-1410o--ISn l~oaling Tlool for JDetmiator---------------------------------- 10-15if) -16 Cim lping Tool for IN-toniator -- - - -- ------ ------ 10-1610--17 1Brinier Charge 'rraitsfer OrwratiorL- ---- ------------- 1M-18.10-19 Primier Wet-Lsu)elirg Tool, Semii-P'rouction Type. Sectional View- 10-1910 -19 1Primer Wet-Tonflirg Tool, Send-Production Tp-------10-2010-20) Sermi-Autwnatic D~etonator ALoading Maichine------------------ 10-2110- 21 Seqwence of Operations, Semni-Auttomnatic Detonator Loading

-ac--n----------------------------- 10-22It -22 A iternal, ciclt in-g Machi---------------- ---------- !0_n2

1 0--23 Balance for Weighing Smiall Charges -------------------------- 10-25-14,

LI1ST OF TABLES

- 2-I ilhlesjevd 11roe-04-t e~ of 1'rhinry E'oliOve- -------- 2-22-2 Expl~osive (haracteristies tof l'rit-3firy Extkc-ives --- -- ------- 2-32--3 1' S. Armu nd Navy iPriming Mixtures, - --- ----------- 2-10

2 'l sicvl I'roluertfes of Iligli Fjuloonvs------------ - - 2-132- E~xplosiv 11 Charau'trristic-s of fligh Exp~losives------------2-142- (e (raimuiatiou (of Black 11owder.- - --- ------------------- Z-202--7 ('ombiti~tion of Black Powder -. ----- - . - - - - - 2-212-- I t lur I Ii I I S peI-i fi ca t i o IIs for Q 1iic k z ia tch - - - - - - 2-222-9I ,baditg I eu:.it v of E1"dosives -. -------- -------- 2-2.1

2-1 Effect oif L~oadling Pressure on the 1)ensitY of Grade A 'Black Powder-. 2-24 _

2- 1 U.1eiosioii Tlemuperatuore -- - - -- -- ---------------- 2-27

CONFIDENTIAL XvIll2 ~-~.

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ORDNANCE EXPLOSIVE 1RAisN IwF~EN"

V DEGNERS' HANDBOOK 'SECURITY FORMATIOm&

9-2-E-l Eee'roatic Sentitivily of Iiriviirv ENIio'iv.- 22%IIJF 2$43 Sththility of l~ ie

2-14 Compalibiltv or >pf. ~ r -~~~*

2-5Slblt fExplos47es in solne ( OtflflIti S44,1vei 30

2-10 Hawfling ('hviritristieR ofT M'iii n

3-1 Compositions fSn ftlMtf-el tvSa rtin ivr-

ing Mixtures-... .

3-3 ,-k 102 'Av Ic Frwr.1isk 'r irkniw4 v. SensjtivO . *3-4 Effe-t of Lwulij~v Prre"ureo n S4- .itjvitv- IfNJJrifilti Mixtir-

No. 130 Tiadefl into 'Mk 102 Mwl PrHinvr (''ip .v.. 3 s3-5 Mfet of Loading I'res.irv fin Outtpvit r riiix itureA 1'ycd in

Stab) PriuierN, . ,

3-6 Fff(et Of '50aling C'ip 1Iardi.... on, ti" wi.i , ~ '~q

'E7 Efft of P'iringz 1,41 Velocxity wt O 'twK~rt 1(tirred to nit lAteM-1 101 Tyie Permission Primiers, .. . .. 31

3-8 Effect of Loading Premstre on (~~~it f 1'rivoitig M iv isrt. Uoedin Pereusion PrirnrP ", 3 19

, f3-9 Effect of Charge Weight on Oleipwt (1hitrartetr-sd~ of 'Mctifirri4Navv Primer M#'k In',~mb(~ with 5hnrmont-t! ( oer Sealing

X, CU -- --- - ---- 3 21A3-11) Volitmetric Sivecifir -~~s4 - .rl . .. :;1:3-1 ffect of Wir-e Lengthu on In pot (',iirnri -ri.,fijs itt -pruv y~4 NI p

Flectric PrimenN, 3 :Y1:i3-12 Effect of Different Exp .vv on Firijim Fnerg-y in Hridge-Wir;. Type-

AcCtrie Prime",~ Tuigttet Wire .0.30 Ineh I.fong ait [T 20 Volvi . .3 15

4-1 Ixplosve Carg" sed n Forign ias etonators 1

4-25 Effect of Amy n of sie po eitiit 4n Output ~Mure bh

Copr lckTst------------------------------4

46 Variation of Setnsitivity with 1,ondiyng Prs t.Iltr ffr Sq~'Priming M ix t iires --------------------------.5-I E'fect o.f Mob~tiire Contoent of A hick P'owder on HrIll Tin

t5 0.011) fSccnd Delay 5----------------J 1-2~ .ift.'i.ture Ccintent. of IShaek Powder on Iirriium Time.

Loade with Blc .......

5- FIfeisof Te p ra ir o iminu ug Time i hI.

1"ofled Srit'vi Bod'e. J~ 0.20K) 3 It(hr- I Ts)A I

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CONFIDENTIALSECURITY NCM TNC TE S

59 Ell t$, of iiamr'tt.r Of fIv '"r olumn on Burniig ciaracteristic. -5i7

*- I Iirxwicions of Lhe Le4ad (hargpe; in an Actual Firing Traiin Design- 6--107 ersitivityv Test Values for Possible Boosifer Explosive 7-11

.~I Shock Charmrolcristkhs of Metal.,......... 8-2

. M- 1 !T-ct of Confuting 'Mediumri oi Critical Gap - ------ - 9K A Compjilationt of lbat~a frowm 0810) Report No. 5601 (rdf. (7))

-~~~ soui inig 1ut of 'rcsu of S~haped Charge Initiator.- as lu-tratv(I in Figujre 7------------------ --------------------- 8-35

9 1 Stm~idard Test Sets for Firing Train Components--------------9-2

CONFIDENTiAL mix

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7r'

CONFIDENTIALSECURITY INFORMATION

Chapter I

INTRODUCTIONProblems of ExcI .;ve- loaded Ordnance

(-)i Apr-il 24, 1862, Geri. 1). Hi. Hill of thle Corifede-rate Armyv wrotethle following blinit note to his Secretary of W~ar concerning certain;)ro Ins hie %%als hafving wi~th lhe explosive tr-ains of his day. ''Th ere

11nVusi 1wsiletl Ve'ry rot t 1 in Owg C)'-dntilarce IDepartm1 erit. It i3 at'~aike onerr t~riigoit ndI have on een afraid that there was

fotil phi thevre. Ouir shells hiust tit die moth of the gun or do not

o ne N-"'ir Inter tit tie Bat tle of Clionceflorsville, an artillery clodef __

re4por-ted 11l111 oil the basis1 (if carefuil ob~servat ion oly% one out of everyfi ft een of the shiells tat wecre fired ('xIloded tit all. "'I was compelled,ti tcl elosely the (fflect of all of the project iles,"' he said, ''as if we%VV'IT Using (ent irely solid shot."

By 95 performance of wanunun1itionl hadl been1 8somewhat improved;IFhiowe-itvei-r, in the miost significant, navall engagement of the Russo-JaaneI1se writhtea, nieythe Battle of Tsushima,. it is re-por-ted( thalt oneV of tie mnost, important, factors leading to the utterdefeait of thle Russial Fleet, atr tile hand(S of thet Jalpanese Was the failureof thle lRussitin fiizes to e'xplodle the projectiles.

TIo bring the story lipl to the present, it can be stated that theflinid ionilitg of explosive loadIed ordlnance is in general quite satis-[fact ory. 'I'king o xmlatarItfamnto dia

I Ii isity, n frwarding to the Unders.-cretarv of tihe Navy in 1945a

re1Coniiiiciidat ion that. a Natvy fuize designer be given a special corn-Iien(Ittion, stated 1140nan ammuitnition which was produced to tho 9extent of 95C., million rolinls during World War IT, functioned better

itani 99 percent in ballistic tests."iltoiunds of tiamunition of nll categories, perfect in all respects, were,howver sIll unavailable in World War II. Much in p~articular

r~emains to 6. a(.conil'lished il (developing explosiv4 trains capable ofwit list finding severe suirveillance conditions. Following thie born-

Pli ineit s of certikin at olls in the Pacific iy 11'. S. Naval Uniis, it wt ,sini somle inlstance's dlisconcerting to note that not all of the ammunitionwv it,; to miaximum111 effectiveness. In "'Comments onl Arnpli bionisOperaltlus" (latedI I ]NIntch 1944, the followving st~atement a~ppear's:

henext dvt11biitpe of imalfunction. w~as the duds anid low order(lett ililt ions, liot~cd oil all the islnds. While the number of dulds fomid

.. . -. ..iiil fltn11n~. . . . . . . .. n

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ORDNANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN CONM:IDNTIALDM~GNERS'- HANDBOOK SECURTY HIFORMATIOIN

From the example, cited, it is evident. that the problens of explosive

loaded ordnance are of long stanintg. The soluition- to stivh of thsproblems as involve the explosi ve rain are the prOvinve of Ibis hook.,Actally the art (and the term is used itdvi.g edly) of explogive traillev'sign is in a well-advancedl 0-cge at- the pr'eseu( wtne. Not only hftvethe on-target p~mi "record, been~f raistd in mos~t rases to figtirv*4above 90 percent, but in addition tt, ,;afetv record,,; of ordnance 'havebeen greatly improved. For -Anstnflee, (luring Worldl War 1, arninuni-tion that~ gave no more than ri:w h)orv. preiiature in twenty thouiandlrounds of firing was cof~~ o be tnhovt it gNXd as cold be expected.In World War Iii wit ;or example. .5"38 bose-fiized aimmunitiov,bore prematures occurred at the rate of less than ofcie in) one millionrounds.

Scope of This HandbookOrdnance design is a field of broad extent, aind iii it thle tnwarv

author is likely to wander far afield unless hie marks guit for himself asharply defined domain. This hnnd(ok c*overs explosive Irains wtapplied to the entire field of explosive loaded ordnance. In eve'rv rasw,the discussion is limited to ili explosive trair.-. For instance. thereis no discussion of the sources of energy, either electrical or Phet 0itu,which serve to trigger tbe fwyw. of an explosive loaded round. Thereis a detailed discussion of the manner in which the sensitivity of astab primer is affcted by tile ueigh't and velocity of the firing pin.There is no discussion of the dletails of the mechanism Wich moveg ashutter contsinir.g a detonator to arm or (lisarm a round; but. there is itdetailed discussion of the way in wvhich the probability of firing thlesubsequent element in ie train is niodifiedl as a functioin of thir wanout.-) dislocation of the detonator or of interposition of air gaps.

The explosive train desig-ns; treated in thtis book are applicableD--maxily to bomb and p nr-itikcfuzes. Howmvr, thn an'b ha~e

principles may be applied to a wide range of explosive loaded ordnanceitems. The following list of sueth items is not neeserIly Complete.

Gun launched projectiles of all calibhe rs.Rocket projvtiles.Bombs.Underwater ordnance such as mines. torpedoes. and ('dpth charges.Projectiles of advanced designs, including seif-propelled ind

guided. missiles.

Decrpton Of a Complete Explosive Trainshort over-all description of the explosive tri'MBaeFz Mk

21 for major caliber projectilp-1 idoeel.( here ;nl nrdor m, vivp the

newcomer to this field a comrehepmsivo~ vinw yhhh niohyi nt

r,%.rrrhT AV I

BEST AVAILABLE COPY

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CONFIDENTIA

SECRIT INOM TO ITO UTO

othewis 611~inE~yreadng he etatleddiscssins f th vaioucomponents w V

hichappearlater Th ucino hsfz i ontae

oxhlrsive tain byd rhedigchnca detreisios of the arnciousngar tomoucetspo which appea , lar The cnton ofia thisembly of iathefuzlwih as dmayofne o.n hall rafer i fpcrwrh stelan platepcaainhighre ireplosioning the s,.~ 'ie of psjetile prmr to i6pinest n diarin i. ASe cros, eio -I as 1-e2.2)i ho infgue

The tab prime. Inetis ne for meaciption atenstinisy centedion theimplotsit tais and the mfcangicaislofates ofithe upri uncption

coi, wich o is j mouted on ailea rcs, rinavc forward n 2(plate impa,

aga~int. teticr eep pring, cab.s'6g the stxbprimer o tismigehefi pin.y (Scen rimer> aing pi-2.)edly lmetprmr

Thi st primer lodesed forh aimgmixsenesiity to ntiatonson

iffert witm th staprimfetrigp is lwoaded-s withly apiig copsigin

sI ongr ad s ot pti). 2S3), duingi~s acuioa caract),eris cehic

makes" possibdel elmnenaprier of iring pin in the ey element, riedrlay prlleran sodly, wit as riingmtren lsssiie to imhact e

itha te tab) primer.ecp hti osntcnanla zd.ITife ht ge from the absio primer pet~ epct;frst ithouig ise

btroner and inite thpuneek powurdlaytuation, aichactrs which

the reproducible pressure conditions which obtain within the delatyhousing, ith a delay time of 0.035 second. When the black powdereleinei, ha-i bured through, a spit of flame impinges on a lead azide-loadled detonator; a true dletonation develops and progresses succes-sie1v tirotgh 11im. tetry-loaded lead out, the tetryl-loaded boosterlead in, the tetry,-loaded boa.ster, and the main charge of the shell,expliosive 1) (ainunoniurn picratte).

('ern vuiugeneral remark~s may be miade concerning this Pexplosivetrain, which hold in general for any train. As one proceeds down theraint, the size of the elements in general increases while CUMes-

tiitv oinitiption Fo~r~~Vr mnatna. n 1 a -- r, wA %At V

Sa"TlSiti vitVy we linve3(a) Priming mixture.(10) Lead azide.

(d) Explosive D.As lnmpied In the word "train," each element has, two ends and

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ORDNANCE". EXPIO~VET 4'iC CN DNIAtDES!GNEW~rZ ,,A~ SECL'RtTY" INFORMAIot~

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OL STA PRIMER - -

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OR1DNSANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN CONFIDENTIAL*DESIGNERS' HANDBOOK SECURITY INFORMATION

crncomnitant with this 'fact has twvo -haracterimize, an inpi.,t chbare-terstic and an output charneterimtie. We characterize, for instane,the ptew ion primer with regtard to its input characteristic by itsdrop weight sensitivity, an~d with regard to its output chardetei'zi.ticby the number of c,,ories of heait which It devvlop) oni dolagratioriand which appear in *ts output flame. The leadc fk7ife (Ieltotr ischaracterized on its input end b~y its fmesI~u~~t a e~rd

. for instance, in the oxy-1hydrogert bomb appariatzs (1scribeI on page- 9--N~ and on its~ oiutpnn end by the petak vr'K-sure developed at Its

detonation front where it contacts the succeeding clement in thetrain.

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CONFIENTIALSECURITY INFORMATION

chapter 2

*HRCEITC OFEPOIV1RIMATERIALS

Explosive 11111 uIriaterials liave file commnon, characteristic o Ifbeingrap'tifJI of re-ainig, wh~en properly initiated, with the evolution o!corisierahie enlergy Th~jis reaction (does not depend on the avail-WI_4 d~ilif V of :____ V owFIf 1.IIe;. ;' v'r~jh-o lorfeinc

Ibe fiuade tol (wv ii' ill liq~;c.h ealedl components.nut~ mterials; ised In explosive trains may, for convenience of dis-

i'lissi0Y1, Ile dlivided~ into explosives anl delay mnaterials. Explosives,it) reneral, rulaet more ra1pidly ti anl do delay materials; however, intll. ca1M. of siIIrI dlelalys tilie dIilr(T('Iwe iTrt-iict ion. rate tends to dis-appear, and fin 'W01-,4 CR~S(I a1 single miateriali may be mnade to serveb~oth purp)oses.

1'roin the sta(idpoint, of coinposition, explosive train materials con-I41- of iln ox*intli (oxidizing" nIaterial) and a fuel (oxidizable material),

h1eld in mintinine ~onltac(t inl it mfetastale condition. Delay materialsusua~lly consist of rnechemnivil inixtutres of oxidants and fuels, in theI0i-rn of fine( powders. lin the vase of explosives, the oxidant and fuel

'11 .ir uliv incorp~orated into at single miolefcule, so that explosives areiiorially liornogenouis niateria!.. There are numerous exceptions toIhe llove genieralizat ions, sinee a pure explosive compound may be

a1NIis I! delay nI)Itei'ial, whlile explosives may consist of mechanicalmixt iures of explIosive comnpounds andl/or oxidizing and reducing chem-icals. 11)thIIer ilia t eiiis iay be add(ed to imipart special characteristics;for exanijde,, wax mayv !) added to a high explosive to decrease its

'Section 1 -ExpksivesAni exjlosive many beC defined as a metastable substance which, if

activated b~y an external source of hieat or shock, dlecomposes spon-taileously to prohuce a large, amount of energy. Hestzlts of this de-

cliJ)si(ioi are thme suidden prodluction oi a large volume of reaction

gases att highm temnperattire and at sudden rise in pressure in the im.-In1E*iilatt. viemnitv. ihstransforination normally takes place in ape4riotd of f ite order of a, few mnicroseconds.B

Ali explosive iniy beo regardled as at material containing storedl energyKandi capab~le of releasing that energy upon activation. From thestanrd point, of thenohensry, ILoe energy released is the differenceiiewi~sm 1ht. henit, (if formation of the original explosive and the heatof forrmi Iimi of the products of reaction.

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ORDNANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN OFUNI,DESIGNERS' HANDBOOK SECUMTY NFO)RWA1!.ot

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R E

INDEX

Air gxpP, density, effect of, 7-2, 7-3, 7-22, 8-

detonation tran4fer acros, 8-13 to 25, 8-21,8-36 1o. ition .elltive to fni- charp.... B ecot of, 7-19, 7-2- 1

Boutnai tet, -31C)1r~i~C~for, 2-1 to 2-15, 7-, -19

Black powder, Ioading, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 10-24

compatibility, facing page 2-30 mounting, 7-7 to 7-9

wo.,ifions, 2-1 9 t, 7-14 to 7-25functioning eharacteristics, 2-19, 2-21 7ensiti-ity, 2-14, 2-15, 7-9 to 7-14

granulation, 2-19, 2-20 shape, 7-5 to 7-7, 7-13 to 7-24ignitability. 2-21, 2-22 tzes, -211 7-22products of combustion, 2-18, 2-21 Bruceton test, 9-29 9-30

survl~ok iknce ci r . 2--2', 2 -30 Buriig times of black powder delays,

Black powder delay elements. 5-2 to effect of loading pressure dwell, 5-45,U 5-49 5-47

bame. 5-29, 5-30. 5-33 effect of loading pregure, 5-46, 5-47,

burning time. ,5-2 to 5-!, 5-33 to 5-49ItIr- 5-49; ,ge Murning tim'.. black effect of moisture content, 5-34 to

U powder delAv.. 5-38r- c-A.. "fleet if primer output, 3-19 to -3-22,

con, t4etio, 5-18 to 5-33 5-38, 5-39

delay f,"-ly, 5-18 to 5-20 effect of size of increment, 5-49

design fact-ors. 5-18 to 5-44, eifect of type of powder, 2-21, 5-38

firing pin, 5-28, 1-29 effect of temperature, 5-39 to 5-45loadig . &- 220, ,r-21, 10-12, 10-24 C

obturated column type, 5-2 to 5-13p pOt. 5-2 '6 Compatibility, 2-30Pellet supor. " Copper block test, 4-7, 4--8, 9-31, 9-32

primer, 5-27., 5-28primner holder, 5-26, 5-27 i)e ay colunn disruptions, 5-29, 5-30,

relay detonators, 5-30, 5-31 8-2

3 ring t.L*T-.5-13 Delay fuse, 2-21 to 2-23

vented colmn tym, 5-12. ,5-13. 5-21 IDelay nowder.

to 5-24 gasle.s, 2-17 to 2-19, 5-49 to 5-54,

venttng arransgements, 5-21 to 5-24 5-60Booster nitqtre1) 5-59

to main charge, 7-14 to 7-25 normal lead 2,4.dinitroresorcinate,

Roostere, -7-4 to 7-25; $ee also Initia-tion oft.l6oit al~d boos8ter normal lead j, Tlmate, 2-23, 5-59

al~emblemethzxrconitum-bAriuni chromate, 5-6 0

as~mi~~mto&S7 r'-2 t o7-5 '11

..n.n,. -~7 °4 Detv . -1 to 5-61: sec %.e lack_ eon ft, 7-7,7 -24

construction, 7-1 to 7-9 powder and GasIVSs delay elements

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- ORDNANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN CONFIDENTIALDESIGNERS' HAN'BOOK SECURITY INFORMATIONDefonation, Expli.e, 2-1 to 2-16, 2-23 to 2-32

: iechanlsm, 7-45 to 7--2 Wosoter 2-w, 7-1, 7-2. -ttra.-sfer ?ragmcnt 1m at ' - ,It *. 0-1r,

.- 3 6 -! . 7 - 1 0 ," . e'ocitY of h, h expl-sives, 2-14, 2-11 7-11

SVeocitW of primary exj-lw tves, 2-4 to I brisance, 2-14, 2-152-8 characteitlc, 2-1 to 2-15, 2-23 toDetonator input tests, 9-2, 9-3 2-32

Detonato ouput tests, chemical formulaA and compt,!ion, icopper block, 4-7, 4-8, 9-31, 9-32 2-21HoDkinson bar. 9-.1 t3 9 -o 1 0 ,.lead disk, 3-5, 3-9, 4-13, 4-14, 9-31, compatibility, 2-30 and table oppoi te. -32 2-30sand bomb, 4-6, 4-7, 9-2, 9-3, 9-32, density, 2-2, 2-13, 2-14, 2-23 to 2-269-33 detonation velocity, 2-4 to 2-8, 2 A-1,

Detonators, 4-1 to 4-22, 5-30, 5-31; 2--15see also Electric, detanstor-, Flash effect of graiulation ofl s',iniVity,detonatcrs, and Stab 'detonators 7-11 to 7-13

explosive charges, 4-2 to 4-4, 4-9, effect of Liewperature on senisitivity,4-10, 4-12, 4-13, 4-16, 4-17, 4-20, 2-26 to 2-27, 7-144-21 frictioll gezsitivity, 2-3, 2-9_1

E impRct snsitivity, 2-3, 2-14, 2-15Electric detonators, 4-14 to 4-22 melting point, 2-2, 2-13construction, 4-16 to 4-10 molecular weight, 2 3-2 2-13examples, 4-17 to 4-19 oxygen baka.e1, 2-2,2-32-13expiosi-es for, 4-16 to 4-19 power. 2-14, 2-15 d ainput cha&cteristics, 4-20 sensitivity to electrostatic discharge.input tests, 9-7 to 9-12 2-27 to 2-29output characteristics, 4-20, 4-22 solubility, 2-30 to 2-31output tests, 9-2, 9-31 to 9-33 Stability, 2-29, 2-30* performanee characteristics, 4-14 to storage and handling, 2-31, 2-32'4-16 tmnperature or explosion. 2-26, 2-27

S E~eetric p z i iermas aata, 2-3, 2-4, 2- 14, 2-15bridge wire type, 3-25 to 3-27, 3-29 Fto 3-49 ' Firecracker Fuse, 2-22, 2-23* carbon bridge type, 3-27, 3-28,3-50 Firing pin, 3 -3 to 3-7, 3-14 to 3-18,to,3-52

to -5 ":5-28,5-29, 9- 21construction, 3-24 to 3-28 percussion prier, %3-14 to 3-IS, 5-28,examples, 3-25 to 3-28 5-29firing circuits, 3-36 to 3-51 stab type, 3-3 to 3-7, 9-21input caractPristics, 3-29 to 3-51 velocity, 3-16 to 3-18, 9-21input tests, 9-27, 9-28 Flame temperatures of black powder,I .ow energy, 3j-5 o-28otput characts ics, 3- 3-53 Flash detonatcrs, 4-1 to 4-8OUtput tests, 3-2,3-3t,949 to 9-52 construction, 4-2Petfonace :charteristics, 3-22 to examples,,4-2 to 4-43- .24 l.r . put charactedstics,4-3, 4-5, 4-6prming ixtures, 2-10, -2-iI, 3-24. -put tests, 9-2. 9-12 to 0-19

3-25 Arslyit 227 ttv2- outu artriic,-CoEni 2-29ord otput tests, 19-3, 9-33 to 11-42nsgBlkodfuse, .223 me sitjve e .xplosives (primary). 4-2Fxplosivetrain functloning, 1-2 io 1-6 A o -6

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CONAiDENTALSECURffY IFORMATION _ _ _ _ _ INDEXyfr dTkfo.d .uadow tt.t, 9'-30 iipuL Tuirento{; F ila !- jxwldcr, 2- 1 to 2-23 l~re:. :io priruur, 3-i4 to 3-.t.

i. aPr I ner., 3 - 4 to--8-Gf ,It 9-2 to 9-0

G Dap M (o~pu) 9-3 *~.~03 (9-4f, for electric detornator- , -

for electric primers, 9-2, -27, 9-28boot'er toni chai'ge, 7-24, for fla.h det3iato, , 9-9-!2 to 9-1 4)Ca" voluei hid Imp, t Piezo-etrie.Impulge Gc-uge,9-27

3-49 to 3-21. - 9-42 to 9-4-t stab dctonator 9-7$1 o3 2"93 94 t T .rire-, 9-2, .4 1-;5, 9-17, 9--20,

Ciu'Imm detay p4erita$, S-49 te 5 5-2179-0depugn, 5-54 to 5-58 9-21no- b urtd, I .S53, &$-14 Tecgt Set Nk 135, 9-2, 9-21 to 9-23obtursted, 5-0 to --52 Test &t M 136, 9-2, 9-4 to 9-6, 9-17'

Sdel&)-., 2-16, '17 to 219 4 Test St Mk 1.52, 9-2, 9-282o -. - 1 Tqt, Set Mk 173, 9-2, 9-7, 9-23 to[i: C nhailiiteri, 2.-16. 2-17, 5-54 t) 5---77-7

- .... -:~Test ,M k 174, 9-3, 9-15 to 9-17,

In.nsitive explo ive test (output),9-33,

initialIon.* 7-15 to 7-165, 8- 11 to Sr3eiIfopkinon bar t 9t., 9-33 to 9-39 Integral delay primers and detorators,, 5--59, 5-60

Interaction of explosive train compo-:- nernts, 8-1 to &-37 ,

Ignition temperature, 8 8black powder, 2-19 L

irnx'ttis,guti- powdor, 2-19 Lead. ser 415o Initiativit of leads And

Initiatop of delaes-. 4-21 to 5-23, 8-1 no."sters, G--I to 6-11to 8-3. construction, 6-2 to 6-9

tct promtim-g, A-2, 8-3 control of dusting, 6-4

nit, tion of flash detonator, 8- 3 to cup type, 6-5, C-6-example, 6-, f- -5 to 6--7, 6-10

effect of n o 8iem - .-22, 8-9 loradig th h airge.-, 16-9, 10-22

hari10 tf t 3--lip types, 6-7, 6- i o r

i ?TpetS-3 tst 8-2 3 tros, 16-2 o1-eltial ar, g8e-t2., 8-7. 8-8 2 .3e nitl Y 6-3f to-4

t t ion of .es a-i -- 1 1 toj ;ji , IL-20 to 1 C-2:8-36 lffes7-2, 7-4, 72i-5, 10-24

Mr gap,, 8- 13 to 8-30, 8-33 to 8-36 grt-gaig th charge, 10-1, 10-2, tmrie effcts 8.-2, -II3I de.zign faviors affect ing !ending opera-

~hart rge o t. 8-32 8-33 t10-3~ttridiernet effoctswe8-27 tio 8-30 t. on, of- t po ic. - t

denwit-y efft- , - 1, 8-21, 8- 23, deign of tool, n q i nc t 0 -

8--25, A,120 0o W-2r)

toi -2 to 1-24" lngtheffect, 9-17, 8-119 O-24,.2Particeo ml~w effect;. 8-2 6, -9-27 1 ,,,i, (h h rg,!-I to O -. : t" " - . ........ ,,, , t :- , ,g 1 ,4 , ; -24 to-.. i i ..

h-noa,: involved., 9-1 ! .o -3 i -,-. ... ....sats - charge offeaq , 8-33 to 83 +

':.to 8 -3 2 2- 21U

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4 O R"'D ANCE EXPLOSIVE TRAIN ,0NFDEN1, JALDESIGNERS' HANDBOOK SEC 1YlrFORMA IONLoi..- .. ..ni x - I .rrs +,: -effect on input reqmirements rTo, i input tests, 9-21 to 9-27

suators, 4-10 to 4,12 f lwiing prtsvire, 3 M. 1--22offeat pn Wnp ut r"at -urroes of prim.a- watutr~u cl-mrnt;~~~

: ers, 3- 7,: 3-8, 3-49, 3-4(16 - g O1tp t -"t+', 9-44 to %-19effect on output of primers, 3-43.t 3-9, "r*0 .. "'kr "s.3- _ +'22 ' I mrir ing mi1tre+<. 2-,10, 2- " -

Loadng, techn iqueg o IeAdicq, 4-$. -) 3-3 -9,Z'10)-22 Po-Eicctr{: i .;i -, . .

Loading tools, -[Prwer inpatL t- Mi 9- k 7 o .'-a i" q - A "% 1 n - n2 - . LIU" ['., ,'

..... dela4y element. 3-21, 3-22, !!L+"] -. finishes,-10-4, 10-7, 10-15 dela. elem-nt. 3-2

"tolerances, 10-3 I , u a 'n i ,. 42gas v cl amI' el impui+4 i 3b-21, 9-12

to 9-44

Measurement techniues. 9-I to J-52 Test..., Set. Mk 18, . - 2 t o 9-52 44

electric detonatprq, 9-7 to 9-12, 9-31 Thermocople (' '-"t Mk 173),9-to 9-33 23, 9-46, 4-47//

Se .itivIty neasurements, 9-4 to 9-301 Primers, 3- tO ,--, 5-27,i-28;sraisostab detonators, 9-4 to 9-7, --31 Electric prirvcrs, Percu.sion prim- I:

.. ... .e c., S 3 to 00-3 e , and St o prim ers

Priming mix"~$,to.1 c itc o, p 2-1r, 2 -1 -4Output characteristis, :of/ tion, 2-10, 2-I

electric primers, 3-51, 3-53-iussion primers, 3-19 to 3-22 -....tr l ...i...utivit, 2-9

'- ab primers, 3-8 to 3-10 output entrol, 2-9

.00tt tests, -30 to 9-52 "senvsitivity control, 2-9 -fiash 'Ptonator, 9-3 u 2-10. 2-1gap tes 9-33 P 9-39Hopkinso>. Bar 9-33 tl,) 9-39insensitive t'cplosive trst, 9-33 to 9-39 i - -2-42percussion prners. V-144 to 9-49P- toelectr.,c (-&r p ters), 9-48, 9-49sound intensity (tornrimers ), 9-49, Relay detonators. 5-30 to 5-32st~b dttoiator, 9-31,

prim;er, 9-42 to 9-44 SSta. p.-ic dnte=ntor safety, 9-52 1 Sand bomb test, 2-4, 9-32, 9-33, 9-49,Stauchapparat, 9-39 to 9-42 9-51 i

Test Set Mk 136, 9-31, %-32, 9-42 Sensitivity measurements of primers andTest Set Mk 172, 9-44 to 9-46 detonators, +-5, 9-4 to 9-30Test Set Mk 173, 9-23, 9-46, .- 47 Sensitivity tt-4Ls, 9-4 to 9-30thermocouple (for primeris 9-46, 9-47 flashdetenator, 9-12 to 9-!7

stab primer, 9-17, 9-20, 9-21P Short delays 2-23, 5-13 to 5-18, 5-58.

Percussion primers, " . .- 59construction, 3-13 fo 3-18- Solubility of em-plonIves, 2-30, 2-31exafmpleq. 3-19 to 3-13, 5-28 Stab detonat )rs, 4-8 to 4-14firing pini 3-14, 3-15, 5-28,5-29 eonstrucVz.n, 4-8, 4-9&-pu,. characrerstic , t-14 to "J'lg exanple, 4-9, 4--10

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CONRFE- This Document

SECURIP Reproduced From

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