youth integrity survey report - tamil

1Transparency International Sri Lanka

RUf;ff; FwpaPLfs;

cUf;fspd; gl;bay;

A/L : caHjuk;

DS : gpuNjr nrayhsH

GCE : nghJ rhd;wpjo; guPl;ir

O/L : rhjhuz juk;

NYSC : Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguit

TIS : buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; nrayfk;

TISL : buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh

TV : njhiyf;fhl;rp

YIS : ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;T

cU

m. ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; ntw;wpf;fhd NeHikj;jpwd; 06m. 3.1 Coy; njhlHgpy; fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;s jfty;fs; njhlHgpy; ,isQH kw;Wk; 07 tajhdtHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tPjk; M. 1 ,yq;ifapd; midj;J khfhzq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy;> 10 khtl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J 13 Njhuhakhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l 1004 ,isQH kw;Wk; 1012 tajhdtHfs; M. 2 ,yq;if khtl;l tiuglk; - Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l khtl;lq;fs; 13m. 1-1: xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik 15m. 1-2: xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik: Mz;fs; vjpH ngz;fs; 16m. 1-3: xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik: efHg;Gwk; vjpH fpuhkg;Gwk; 16m. 1-4: xUtH VidNahUf;F xU NghJk; ngha; nrhy;yhJ / Vkhw;whJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NeHikj;jpwd; ,Uf;Fk; 17m. 1-5: xUtH xUNghJk; rl;lj;ij kPwhJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NeHikj;jpwd; ,Uf;Fk;. 17m. 1-6: xUtH xUNghJk; Coypy; <LglhJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NeHikj;jpwd; ,Uf;Fk;. 17m. 2.1: xUtH xUNghJk; Coypy; <LglhJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NeHikj;jpwd; ,Uf;Fk;. 18m. 2.2: vJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ> tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;jy; my;yJ NeHikahfTk;> rl;lj;ij kjpj;Jk; ,Uj;jy;? 19m. 3-1: Vkhw;WgtHfis tpl NeHikahf ,Ug;gtH ntw;wpg; ngWgtHfSf;F re;jHg;gk; mjpfk; cs;sjh? 19m. 3-2: Vkhw;WgtHfis tpl NeHikahf ,Ug;gtH ntw;wpg; ngWgtHfSf;F re;jHg;gk; mjpfk; cs;sjh? 20 (milag; ngw;w fy;tpapd; %yk;) m. 4-1: mt;thW nra;ahjpUg;gJ ghjfkw;wJ vd;w epiyapy;> ngha; $Wk; my;yJ Vkhw;Wk; egH xUtupd; 20 czug;gl;l NeHik>m. 4-2: rl;lj;ij kPWtjw;F FLk;gj;jpd; If;fpaj;jpid fhuzkhf Rl;Lk; egupd; czug;gl;l NeHik 21m. 4-3: ghjfk; ngaustpyhdjhf khj;jpuk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ khj;jpuk; Coypy; <LgLk; egupd; NeHik 21m. 4-4: rl;lj;ij tpl FLk;gj;ij caHe;j epiyapy; itf;Fk; my;yJ ngaustpyhd ,yQ;rq;fis toq;Fk; 21 ngha; $Wk; / Vkhw;Wk;> egHfspd; czug;gl;l NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw fUj;jhf;fq;fs;M. 1: MW gFjpfspYk; CoYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; mDgtq;fs; 22M. 2: ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; Coy; njhlHghd ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; mDgtq;fs; Fwpj;j xg;gPl;L 23 Nehf;FM. 1-1: nghJ epWtdq;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j nraw;ghL Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs; 24M. 1-2: gy;tif nghJ Nrit epWtdq;fspd; czug;gl;l NeHikj;jpwd; 24M. 2-1: Fwpg;gpl;l gaidg; ngWtjw;F Coy; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjw;fhd tpUg;gk; 25M. 3-1: Vkhw;wp NjWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;. 26M. 3-2: Vkhw;wp NjWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; 26M. 3-3: Vkhw;wp NjWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> tPL mbg;gilapy; 27M. 4-1: xU Kf;fpakhd Mtzj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; 27M. 4-2: xU Kf;fpakhd Mtzj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> tPL mbg;gilapy; 28M. 5-1: Kiwaw;w njhopy; epakdk; my;yJ ghlrhiy mDkjpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpUg;gk; 28 (tPL mbg;gilapy;)M. 6-1: cq;fSila ‘fdT njhopiyg; ngWtjw;F Kiwaw;w njhopy; epakdj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd 29 tpUg;gk;,. 1: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy;> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; ,isQHfspd; tfpghfq;fs; 30 Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs;,. 2: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy;> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; ,isQHfspd; tfpghfq;fs; 30 Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs;> tPL mbg;gilapy; ,. 3: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; Coy; Fwpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpUg;gk; 31,. 4: CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;ghJ ,Ug;gjw;F toq;Fk; fhuzq;fs;> ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; 32,. 5: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; jftYf;fhd %yk; 33,. 6 ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s Coy; njhlHghd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; 33 xOq;Ffs; Fwpj;j mwpT ,. 7: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s Coy; njhlHghd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; 34 xOq;Ffs; Fwpj;j mwpT> fy;tp milTf;F Vw;g

2

Youth Integrity Survey Report | Sri Lanka

TISL epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsupd;

nra;jp

Coiy xopg;gjw;Fk;> cyfshtpa tifapy; NeHikj;jpwidAk;> ey;yhl;rpiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

mHg;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;L tUk; cyfshtpa mikg;ghd buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; mikg;gpd;

,yq;iff;fhd cs;@H fpisahf buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh (TISL) tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

xU jrhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dH Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ehs; Kjyha;> Coy; mw;w r%fkha; ,yq;ifia

khw;Wtjw;fhd gazj;jpNy gy;NtW gq;FjhuHfSld; ,ize;J TISL gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpd; kpfTk; Jbg;ghd kw;Wk; cw;rhfkhd gpupthf tpsq;Fk; ,isQHfs;> CoYf;F vjpuhd

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tfpghfj;ij nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czHe;J

nfhz;L> buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dypdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ehlshtpa uPjpahd Ma;tpd; xU

mq;fkhf ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;T xd;wpid TISL ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpj;jJ. ,e;j Ma;tpd;

Vida gq;Fgw;Wk; mj;jpahaq;fshf /gp[p> ,e;NjhNd~pah kw;Wk; njd;nfhupah Mfpad

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguitapd; MjuTld; jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; ,e;j Ma;T

Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if ,isQHfspd; jw;Nghija NeHikj;jpwd; mstpid Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;F ,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs; ekf;F cjTk;. midj;J khfhzq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;

tifapy;> 10 khtl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j 1004 ,isQHfs; ,e;j Ma;Tf;fhd khjpupahf njupT

nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdH. mj;Jld;> fl;Lg;ghl;L FO vd;w mbg;gilapy; 1012 tajhdtHfs; ,e;j

Ma;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpapUe;jdH.

,isQH NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;T KbTfis kf;fSf;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;F Kd;dH> gupe;Jiuf;fhd

cs;slf;fq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhf> Ma;tpd; KbTfs; Fwpj;J fye;JiuahLtjw;fhd

kPsha;T $l;lk; xd;iw TISL xOq;F nra;jJ.rpNu~;l murhq;f mjpfhupfs;> ClftpayhsHfs;

kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f nraw;ghl;lhsHfs; ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldH. CoYf;F vjpuhd

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; mLj;j fl;l jpl;lkplypy; ,isQHfspd; <Lghl;bw;fhd Mjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilia>

Ma;T KbTfs; toq;fpd.

,e;j Ma;tpid ntw;wpfukhf epiwT nra;jikf;fhf ,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;

Ma;thsH. fyhepjp rhe;j mNgrpq;f mtHfSf;Fk;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fyhepjp. ehsf;f

tpf;ukrpq;f mtHfSf;Fk;> Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguitapd; jiytH yypj; gpa+k; ngNuuh

mtHfSf;Fk;> CopaHfSf;Fk; ghuhl;Lf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.


,yq;if ,isQH tptfhu

gzpg;ghsH ehafj;jpd; tho;j;Jr;

nra;jp!

,t;thwhd Njrpa kl;l Ma;T xd;iw elj;jpaikf;fhf> ,yq;if ,isQH tptfhu gzpg;ghsH

ehafk; kw;Wk; Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguitapd; jiytH vd;w tifapy;> buhd;];ngud;rp

,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fhtpw;F ehd; kpFe;j flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. Njrj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F

,isQHfis cw;rhfj;Jld; gad;gLj;jp tUk; re;jHg;gj;jpy;> ehl;bd; r%f> nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpapy; jhf;fk; GupAk; ,e;j r%f jilfs; Fwpj;j ,isQHfspd; kdepiyia Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;F mJ kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mikfpd;wJ.

Ml;rpKiw> Coy; kw;Wk; ,yQ;rk; Fwpj;j ,isQHfspd; Gupe;J nfhs;siy mwpe;J

nfhz;bUg;gJ> ehisa jiytHfshd ,d;iwa ,sk; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fSf;F tpopg;GzHit

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> NYSC Nghd;w Njrpa epWtdq;fSf;F cjtpfukhdjhFk;.

vdNt> ,e;j tpahjpia vjpHfhyj;jpy; xopf;f KbAk;. ehl;by; cs;s midj;J ,isQHfisAk;

cs;slf;fp> Njrpa mgptpUj;jpapy; ,isQHfis nraw;wpwd; kpf;ftHfshf gq;Nfw;fr; nra;tjw;fhd

nraw;ghl;by; ,yq;if ,isQH mikg;G jw;NghJ <Lgl;Ls;sJ.

jw;NghJ 15-29 taJf;Fl;gl;l ,isQHfs;> ,yq;ifapy; kf;fs; njhifapy; Fwpg;gpl;lsT

tpfpjj;ijf; (mz;zsthf 30%) nfhz;Ls;sdH. mtHfSila mgpyhi~fs; NtWgl;litahFk;.

nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs; mit njhlHgpy; ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 2010Mk; Mz;L nghWg;Ngw;w

re;jHg;gj;jpy; ,jid vk;khy; mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,isQHfspd; caHe;jsT

vjpHghHg;Gf;fis vl;Ltjw;F Kiwfs;> mZFKiwfs;> epfo;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lq;fis

kPs;tbtikj;Njhk;. ,isQH tptfhu kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;rH nfsut ly];

mofg;ngUktpd; KOikahd MrpAld; NYSC,dhy; ‘,yq;if ,isQH’ vd;w fUj;jhf;fk; cUg;ngw;wJ. ,isQH mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;L tUk; Vida midj;J gq;FjhuHfshYk;

,J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,yq;if ,isQH ghuhSkd;wKk; vk;khy; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. vd;idg; nghWj;jtiuapy;>

ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,isQH njhifia nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwe;j tskhFk;. mbkl;l ,isQHfis

vl;Ltjw;fhd nghwpaikg;ghd ,isQH fofq;fspd; ,yq;if rk;NksdkhdJ jw;NghJ midj;Jg;

gFjpfisAk; NrHe;j 1.2 kpy;ypad; ,isQHfis gjpT nra;Js;sJ. ,jd; %yk; mHj;jKs;s

,isQH gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; ,isQH tYT+l;lYf;Fk; toptFj;Js;sJ. ehl;by; cs;s goikahdJk;>

ghupaJkhd epWtdk; vd;w ,e;j NjHr;rp njhlHgpy; ,yq;if ,isQH mikg;G ngUkpjk;

nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,e;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpNyNa goikahd kw;Wk; ghupa mikg;ghfTk; ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

Njrpa mgptpUj;jpapy; xU GwKk;> jdpg;gl;l tsHr;rpapy; kWGwKk; vd ,isQHfs; nraw;wpwDld;

nraw;gLtjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis ,e;j #oy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;Js;sJ. vdpDk;> ehl;bd; r%f

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;gjw;F jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; njhopy;rhH tsHr;rpapy; Ml;rpKiw

rhHe;j mf;fiwia mtHfs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ehk; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

,e;j tifapy;> buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fhtpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;rpfs; caHe;j

kl;lj;jpy; itj;J ghuhl;lj;jf;fd.

yypj; gpAk; ngNuuh (rl;lj;juzp)>

gzpg;ghsH ehafk;> ,yq;if ,isQH tptfhuq;fs;> kw;Wk;

jiytH> Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguit

MES

SAGE

S

4



Kf;fpa rhuk;rk;

Kf;fpa rhuk;rk;

,isQHfNs ekJ ehl;bd; vjpHfhyk;. ,yq;ifapy; 5 kpy;ypad; ,isQHfs; cs;sdH. nkhj;j

rdj;njhifapy; 26%Mf ,tHfs; cs;sdH. Ntiytha;g;G vd;gJ ghupa gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gJld;>

xt;nthU tUlKk; f.ngh.j (rh/j) guPl;irapd; gpd;dH kw;Wk; f.ngh.j (c/j) guPl;irapd; gpd;dH KiwNa 150>000 kw;Wk; 130>000 khztHfs; ghlrhiy fl;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpyFfpd;wdH. ,tHfs;

,jd; gpd;dH caH fy;tpia njhlHgtHfs; ,y;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf mbg;gilf; fy;tpAld; khj;jpuk;

92%Md ,isQHfs; Ntiytha;g;gpid Njbr; nry;fpd;wdH. midj;J ,isQHfSf;Fk; gadspf;Fk;

rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F> ,isQHfNs jhKk; me;j nraw;ghl;by;

Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,isQHfspd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd ,e;j tsHr;rpahdJ> NeHikj;jpwd;>

ehzak; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd mHg;gzpg;G vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jd; fhuzkhf> ,isQH NeHikj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ,yq;ifapy; CoYf;F vjpuhf

NghuhLtjw;Fkhd nraw;ghL xd;W njhlHgpy; buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh (TISL) ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; nrayfk; kw;Wk; /gp[p> ,e;NjhNd~pah kw;Wk;

njd;nfhupahitr; NrHe;j Njrpa buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; fpisfs; vd;gtw;Wld; ifNfhHj;J>

ehnlq;fpYk; cs;s ,isQHfSld; ,ize;J> jkJ rKjhaq;fspYk;> Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk;

khw;wj;jpw;fhd KftHfshf ,isQHfis khw;Wk; gzpapy; TISL <Lgl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j nraw;ghl;bd; KjyhtJ gbKiw ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;tpid (YIS) Kd;ndLg;gjhFk;.

,e;j KOikahd> Neubahd NeHfhzy; mbg;gilapyhd Ma;thdJ> NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Coy;

rhHe;j ,isQHfspd; fUj;jhf;fq;fs;> csg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfis Nehf;fpa mbg;gil xd;iw

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,yq;if ,isQHfspd; jw;Nghija NeHikj;jpwd; kl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j mbg;gil

xd;iw cUthf;fy; kw;Wk; CoYf;Fk;> NeHikj;jpwd; kPwg;glYf;F vjpuhfTk; ,isQHfspd; gq;fspg;G

kl;lj;ij jPHkhdpj;jy; vd;gdNt YIS,d; kiwKfkhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;.

LthHl;]; buhd;];ngud;rp tpal;ehk; kw;Wk; mjd; gq;fhsHfshy; Muk;gj;jpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l

Ma;T KiwapaiyNa YIS,w;fhf TISL gad;gLj;jpaJ. ,yq;ifapd; fyhrhu kw;Wk; rdj;njhif jd;ikfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; Ma;thdJ gutyhf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> Vida ehLfspy; cs;s

buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; mj;jpahaq;fSld; mz;zsthd xg;gPLfSf;F Jiz Gupaf;$ba

gpujhd Nfs;tpfisAk;> Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mJ cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.

Mapuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd ,isQHfs; Kfj;Jf;F Neuhd NeHfhzy; %ykhd Ma;tpy; gjpyspj;jJld;>

Nkyjpfkhf Mapuk; tajhdtHfs; fl;Lg;ghl;L FOthf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. gjpyspj;jtHfs;

midtUk; mtHfsJ ghy;epiy> fpuhkg;Gw my;yJ efHg;Gw tjptplk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; NtW kf;fs;

njhif juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;ldH. ,yq;ifapd; midj;J xd;gJ khfhzq;fspy;

,Ue;Jk;> ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhd gjpyspg;gtHfspd; khjpupfs; Njhuhakhf njupT nra;ag;gl;ld.

,jpy; efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; njhiffs; rkkhd tpfpj mbg;gilapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

nra;tJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

m. gpujhd KbTfs;

m. 1 NeHikj;jpwid Nehf;fpajhf tpOkpaq;fSk;> csg;ghq;FfSk;

xt;nthUtUk; mjid ghHf;Fk; tpjKk;> mjd; ,aw;ifahd kw;Wk; nraw;ifahd tpOkpak; Nghd;w

NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd ,isQHfspd; vz;zq;fis fz;lwptNj YIS,d; KjyhtJ ,yf;fhFk;.

vdNt> ajhHj;j tho;tpy; ,isQHfs; jkJ csg;ghq;Ffis nghJthf milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fk;>

Fwpg;ghf VidNahupd; csg;ghq;Ffis milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fkhd Nfs;tpfs; mtHfsplk;

vOg;gg;gl;ld.

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NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; ,yq;if ,isQHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Ffpd;wikia

YIS ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. vt;thwhapDk;> NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ vd;d kw;Wk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy;

NeHikj;jpwd; vt;thW ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid ,yFthf Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,yq;if

kf;fspd; gpuNahf tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; toptFj;jJ.

jkJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd 88%MdtHfs; ek;Gk;

epiyapy;> ,e;j mHg;gzpg;ghdJ vg;NghJk; eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakhdJ my;y vd;w czHitAk;

,isQHfsplk; ,Ue;J mwpe;Jf; nfhs;sf; $bajhftpUe;jJ. FLk;gj;jpd; If;fpaj;ij fhg;gjw;fhf>

NeHikj;jpwd; nfhz;l egH xUtH rl;lj;ij kPWthuh vd Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ> ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhH Mk;

vd gjpyspj;jdH. mNjNtis> NeHikahd egH vd;gtH rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; rl;lj;ij kPWgtH vd

20%MNdhH ek;GtJld;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; khj;jpuk;> mJ epjprhH ntw;wpf;F topahf mikAkhapd;

NeHikj;jpwid nfhz;bUj;jy; rpwe;jJ vd 24%MNdhH MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;wdH. Nkyjpfkhf>

NeHikahf ,Uj;jYk;> tpjpfis gpd;gw;wYk; tho;f;ifapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd 30%MNdhH

KOikahf ek;Gfpd;wdH.

cU m. 1 ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; ntw;wpf;fhd NeHikj;jpwd;

epjprhH ntw;wpiag; ngWtjw;F Vkhw;Wjy; rpwe;jJ (30%) vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,yq;if

,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; Coy; rhHe;j ek;gpf;ifia vspikahf Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tplakhf

,e;j KbTfs; cs;sd. mjpfstpyhd tho;f;ifr; nryT kw;Wk; epiyaw;w jd;ikAk;> Kuz;ghLk;

vd;w tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;l ehL xd;wpy; Mr;rupakw;w tplakhd epjp rhHe;j ntw;wpapd; kPjhd

MHtj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk; ,J cs;sJ.

m. 2 mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfs;

fle;j tUlj;jpy; 25% ,w;Fk; Fiwthd ,isQHfs; NeubahfNt Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Coy; nraw;ghLfspy;

<Lgl;bUe;jpUf;fpd;wdH. vdpDk;> cz;ikahd Coy; nraw;ghl;by; Fiwe;j mstpyhd <LghL

vd;gJ gjpthfpAs;s epiyapy;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpyhd ,isQHfs; rpy Coy; eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLtjw;fhd tpUg;gj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdH.

fy;tprhH gpd;dzpapd; fhuzkhf RkhH 70% Md khztHfs;> Coypy; <LglhJ ,Ug;gJld;> 80% ,w;Fk; mjpfkhdtHfs; Ntiytha;g;G epakdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ Kf;fpakhd

Mtzk; xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Kiwaw;w elj;ijia gpd;gw;wj; jahuhf cs;sikia

mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhftpUe;jJ. ,sk; ngz;fspYk; ghHf;f ,sk; Mz;fspNyNa ,e;j jd;ik

mjpfk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; efHg;Gw ,isQHfspYk;> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfNs mjpf MHtk;

fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ,J jdpg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fspy;> my;yJ ,e;j gjpyspg;gtHfs; mjpfstpyhd xOq;fw;w

epge;jidfis vjpHnfhs;Sjy; vd;w epiyapd;ghw;gl;ljhf cs;sJ.

0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

66%

32%

71%

27%

Vkhw;WNthH tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpailtH

NeHikahNdhH tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpailtH

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;


jkJ cwtpdHfis kfpo;r;rpAwr; nra;tjw;F my;yJ ,yFthf nra;Jtplyhk; vd;w njuptpw;fhf

Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; Kiwaw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;F tpUg;gk; nfhz;ltHfshf 40%Md

efHg;Gw ,isQHfSk;> 23%Md fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSk; ,Ug;gjid YISKbTfs; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.

,yq;ifapy; cwtpdHfSf;F jfhj rYif mspj;jy; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh cjtpfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F

Kd;Dupik mspf;Fk; fyhrhuk; epyTtjid ,e;j KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd r%f kw;Wk;

FLk;g mOj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf> cWjpahd NeHikj;jpwd; kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,isQHfSk; ,J

Nghd;w Kiwaw;w elj;ijfis jtpHf;f KbahjtHfshf cs;sdH.

Coy; njhlHghd ,isQHfspd; mDgtq;fshdJ> mtHfs; NeHik kw;Wk; Coiy vt;thW ghHf;fpd;wdH

vd;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;>nghJ epWtdq;fspd; kPjhd ek;gpf;if njhlHghd

Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpiy fz;lwptjw;F TISLjPHkhdpj;jJ. vjpHT$wpathNw> nghJ cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;

njhlHgpy;> kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf nghyp]hH kw;Wk; cs;@H epHthfk; njhlHgpy; ,isQHfs; mjpUg;jp

epiwe;j fUj;ijNa nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,e;j FOf;fspd; kj;jpapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l caHe;j

mstpyhd CoyhdJ> ,yq;if ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j kjpg;gpid NkYk;

Fiwtilar; nra;tjhf mike;Js;sJ.

m. 3 ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; nry;thf;Ffs; kw;Wk; eltbf;if

,isQHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs; vt;thW mike;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gjid TISL,dhy; fz;lwpa KbAkhapd;>

mtHfis rhjfkhd topapy; newpg;gLj;JtJk; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

ve;jsT jfty; mwpe;jtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; cs;s Coy; kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd;

njhlHgpy; vj;jid msT mtHfs; mwpe;Js;sdH vd;gJ Fwpj;J Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; YISKaw;rpj;jJ.

njhiyf;fhl;rp (31%)> thndhyp (20%)> kw;Wk; ifalf;f njhiyNgrpfs; (18%) cs;slq;fyhf

gue;jstpyhd Clfj;jpw;fhd mZFk; trjpia ,yq;if ,isQHfs; nfhz;Ls;sdH. vt;thwhapDk;>

,yq;ifapd; gy ghfq;fspy; ,iza ghtid vd;gJ Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wikahy;> r%f Clfk;

my;yJ ,izaj;jsk; Clhf Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis ,isQHfs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; msT

Fiwthf cs;sJ (KiwNa 5% kw;Wk; 4%).

JujpU~;ltrkhf ehl;by; CoYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ffs; njhlHgpy; ,yq;if

,isQHfSf;F kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpyhd tsq;fisAk; ,it nfhz;Ls;sd. 6%MdtHfs; khj;jpuk;

ed;F jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jdH. ‘jfty; ngwhjtHfs;’ my;yJ ‘kpfTk; Fiwthf jfty; ngw;wtHfs;’ vd;w vz;zpf;ifia ,izj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ 55%Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,J njhlHgpy;

,yq;ifapd; fy;tp KiwAk;> ,yq;if ,isQHfSf;F ifnfhLg;gjhf ,y;iy. Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk;

epiy> kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiy fy;tp KiwfSf;F ,ilapy; Coy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ffs; njhlHghd

jfty;fspy; vt;tpj khw;wj;ijAk; fhzf; $bajhf ,y;iy.

cU m. 3.1 Coy; rhHe;J fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;s jfty;fs; njhlHgpy; ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd;

tPj guty;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

NRmjpfk; XusT kpff; FiwT,y;iy

tajhdtHfs;

,isQH 17%

21%

38%

38%

39%

34%

6%

7%

Kf;fpa rhuk;rk;

8


CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;F tpUg;gj;Jld; ,Uf;fpd;whHfsh vd ,Wjpahf ,isQHfsplk;

YIS Nfs;tp vOg;gpaJ. VjhtJ xU re;jHg;gj;jpNyDk; CoYf;F vjpuhf jkJ Fuy;fis vOg;Gtjw;F

73%MdtHfs; tpUg;Gld; cs;sjhf $wpaik kfpo;r;rpaspg;gjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

vt;thwhapDk;> 7%MdtHfs; khj;jpuNk cz;ikahf Fuy; vOg;Gtjpy; <Lgl;bUe;jpUf;fpd;wdH.

VidNahupy;> %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdH xJq;fpapUe;Js;sdH. vdNt> khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

MHtk; nfhz;Ls;stHfSf;F> mtHfSf;F Njitahd Mjuit toq;fp tYt+l;ly; vd;gJ kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.

M. KbTiu kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufs;

NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd nraw;ghl;by; cz;ikahd kjpg;gpid ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

nfhz;Ls;sdH. vt;thwhapDk;> jfty; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Coy; mjpfhupfs;> FLk;g tiyaikg;Gf;fs;

kw;Wk; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; cs;s r%f mOj;jq;fs; vd;gd ,e;j mHg;gzpg;gpid Fiwj;J

tpLfpd;wd.

gjpyspj;jtHfspy; Mz;fspdJk;> ngz;fspdJk; gjpy;fSf;F ,ilapy; cWjpahd NtWghL

,Ue;jJ. NeHikj;jpwd; rhHe;J nrhy;ypYk;> nraypYk; cWjp epiwe;jtHfshf ngz;fs; cs;sdH.

mNjNghd;W> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfspYk; ghHf;f efHg;Gw ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j mjpf

mf;fiw nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. vt;thwhapDk;> jhHkPf my;yJ fyhrhu NtWghLfspYk; ghHf;f

Fwpj;j FOf;fspd; mDgtq;fs;> mtHfs; vjpHNehf;Fk; mOj;jq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf

,J cs;sJ.

VjhtJ xU re;jHg;gj;jpNyDk; CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;F ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd

,isQHfs; tpUg;gk; nfhz;Ls;sdH. cjtpapd;ikAld; njhlHGila mr;rk; kw;Wk; czHT

vd;gtw;wpdhy; ,e;j MHtk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd rthy;fshf ,itNa cs;sd.

vdNt> ,isQHfis tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLkhapd; kw;Wk; NeHikAld;

tho;tjw;F mtHfSila Kaw;rpf;F Mjutspf;fg;gLkhapd;> ,yq;if ,isQHfspd; NeHikj;jpwd;

njhlHghd vjpHfhyk; gpufhrkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ epr;rakhdJ.

,e;j ,yf;if kdjpy; ,Uj;jpajhf> YIS,d; KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; gupe;Jiufis TISL Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

• YIS,dhy; vOg;gg;gl;l Gjpa kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;ff; $ba tifapy;>

Coy; kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; Nkyjpf Ma;tpid g+Hj;jp nra;jy;.

• CoYf;F vjpuhd mwpTWj;jy; kw;Wk; fy;tprhHe;j Mtzq;fSf;fhd mZFk; trjpapd;

juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jYf;F> jdpg;gl;l MrpupaHfs;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;Rf;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;f

mYtyfq;fSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wy;.

• ghlrhiy Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd epfo;r;rpfspd; Clhf CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

cz;ikahd jiytHfshf khWtjw;fhd re;jHg;gj;ij ,isQHfSf;F toq;Ftjw;F TISL ,isQH epfo;r;rpia gad;gLj;jy;.

• CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;fhd ,isQHfspd; re;jHg;gq;fis mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> mtHfs;

CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLk; NghJ MjuT toq;Ftjw;Fk;> Gj;jhf;fk; kpf;f r%f Clfq;fisAk;>

CoYf;F vjpuhd cjtp njhiyNgrp NritiaAk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> ,isQHfSld;

xd;wpize;J nraw;gly;.

• ,yq;if ,isQHfs; toikahd mbg;gilapy; vjpHnfhs;Sk; NeHikj;jpwDld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

rthy;fs; njhlHgpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;> NeHikj;jpwdpd; mHj;jKs;s tpOkpaq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F

Clf gpurhuk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;.

• nghJ tpUJfs; kw;Wk; ,isQH jiytHfSf;fhd Cf;fkspj;jy; epfo;r;rpapd; cUthf;fk;

vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf ,isQHfis Kd;khjpupfshf Kd;itj;jy;.

• Coy; nraw;ghLfis Gwf;fzpg;gjw;F> Coy; epge;jidfis Fiwg;gjw;F kw;Wk; nghyp]hH>

nghJ mjpfhupfs; kj;jpapy; NeHikj;jpwid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F Gjpa cghaq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F

,isQHfSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wy;.


gaq;fukhd ,we;jfhyk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if jUk;

vjpHfhyk; Mfpa ,uz;bd; mbg;gilapYk; ,yq;if

Jupjkhf tpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;wJ.1

ePz;l ehl;fs; ePbj;j Aj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk;>

,dg;gpur;rpidfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,yq;if

nkJthf kPl;rp ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. KOikahd

[dehaf Kiwia kPs];jhgpg;gjw;Fk;> kdpj

cupikfSf;fhd cyfshtpa ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk;>

,yq;if jw;NghJ gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j

,yf;Ffis vl;Ltjw;F NeHikj;jpwd; rhHe;j

r%fNk mbg;gilahdJ vd;gjpy; buhd;];ngud;rp

,d;lHne~dy; =yq;fh (TISL) cWjpahf cs;sJ.

NeHikj;jpwd; epiwe;j r%fk; xd;iw

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F> Njrj;jpd; ,isQHfs;

kj;jpapy; cWjpahd tpOkpaq;fisAk;> jdpg;gl;l

mHg;gzpg;Gf;fisAk; cUthf;f Ntz;baJ

mtrpakhFk;. tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mHg;gzpg;Gf;fs;

epiwe;j ,e;j m];jpthuj;ij mikg;gjw;fhd

KOikahd nraw;ghL xd;wpd; Kjy; fl;lkhf ,e;j

Ma;T mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,yf;if Nehf;fpajhf

buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; nrayfk;

kw;Wk; Njrpa buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy;

mj;jpahaq;fshd /gp[p> ,e;NjhNd~pah kw;Wk;

njd;nfhupahTld; ,ize;J TISL gzpahw;wp

tUfpdwJ.

NeHikj;jpwd; vd;w vz;zf;fUit ,isQHfs;

vt;thW Gupe;J nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gJ njhlHgpy;

YIS ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ:- mtHfsJ tpopg;GzHT>

Coy; rhHe;j #o;epiyfspy; mtHfsJ vz;zk;>

mtHfsJ csg;ghq;F> elj;ijfs; kw;Wk;

Coiy vjpHnfhs;Sk; Nghjhd nraw;ghLfSk;>

,isQHfspd; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfis

tbtikg;gjpy; mjpf nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;

Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fshFk;.

TI,w;F mika (Transparency International Plain Guide Language, 2009)“xOq;FrhH kw;Wk; jhHkPf

Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; epakq;fspd; njhlHr;rpahf>

CoYf;F vjpuhd jilfis Vw;gLj;Jk;

jdpegHfshYk;> epWtdq;fshYk; jOtg;gl;l

elj;ijfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs;” vd ,e;j

Ma;tpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ

tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. 15 taJf;Fk; 30 taJf;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l ‘,isQHfis’ ,e;j Ma;T ,yf;F

itj;jJ.

mwpKfk;

mwpKfk;

YIS,d; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

,yq;ifapy;

,isQHfspd; jw;Nghija

NeHikj;jpwd; kl;lq;fs;

njhlHghd mbg;gilia

cUthf;fy;.

Coy; kw;Wk;

NeHikj;jpwdpd;

td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhf

,isQHfspd; mHg;gzpg;G

msit jPHkhdpj;jy;.

10



Kiwapay;

Kiwapay;

2011Mk; Mz;L LthHl;]; buhd;];ngud;rp tpal;ehkpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L ntw;wpfukhf epiwT

nra;ag;gl;l ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapNyNa TISL,dhy; ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd;

Ma;T Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. 2012Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk;> LthHl;]; buhd;];ngud;rp tpal;ehk;>

buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; nrayfk;> /gp[p> ,e;NjhNd~pah kw;Wk; njd;nfhupah Njrpa

mj;jpahaq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfs; ,yq;ifapd; ePHnfhOk;gpy; re;jpj;J> ,e;j Ma;tpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

Fwpj;J jpl;lkpl;ldH. tpal;ehk; kw;Wk; TInrayfj;jpd; gpujpepjpfspd; mDgtq;fspy; ,Ue;J

Ma;Tf;fhd gug;ngy;iy fye;Jiuahlg;gl;L> cs;@H #o;epiyf;F Vw;w tifapyhd %Nyhghaq;fs;

milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. midj;J Njrpa mj;jpahaq;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,isQH NeHikj;jpwd;

Ma;tpy; rpy NtWghLfs; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s gfpug;gl;l fl;likg;ghdJ> Njrpa

mj;jpahaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; xg;gPLf;F Jiz GupAk;. Vnddpy;> ,isQH

NeHikj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;Fk; ehk; midtUk; ,ize;J

nraw;gl;L tUfpd;Nwhk;.

rHtNjr Gs;sptpgutpay; juq;fisj; njhlHe;J> ,yq;ifapd; midj;J xd;gJ khfhzq;fspy; njupT

nra;ag;gl;l gy;fl;l khjpup tbtikg;gpid YIS gad;gLj;jpaJ. ,yq;if kf;fs; njhif mlHj;jp

kw;Wk; ,df;FOk Gs;sptpguq;fs; njhlHghd gFg;gha;tpd; Clhf> xt;nthU khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk;

khtl;lq;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLk; tifapy; mjpf rdj;njhif nfhz;l 8 khtl;lq;fSk;> gy;ypdk;

thOk; khtl;lKk; Ma;T khjpupf;fhf njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. Nky; khfhzj;jpy;> ehl;bd; rdj;njhifapy;

Ie;jpy; xU gq;fpid cs;slf;fpa> jiyefukhd nfhOk;G cs;slq;fyhf> mjpf rdj;njhif

nfhz;l ,uz;L khtl;lq;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ld.

,jdhy;> 11 efHg;Gw kw;Wk; 11 fpuhkg;Gw gpupTfs; (gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfs;) xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk;

njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;j khjpupapy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpupTfspd; tlf;F> fpof;F> Nkw;F

kw;Wk; kj;jpa gFjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tifapy; Njhuhakhf 10 efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw

gFjpfs; (fpuhk NrtfH gpupTfs;) njupT nra;ag;gl;ld. ,Wjpahf> ,yq;if rdj;njhif kw;Wk;

Gs;sptpgu jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l fpuhk NrtfH gpupTfSf;fhd tPl;L tpgu gl;baypy;

,Ue;J ,yf;F FO (,isQH) kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L FO (tajhdtHfs;) gjpyspg;gtHfs; njupT

nra;ag;gl;ld.2 ,Wjpapy;> ,yq;if Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdHfs; NeUf;F

Neuhd NeHfhzy;fis 1>004 ,isQHfSlDk;> 1012 tajhdtHfsplKk; Nkw;nfhz;ldH.

m. tpdhf;nfhj;J tbtikg;G

nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa midj;J ehd;F ehLfspYk; YIS,w;fhd fl;likf;fg;gl;l NeHfhzy;

tpdhf;nfhj;J KOikahf cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;tUk; ehd;F jiyg;Gf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sjh

vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; Muhag;gl;lJ.

• xOq;Ffs; kw;Wk; newp- elj;ijapd; juq;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;JrhH Gupe;JzHT

• Nfhl;ghLfs; - vJ rup kw;Wk; vJ gpio vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; NtWgLj;jf; $ba ,aYik

• tpjpfis kjpj;jy; - r%fj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;l fl;likg;Gf;F Vw;g xOFk; jd;ik

• Coiy vjpHj;jy; - Coy; nraw;ghLfis rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;

gjpyspg;gtHfSld; NeUf;F Neuhd NeHfhzy;fspd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfspy; ,Ue;J> ,isQH

NeHikj;jpwdpw;fhd %d;W gug;ngy;iyfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L> ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; Mokhf

gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd:

12


m. 1 NeHikj;jpwid Nehf;fpajhf ,isQHfspd; kjpg;Gf;fSk;> csg;ghq;FfSk;

,isQHfs; Coiy vt;thW ghHf;fpd;wdH vd;gjid mstpLtjw;F fw;ifapd; ,e;j gFjp

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. NeHikj;jpwid nfhz;bUj;jy;> gzk; <l;ly;> tpjpfis gpd;gw;wy; vd;gtw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlHgpy; xg;gPL nra;AkhW gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; tpdtg;gl;lJ. VidNahH kPjhd

NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; gjpyspg;gtHfSf;F cs;s kjpg;G njhlHgpy; ftdk; nrYj;JkhWk;>

mtHfSila cyfk; rhHe;j ghHitapy; NeHikj;jpwDf;fhd kjpg;G xd;wpid cUthf;FkhWk;

mtHfs; Nfhug;gl;ldH.

m. 2 ,isQH mDgtq;fSk;> elj;ijfSk;

Coy; njhlHgpy; gjpyspj;jtHfspd; cz;ikahd mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; mtHfs; vt;thW mjid

vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH vd;gjid fz;lwptjw;F fw;ifapd; ,e;j gFjp Kaw;rp nra;jJ. Coy; Fwpj;j

gjpyspg;gtHfspd; rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Fwpj;j Kf;fpag; gFjpfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F ,e;j Nfs;tpfs;

Kaw;rp nra;jd. nghJ Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; Coy; ,yq;ifapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd mf;fiwahf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;>,e;j gug;ngy;iyf;Fs; gy;NtW nghJ Nrit toq;FdHfs; kj;jpapy; Coy;

Fwpj;j jkJ vz;zf;fUf;fis Fwpg;gpLkhW gjpyspg;gtHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ.

m. 3 Rw;Wr; #oy;: nry;thf;F kw;Wk; eltbf;if

Coy; Fwpj;J ,isQHfs; vq;F fw;W nfhs;fpd;wdH kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s Coy; tpjpfs;

kw;Wk; newpKiwfs; njhlHgpy; vt;tsT mwpe;J itj;Js;sdH vd;gd njhlHgpy; fw;ifapy;

,e;j gFjp Nfl;lJ. Nkyjpfkhf NeHikj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy; njhlHgpy; mtHfSila tfpghfk;

kw;Wk; jkJ rKjhaq;fspy; Coy; Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhd Gwf;fhuzpfis fz;lwpjy; njhlHgpy;

gjyspj;jtHfspd; fUj;Jf;fSk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapy; khw;wj;jpw;F ,isQHfs;

vt;tsT jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gjid jPHkhdpg;gJk;> mjw;F jilahd fhuzpfis milahsk;

fhz;gJNk ,e;j gpuptpd; ,yf;fhf mike;jpUe;jJ.

,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;Wk; Vida buhd;];ngud;rp fpisfspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Ma;tpd;

Nfs;tpfis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jd. vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;ifapy; ,isQHfis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F

kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gtw;wpw;F ,e;j Ma;T mHj;jKs;s gq;fspg;gpid toq;Ftjid cWjp

nra;tjw;F> gjpyspg;gtHfspd; r%f-rdj;njhif rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkyjpf juTfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf> ghy;epiy NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; efHg;Gw> fpuhkg;Gw NtWghL

Mfpa ,yq;if r%fj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd ,ay;Gfis ,e;j Ma;T Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fpuhkg;Gwk;

kw;Wk; efHg;Gw rdj;njhiff;F ,ilapy; ,yq;ifapy; njspthd ,ilntsp xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNt> ,e;j juTfis gpupj;jwpa Ntz;baJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.3 ghy;epiyAk;> efHg;Gw/fpuhkg;Gw gpupTfSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghl;bid gjpyspg;gtHfsplk; Vw;gLj;Jk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

NtWghLfs; fPo;tUk; gFjpfspy; tpupthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

M. fsr; nraw;ghL

Njrpa ,isQH Nritfs; Nguitiar; NrHe;j ,isQH jd;dhHt CopaHfSldhd xj;Jiog;Gld;>

TISL CopaHfspdhy; ,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhd fsr; nraw;ghL Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if Njrpa

,isQHfs; Nrit Nguitiar; NrHe;j ,isQH fofj; jiytHfs; fs Ma;thsHfshfTk;>

Nkw;ghHitahsHfshfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. nkhj;jkhf xd;gJ khfhzq;fisr; NrHe;j

,uz;lhapuk; gjpyspg;gtHfs; Ma;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpapUe;jdH.


cU M. 1 ,yq;ifapd; midj;J khfhzq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy;> gj;J khtl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J

Njhuhakhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l 1004 ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; 1012 tajhdtHfs;

aho;g;ghzk;

mDuhjGuk;

FUehfy;

fk;g`h

nfhOk;G

,uj;jpdGup

fhyp

mk;ghiw

gJis

Etnuypah

0 km 50 km

0

5

10

15

20 ,isQH

tajhdtH

nfhO

k;G

fk;g`

h

gJis

fhy

p

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aho;g;ghz

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%

Kiwapay;

14


(Transparency International Plain Guide Language, 2009)

“CoYf;F jil Vw;gLj;Jk;

jdpegHfs; kw;Wk;

epWtdq;fshy; cs;thq;fg;gl;l

xU njhFjp jhHkPf kw;Wk;

xOq;FrhH Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

epakq;fSldhd csg;ghq;Fk;>

elj;ijfSk;”

NeHikj;jpwd;


gpujhd KbTfs;

gpujhd KbTfs;

m. NeHikj;jpwid Nehf;fpajhf ,isQHfspd;

kjpg;Gf;fSk;> csg;ghq;FfSk;

,yq;ifapy; ,isQHfspd; NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlHghd vz;zf;fUf;fs;> kjpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

csg;ghq;Ffis gFg;gha;T nra;tNj ,e;j fw;ifapd; mbg;gilahFk;. ,isQHfsplk; cs;s ,e;j

gpujhd tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j vz;zq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;> ,yq;if ,isQHfspd; fyhrhuk;

Fwpj;j cs;slf;fj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;tJk;> r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd rhj;jpakhd topfisAk; fz;lwptJ

,yFthFk;. NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd rhjfkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> vj;jid mstpw;F NeHikj;jpwd;

rhHe;j nraw;ghLfs; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ> kw;Wk; mjpf NeHikAld; cs;stHfis rfghbfs; vt;thW

ghHf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ njhlHghd Nfs;tpfspd; Clhf> ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; NeHikj;jpwdpd; tfpghfk;

kw;Wk; epiyik Fwpj;j cs;slf;fj;ij Ma;T ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

m. 1 NeHikj;jpwdpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;j vz;zf;fU

,isQHfSf;F NeHikj;jpwdpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gJ> ,yq;ifapy; rhjfkhd r%f khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. (1) ,isQHfs;> (2) mtHfSila FLk;gk; kw;Wk;

ez;gHfs;> (3) njhopy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; (4) ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp> Nghd;w njupT

nra;ag;gl;l ,yf;Fg; gFjpfspy; gpujhd gpur;rpidahf NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik (Coy; cs;slq;fyhf)

vd;gjid fhz;fpd;whHfsh Nghd;w Nfs;tpfis gjpyspg;gtHfsplk; ,Ue;J Ma;tpd; ,e;j gFjp

tpdtpaJ.

KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy;> ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ikNa gpujhd gpur;rpid

vd ngUk;ghyhd ,isQHfs; (84%) fUjpdH. VidNahUila tho;f;ifapYk; ghHf;f (88%) jkJ tho;f;ifapNyNa mJ mjpf jhf;fj;ij nfhz;bUg;gjhf (84-86%) mtHfs; fUjpdH.

jkJ jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapYk;> jkJ FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;> nghUshjhu topapYk;> ehL KOikf;Fk;

NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gJ njhlHgpy; ,yq;if ,isQHfs; mwpe;J itj;Js;sdH

vd;gjid ,e;j KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

cU m. 1-1: NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik xU ghupa gpur;rpidahf

0

20

40

60

80

100

ehl;bw;FnghUshjhuj;jpw;FFLk;gj;jpw;F,isQUf;F

%

r%f myFfs;

88%86% 84% 85%

16


ghy;epiy kw;Wk; efHg;Gw / fpuhkg;Gw rdj;njhif vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; juTfs; gpupf;fg;gl;l NghJ>

mNjNghd;w KbTfs; vl;lg;gl;ld.

cU m. 1-2: NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik xU ghupa gpur;rpidahf: Mz;fs; vjpH ngz;fs;

NeHikj;jpwd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlHgpy; ghy;epiyrhH fUj;Jf;fspy; rpwpjsT NtWghLfs; ,Uf;fpd;w

epiyapy;> ,yq;if ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j cWjpahd mj;jpthuk; cs;sik

ntspg;gilahFk;. ehl;by; NeHikj;jpwidAk;> CoYf;F vjpuhd nraw;ghLfisAk; Nkk;gLj;jtjw;fhd

Kaw;rpfSf;F ,e;j mj;jpthuj;ij gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efHg;Gw ,isQHfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfNs kpfTk; Mr;rupakspf;Fk; tplakhf

,Ue;jJ. ,yf;Fg; gFjpfspy;> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs; mz;zsthf 5%MNdhH> NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik

xU ghupa gpur;rpid vd;w fUj;ij ntspapLtjw;F tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUe;jdH. fPNo ehk; fye;Jiuahlg;

NghFk; tplaq;fSld; ,J kpfTk; NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs; mjpfstpy;

Coiy Vw;Wf; nfhs;gtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.

tajhdtHfs; kw;Wk; ,isQHfs; cs;slq;fyhf gjpyspj;jtHfs; midtupYk; ngUk;ghyhdtHfs;>

(80%,w;F mjpfk;) NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpag; gpur;rpid vdf; fUjpdH. vt;thwhapDk;>

jkJ fpuhkg;Gw rfhf;fspYk;> NeHikj;jpwd; kPwg;gly; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlHgpy; mjpf $UzHT

kpf;ftHfshf efHg;Gw ,isQHfs; cs;sdH vd fpuhkg;Gw kw;Wk; efHg;Gw ,isQHfSf;F

,ilapyhd Kf;fpakhd NtWghL Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

cU m. 1-3: NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik ghupa gpur;rpidahf: efHg;Gwk; vjpH fpuhkg;Gwk;

NeHikj;jpwd; ,d;ik ghupa gpur;rpid vd ,yq;ifiar; NrHe;j midj;J ,isQHfSk; czUfpd;w

NghjpYk;> NeHikj;jpwd; vd;why; mtHfs; vt;thW Gupe;J nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;shj

tiu> mjid Gupe;J nfhs;tJ fbdk;. NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j %d;W tiutpyf;fzq;fis Ma;T

Kd;itj;jJ. me;j tiutpyf;fzq;fs; njhlHgpy; mtHfsJ ,zf;fj;ij Nfl;lwpe;jJ.

02 04 06 08 0 100

ePq;fs; FLk;gk; -

ez;gHfs;

njhopy; -

nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jp

ehl;bd;

mgptpUj;jp

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

,isQH

tajhNdhH

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ngz;fs;

85%85%

85%89%

84%85%

86%89%

86%84%

86%

89%

85%84%

86%

88% %

02 04 06 08 0 100

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

%

88%87%

89%89%

81%82%

81%87%

88%86%

88%

91%

83%82%83%

86%

ePq;fs; FLk;gk; -

ez;gHfs;

njhopy; -

nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jp

ehl;bd;

mgptpUj;jp

,isQH

tajhNdhH


i. ngha; nrhy;yhJ ,Uj;jy; / Vkhw;whJ ,Uj;jy;> vdNt kf;fs; mtHfis ek;gyhk;

ii. ve;jnthU re;jHg;gj;jpYk; rl;lj;ij kPwhJ ,Uj;jy;

iii. ,yQ;rk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;shJ / toq;fhJ ,Uj;jy;

cU m. 1-4: xUNghJk; ngha; nrhy;yhJ> ahiuAk; Vkhw;whJ ,Ug;gtHfs; NeHikj;jpwd; nfhz;ltHfs;

cU m. 1-5: rl;lj;ij kPwhj egH NeHikj;jpwd; kpf;f egH

NkNy jug;gl;l ,uz;L cUf;fSk;> rl;lj;ij kPWtjid tpl> ngha; NgRjiyAk;> Vkhw;WjiyAk;

NeHikj;jpwid kPWtjhf ,yq;if ,isQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH vd;w epiyg;ghl;il ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ep&gpg;gjw;F ,e;j NtWghL NghJkhdJ my;y. mJ Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ug;gJld;> mz;zsthf 22%Md

,isQHfs; kw;Wk; 20%Md tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; rl;lj;jpd; kPjhd nghJthd ek;gpf;ifapd;ikia

,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mNjNtis> Vkhw;WjYk;> ngha; $WjYk; NeHikj;jpwid kPWk; nray; my;y vd

15%,w;Fk; mjpfkhdtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH vd;gJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

cU m. 1-6: Coypy; mq;fk; tfpf;fhj xUtH NeHikj;jpwd; kpf;ftH.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

,isQHfs;

tajhNdhH

NR,y;iyMk;

87.2%

84.5%

12.5%

0.3%

0.2%

15.3%

,isQHfs;

tajhNdhH

NR,y;iyMk;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

78.8%

77.4%

20.8%

0.5%

0.4%

22.2%

,isQHfs;

tajhNdhH

NR,y;iyMk;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

82.7%

85.6%

17.0%

0.3%

0.3%

14.1%

gpujhd KbTfs;

18


rl;lj;ij kPWtjpYk; ghHf;f> Coy; vd;gjid ghupa NeHikj;jpwd; kPwy; vd ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;if

,isQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. mNjNtis> tajhdtHfspYk; XusT mjpfkhd ,isQHfs; Coiy

NeHikj;jpwd; kPWk; nrayhf fUJfpd;wdH vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. vt;thwhapDk;> Coypy; <LgLtJ

vd;gJ NeHikj;jpwd; kPwy; my;y vd 14%Md ,isQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.

m. 2 tpOkpaq;fs;

,yq;if ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwid kjpf;Fk; mNjNtis> ngUk;ghyhNdhH Coy;> ngha; NgRjy;>

Vkhw;Wjy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij kPwy; vd;gtw;iw NeHikj;jpwd; kPwyhf ghHf;fpd;wdH. ,e;j ek;gpf;iffs;

njhlHgpy; mtHfs; nfhz;Ls;s jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

,e;j tpOkpaj;ij mstpLtjw;F> FLk;g tUkhdj;ij <l;Ljy; njhlHgpy; NeHikj;jpwdpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

njhlHgpy; xg;gpLk; gy Nfs;tpfs; gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;ld. tpNrlkhf tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nfs;tpfs;:

1. nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gNj kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j Fwpf;Nfhis vl;Ltjw;F ngha; $wy; my;yJ

Vkhw;Wjy;> rpy tpjpfis Gwf;fzpj;jy; kw;Wk; mjpfhu J~;gpuNahfk; vd;gd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $baJ.

2. NeHikahf ,Ug;gjpYk; ghHf;f nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ

3. nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gjpYk; ghHf;f NeHikahf ,Ug;gJ XusT Kf;fpakhdJ

4. nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gjpYk; ghHf;f NeHikahf ,Ug;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gNj Kf;fpakhd tpOkpak; vd ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,yq;if ,isQHfs; fUJtjhf

,e;j mwpf;if ntspg;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis> mNj vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwDk;>

nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gJk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,uz;L tpOkpaq;fs; vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf

njuptpf;fpd;wJ. 3%Md ,isQHfs; khj;jpuNk nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd

fUJfpd;wikNa ek;gpf;ifaspg;gjhf cs;sJ.4

cU m. 2-1: xUtH Coypy; <LglhJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtH NeHikj;jpwd; kpf;ftuhf ,Uf;fpd;whH.

juTfs; ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gl;l NghJ> ,sk; ngz;fs; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy;

mjpf kjpg;gpidAk;> nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gjpy; Fiwe;jstpyhd kjpg;gpidAk; nfhz;bUj;jiy

fz;Lnfhs;sf; $bajhftpUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd topfhl;LgtHfs; vd;w epiyapy;

ngz;fs; cs;sikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Vida Ma;T KbTfspd; vjpnuhypahf ,J mike;jpUe;jJ.

xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd ,UghyhUk;> mz;zsthf 1/3 gq;F gjpyspj;jtHfs;> NeHikj;jpwd; kpf Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis> gzk; kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

Kf;fpakhd tpOkpaq;fs; vdj; njuptpj;jdH. ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;if ,isQHfs; ,e;j Nfs;tpia

eilKiwf;F Vw;wthW mZfpaikia ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd

Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fspy; ,isQHfs; vj;jid msT cWjpahf cs;sdH vd;gJ Fwpj;j

Nfs;tpfisAk; ,e;j KbTfs; vOg;ghkypy;iy vOg;Gfpd;wd.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

njupahJNeHikj;jpwDld;

,Ug;gJ kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ

nry;te;juhf

,Ug;gJ XusT

Kf;fpakhdJ

NeHikj;jpwDld;

,Ug;gJ XusT

Kf;fpakhdJ

nry;te;juhf

,Ug;gJ kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

tajhd

tH

,isQH

3% 18% 30% 47% 2%

2% 12% 29% 55% 2%

2% 20% 27% 49% 1%

4% 15% 24% 54% 2%


cU m. 2-2: vJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ> tUkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjh my;yJ NeHikahf ,Ug;gJ kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij

kjpg;gjh?

rl;l xOq;F njhlHghd ,isQHfspd; kjpg;Gf;fisAk; ,e;j Ma;T ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. ,q;F

ngwg;gl;l KbTfs; rpf;fyhdit. tajhdtHfspYk; ghHf;f NeHikahf ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij

gpd;gw;wypy; ,isQHfs; MHtk; Fiwe;jtHfshf ,Ug;gjhf cs;sJ. ghy;epiy gpupTfspYk; ,e;j

NtWghL cs;sJ. Mz;fspYk; ghHf;f ngz;fs; tUkhdj;ij tpl NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; mjpf

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Ffpd;wdH.

,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; gjpy;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghL FWfpajhf (4-6%) ,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy;> rl;l xOq;F njhlHgpy; ,sk; jiyKiwapdH ek;gpf;if Fiwthf cs;sikia ,e;j

KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j KbTfis gpujpgypf;Fk; cUf;fs; 3. 1-4> 6> ngha; $wy;>

Vkhw;Wjy; my;yJ CoypYk; ghHf;f rl;lj;ij kPWtjpy; ,isQHfs; Fiwe;jsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nrYj;Jtjpid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. tajhdtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl ,isQHfspd; vz;zpf;ifNa

mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

m. 3 csg;ghq;Ffs;

NeHikj;jpwDld; tho;f;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjpy; mHg;gzpg;Gld; cs;s ,isQHfSk;> Fwpj;j

NeHikj;jpwid kPWtjw;fhd mOj;jq;fis vjpHnfhs;s NeupLk;. ,e;jg; gpuptpy;> NeHikj;jpwdhdJ

epjp ntw;wpf;F cjTkhapd;> NeHikj;jpwidAk;> epjp ntw;wpiaAk; ,yq;if ,isQHfs; vt;thW

ghHf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gjid ,e;j Ma;T milahsk; fhl;baJ. NeHikj;jpwDk;> epjp ntw;wpAk;

rpwe;j tHj;jfk; vd ghHf;fg;gLkhapd;> jdpg;gl;l NeHikj;jpwid NgZtjw;Fk;> CoYf;F vjpuhf

NghuhLtjw;Fkhd ,aYikapy; ,isQHfspy; mJ mOj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

cU m. 3-1: Vkhw;WgtHfspYk; ghHf;f NeHikj;jpwDld; cs;stHfs; ntw;wpailtJ mjpfkh?

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;;

tajhd

tH

,isQH

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

njupahJNeHikahf

,Ug;gJk;>

rl;lj;ij kjpg;gJk;

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ

NeHikahf

,Ug;gJk;>

rl;lj;ij kjpg;gJk;

XusT Kf;fpakhdJ

tUkhdk;

mjpfupg;gJ XusT

Kf;fpakhdJ

tUkhdj;ij

mjpfupg;gNj

kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ

4% 23% 28% 43% 2%

1% 19% 30% 48% 2%

4% 24% 24% 46% 2%

2% 20% 24% 52% 2%

01 0% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

66%

32%

71%

27%

Vkhw;WNthH tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpailtH

NeHikahNdhH tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpailtH

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

gpujhd KbTfs;

20


,yq;ifapy; cs;s Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,isQHfs; vd ,UghyhupYk; mjpfkhdtHfs;> NeHikj;jpwDld;

,Ue;jhy; ntw;wp ngwyhk; vd ek;Gfpd;wdH. vt;thwhapDk;> Vkhw;wpdhy; khj;jpuNk ntw;wp ngwyhk;

vd mz;zsthf %d;wpy; XU ,isQH fUJfpd;wdH. gjpyspj;j Mz;fspd; kj;jpapNyNa ,e;j

vz;zk; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tHfspy; %d;W gq;fpdUk; Vkhw;Wjiy ntw;wpf;fhd FWf;F

topahf fhz;fpd;wdH.

cU m. 3-2: Vkhw;WgtHfis tpl NeHikj;jpwd; cs;stHfs; mjpfk; ntw;wp ngWfpd;wduh? (fy;tp miltpd;

mbg;gilapy;)

fy;tp milTfspd; mbg;gilapy; juTfis gpupj;Jg; ghHj;j NghJ NkYk; rpf;fyhd KbTfs;

ngwg;gl;ld. Fiwe;jstpyhd fy;tp kl;lj;ij nfhz;bUg;gtHfNs ntw;wpf;fhd rpwe;j topahf

NeHikia fUJfpd;wdH. ,NjNtis> CoYk;> NeHikaPdKNk ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk; vd %d;whk;

epiy fy;tpia epiwT nra;jtHfspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdH fUJfpd;wdH. nghUshjhu Kiwia

ed;F mwpe;jtHfNs> ntw;wpf;fhd ghijahf Coiy fhz;fpd;whHfs; vd;w ghHitahdJ rpf;fYf;F

cupaJ. ntw;wp ngw;wtHfSk; mNj tifahd czHit nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;w fUj;ijAk; ,e;j

Ma;T ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. tajhdtHfspYk; ,e;j KiwahdJ cz;ikahf cs;sJ. ,jdhy;>

ntw;wpf;fhd ghijahf Coiy njupe;njLf;Fk; KiwahdJ mjpfupg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpak; cs;sJ.

,e;j Kiw njhlHgpy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; Muhag;gl Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ.

m. 4 NeHikj;jpwid iftpLtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;

NeHikj;jpwDf;fhd mHg;gzpg;gpid ntspg;gLj;JtJ vspikahdJ. vt;thwhapDk;> me;j NeHikj;jpwd;

rthYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ> me;j NeHikj;jpwid vj;jid msT Mokhf mtH filgpbf;fpd;whH

vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j jftiy milahsk; fhz;gjw;F> ngha; $Wtjw;F> Vkhw;Wtjw;F

kw;Wk; ,yQ;rk; toq;Ftjw;F tpUg;gk; cs;sik Fwpj;J my;yJ FLk;gj;jpd; xUikg;ghl;bw;fhf

NeHikj;jpwid iftpLtjw;F njupT nra;Ak; re;jHg;gq;fs; Fwpj;J gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; NeHikj;jpwd;

njhlHgpy; Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ.

cU m. 4-1: mt;thW nra;ahjpUg;gJ ghjfkw;wJ vd;w epiyapy;>ngha; $Wk; my;yJ Vkhw;Wk; egH xUtupd;

czug;gl;l NeHik

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Kjy; epiy

,uz;lhk;

epiy

%d;whk; epiy

57%

42%

65%

34%

66%

31%

Vkhw;Wk; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy;

ntw;wpaila KbAk;

NeHikj;jpwDila

kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy;

ntw;wpaila KbAk;

fy;tpapd; kl;lk;

,isQH

tajhdtH

0.4%

0.6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

NR,y;iyMk;

52.5% 47.1%

53.8% 45.6%


cU m. 4-2: rl;lj;ij kPWtjw;F FLk;gj;jpd; If;fpaj;jpid fhuzkhf Rl;Lk; egupd; czug;gl;l NeHik

FLk;g tpOkpaq;fs; njhlHgpy; jkJ NeHikj;jpwid mstpLkhW gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; Nfl;l NghJ>

kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f KbTfs; mjw;F fpilj;jd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l re;jHg;gj;jpy; egH xUtH ngha;

$Wthuhapd;> Vkhw;Wthuhapd;> my;yJ rl;lj;ij mtkjpg;ghuhapd;> Fwpj;j egH NeHikahdtuh vd;w

Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ. ngha; $Wk; kw;Wk; Vkhw;Wk; egHfs; NeHikahdtHfs; vd 47% vd ,yq;if ,isQHfs; njuptpj;jdH. FLk;g xUikg;ghl;bw;fhf rl;lj;ij cilf;Fk; egHfSk;> NeHikahdtHfs;

vd ngUk;ghyhd ,isQH (56%) njuptpj;jdH.

cU m. 4-3: ghjfk; ngaustpyhdjhf khj;jpuk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ khj;jpuk; Coypy; <LgLk; egupd; NeHik

,Wjpahf> rpwpjstpyhd Coiy NeHikj;jpwd; kPwy; vd ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

fUJtjpy;iy. rpwpjsthd Coypw;F vjpuhf fy;tp kw;Wk; mwpT njhlHgpy; cWjpahd Kaw;rpfs;

vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Njit cs;sikia ,e;j KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. tajhdtHfis tpl

,e;j tplaj;jpy; ,isQHfs; mjpfsT nrsfupakhf cs;sikia Fwpg;gpl Ntz;baJ kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhFk;. ,J rpwpjsT NtWghNlahFk;.

cU m. 4-4: rl;lj;ij tpl FLk;gj;ij caHe;j epiyapy; itf;Fk; my;yJ ngaustpyhd ,yQ;rq;fis

toq;Fk; ngha; $Wk; / Vkhw;Wk;> egHfspd; czug;gl;l NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw

fUj;jhf;fq;fs;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

,isQH

tajhdtH

42.6%

1.4%

0.9%

56.0%

47.1% 52.0%

NR,y;iyMk;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

36.5%

0.4%

63.1%

32.1%

0.5%

67.4%,isQH

tajhdtH

NR,y;iyMk;

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

msT kPjhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,d;wp>

Coiy Gwf;fzpj;jy;

rl;lj;ijtpl

FLk;gj;jpw;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fy;

ngWkjpahdjhf ,y;iy

vdpd; ngha; nrhy;tjpy;iy – Vkhw;Wtjpy;iy

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

43%

37%

28%

62%

48%

37%

44%

44%

64%

51%

41%

32%

tajhd

tH

,isQH

gpujhd KbTfs;

22


efHg;Gw ,isQHfis tpl NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; fLikaw;w fUj;ij nfhz;Ls;s fpuhkg;Gw

,isQHfs; kj;jpapNyNa ,e;j vz;zk; cWjpahf cs;sJ (m.4-4). FLk;g xUikg;ghL kw;Wk;

ngaustpyhd ,yQ;rk; toq;fy; Nghd;w Nfs;tpfis ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

rpf;fyhdit. efHg;Gw ,isQHfspYk; ghHf;f> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfNs mjpfstpy; Coy;

nraw;ghLfis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. mjd; fhuzkhf mtHfs; ajhHj;j tho;f;ifia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F>

tpOkpaq;fSld; rupnra;J nra;J nfhz;L tho NeHfpd;wJ.5 fy;tpf;fhd kw;Wk; Clfj;jpw;fhd

mjpfupj;j mZFk; trjpahdJ> efHg;Gw ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwd; kPwypy; <LgLk; msT Fiwthf

,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,yq;if ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwid Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghlhf ghHf;ftpy;iy vd;gjid ,e;j KbTfs;

tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mj;Jld;> NeHikj;jpwDf;F Mjutspg;gjw;F mtHfs; MHtk; nfhz;Ls;sdH. Mdhy;>

jdpg;gl;l eyd;fs; my;yJ FLk;g cwTfSld; rpf;fyhf mikAk; NghJ> NeHikj;jpwd; kPwiy

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F mtHfs; jaq;Ftjpy;iy. ,yq;if ,isQHfspy; miug;gq;fpdH> tUkhdj;ij

tpl NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ mbg;gilahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;J vd fUJtjpy;iy vd ,e;j

KbTfspy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ (m.4-3,4).

jdpj;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ> FLk;g xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; nryT jtpHj;jypy; mtHfs; cWjpahd kjpg;gpid

nfhz;Ls;sJld;> rpwpjsT Coypy; jPtpukhf ,y;yhjpUg;gjid KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mNjNtis> NeHikj;jpwdpd; nghJthd Gupe;JzHT njhlHgpy; ,it Nfs;tpfis vOg;Gkhapd;>

FLk;g kjpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nrytpid jtpHj;jy; vd;gd NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd

eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jf; $ba rf;jp kpf;f MAjq;fs; vdTk; ,e;j Ma;tpd;

KbTfspy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ.

M. Coy; rhHe;j mDgtq;fs;

cyfk; KOtjpYk; ajhHj;jkhd tplakhf Coy; cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,isQHfs; vj;jid msT

Coypy; <LgLfpd;whHfs; vd;gJ Fwpj;j msT> mtHfs; NeHikj;jpwid vt;thW fhz;fpd;whHfs;>

Ml;rpKiw kPjhd mtHfsJ ek;gpf;if> kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JgtHfshf khWtjw;F

mtHfsJ MHtk; vd;gtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j tplaj;ij fz;lwptjw;F>

fle;j tUlj;jpy; Coy; rhHe;j jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq;fis njuptpf;FkhW gjpyspg;gtHfsplk;

Ma;tpd; %yk; Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ.

,isQHfs; vjpHnfhs;sf; $ba gy;NtW tifahd Coy; cs;slq;fyhf> Nfs;tpfs; gy gpupTfshf

gpupf;fg;gl;ld. ghy;epiy> tjptplk; kw;Wk; fy;tp milT vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Nkyjpf gFg;gha;Tk;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ld.

M. 1: MW gFjpfspYk; CoYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; mDgtq;fs;

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

njhopiy

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F

Ntiytha;g;G

ngWtjw;F

nghyp];

gpur;rpidia

jtpHg;gjw;F

kUj;Jt

trjp

ngWtjw;F

guPl;irapy;

ntw;wp

ngWtjw;F

Mtzk; -

mDkjpg;

gj;jpuk;

Coy;

gupkhw;wq;fs;

14%

4%

6%

18%

7%

4%


Coy; gupkhw;wq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,isQHfspd; msT kpfTk; rpwpaJ vd ,e;j cUf;fs;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nghJ epHthfk; kw;Wk; nghyp]; njhlHghdjhNt ngUk;ghyhd td;Kiwfs;

fhzg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapy; nghJ Jiw Coy; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd mf;fiwahf cs;sikia ,e;j

KbTfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. fy;tp kw;Wk; kUj;Jt NritfSf;fhd Fiwe;jstpyhd Coy; vd;gJ

ek;gpf;ifaspg;gjhf cs;sJ. egH xUtH fy;tp ngwKbahjthW jil nra;jy; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu

guhkupg;Gf;fhd mbg;gil cupikfis kPwy; Mfpa ,it ,uz;LNk r%fk; xd;wpy; Coy; fLk; jhf;fk;

nrYj;Jk; gFjpfshFk;. tajhdtHfs; Coy; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjpy; MHtkhf cs;shHfs; vd

Nkyjpf KbTfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,JNt tajhdtHfspd; nraw;ghlhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> nghUshjhu>

r%f Kiwik njsptw;wjhf cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> fy;tpia NkYk; njhlHtjw;F ,e;j NtWghL

Nghjpajhf ,y;iy.

cU M. 2: ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; Coy; njhlHghd ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; mDgtq;fs; Fwpj;j

xg;gPl;L Nehf;F

ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; Coy; njhlHghd ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; mDgtq;fs; Fwpj;j xg;gPl;L

Nehf;fhdJ> Coy; njhlHghd Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;fspw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis ntspg;gLj;jpd.

gjpyspj;j ngz;fSld; xg;gpl;l NghJ> gjpyspj;j Mz;fs; Coypy; <LgLtJ rf[khd xU tplakhf

,Ue;jJ (M.2). nghJ Jiw CoYld; xg;gpLk; NghJ> ,e;j NtWghLfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

mNjNtis> jdpahH Jiw CoYf;fhd epHg;ge;jq;fs; xg;gplf; $baJ.

nghyp]hH njhlHghd Coypy; Mz;fs; mjpstpy; rk;ge;jg;gLtjid mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhftpUe;jJ.

fle;j tUlj;jpy; jk;kplk; nghyp]hH ,yQ;rk; Nfl;ljhf ehd;fpy; xU Mz; ,isQHfs; njuptpj;jdH.

Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fisg; ngWk; NghJ> Ie;jpy; xU Mz; ,isQHfs; Coypdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfshf ,Ue;jdH. ,yq;if r%fj;jpy; ghuk;gupa ghy;epiy tfpghfq;fspy; jhf;fk;

Vw;gLj;Jgitahf ,e;j khw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Vnddpy;> Mz;fNs mjpfsT thfdk; nrYj;Jtjd;

%yKk;> nghJr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yKk; nghyp]hH kw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhupfSld; mjpf njhlHG

nfhs;gtHfshf cs;sdH. ,jd; %yk; ,isQHfspy; ngz;fis tpl Mz;fNs mjpfsT Coy;

rhH mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;w Kbit ,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

,isQHfspy; ngz;fSk; jw;NghJ rkj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;jp tUtjdhy;> Coy; rhHe;j mtHfsJ

nraw;ghLfSk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Mr;rupakspf;Fk; tifapy; fy;tpapd; kl;lk; Nghd;w rdj;njhif fhuzpfs;> rptpy; r%fq;fspy; <LghL

kw;Wk; tjptplk; vd;gd Gs;sptpgu uPjpahf Coy; gupkhw;wq;fspd; mDgtq;fs; njhlHgpy; vJtpjkhd

Mjpf;fj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy.

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Nkyjpf

njhopy;

ngWtjw;F

Ntiytha;g;ig

ngWtjw;F

nghyp]py;

mguhjk;

ngWtjid

jtpHg;gjw;F

kUj;Jt

rpfpr;irg;

ngWtjw;F

guPl;ir – epfo;r;rpapy;

ntw;wp

ngWtjw;F

Mtzk; -

mDkjpg;

gj;jpuk;

ngWtjw;F

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

tajhd

tH

,isQH

19%4%

7%

8%26%

5%

9%3%

5%9%

6%3%

4%12%

23%

26%7%

6%

1%11%

8%6%

3%10%

gpujhd KbTfs;

24


M. 1 nghJ epWtdq;fspd; vz;zf;fUf;fs;

,yq;ifapd; nghJ epWtdq;fs; vg;NghJk; caHe;j epiyapy; itj;J kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mit

nghJthf Coy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F ,yf;fhfpd;wd.6 ,jdhy;> nghJ epWtdk; njhlHghd ,isQHfspd;

fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,e;j Ma;tpd; xU mq;fj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F TISL jPHkhdpj;jJ. ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F mtHfSila murhq;f mq;fq;fSldhd njhlHG nghyp];> cs;@H

epHthfpfs;> Njrpa Rfhjhu guhkupg;G toq;FgtHfs;> fy;tp toq;FgtHfs; vd;gtHfspy; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.

,jdhy;> ,e;j epWtdq;fs; njhlHghd nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;jhdJ> murhq;fk; Fwpj;Jk;> rl;lk;

njhlHgpy; mtHfs; vt;thwhd fUj;ij nfhz;Ls;shHfs; vd;gjidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;.

cU M. 1-1: nghJ epWtdq;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j nraw;ghL Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs;

jdpahH fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; njhopy; vd midj;Jk; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; caH jug;gLj;jiy

ngWk; mNjNtis> xl;Lnkhj;j mstpy; nghJ Jiw Nkhrkhd mstpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,isQHfs;

jdpahH epWtdq;fspd; kPJ ek;gpf;if itg;gjpy; MHtk; nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH vd Neub xg;gPL

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mNjNtis> mur Rfhjhu Nrit ruhrupahd jug;gLj;jiyg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

kWGwj;jpy;> gjpyspj;jtHfspy; miug;gq;fpdH nghyp]; Nritia ‘NkhrkhdJ’ my;yJ ‘kpf NkhrkhdJ’ vd jug;gLj;jpdH. miug;gq;fpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gjpyspj;jtHfshy; ek;gpf;ifaw;wjhf fUjg;gl;l xNu

epWtdkhf nghyp]; epiyak; cs;sJ. mjd; njhlHr;rpahf cs;@H kw;Wk; Njrpa epHthf mq;fq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mq;fq;fs; ‘ed;W’ my;yJ ‘kpf ed;W’ vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,isQHfshy;

ghHf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

1- kpf ed;W 2. XusT ed;W 3. XusT Nkhrk; 4. Nkhrk;

cU M. 1-2: gy;tif nghJ Nrit epWtdq;fspd; czug;gl;l NeHikj;jpwd;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

kpf NkhrkhdJXusT

NkhrkhdJ

XusT ed;W ed;W

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs; 2% 37%

32%

34%

33%

50%

50%

53%

52%

11%

16%

12%

14%

2%

2%

2%

,isQH

tajhd

tH

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

jdpahH Rfhjhuk;

mur Rfhjhu epiyak;

jdpahH fy;tp

mur fy;tp nghyp]; ghJfhg;G

cs;@H epHthfk;

Njrpa epHthfk;

jdpahH njhopy;

mur njhopy;

epWtdj;jpd;

NeHikj;jpwd;

Fwpj;j fUj;J


M. 2 Coypy; <LgLtjw;fhd MHtk;

‘toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij jdpg;gl;l eyDf;fhf J~;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;’ vd Coy; vd;gjid

buhd;];ngud;rp ,d;lHne~dy; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ (Transparency International Plain Guide Language, 2009). vt;thwhapDk;> ,yQ;rk;> cwtpdHfSf;F rYif mspj;jy;> ifahly;> Ruz;ly;> tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;w

J~;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; VidNahH njhlHgpy; ghugl;rk; Nghd;w gy;NtW tbtq;fspYk;> msTfspYk;

Coy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Coypd; ,e;j tbtq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,U jug;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lit.

Coy; njhlHgpy; xU jug;G Gwf;fzpj;jhYk;> Coy; epiwe;j kw;iwa mjpfhupia jtpHg;gjd; %yk;

Coiy Fiwf;f KbAk;.

vdNt> mwpf;ifapd; ,e;jg; gFjpapy;> gy;NtW tifahd Coy; gupkhw;wq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd;

,isQHfs; ve;jstpy; <LgLfpd;wdH vd;gjid TISL Muha;e;jJ. Coy; epfoyhk; vd fUjg;gLk;

ehd;F gFjpfis Ma;T Rl;bf;fhl;baJ (M. 2-1;). xOq;fw;w my;yJ Coy; rhHe;j Nfhupf;iff;F

vt;thW ,isQHfs; gpujpgypg;ghHfs; vd gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; tpdtg;gl;lJ. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy;

vjw;fhf:

1. Kf;fpakhd guPl;ir xd;wpy; NjWtjw;F

2. Kf;fpakhd Mtzk; xd;iwg; ngWtjw;F

3. rpwe;j ghlrhiy my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;F

4. ‘fdTj; njhopy;’ xd;wpw;fhd NeHfhzypy; NjWtjw;F

cUM. 2-1: Fwpg;gpl;l gaidg; ngWtjw;F Coy; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

njhopiy

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F

Ntiytha;g;G

ngWtjw;F

nghyp];

gpur;rpidia

jtpHg;gjw;F

kUj;Jt

trjp

ngWtjw;F

guPl;irapy;

ntw;wp

ngWtjw;F

Mtzk; -

mDkjpg;

gj;jpuk;

Coy;

gupkhw;wq;fs;

14%

4%

6%

18%

7%

4%

gpujhd KbTfs;

26


M. 3 Kf;fpakhd guPl;ir xd;wpy; NjWjy;

cU M. 3-1: Vkhw;wp NjWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;.

fy;tp rhHe;j tplaq;fshf tUk; NghJ> ngUk;ghyhd khztHfs; Vkhw;Wtjw;fhd tpUg;gk; ,y;yhJ

,Uf;fpd;wikia ,e;j cUf;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fy;tp mikg;gpy; kpfTk; rpwpjstpyhd

khztHfNs cz;ikahf Coypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH vd;w Kbtpid ,e;j Ma;T ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ

(M. 3-1). fy;tp mikg;gpy; Coypy; <Lgl;l khztHfspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> ‘guPl;irapy; NjWtjw;F vjidAk; nra;jy;’ vd;w gpuptpd; fPo; tUgtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifAld; rkkhdjhf

,Uf;fpd;wJ. re;jHg;gk; ,Ug;gjhf fUJk; #o;epiyfspy; khj;jpuNk> khztHfs; jkJ MrpupaHfSf;F

,yQ;rk; toq;Ftjw;F tpUg;gj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,e;j Nfs;tp njhlHghd Nkyjpf Ma;T

mtrpakhFk;.

cU M. 3-2: Vkhw;wp NjWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy;

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

tajhdtH,isQH

NRguPl;irapy;

NjWtjw;F

vjidAk; nra;jy;

cq;fSila

rpwe;j ez;giu

cjTkhW Nfl;ly;

Njhy;tpaile;jhYk;

Vkhw;whJ

vjpHnfhs;sy;

70% 72%

27%24%

3% 3%1%0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

NRguPl;irapy;

NjWtjw;F

vjidAk; nra;jy;

cq;fSila

neUq;fpa

ez;guplk; cjtp

Nfhuy;

Vkhw;whJ

Njhy;tpaile;jhYk;

guthapy;iy vd

vjpHnfhs;sy;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

,isQH

tajhd

tH 74% 24% 2%

74% 24% 2%

66% 29% 5%

70% 25% 4%


fy;tp mikg;gpy; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd mHg;gzpg;gpid ,isQHfspy; Mz;fspYk; ghHf;f ngz;fs;

mjpfkhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wikia> ghy;epiy rhHe;J Ma;tpd; KbTfisg; gpupj;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ

mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. cU M. 3-2 ,y; ePq;fs; mjidg; ghHf;f KbAk;. 30%Md Mz; ,isQHfs;

guPl;irapy; NjWtjw;F VjhtJ xU tifahd xOq;fw;w elj;ijapy; <LgLtjw;F jahuhf cs;sdH.

,J cz;ikapy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fz;lwpjyhFk;. 5%MdtHfs; khj;jpuNk> ‘guPl;irapy; NjWtjw;F vjid nra;tjw;F’ jahuhf cs;sdH.

M. 3-3: Vkhw;wp NjWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> guPl;irapy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> tPL mbg;gilapy;

efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw khztHfSf;F ,ilapyhd gpuptpidAk;> ,e;j Ma;T ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.

kPz;Lk;> fpuhkg;Gw khztHfs; Coypy; <LgLtjw;F jahuhf ,Ue;jdH. mj;Jld;> xOq;FrhH

elj;ijf;F Fiwe;jsthd mHg;gzpg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. Coy;rhH epge;jidfSf;fhd

caHkl;l tpUg;gpid ,it tpsf;fhj NghjpYk;> MrpaHfs; Fwpj;j mq;fj;jpid Ma;tpypUe;J

jPHkhdpf;f KbAk;.

M. 4 kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Mtzk; xd;iwg; ngWjy;

Vida mikg;Gf;fspYk; ghHf;f nghJ Jiw CopaHfs; rhHe;J Coypy; <LgLtjw;F MHtk;

nfhz;ltHfshf gjpyspf;Fk; jug;gpdH cs;sikia Ma;T ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhd

Mtzj;jpw;fhd mZFk; trjpiag; ngWtjw;F 30%Md ,isQHfs; xOq;fw;w elj;ijapy; <LgLtH.

mj;Jld;> 10%Md Mz; ,isQHfs; ,yQ;rk; toq;FtH. vt;thwhapDk;> ,isQHfspw;fhd xOq;F

juq;fspy; ve;jnthU khw;wKk; ,d;wp CoYf;fhd kWrPuikg;ghfNt ,jid ghHg;gjid nghJ

epWtd nraw;ghL Fwpj;j KbTfs; (M. 4-1)> njuptpf;fpd;wd. cU 3.2-9,y; cs;s KbTfs; nghJ

Jiw mjpfhupfspd; Nkhrkhd nraw;ghLfisr; rhHe;jjhfNt cs;sd.

cU M. 4-1: xU Kf;fpakhd Mtzj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy;

NRguPl;irapy;

NjWtjw;F

vjidAk; nra;jy;

cq;fSila

neUq;fpa

ez;guplk; cjtp

Nfhuy;

Vkhw;whJ

Njhy;tpaile;jhYk;

guthapy;iy vd

vjpHnfhs;sy;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk; 67% 27% 5%

65% 28% 6%

1%

77% 21%1%

1%

0%

74% 25% 0% 0%,isQH

tajhd

tH

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

nraw;ghl;il

tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;F>

Kiwaw;w nfhLg;gdit

toq;fy;

NRnraw;ghl;il

tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;F>

ez;gH cwtpdiu

ehl Kaw;rpj;jy;

Neuj;ij

xOq;fikg;gjw;F>

vt;tsT Neuk;

vLf;Fk; vd Nfs;tp

vOg;gy;

fhj;jpUe;J>

ghHj;jy;

25% 43% 26% 5%

19% 46% 27% 8%

18% 54% 23% 5%

19% 45% 27% 9%Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs;

,isQH

tajhd

tH

gpujhd KbTfs;

28


efHg;Gw / fpuhkg;Gw gpuptpy; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> fpuhkg;Gwj;ijr; NrHe;j gjpyspj;jtHfs; ntspAjtpia ehLtjw;F my;yJ Kiwaw;w nfhLg;gdit toq;Ftjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;wikia mwpe;J nfhs;sf;

$bajhfTs;sJ. fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfspy; nghJ Jiw mjpfhupfspd; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nraw;ghl;bid

gpujpgypf;Fk; gjpyhf ,jid fUj KbAk;. vdpDk;> efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfis gpupj;J

ghHg;gjw;F ,jid nghUj;jp ghHf;f KbahJ.

cU M. 4-2: xU Kf;fpakhd Mtzj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ,yQ;rk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd tpUg;gk;> tPL mbg;gilapy;

M. 5 Kiwaw;w njhopy; epakdk;

njhopy; / ghlrhiy mDkjp> my;yJ mtHfsJ ‘fdT njhopiyg;’ ngWtjw;F Kiwaw;w rYiff;F

mtHfs; vt;thW gjpyspg;gH vd ,e;j Nfs;tpapy; tpdtg;gl;lJ. jFjpaw;w Mk; vd;gjpypUe;J>

jFjpaw;w ,y;iy vd;gJ tiuahd ehd;F gjpy;fspy; xd;iw gjpyspj;jtHfs; njupT nra;jdH.

cU M. 5-1: Kiwaw;w njhopy; epakdk; my;yJ ghlrhiy mDkjpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpUg;gk; (tPL

mbg;gilapy;)

rhjhuzkhd ghlrhiy mDkjp my;yJ njhopy; rYif njhlHgpy;> ,e;j Kiwaw;w rYifia

jhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Nthk; vd ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,isQHfs; njuptpj;jdH (M. 5-1). fpuhkg;Gw

kw;Wk; efHg;Gwq;fspy; ,Ue;J gjpyspj;jtHfSf;F ,ilapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT NtWghL ,Ue;jJ.

17%Md fpuhkg;Gwj;ijr; NrHe;j gjpyspj;jtHfs; khj;jpuNk Kiwaw;w rYifapid Neubahf

Gwf;fzpg;Nghk; vdj; njuptpj;jdH. efHg;Gwj;jpy; trpg;gtHfspd; gjpy; XusT NeHikj;jpwd; rhHe;jjhf

,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> 73%MdtHfs; cldbahf my;yJ fhyk; jho;j;jp rYifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthk;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

17% 40% 33% 10% 0%

27% 49% 20% 3% 0%

15% 45% 30% 10% 0%

22% 53% 21% 4% 0%

nraw;ghl;il

tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;F>

Kiwaw;w nfhLg;gdit

toq;fy;

NRnraw;ghl;il

tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;F>

ez;gH cwtpdiu

ehl Kaw;rpj;jy;

Neuj;ij

xOq;fikg;gjw;F>

vt;tsT Neuk;

vLf;Fk; vd Nfs;tp

vOg;gy;

fhj;jpUe;J>

ghHj;jy;

,isQH

tajhd

tH

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Neubahf

KbahJ

vd;fpwPHfs;

,zf;fkpy;iy> khkhit

jpUg;jpgLj;j ,Wjpapy;

“Mk;” vd;fpwPHfs;

mJjhd; rhjhuz

top> ePq;fs; “Mk;” vd;fpwPHfs;.

mJ rpwe;jJ. ePq;fs;

“Mk;” vd;fpwPHfs;.NR

0%22%

8%

23%

11% 22% 40% 26% 1%

36% 23% 17% 1%

22% 36% 34% 0%

31% 29% 19%

,isQH

tajhd

tH

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;


vdj; njuptpj;jdH. fyhrhu kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fhuzpfs; ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j

vz;zpf;if mjpfkhdjhFk;.

nghUshjhu uPjpahf> ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu re;jHg;gq;fs; kpfTk; FiwthFk;.

mj;Jld;> mjw;F ,izahf tWikAk; caHe;j epiyapy; cs;sJ. gjpyspj;jtHfs; eilKiwf;F

Vw;w tifapy; ,e;j Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspj;j NghjpYk;> mtHfSila jdpg;gl;l epiyikfs;

mtHfis kWf;ftplhJ jLf;fpd;wJ. fyhrhuKk; ,jpy; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ. \

hjhuzkhd top’ vd;w tifapy; Kiwaw;w rYifia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Nthk; vd 22%Md efHg;Gw

,isQHfSk;> 36%Md fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSk; njuptpj;jdH. Fwpj;j Kiwaw;w rYifia

xOq;F nra;j FLk;g cWg;gpdiu jpUg;jpgLj;Jtjw;F> ,e;j rYifia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Nthk; vd

40%Md efHg;Gw ,isQHfSk;> 23%Md fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSk; njuptpj;jdH. ghlrhiy mDkjpg;

ngWtjw;Fk;> njhopypy; gjtpNaw;wk; ngWtjw;Fk; cwtpdHfSf;fhd rYif kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l

njhlHGfspy; mjpfsT jq;fpAs;sikia ,e;j gjpy;fspy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ.

njw;fhrpahtpy; ,J xU Gjpa tplaky;y. Mdhy;> ,J xU ghupa gpur;rpid vd;gjidAk; kwe;Jtplf;

$lhJ. efHg;Gw / fpuhkg;Gw uPjpapy; gpupj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> Kiwaw;w njhopy; epakdk; kw;Wk;

ghlrhiy mDkjp vd;gd fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; rhjhuzkhf epfo;tjid fz;lwpaf; $bajhftpUe;jJ.

vt;thwhapDk;> efHg;Gwq;fspy; FLk;g cWg;gpduhy; xOq;F nra;ag;gLk; Kiwaw;w tifapyhd

njhopy; epakdk; my;yJ fy;tp mDkjpapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ nrsfupakhdJ vd 40%Md

gjpyspj;jtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. r%fj;jpy; rpwe;j NeHikj;jpwid Nehf;fpajhf ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

gzpahw;w Ntz;Lkhapd;> ,e;j fyhrhu jilfs; ePf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

M. 6 “fdTj; njhopy;” rYif

vt;thwhapDk;> “fdTj; njhopy;” vd;gJ rhHe;jjhf Nfs;tp khw;wg;gl;l NghJ> fpilj;j gjpy;fs; Mr;rupakspg;gitahf ,Ue;jd. Kiwaw;w tifapyhd rYifia Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf>

ngUk;ghyhNdhH Neubahf ,y;iy vd nrhy;tjhf njuptpj;jdH. JujpU~;ltrkhf> Nfs;tpahdJ NtW

tpjj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf NeHj;jpahd xg;gPL vd;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk;>

,jpypUe;J NeHikj;jpwid kPwhJ ngwf; $ba tplakhf “fdTj; njhopy;” vd;gJ ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;ifaHfSf;F cs;sJ vd ePq;fs; jtwhf mHj;jk; nfhs;s KbahJ. kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Kbtpw;fhd mjpfstpyhd rthy; Fwpj;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ> ,yq;if ,isQHfspd; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd

ek;gpf;ifia cU. 3.2-12 toq;Ffpd;wJ.

cU M. 6-1: cq;fSila ‘fdT njhopiyg;’ ngWtjw;F Kiwaw;w njhopy; epakdj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

tpUg;gk;

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

NR,JNt rhjhuz top

ePq;fs; ,zq;FfpwPHfs;

kWj;jy;>

fye;Jiuahly;>

,Wjpapy; ,zq;fy;

Neubahf ,y;iy

vd;fpwPHfs;.

tajhdtH,isQH

47%

38%

29%

20%

1% 1%

23%

41%

gpujhd KbTfs;

30


,. NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd #oy; kw;Wk; nraw;ghL

Coy; vd;gJ Nguhir kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jp tha;e;j MAjk;. CoYf;F

vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ rpf;fyhdJ. midj;J ehl;L kf;fspdJk; xUq;fpize;j Kaw;rpapy; mJ

jq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhf> ,yq;ifapy; NeHikj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> CoYf;F vjpuhf

NghuhLtjw;Fk; ,isQHfs; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis TISL Muha;e;jJ.

mHj;jk; kpf;f jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtJ njhlHgpy; ,isQHfs;

vt;tifahd gq;fpid tfpf;fyhk; vd;gJ njhlHgpy; gjpyspj;jtHfsplk; tpdtg;gl;lJ. mtHfs;

jdpg;gl;l tifapy; Coy; Fwpj;J fijg;gjw;F jahuhf cs;sduh kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy;

vOg;ghky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit vd;gJ rhHe;J ,e;j Nfs;tpfs; mike;jpUe;jd.

cU ,. 1: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy;> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; ,isQHfspd; tfpghfq;fs;

Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs;

CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; ,isQHfs; ghupa gq;fpid tfpf;f KbAk; vd 56%Md ,isQHfs;

fUJfpd;wik rhjfkhd xU mwpFwpahFk;. mNjNtis> 33%Md ,isQHfs; Mff;Fiwe;jJ

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gq;fpid tfpf;fyhk; vd fUjpdH. Mr;rupakspf;Fk; tifapy;> jhk; ghupa gq;fpid

tfpf;f KbAk; vd tajhdtHfis tpl ,isQHfNs mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jdH. mNjNtis>

,isQHfshy; ghupa gq;fpid tfpf;f KbahJ vd;w fUj;jpid tajhdtHfs; nfhz;bUe;jdH.

cU ,. 2: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy;> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; ,isQHfspd; tfpghfq;fs;

Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs;> tPL mbg;gilapy;

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

NRnjupahJekf;F gq;fpy;iyekf;F

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

gq;F cz;L

ekf;F ngUk;gq;F

cz;L

,isQH

tajhdtH 47%

56% 33% 8%

2%

1%

35% 15%

2%

1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

,isQH tajhd

tH

44% 33% 21% 2%

51%

51%

61%

37%

36%

31%

9%

11%

5%

2%

2%

3%

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

NRnjupahJekf;F gq;fpy;iyekf;F

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

gq;F cz;L

ekf;F ngUk;gq;F

cz;L


,e;j juTfs; gpupj;jwpag;gl;l NghJ> efHg;Gw kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSf;F ,ilapy; ghupa

NtWghL fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;F NghjpasT mjpfhuKilatHfshf

efHg;Gw ,isQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. mj;Jld;> mjpfhukw;wtHfs; vd;w czHtpid mtHfs; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;gtHfshf ,y;iy (cU , - 2 Ig; ghHf;fTk;). nghJthd mbg;gilapy; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> Coy;

njhlHgpy; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;gtHfshf fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs; cs;sdH. mj;Jld;> mt;tg;NghJ Kiwaw;w

elj;ijapy; <LgLtjw;F jahuhdtHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. ,jid Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;> Coy; njhlHgpy; mjpfhukw;wtHfs; vd;w czHit ,isQHfs; nfhz;Ls;sdH.

mjd; fhuzkhf> jkJ ehshe;j tho;f;ifapd; xU mq;fkhf Coiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtHfshf mtHfs;

,Uf;fpd;wdH. ,jdhy;> CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;F fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSf;F mjpfhukspg;gjw;fhd

mjpfupj;j eltbf;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

cU ,. 3: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; Coy; Fwpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpUg;gk;

CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;fhd tpUg;gk; njhlHgpy; Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;l NghJ> fpilj;j

gjpy;fs; kpfTk; rpf;fyhditahFk;. 7%MdtHfs; khj;jpuNk CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;gpAs;sjhf

njuptpj;jdH. NkYk;> RkhH 27%MdtHfs; CoYf;F vjpuhf NgrpaNj ,y;iy vdj; njuptpj;jdH.

,isQHfshy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd Mff; Fiwe;jJ RkhH 20%Md ,isQHfs;

ek;Gfpd;wdH. vdpDk;> jhkhfNt Kd;te;J mjid Kd;ndLg;gjw;F mtHfs; jahuhf ,y;iy.

gjpyspj;jtHfspy; %d;wpy; xUtH> CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;F vg;NghJk; jahuhf

cs;sik vd;gJ ek;gpf;if juf;$ba tplakhFk;. mNj vz;zpf;ifapyhd kw;WnkhU gq;fpdH rpy

re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fuy; vOg;GgtHfshfTk;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; Fuy; vOg;ghjtHfshfTk; cs;sdH.

vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;if r%fk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j gjpy;fs; Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;baJ

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

ehd; nra;a khl;Nld;vg;NghJk; ,y;iyMk;> ehd; nra;Ntd;Mk;> ehd; nra;Js;Nsd;.

tajhdtH,isQH

8.5%6.9%

31.7%32.3%31%

34.3%

28.3%26.7%

gpujhd KbTfs;

32


nfh^ukhd Aj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J kPz;L tUk; epiyapy;> If;fpa ehLfs; rig> kdpj cupikfs;

fz;fhzpg;gfk; kw;Wk; rHtNjr Kuz;ghLfs; njhlHghd FOtpdhy;> ,yq;ifapd; kdpj cupikfs;

nraw;ghL Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.7 CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;gpdhy;> ngUk;ghyhd

,isQHfs;> Kf;fpakhf rpWghd;ik ,dj;ijr; NrHe;j ,isQHfs; jkJ vjpHfhyk; kw;Wk; ngsjPf

ghJfhg;G njhlHgpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gLk; vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. cU ,-4,y;

fz;lthW> ,yq;ifapy; cs;s ,isQHfspy; ehy;tupy; xUtH> mr;rk; fhuzkhf CoYf;F vjpuhf

Fuy; vOg;ghjtHfshf cs;sdH.

cU ,. 4: CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;ghJ ,Ug;gjw;F toq;Fk; fhuzq;fs;> ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy;

vt;thwhapDk;> CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;ghikf;fhd fhuzkhf mJ gadw;wJ vd jhk;

czHe;jjhf $wpapUe;jik kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplakhf mikfpd;wJ. ngaustpy;

[dehafk; tpsq;Fk; ,yq;if Nghd;w ehl;by; ,J kpfTk; rpf;fy; epiwe;j gjpyhFk;. CoYf;F

vjpuhf jhk; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpf;f KbAk; vd ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;if ,isQHfs; fUJfpd;w

mNjNtis> ,tHfspy; RkhH miug;gq;fpdH (45%) Fuy; vOg;Gtjpdhy; vt;tpj gaDk; ,y;iy

vd fUJfpd;wdH. mj;Jld;> 23%Md ,isQHfs; CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;GtJ jkJ flik

,y;iy vd fUJfpd;wdH. ,J JujpU~;ltrkhdJ. Vnddpy;> CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;GtJ

vd;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd fy;tpawptpd;ikia ,J Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

Coy; Fwpj;J mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhd eilKiwfs; jkf;Fj; njupahJ vd 6%Md ,isQHfs;

gjpyspj;Js;sikahdJ ,e;j fUj;Jf;F tYNrHg;gjhf cs;sJ.

,jdhy;> ,yq;if Nghd;w #o;epiy epyTk; ehLfspy;> Fwpg;gpl;l epge;jidfs; vl;lg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuNk

CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;F ,isQHfs; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs; vd;w epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

KjyhtJ> mt;thW nra;tJ ghJfhg;ghdJ vd;w czHit mtHfs; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtJ>

CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlHgpYk;> eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; mJ

Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ed;ikfs; Fwpj;Jk; mtHfs; ed;F mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nghjpa fy;tpawptpd;ikAk;> tpopg;GzHtpd;ikAk; CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjpy; ,Ue;J

,isQHfis jLf;Fkhapd;> Coy; Fwpj;J ,isQHfs; vq;F fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH vd;W Gupe;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j ,Wjpg; gpuptpy;> Coy; Fwpj;j jfty;fis ,isQHfs; vq;fpUe;J

ngWfpd;wdH kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s CoYf;F vjpuhd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs; Fwpj;J

vj;jidasT mwpe;Js;sdH vd;gJ Fwpj;J gjpyspg;gtHfsplk; tpdtg;gl;lJ.

gjpyspj;jtHfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH njhiyf;fhl;rp (31%)> thndhyp (20%)> kw;Wk; gj;jpupif

(17%) vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,J Mr;rupakhd tplak; my;y.

vt;thwhapDk;> gjpyspj;j ,isQHfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhH ifNgrp %ykhfTk; (18%) ,e;j jftiyg; ngw;W tUfpd;wdH. tajhdtHfis (10%) tpl ,e;j msT mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

,isQHfspd; fye;Jiuahly;fs; r%f tiyaikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;Jld; ikakhdjhf

mikfpd;w Ntisapy;> ,J cz;ikahdJ my;y vd;gjid Ma;tpd; KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

NRmJ vd;

flikay;y vt;thW fz;bg;gJ vd

njupahJ

mJ gadw;wJghJfhg;G

fhuzq;fspdhy;

Mz;fs;

ngz;fs; 6%

8% 34% 32% 26%

31% 37% 26%


5%Md ,isQHfs; khj;jpuNk r%f Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhf njuptpj;jdH.

4%Md ,isQHfs; ,iza gj;jpupiffs; ClhfTk;> 4%MdtHfs; r%f tiyaikg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J

jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhf njuptpj;jdH. r%f Clfk; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jsq;fspy; CoYf;F

vjpuhd fy;tpia ,izg;gjw;F NkYk; nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Njit cs;sikia

,e;j KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk;> ,izaj;js ghtid fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU

ehlhf ,yq;if njhlHe;Jk; cs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.8

cU ,. 5: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; jftYf;fhd %yk;

cU ,. 6 ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s Coy; njhlHghd tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

xOq;Ffs; Fwpj;j mwpT

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

NtWr%f

tiyj;jsk;

,iza

gj;jpupif

r%f Clfk;gj;jpupififNgrpthndhypnjhiyf;fhl;rp

tajhdtH,isQH

31%33%

20%

26%

18%

10%

17%

23%

5%4% 4%

2%4%

2%1% 0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

NRNghjpa jfty;kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jfty;

kpf

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jfty;

jfty;

,y;iy

,isQH

tajhdtH 21%

17% 38% 39% 6%

38% 34% 7%

gpujhd KbTfs;

34


gy;NtW tifahd topfspy; ,Ue;J ,isQHfs; jfty;fisg; ngWk; mNjNtis> ve;jnthU

jfty; %yKk; ,isQHfSf;F Nghjpa jfty;fis toq;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; njspthfpd;wJ. jfty;

%yq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gJ 31%Md ,isQHfis

nrd;wilfpd;wJ.

Coy; njhlHghd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; newpKiwfs; Fwpj;J vt;tsT J}uk; mwpe;J itj;Js;shHfs;

vd ,isQHfsplk; Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ> Nghjpa jfty;fs; ,d;ik vd;gJ njspthf ntspg;gl;lJ.

6%Md ,isQHfs; khj;jpuk;> Coy; Fwpj;j tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs; njhlHgpy; mjpfk;

mwpe;J itj;Js;sjhf njuptpj;jdH. RkhH 39%MdtHfSf;F XusT njupe;jpUf;fpd;w epiyapy;>

55%MdtHfSf;F rpwpjsT njupAk; my;yJ xd;Wk; njupahJ.

#o;epiyAld; njhlHGila NkYk; gy gjpy;fis fz;lwptjw;F ,e;j jfty; cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

Coy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; newpKiwfs; njhlHgpy;> rpy ,isQHfSf;F rpwe;j gpbg;G ,Uf;fpd;w

epiyapy;> ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F ,y;iy. ,jdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd gjpyspg;gtHfs;

NeHikj;jpwd; Fiwe;jtHfshf my;yJ Kiwaw;w elj;ijfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtHfshf cs;sikia

mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ. ,e;j Gwf;fzpg;gpid #o;epiyAld; ,ize;jjhf Gupe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

JujpU~;ltrkhf> fy;tp KiwikahdJ ,e;j gpur;rpidia milahsg;gLj;Jtjhf ,y;iy. cU

3.3-5 cs;sthW> Coy; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ‘xd;Wk; njupahjtHfs;’ my;yJ ‘rpwpjsT njupe;jtHfs;’ vd;w epiyahdJ> Kjy; epiy fy;tp kl;lj;jpypUe;J %d;whk; epiy

fy;tp kl;lj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; 61%,ypUe;J 54%Mf khj;jpuNk tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. ‘XusT’ njupAk; vdf; $wpa ,isQHfspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ 7%My; mjpfupj;Js;s epiyapy;> ‘mjpfk;’ njupAk; vd;gtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;iy. Coy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; newpKiwfs; njhlHghd

,isQHfspd; fy;tpj; Njitfis ,e;j fy;tp KiwikahdJ g+Hj;jp nra;atpy;iy vd;gjid

,e;j KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Coy; njhlHgpy; ,yq;if ,isQHfSf;F Kiwahd fy;tp

toq;fg;gLkhapd;> Coy; Fwpj;j vz;zf;fUf;fs;> csg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis khw;Wtjw;F

XusT re;jHg;gNk cz;L.

cU ,. 7: ,isQHfs; kw;Wk; tajhdtHfs; kj;jpapy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s Coy; njhlHghd tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

xOq;Ffs; Fwpj;j mwpT> fy;tp milTf;F Vw;g

,isQH

t

ajhd

tH

0% 20%4 0% 60% 80% 100%

NRmjpfk;XusTkpf FiwT,y;iy

Kjy; epi

,uz;lhk; epiy

%d;whk; epiy

Kjy; epi

,uz;lhk; epiy

%d;whk; epiy 12%

15%

30%

13%

16%

33% 28% 33% 6%

38% 40% 6%

41% 40% 6%

32% 32% 5%

43% 36% 6%

40% 33% 14%


Coy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F tajhdtHfspYk;> ,isQHfs; mjpf mf;fiw

nfhz;ltHfshf cs;sdH. ,e;j NtWghlhdJ rpwpajhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> tajhdtHfs; Fwpg;ghf

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp militf; nfhz;ltHfNs> Coy; Fwpj;j Nghjpa mwpT ,y;yhjtHfshfTk;

,Uf;fpd;wdH. %d;whk; epiy fy;tpapy; cs;stHfSf;fhd KbTfs; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ed;F fy;tp

fw;wtHfs;> Coy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; newpKiwfis ed;F mwpe;J itj;jtHfshf cs;sdH. cWjpahd

jPHkhdk; xd;iw vLg;gjw;F ,e;j KbT NghjpaJ my;y. %d;whk; epiy fy;tpapy; cs;s rpf;fy;

epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,e;j KbTfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

gpujhd KbTfs;

36



KbTiufs; kw;Wk; gupe;J

iufs;

KbTiufs; kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufs; YIS,d; Nehf;fk; ,U ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ:- ,yq;if ,isQHfspd; jw;Nghija NeHikj;jpwd;

njhlHghd mbg;gil xd;iw jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd; kPwy; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd

,isQHfs; <LgLk; msit epHzapj;jy;. mHj;jKs;s tifapy; ,e;j ,uz;L ,yf;FfSk;

vl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;if ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwDf;F kjpg;gpid toq;Ffpd;wdH vd;gjidAk;>

ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; ,e;j tpOkpaq;fis vl;Ltjpy; rpf;fiy vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH vd;gjidAk;

Ma;T KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. NghuhLtjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd tplakhf NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gjid

ghHg;gjw;F gjpyhf> CoYk;> NeHikj;jpwd; kPwYk; jhk; ghHf;Fk; cyfj;jpd; ajhHj;j epiyapy;

ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gjid ,yq;if ,isQHfs; czHe;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

m. KbTiufs;

YIS,d; ehd;F gpujhd gug;ngy;iyfis gpd;tUk; fye;Jiuahly; milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;>

xt;nthUtUila gpujhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; KbTiufis fye;JiuahLfpd;wJ. YIS,d; Nehf;fq;fis vl;Ltjw;F khj;jpuk; ,e;j jfty; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ my;y. eltbf;iff;fhd

gupe;Jiufis fz;lwpaf; $ba mwptpid fl;bnaOg;GtJk; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

m. 1 jhHkPfk; kw;Wk; xOq;Ffs; - elj;ijapd; juq;fs; njhlHghd fUj;JrhH

Gupe;JzHT

Coy; Fwpj;j ,isQupd; fUj;jhf;fq;fs;> csg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; njhlHgpy; gy;NtW

gug;ngy;iyfis Muha;e;jjd; %yk;> Ntjidf;Fupa KbT ntspg;gl;lJ. NeHikj;jpwd; vd;why;

vd;d vd;gjid ,yq;if ,isQHfs; mwpe;J itj;Js;sdH. jkJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; mtHfs;

NeHikj;jpwdpw;F kjpg;G toq;Ffpd;wdH. NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w rhjfkhd

epiyg;ghl;bid ,isQHfs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis> jilfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; %yk;

NeHikj;jpwd; rthYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j epiyg;ghL Nfs;tpf;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j NtWgl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs; njhlHgpy; Nfs;tp vOg;gpa NghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l

vz;zpf;ifapyhd rpWghd;ikapdH (12%-20%)> ngha; NgrhJ ,Uj;jy;> Coy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij

kPwy; cs;slq;fyhf NeHikj;jpwid tpsf;Fk; nghJthd tiutpyf;fzk; Fwpj;J mwpahjtHfshf

cs;sdH. rl;lj;ij kPwy; vd;gJ njhlHgpy; ,e;j fUj;J fLikahdjhf cs;sJ. Vnddpy;> Ie;jpy;

xU ,yq;ifaH rl;lj;ij kPwiy NeHikj;jpwd; kPwyhf fUJtjpy;iy vd;w Kbtpid ,e;j Ma;T

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

‘NeHikj;jpwDila egH’ vd;gjid Fwpg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j Gupe;JzHit ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

nfhz;Ls;sdH. mz;zsthf ,yq;if ,isQHfspy; miug;gq;fpdH> NeHikj;jpwd; nfhz;l egH

xUtH jtpHf;f Kbahj re;jHg;gq;fspy; ngha; my;yJ Vkhw;Wtjw;F NeHfpd;wJ vd;w fUj;ijf;

nfhz;Ls;sdH. NeHikj;jpwd; cilatHfs; ngha; NgRjy;> Vkhw;Wjy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij kPwy;

vd;gtw;wpYk; FLk;g If;fpaj;jpYk; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;whHfs; vd;w ek;gpf;if epyTfpd;wJ

(cUf;fs; 3.1 -11-12). ,Wjpahf> NeHikj;jpwDila egHfs; ngaustpyhd Coypy; <LgLtjw;F

jahuhf cs;sdH vd;w fUj;ij 67%Md ,yq;if ,isQHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.

38


m. 2 Nfhl;ghLfs; - vJ rupahdJ kw;Wk; vJ gpioahdJ vd;gjw;F ,ilapyhd

NtWghl;il mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba ,aYik

epjp ntw;wp kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwDld; tho;tJ vd;gtw;iw xg;gpLkhW Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ> ,yq;ifapy;

ntw;wpf;fhd mOj;jq;fspd; NghJ> NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghLfis tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; epiy

cs;sik njspthfpd;wJ. NeHikj;jpwDld; tho;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd 50%Md ,isQHfs;

fUJk; mNjNtis> nry;te;juhf ,Ug;gJk;> NeHikj;jpwDlDk; ,Ug;gJ vd ,uz;LNk rk mstpy;

mika Ntz;Lk; vd ngUk;ghyhNdhH fUjpdH. Nkyjpfkhf> Itupy; xU ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

NeHikj;jpwid tpl;LnfhLj;Jtpl;L gzj;ij njupT nra;fpd;wdH. ,isQHfshy; NeHikj;jpwd;

njhlHgpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fSf;F NeHkhwhdjhf ,e;j KbTfs; cs;sd.

,tw;iw xd;wpizj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ> NeHikj;jpwdpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,isQHfs; mwpe;J

itj;Js;sdH> Mdhy;> NeHikj;jpwDld; tho;jy; vd;gjd; mHj;jj;ij mtHfs; Gupe;jtHfshf

,y;iy. NeHikj;jpwd; vd;gJ vg;NghJ mbg;gil Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ue;jjpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> cs;@H

gz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ajhHj;jq;fis rthYf;Fl;gLj;Jk; xU fUj;jhf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;if

,isQHfs; jkJ tho;f;ifapy;> rpy gad;fSk;> cwTfSk; NeHikj;jpwid tpl Kf;fpakhdJ

vd fUJfpd;wdH. mj;Jld;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; NeHikaw;w nraypy; <Lgl;lhYk;> NeHikj;jpwid

jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w fUj;ijAk; xU rpyH nfhz;Ls;sdH. czT kw;Wk; vupnghUs;

tpiy vd;gJ ehshe;jk; Jupjkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; epiyapy;> ,yq;ifapy; tWik vd;gJ

Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ vd;gjid vtUk; kWf;f KbahJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf nry;te;jHfs;

kw;Wk; twpatHfSf;F ,ilapyhd ,ilntspAk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> NeHikj;jpwid

tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J nry;tk; ngWtJ njhlHgpy; ,isQHfs; mf;fiw nrYj;jp tUfpd;wdH.

,isQHfspy; ngz;fs; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; mjpfstpyhd mHg;gzpg;gid nfhz;Ls;sikiaAk;>

fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwdpy; gytPdkhdtHfshf cs;sikiaAk; ,e;j YIS ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd jpul;lg;gl;l juTfspy; ,Ue;J ,e;j ,ilntspfs; cWjp

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. khw;wj;jpd; KftHfshf efHg;Gw ngz;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs; vd;w vjpHT$wiy ,e;j

Ma;tpd; KbTfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. mNjNtis> NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd fy;tp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL vd;gd

fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfSf;F> Kf;fpakhd fpuhkg;Gwj;ijr; NrHe;j Mz;fSf;F mtrpak; vd;gjidAk;

,e;j fw;if KbTfs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;j ,ilntspfSf;Fg; gpd;dhYs;s fhuzq;fis

fz;lwptJ rpf;fyhdJ. fy;tp kl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ghy;epiy NtWghLfs; njhlHr;rpahdjhf

cs;sd. ,yq;if fyhrhuj;Jld; njhlHGilajhf ,e;j NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikia mwpe;J

nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ.

efHg;Gwk; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLk; rpf;fy; epiwe;jJ. fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs;

mjpfstpy; Coiy vjpHnfhs;tjhfTk;> ngUk;ghyhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; gz;ghl;LrhH cwtpdHfSf;F

rYif mspf;Fk; r%fj; njhlHGfspy; <LgLtjidak; fw;ifapd; %yk; fz;lwpaf; $bajhftpUe;jJ.

NeHikj;jpwDld; cs;s ,isQHfSf;F rpwpjsT re;jHg;gq;fNs cs;sjhfTk; fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs;

fUJfpd;wdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf> md;whl tho;f;ifapy; Kiwaw;w rYiffis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;

mtHfs; jaf;fk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. vdNt> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwd; mw;wtHfs; vd;w

KbTf;F ,jpypUe;J tuKbahJ. jkJ tho;f;iff;F cfe;j tpOkpaq;fisAk;> elj;ijfisAk;

cs;thq;Ftjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ltHfshf mtHfs; cs;sdH. me;j tpOkpaq;fSk;> elj;ijfSk;

NeHikj;jpwDf;F vjpuhdjhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

m. 3 tpjpfis kjpj;jy; - rl;l tiuGefYld; nghUe;jpg; NghFk; msT

NeHikj;jpwid tpsf;FkhW Nfl;fg;gl;l NghJ> rl;lj;ij kPWtjpYk; ghHf;f> ngha; $wy; kw;Wk;

Vkhw;Wjy; my;yJ Coy; vd;gtw;iwNa NeHikj;jpwd; kPwyhf fUJtjid mwpe;J nfhs;sf;

$bajhftpUe;jJ. ,yq;if ,isQHfs; rl;l xOq;F njhlHgpy; njspthd vjpHg;G epiyiaf;

nfhz;Ls;sikia ,e;j KbTfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> MrpupaUf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;FtjpYk;

nghJ mjpfhupfs; my;yJ nghyp]hUf;F ,yQ;rk; toq;FtJ njhlHghd mf;fiw mjpfk;

cs;stHfshf ,isQHfs; cs;sdH. nghyp]hH kPjhd ek;gpf;if ,d;ik vd;gjw;F ,t;thwhd

csg;ghq;fpw;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;.


xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> Coypy; <LgLtJ njhlHgpy; Mr;rupakpf;f tpUg;gpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH.

mtHfspy; rpyH fle;j tUlj;jpy; Coy; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;ltHfs; vd;gjidAk; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH.

NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpYk;> CoYf;F vjpuhfTk; ,isQHfspd; mHg;gzpg;gpid fy;tp tYg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd ,e;j fw;if njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

Coy; gupkhw;wq;fspy; <LgLtjpy; Mz;fs; mjpf MHtk; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gjid

Fwpg;gpl Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhFk;. NeHikj;jpwdpd; tpOkpaq;fs; njhlHgpyhd ghy;epiy rhH NtWghL

vdTk; ,jid Fwpg;gpLtJ rpf;fyhdJ. ,isQHfspy; Mz;fs; mjpfstpy; CoYf;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis

nfhz;bUg;gjdhy;> mtHfNs mjpfstpy; Coy; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLgtHfshfTk; cs;sdH. ,e;j

rpf;fy; epiwe;j Kiwia Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjtpahf NkYk; Ma;Tfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

NeHikj;jpwd; Fwpj;j Gupe;JzHit Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Coiy jtpHg;gjw;Fk; Mz; ,isQHfs;

,yf;F itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jpy; mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba tplakhFk;.

m. 4 Coiy Gwf;fzpj;jy; - Coy; nraw;ghLfis rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;

CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjpy; jkJ jiyKiwf;fhd gq;F xd;W cs;sJ vd ngUk;ghd;ikahd

,isQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. ,J ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd KbthFk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> 6%Md ,yq;if ,isQHfs; khj;jpuNk CoYf;F vjpuhf cz;ikahf Fuy; vOg;gpAs;s

epiyapy;> CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,isQHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fpid tfpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ

njspthfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,isQHfs; vy;yh re;jHg;gq;fspYk; my;yJ

rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. vz;zj;jpw;Fk;>

eltbf;iff;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,e;j NtWghlhdJ jdpg;gl;ljhfTk;> fl;likg;Gr; rhHe;jjhfTk; cs;sJ.

CoNy ntw;wpf;fhd rpwe;j ghij vd fUJk; NghJ> me;j epiyia ,isQHfs; rthYf;F

cl;gLj;JthHfs; vd vz;ZtJ rupaw;wJ. JujpU~;ltrkhf> ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;if ,isQHfs;>

Vkhw;Wtjid rpwe;j njupthf fUJfpd;wdH. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; mJ khj;jpuNk ntw;wpf;fhd top

vd mtHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. fy;tp fw;w fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; ,e;j fUj;J nghJthdjhf

cs;sJ. Coypd; %yk; ntw;wpiag; ngUk; FOf;fSld; ,tHfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlHgpidAk;

,J ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; nghJ Nrit toq;FdHfs; njhlHgpy; ngUk;ghyhd ,isQHfs; nfhz;Ls;s Nkhrkhd

fUj;jpid ,e;j KbT ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. caHkl;l Coy; kw;Wk; Fiwe;jstpyhd nghJ kf;fs;

ek;gpf;if vd;gdtw;wpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk; mq;fq;fshf nghyp]; kw;Wk; cs;@H epHthfk; vd;gd

cs;sd. ,t;thwhd FOf;fSldhd njhlHr;rpahd njhlHGfs;> NeHikj;jpwid NgZtjw;fhd>

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,isQHfspd; Mw;wiy Fiwj;J tpLk;. nghJ cj;jpNahfj;jHfSld; mjpfupj;j

mstpy; njhlHGila FOf;fs; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; nrsfupakhd kw;Wk; kjpg;gw;w epiyia

nfhz;Ls;sikiaAk; KbTfs; %yk; mwpaf; $bajhfTs;sJ.

fl;likg;G uPjpahf> CoYf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLtjw;F jhk; mjpfhukw;wtHfs; vd %d;wpy; xU ,isQH

fUJfpd;wdH. CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;GtJ jkJ nghWg;G my;y vd 26%Md ,isQHfs;

fUJfpd;wdH. ,e;j ,uz;L ek;gpf;iffSk; rpf;fy; epiwe;jit. mj;Jld;> xJf;fg;gly; kw;Wk; tpyfpr;

nry;yy; vd;gd> CoYf;F vjpuhd ,isQHfspd; Kaw;rpfSf;F ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jf; $bad.

vt;thwhapDk;> Neubahd jPHTfis fz;lwptjw;Fk; ,it Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfshf cs;sd.


iufs;

40


M. gupe;Jiufs;

mwpT ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd fUtpia tpl Kf;fpakhd xU mk;rkhf YIS cs;sJ. NeHikj;jpwDf;fhf

Nghuhly; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhf Nghuhly; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf ,isQHfis tYg;gLj;Jk; rHtNjr

uPjpapy; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l KOikahd nraw;ghlhf ,J cs;sJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifapypUe;J jkJ

KbTfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd trjpaspj;jiy jkJ gq;FjhuHfSf;F TISL toq;fpAs;s epiyapy;> ,yq;ifapy; ,isQHfis tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpd;tUk; gupe;JiufisAk; TISL toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j gupe;Jiufis ep[khf;Ftjw;F midj;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l gq;FjhuHfSlDk; TISL ,ize;J gzpahw;Wk;

vd;gJld;> ,isQHfspy; NeHikj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;ghl;by; ,ize;J nfhs;s

tpUk;Gk; midtiuAk; tuNtw;fpd;wJ.

M. 1 Coy; kw;Wk; Nehikj;jpwd; njhlHghd Ma;T

,yq;ifapy; ,isQH> NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlHgpy; Kf;fpakhd mbkl;l jfty;fis

YIS toq;Ffpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j jfty;fs;> NeHikj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Gjpa gy

Nfs;tpfisAk; vOg;gpAs;sd. kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf> ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; cWjpahd fpuhkg;Gw / efHg;Gw gpupTf;fhd fhuzq;fs;>NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlHgpy; Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis

,isQHfs; vl;Ltjw;fhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f topfs; vit> kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; ngz;fs;

mjpf mHg;gzpg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij vt;thW Gupe;J nfhs;tJ vd;gd Fwpj;j Nkyjpf

jfty;fs; mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j Ma;Tf;F kw;WnkhU fw;if mtrpakpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l

mwpTj; jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp %d;W mZFKiwfis TISL eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;. KjyhtJ> Njrpa

NeHikj;jpwd; Kiwikfs; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gpui[fs; gjpT gbt Ma;T mwpf;iffs; eilKiwapy; cs;s

gpuRuq;fis TISL kPs gjpg;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; ,e;j KbTfis YIScld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;jy;. ,uz;lhtJ>

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NeHfhzy;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F jw;NghJs;s gq;FjhuHfs; kw;Wk; gq;fhsHfSld; TISL ,ize;J

nraw;gLk;. ,isQH Kaw;rpfspd; fPo; epfo;r;rpfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy;> fz;fhzpj;jy;

kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL nra;jiy TISL njhlHe;J tYg;gLj;Jk;. NkNy gl;bayplg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs; njhlHghd

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mwpT ,ilntspfis g+Hj;jp nra;tJld;> ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; ntw;wpfukhd NeHikj;jpwid

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F TISL,w;F cjTk;.

M. 2 ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jy;

Kjy; epiy fy;tpapypUe;J %d;whk; epiy fy;tpia Nehf;fp ,isQHfs; NjHr;rp ngWfpd;w NghJ>

Coy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; njhlHghd mwpT XusNt tsHr;rpaile;Js;sjhf Ma;T KbTfs;

njuptpf;fpd;wd. ghlrhiy Kiwikapy; Coy; kw;Wk; NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; ,isQHfs; Kf;fpakhd

fy;tpiag; ngWtjpy;iy vd;gjid ,J ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;j Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfTk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l

fy;tp Mtzq;fs; fpilf;fg; ngWtjw;Fk; jdpg;gl;l MrpupaHfs;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;Rf;fs; kw;Wk;

murhq;f mYtyfq;fSld; TISL ,ize;J gzpahw;Wk;. ,e;j fy;tp Mtzq;fs; thrpg;gjw;fhd

Mtzq;fs;> xOq;F njhlHghd gpuRuq;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; jhHkPf elj;ij vd;gd fw;wy; kw;Wk;

KOikahf Gupe;J nfhs;sYf;F Vw;w tifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mjpfstpyhd tWik cs;s epiyapYk;> cWjpahd fy;tp KiwiaAk; ,yq;if NgZfpd;wJ.

mj;Jld;> caHe;jstpyhd vOj;jwpT kl;lj;ijAk; ,yq;if nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy;> ,e;j

nraw;ghl;bapy; ghlrhiyfSk;> MrpupaHfSk; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f gq;fhsHfshf ,Ug;gH. Njitahd

Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpia toq;Ftjd; %yk;> CoYf;F vjpuhd ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,isQHfis

tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cWjpahd fy;tp Kiwia toq;Ftjw;F TISL vjpHghHf;fpd;wJ.


M. 3 ghlrhiyf;Fg; gpd;dH fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpid fl;bnaOg;gy;

fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa mq;fq;fshf ghlrhiyfs; tpsq;Ffpd;w epiyapy;> KiwrhH ghlrhiy

Kiwikf;F mg;ghy;> ,isQHfSld; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd rpwe;j re;jHg;gq;fisAk; TISL ghHf;fpd;wJ. NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; Coy; Fwpj;j Mokhd Gupe;JzHit ngWtjw;F cw;rhfkhd ,isQHfSf;F

re;jHg;gk; fpl;Lk;. mj;Jld;> mtHfs; jhkhfNt r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd KftHfshf khWfpd;wdH. TISL ,isQH epfo;r;rpapd; Clhf CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghl;bapy; cz;ikahd jiytHfshf khWtjw;fhd

fUtpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba re;jHg;gk; ,isQHfSf;F fpilf;Fk;. nfhOk;Gf;F ntspapy;

cs;s ,isQHfSf;Fk; ,e;j re;jHg;gq;fis ngw;Wj; jUtjw;F TISL vjpHghHf;fpd;wJ. Ma;tpy;

Fwpg;gpl;lthW> fpuhkg;Gw ,isQHfNs gpujhd ,yf;Ff; FOthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;>

Fwpj;j Nkyjpf eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; tsq;fs; ,isQHfSf;F fpilg;gjid cWjp nra;tjw;F

fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s gq;fhsHfSld; ,ize;J TISL gzpahw;Wk;.

M. 4 ep&gpf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpAld; Coiy fz;fhzpg;gjpy; ,isQHfis Nkk;gLj;jy;

ngUk;ghyhd ,isQHfs; CoYf;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;Gtjw;fhf jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdH vdTk;>

xU rpyH Fuy; vOg;gpAs;sdH vdTk; YIS ep&gpj;Js;sJ. CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;fhd

,isQHfspd; re;jHg;gq;fis mjpfupg;gjw;F TISL gzpahw;Wk;. mj;Jld;> mtHfSf;F cjtp

Njitahd re;jHg;gj;jpy;> cjtp nra;Ak;. Gj;jhf;fk; kpf;f r%f Clf fUtpfisAk;> Coyhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk;> rhl;rpaq;fSf;Fk; rl;l cjtpia toq;Fk; epiyakhd NeHikf;fhd

Gfyplk; vd;w NritiaAk; gad;gLj;jp> ,isQHfSf;F TISL Neubahf cjTk;. jkJ vz;zq;fs;

kw;Wk; rpe;jidfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jsj;ijAk; TISL ,isQHfSf;F toq;Fk;. CoYf;F

vjpuhd Nghl;bfs; kw;Wk; Gj;jhf;fkhd %Nyhghaq;fs; Clhf CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fspYk;

gq;fspf;Fk;.

CoYf;F vjpuhf vt;thW Fuy; vOg;GtJ kw;Wk; mtHfSila Kaw;rpfs; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;w

czHit Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;gd kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjid ,isQHfis mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;a

Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;> Coy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis gjpT nra;jy; %Nyhghaq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>

Coy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd nraw;ghLfspd; jhf;fk;

Fwpj;j fy;tpia toq;FtJ njhlHgpYk; TISL gzpahw;Wk;. ,isQHfSf;fhd rHtNjr kl;lj;jpyhd

ghHitia tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F YIS,d; Clhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rHtNjr tiyaikg;Gf;fis TISL gad;gLj;Jk;. ,jd; %yk; CoYf;F vjpuhd rHtNjr uPjpahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jhKk; xU mq;fk; vd;w

czHit ,isQHfs; ngWtH. mj;Jld;> Vida ehLfspy; cs;s ntw;wpfukhd %Nyhghaq;fspd;

mDgtq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tH.

M. 5 gy;Y}lfk; kw;Wk; r%f Clfk; topahf NeHikj;jpwdpd; tpOkpaq;fis

Nkk;gLj;jy;

,yq;if ,isQHfs; NeHikj;jpwid kjpf;fpd;w mNjNtis> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,J

kjpf;fg;glhj tpOkpaq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdNt> NeHikj;jpwdpd; mHj;jKs;s tpOkpaq;fis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpurhuq;fis TISL Kd;ndLf;Fk;. ngUk;ghyhd khztHfs; ,J rhHe;j jfty;fis

njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; thndhypapy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,NjNtis> ifNgrp %ykhf

jfty; ngWgtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j Clfq;fis ,yf;F itf;Fk; TISL> NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHghd gaDs;s jfty;fis ,isQHfisr; nrd;wilar; nra;tjw;F Kf;fpakhf

ifNgrpfisAk;> thndhypiaAk; gad;gLj;Jk;. NeHikj;jpwDf;fhd ep&gpf;fg;gl;l mHg;gzpg;gpd;

mbg;gilapy; NeHikj;jpwd; rhHe;j tpOkpaq;fs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk;. mNjNtis> ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs;

tYg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> njspTgLj;jg;gLk;.


iufs;

42


M. 6 ,isQHfSf;fhd Kd;khjpupfis cUthf;fy;

ngha; NgRtJk;> Vkhw;WtJk; ntw;wpf;F mtrpakhd ghij vd ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;if ,isQHfs;

fUJfpd;wdH vd;w cz;ikia YIS ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. NeHikj;jpwd; njhlHgpy; nrsfupakhd vz;zq;fis nfhz;Ls;stHfisNa ,isQHfSk; kjpf;fpd;wdH. Nkyjpfkhf> ,yQ;rk; toq;Ftjpy;

gpioapy;iy vd ngUk;ghyhd ,isQHfs; fUJfpd;wdH. rpyH <LglTk; nra;fpd;wdH.

,isQHfs; vg;NghJk; topfhl;bfs; kw;Wk; fjhehaHfspd; topfhl;ly; NjitAs;stHfshf cs;sdH.

,e;j Kd;khjpupfs; ,isQHfspd; csg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fspd; mbg;gilia khw;w KbAk;.

vdNt> cz;ikahd NeHikj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; ,e;j jtwhd fUj;jhf;fq;fis epuhfupf;Fk;

Nkyjpf Kd;khjpupfs; ,yq;if ,isQHfSf;F Njitahf cs;sJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspy; Kd;dhs;>

,d;dhs; nghJ gpugyq;fSk;> msg;gupa nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;j rhjhuz ,yq;ifaHfSk;

cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NeHikj;jpwd; rhHe;J msg;gpupa Nritapy; <LgLgk; ,yq;ifaHfis

nfsutpf;Fk; tifapy; Vw;fdNt tUlhe;j NeHikj;jpwd; tpUJ toq;fiy TISL Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ.

NeHikj;jpwDilatuhf ,Ue;Jk; ,yq;ifapy; ntw;wp ngw KbAk; vd ,yq;if ,isQHfs; mwpe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;baJk; mtrpakhFk;. ,jdhy;> tHj;jf> murhq;f kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F Jiwfspy;

msg;gupa Nrit nra;gtHfis fz;lwpe;J> mtHfis nghJ kf;fs; mwpar; nra;Ak; tifapy; TISL nfsutpf;Fk;.

jdpg;gl;l mbg;gilapy;> TISL fy;tp kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapy; <LgLtjw;F njupT nra;Ak; ,isQHfSk;> MNyhrid cjtpia TISL CopaHfsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,e;j

nraw;ghL NghjpasT jhf;fj;ij nfhz;buhj NghjpYk;> ,isQHfspd; Mw;wypy; mJ NghjpasT

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,isQHfis mwpT kw;Wk; topfhl;ly; %yk;

tYg;gLj;jyhdJ> ,yq;if ,isQHfis rf;jp kpf;f khw;wj;jpd; KftHfshf cUthf;Fk;.

M. 7 ,sk; ngz;fSld; gzpahw;wy;

r%fj;jpy; ngz;fis khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; FOthf tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F> TISL fy;tp eltbf;iffs; ,sk; ngz;fis ,yf;F itf;Fk;. ,yq;ifapd; ,sk; ngz;fs; NeHikj;jpwd; kw;Wk; CoYf;F

vjpuhf cWjpahd mHg;gzpg;gpid nfhz;bUg;gjid YIS ep&gpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,sk; ngz;fSf;F

Cf;Ftpg;G toq;FtJld;> mtHfSf;Fj; Njitahd fy;tp> MjuT kw;Wk; topfhl;liy TISL toq;Fk;.

,yq;ifapy; ngz;fs; nghJthf xJf;fg;gl;ltHfshf cs;sdH. ,Ug;gpDk;> FLk;gj;jpYk;> r%fj;jpYk;

nry;thf;F epiwe;j tfpghfk; xd;iwAk; mtHfs; tfpf;fpd;wdH. Cf;fkpf;f ,sk; ngz;fSld;

gzpahw;Wtjd; %yk;> NeHikj;jpwDf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngz;

jiytHfs; mlq;fpa Gjpa jiyKiw xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F TISL vjpHghHj;Js;sJ.

M. 8 fpuhkg;Gw Coiy ,yf;F itj;jy;

NkNy Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gupe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfis TISL Kf;fpakhf ,yf;F

itf;Fk;. ,yq;ifapy; cjtpAk;> MjuTk; nghJthf %yjdk; njhlHgpNyNa ftdk; nrYj;jp

tUfpd;wJ. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; cjtpfs;> nghJthf Nkhjy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if

mdHj;jq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; mtru fhy cjtpfisg; Nghd;wjhFk;.

fpuhkg;Gw rKjhaq;fSld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l <Lghl;bw;F mg;ghy; ,e;j nraw;wpl;lk; nry;Yk;. mj;Jld;>

,yq;ifapd; midj;J ,isQHfspYk;> ,d my;yJ tjpAk; ,lk; rhHe;j ghFghbd;wp> jhf;fk;

nrYj;Jtjw;F vjpHghHj;Js;sJ.

jfty;> nghUshjhu re;jHg;gq;fs;> Rfhjhu guhkupg;G kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; gpw tplaq;fSf;fhd mZFk;

trjp njhlHgpy; ,yq;if fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; njhif NkYk; xJf;fg;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. fpuhkg;Gw

,isQHfshy; vjpHNehf;fg;gLk; rthy;fis TISL milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;> ,isQH

epfo;r;rpfspy; ,e;j ,isQHfs; cs;slf;fg;gLtjidAk;> Nkk;gLj;JtjidAk; TISL cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.


M. 9 nghyp]hH kw;Wk; nghJ cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; Coiy ,yf;F itj;jy;

nghyp]hH kw;Wk; nghJ cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; Coy; vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; ed;F mwpag;gl;l gpur;rpidahf

cs;sJ. JujpU~;ltrkhf> ,e;j FOf;fspd; Coy; nraw;ghLfs;> ,isQHfspy; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JtJld;> NeHikj;jpwd; kpf;ftHfshf ,isQHfs; tho;tjpy; ghjpg;gpidAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

,e;j tifahd Coy; nraw;ghlhdJ ,isQHfs;> mtHfsJ tpOkpaq;fs;> csg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk;

NeHikj;jpwDf;fhf Fuy; vOg;gy; njhlHgpy; vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd YIS njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

jkJ tuyhW KOtjpYk;> ,t;tifahd Coiy epWj;JtJ njhlHgpyhd mHg;gzpg;ig TISL ep&gpf;fpd;wJ. Gjpa mwpT kw;Wk; Gjpa tsq;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; ,e;j nraw;ghL njhlHgpy;

Gjpa Kd;dzp xd;iw YIS Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. Coy; nraw;ghLfis Gwf;fzpg;gjw;F> Coy; Nfhuy;fis

Fiwg;gjw;F kw;Wk; nghyp]hH> nghJ cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; kj;jpapy; NeHikj;jpwid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Gjpa %Nyhghaq;fis tbtikg;gjw;F ,isQHfSld; ,ize;J TISL gzpahw;Wk;.


iufs;

44


1. cj;jpNahfg;g+Ht murhq;f Gs;sptpguq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> 2012Mk; Mz;by; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L

cw;gj;jp 6.5%,dhy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. 2008Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ghupa nghUshjhu neUf;fbf;F kj;jpapy;

,e;j tsHr;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> 2012Mk; Mz;by; ifj;njhopy;rhH nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd;

gq;F 10% tsHr;rpia fz;Ls;sJ. vjpHfhy rk;gsk; kw;Wk; tUkhd tsHr;rpf;F rpwe;j mbj;jsk;

xd;W cs;sikia ,e;j juTfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ghHf;fTk;:

http://www.statistics.gov.lk/national_accounts/Press%20Release/GDP%20Summary%20Indicators%202012%20Annual.pdf.

2. khfhz kl;lj;jpy; ,isQH kw;Wk; tajhdtHfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; tPjq;fs; fPNo

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

,isQHfs; tajhdtHfs; nkhj;jk;

N % N % N %

kj;jpa 55 5.5 55 5.4 110 5.5

fpof;F 109 10.9 92 9.1 201 10.0

tlNky; 107 10.7 117 11.6 224 11.1

tlkj;jpa 64 6.4 62 6.1 126 6.3

tlf;F 45 4.5 47 4.6 92 4.6

rg;ufKth 162 16.1 160 15.8 322 16.0

njw;F 73 7.3 75 7.4 148 7.3

Cth 54 5.4 64 6.3 118 5.9

Nkw;F 335 33.4 340 33.6 675 33.5

nkhj;jk; 1004 100.0 1012 100 2016 100.0

cU: fpuhkg;Gwk; kw;Wk; efHg;Gwk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; gjpyspj;jtHfspd; khjpup

epiwTf; Fwpg;Gfs;:

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

fpuhkg;Gwk;

efHg;Gwk;

tajhdtH,isQH

50.6% 49.4% 49.8% 50.2%


epiwTf; Fwpg;Gfs;

3. mjpfsT fpuhkg;Gwq;fisf; nfhz;l ehl;bd; kj;jpa> tl kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspYk; efHg;Gw

khfhzq;fs; (Nkw;F kw;Wk; njw;F khfhzq;fs;) Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT khw;wj;ij nfhz;Ls;sikia

cj;jpNahfg;g+Ht murhq;f Gs;sptpguq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ngz;fs; Ntiytha;g;gpd;wp ,Ug;gJ

mjpfkhf cs;sJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ghHf;Fk; NghJ> fpuhkg;Gwq;fisr; NrHe;j ngUk;ghyhdtHfs;

$yp (tptrhak;> fhL) njhopypy; mjpfk; <LgLfpd;wdH. Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd %yk;> rikj;jYf;fhf

tpwFfspy; jq;fpapUj;jy; kw;Wk; Foha; ePUf;fhd mZFk; trjp Nghd;w cupikj;Jtq;fs;> Nghd;w

mbg;gil Fwpfhl;bfs; fpuhkg;Gwq;fs; kw;Wk; efHg;Gwq;fspy; ngUk; NtWghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

,J nghJthf 30-50%Mdjhf cs;sJ. khfhz mbg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gl;l r%f-nghUshjhu

Gs;sptpguq;fSf;fhd KOg;ghHit.

http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/Socio_Econ_%20Data_2011_e.pdf

4. ghy;epiy mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; ghul;grk; njhlHghd cWjpahd tpjpfis ,yq;if nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mj;Jld;> ghy;epiy rhH fy;tp njhlHgpYk; rpwe;j NjHr;rpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ajhHj;jkhf

ghHf;fpd;w NghJ> twpa my;yJ xJf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs;> ,d;dy; epiwe;jtHfshfTk;> ghy;epiy

rkj;Jtkw;wtHfSkhfNt njhlHe;Jk; cs;sdH. Ntiytha;g;G njhlHgpy; JujpU~;lkhdtHfshf

ngz;fs; cs;sdJ. tPl;by; rkj;Jtkhd gq;fpidg; ngWtjpy; vjpHg;Gfis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH.

cjhuzkhf> Aj;jj;jpdhy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khfzq;fspy;> XusT vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fs;

njhopy; tYf;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. cjhuzkhf> tl khfhzj;jpy;> ngz;fs; Ntiytha;g;G

14%Mf cs;sJ. (,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; cj;jpNahfg;g+Ht Gs;sptpguq;fisg; ghHf;f)

http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/Socio_Econ_%20Data_2011_e.pdf).,jd; tpisthf> jkJ Mz; gq;fhsHfspYk; ghHf;f ngz;fspd; ehshe;j mDgtq;fs; NtWgl;ljhfNt

cs;sd. ,jw;F jdpg;gl;l fyhrhu milahsq;fs; vd;w fhuzk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. YIS,w;F toq;fg;gl;l gjpy;fspYk; ,e;j NtWghL gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; ghy;epiy njhlHghd Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F>

,yq;if ghy;epiyrhH kjpg;gPL gFjpiag; ghHf;fTk;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> 2008. (http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/CGA-SRI/CGA-sri.pdf ,y; fpilf;Fk;) mj;Jld;> RtHzh [atPu kw;Wk; re;jpu

FztHj;jd> r%f cs;slf;fy;: njw;fhrpahtpy; fy;tp gupkhw;wj;jpy; ghy;epiy kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;>

,yq;if rk;gt fw;if. If;fpa ehLfspd; rpWtH epjpaj;jpd; njw;fhrpahTf;fhd gpuhe;jpa mYtyfk;

(http://www.unicef.org/rosa/Unicef_Rosa%28Srilanka_case_study%29.pdf ,y; fpilf;fpd;wJ).

5. cs;@H Ml;rpKiw kw;Wk; nghyp]; Nritfs; kl;lj;jpy; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; njhlHr;rpahf

vjpHnfhs;Sk; Coy; epHg;ge;jq;fis TISL Njrpa NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;Tk; (2010)> gpui[fs; NjHr;rp

mwpf;ifAk; (2011) ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. Nkyjpf jfty;fs; http://www.tisrilanka.org ,y; fpilf;Fk;.

6. ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd nghJ Nrit mYtyfq;fspy; Mokhd ek;gpf;ifaPdk; kw;Wk; Vkhw;wk;

vd;gd fhzg;gLtjid TISL,d; Njrpa NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;T (2010) ntspf;nfhzHe;jJ. vt;thwhapDk;>

cs;@H Ml;rpKiw kw;Wk; nghyp]; Nritfspy; ,e;j czHT fLikahdjhf ,Ue;jJ. Njrpa

NeHikj;jpwd; Ma;tpd; KOikahd tbtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F> http://www.tisrilanka.org/pub/reports/NIS_SL_2010.pdf.

7. ehl;by; ePz;l ehl;fs; ePbj;j Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjp ehl;bfspy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Aj;j Fw;wq;fs;

njhlHghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhuiz nra;Akh ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpw;F J}z;ly; nra;Ak; jPHkhdk;

xd;wpid 2012Mk; Mz;L khHr; khjk; If;fpa ehLfs; kdpj cupikfs; Nguit epiwNtw;wpaJ.

Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; jkpo; mfjpfis Nkhrkhf elj;jpaik njhlHghd murhq;fj;jpd; kPjhd

fLikahd rHtNjr fz;ldq;fspd; xU gbepiyahf ,e;j jPHkhdk; cs;sJ. 2013 kdpj cupikfs;

fz;fhzpg;gfk; mwpf;ifiag; ghHf;fTk;> ,yq;if mj;jpahak; (http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/sri-lanka ,y; fpilf;fpd;wJ); ,yq;if mjpfhu khw;wk;: rHtNjr eltbf;iff;fhd

Njit. Mrpa mwpf;if N°243 20 ngg;utup 2013. (http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/243-sri-lankas-authoritarian-turn-the-need-forinternational-action.aspx ,y; fpilf;fpd;wJ).

8. Clf mur rhHgw;w epWtdkhd Freedom House ,w;F mika> 2011Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;iff;F 15%Md

,izaj;js fpufpj;jy; rf;jp cs;sik fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,e;j vz;zpf;ifahdJ mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk;

epiyapy;> rpwpjsthd nghUshjhu NjHr;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ehLfspd; kj;jpapYk;> ,t;thwhd

Fiwe;j mstpyhd ,izaj;js mZFk; trjp vd;gJ toikf;F khwhdJ.

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48


Transparency International Sri Lanka183/5, High Level Road, Colombo 6, Sri LankaPhone: 011 4369781 - 3Fax: 011 2506419Email: [email protected]: www.tisrilanka.org 9 789551 281601