you're in control, so mind our rules! 1 technician license class gordon west technician class...

You're in Control, So Mind Our Rules!You're in Control, So Mind Our Rules! 11

Technician Technician License ClassLicense Class

Gordon West Gordon West Technician Class ManualTechnician Class Manual

Pages 47-69Pages 47-69 Presented byPresented by

Heart Of Texas Heart Of Texas Amateur Radio ClubAmateur Radio Club

(HOTARC)(HOTARC)


Always Always obey the rules!!obey the rules!!

Any choice that mentions the FCC rules or Any choice that mentions the FCC rules or Part 97 rules is usually the correct choice.Part 97 rules is usually the correct choice.

Key words:Key words:

– FCC rulesFCC rules

– Part 97 rulesPart 97 rules

For example…For example…


T1 D08 T1 D08 (pg 47)(pg 47)

What is your responsibility as a station licensee?What is your responsibility as a station licensee?A.A. You must allow another amateur to operate your You must allow another amateur to operate your

station upon request.station upon request.

B.B. You must be present whenever the station is You must be present whenever the station is operated.operated.

C.C. You must notify the FCC if another amateur acts as You must notify the FCC if another amateur acts as the control operator.the control operator.

D.D. Your station must be operated in accordance with Your station must be operated in accordance with the the FCC rules.FCC rules.

You’ll note that any time the “rules” are mentioned You’ll note that any time the “rules” are mentioned in a choice, that is usually the correct choice.in a choice, that is usually the correct choice.


You You are in control!!are in control!!

See pages 47 and 48…See pages 47 and 48…


– Control operatorControl operator

– TransmittingTransmitting



T2 C01 T2 C01 (pg 47)(pg 47)

What must every amateur station have What must every amateur station have when transmitting?when transmitting?

A.A. A frequency-measuring deviceA frequency-measuring device

B.B. A control operatorA control operator

C.C. A beacon transmitterA beacon transmitter

D.D. A third party operatorA third party operator

Notice the similar point is stressed in the Notice the similar point is stressed in the next 3 questions (C05, C12, and C04).next 3 questions (C05, C12, and C04).


The Control PointThe Control Point

Pages 48-49Pages 48-49


– Control pointControl point

– Types of control: Types of control: locallocal, , remoteremote,, and and automaticautomatic



T2 C08 T2 C08 (pg 49)(pg 49)

What are the three What are the three types of station controltypes of station control permitted and recognized by FCC rule?permitted and recognized by FCC rule?

A.A. Local, remote and automatic controlLocal, remote and automatic controlB.B. Local, distant and automatic controlLocal, distant and automatic controlC.C. Remote, distant and unauthorized controlRemote, distant and unauthorized controlD.D. All of the choices are correctAll of the choices are correct

Notice the similar point is stressed in the Notice the similar point is stressed in the previous question (C06), and the next 2 previous question (C06), and the next 2 questions (C10 and C11).questions (C10 and C11).


T2 D10—common sense T2 D10—common sense (pg 49)(pg 49)

Why are unlicensed persons in your family Why are unlicensed persons in your family not allowed to transmit on your amateur not allowed to transmit on your amateur station if you are not there?station if you are not there?

A.A. They must not use your equipment without They must not use your equipment without your permissionyour permission

B.B. They They must be licensedmust be licensed before they are before they are allowed to be control operatorsallowed to be control operators

C.C. They must know how to use proper They must know how to use proper procedures and Q signalsprocedures and Q signals

D.D. They must know the right frequencies and They must know the right frequencies and emissions for transmittingemissions for transmitting


The Privileges of a LicenseThe Privileges of a License


Key idea:Key idea:

– The control operator call sign The control operator call sign

the privileges the privileges

– Identifying: confusing question…Identifying: confusing question…

Let’s look at them…Let’s look at them…


T2 D02 T2 D02 (pg 50)(pg 50)

What operating privileges are allowed when What operating privileges are allowed when another amateur holding a another amateur holding a higher class license higher class license is controllingis controlling your station? your station?A.A. All privileges allowed by the higher class licenseAll privileges allowed by the higher class license

B.B. Only the privileges allowed by your licenseOnly the privileges allowed by your license

C.C. All theAll the emissionemission privilegesprivileges ofof thethe higherhigher classclass license, license, but only the frequency privileges of your licensebut only the frequency privileges of your license

D.D. All the frequency privileges of the higher class All the frequency privileges of the higher class license, but only the emission privileges of your license, but only the emission privileges of your licenselicense

Similarly for D03 Similarly for D03 (pg 50)(pg 50)——who’s in control?who’s in control?


T2 B10–T2 B10–Identifying when visiting…Identifying when visiting…(pg 50)(pg 50)

What is the correct way to identify when visiting What is the correct way to identify when visiting a station if you hold a higher class license than a station if you hold a higher class license than that of the station licensee and you are using a that of the station licensee and you are using a frequency not authorized to his class of license?frequency not authorized to his class of license?A.A. Send your call sign first, followed by his call signSend your call sign first, followed by his call sign

B.B.Send Send hishis call sign first, followed by call sign first, followed by youryour call sign call sign

C.C.Send your call sign only, his is not requiredSend your call sign only, his is not required

D.D.Send his call sign followed by "/KT“Send his call sign followed by "/KT“

Gordon suggests just remembering “Gordon suggests just remembering “his…your.his…your.””


T2 D01—Proper Operation T2 D01—Proper Operation (pg 51)(pg 51)

Who is responsible for Who is responsible for proper operationproper operation if you if you transmit from another amateur's station? transmit from another amateur's station? A.A. Both of youBoth of you

B.B. Only the other station licenseeOnly the other station licensee

C.C. Only you as the control operatorOnly you as the control operator

D.D. Only the station licensee, unless the station records Only the station licensee, unless the station records shows another control operator at the timeshows another control operator at the time

Confusing perhaps, but remember that Confusing perhaps, but remember that “operation” involves “operation” involves both the operator both the operator andand the the equipment.equipment.


Talking to Foreign HamsTalking to Foreign Hams


Key ideas:Key ideas:(you’ll just have to remember these)(you’ll just have to remember these)– Talk anytime—Talk anytime—unless prohibited!unless prohibited! (T1 C10)(T1 C10)

– Identify in English. Identify in English. (T2 B07)(T2 B07)

– Operate on their turf only with “reciprocal Operate on their turf only with “reciprocal operating agreement.” operating agreement.” (T1 B07)(T1 B07)See Appendix, page 199: list of countries.See Appendix, page 199: list of countries.


Prohibited TransmissionsProhibited TransmissionsNo unidentified transmissions, except from No unidentified transmissions, except from a space station or to control model craft.a space station or to control model craft.

No false or deceptive signals ever.No false or deceptive signals ever.

No indecent or obscene language.No indecent or obscene language.

No regular communications that could be No regular communications that could be reasonably furnished by other radio services.reasonably furnished by other radio services.

No codes or ciphers are allowed, except No codes or ciphers are allowed, except when transmitting control commands to when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft.space stations or radio control craft.


No Business TransmissionsNo Business TransmissionsYou may not use amateur radio to You may not use amateur radio to conduct your or your employer's business.conduct your or your employer's business.– For example, you cannot use your radio to call For example, you cannot use your radio to call

your employer to get directions to a customer's office.your employer to get directions to a customer's office.

You MAY use your station to tell people about You MAY use your station to tell people about equipment you have for sale on an equipment you have for sale on an OCCASIONAL basis.OCCASIONAL basis.

You may not use your station for hire or material You may not use your station for hire or material compensation except as allowed in Part 97 rules.compensation except as allowed in Part 97 rules.– For example, a club station may accept compensation For example, a club station may accept compensation

for sending bulletins or code practice when the station for sending bulletins or code practice when the station makes those transmissions at least 40 hours per week.makes those transmissions at least 40 hours per week.


BroadcastingBroadcastingDefined as “transmissions intended Defined as “transmissions intended for reception by the general public.” for reception by the general public.”

NEVERNEVER allowed in the amateur allowed in the amateur service.service.

In other words, our transmissions must In other words, our transmissions must always be directed at specific individual(s) always be directed at specific individual(s) —i.e., another amateur station.—i.e., another amateur station.

Amateur stations are not allowed to Amateur stations are not allowed to transmit music, or musical tones.transmit music, or musical tones.


Communicating with Other ServicesCommunicating with Other Services

Amateur Stations Amateur Stations are allowed to are allowed to communicate with communicate with other non-amateur other non-amateur radio services radio services only when only when authorized by the authorized by the FCC.FCC.


No On-the-Air “Business”No On-the-Air “Business”


Key idea:Key idea:– Business communications are Business communications are prohibitedprohibited



T2 D04—T2 D04—Business is “Prohibited” Business is “Prohibited” (pg 54)(pg 54)

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a prohibitedprohibited amateur amateur radio transmission?radio transmission?A.A. Using amateur radio to seek emergency assistanceUsing amateur radio to seek emergency assistance

B.B. Using amateur radio for conducting businessUsing amateur radio for conducting business

C.C. Using an amateur phone patch to call for a taxi or Using an amateur phone patch to call for a taxi or food deliveryfood delivery

D.D. Using an amateur phone patch to call home to say Using an amateur phone patch to call home to say you are running lateyou are running late

Note T1C11, T2D04 and T2A10 are “negative”-Note T1C11, T2D04 and T2A10 are “negative”-type questions. type questions. (See also T8 B10 on pg 58.)(See also T8 B10 on pg 58.)


No Codes and CiphersNo Codes and Ciphers

““Secret codes” are not allowedSecret codes” are not allowed

……exceptexcept for controlling remote objects, for controlling remote objects, like:like:– Amateur radio satellites (“space stations”)Amateur radio satellites (“space stations”)– RC airplanesRC airplanes

Control commands can be “secret.”Control commands can be “secret.”

See question T2 A03 (page 55).See question T2 A03 (page 55).


No “Dirty Talk”No “Dirty Talk”Obviously, obscene talk is not allowed.Obviously, obscene talk is not allowed.So, questions So, questions T2 A07,T2 A07, T3 C05, T3 C05, and and T3 C08T3 C08 (pg 55-56) (pg 55-56) should be easy to should be easy to remember.remember.Note Gordon’s discussion with Note Gordon’s discussion with T3 C08.T3 C08.– What to do when you hear it?What to do when you hear it?– Turn your dial Turn your dial (to another frequency)(to another frequency)!!

Compare (“free-speech” issue)Compare (“free-speech” issue)– T3 C06T3 C06 (pg 58): “offensive” talk (pg 58): “offensive” talk– T3 C09T3 C09 (pg 59): political, religious, or jokes (pg 59): political, religious, or jokes


No Unidentified TransmissionsNo Unidentified Transmissions

Keyword: Keyword: unidentifiedunidentified

Questions Questions T2 B02T2 B02, , T3 A05T3 A05, and , and T2 A05T2 A05 (pg 56)(pg 56)

The situation in The situation in T2 A05T2 A05 is rarely is rarely encountered, but remember space encountered, but remember space stations (satellites) are the rare exception.stations (satellites) are the rare exception.


No Interfering or DeceptionNo Interfering or Deception

One of the primary roles of the FCC—One of the primary roles of the FCC—prevent interference between the millions prevent interference between the millions of transmitters.of transmitters.

Keywords on pg 57:Keywords on pg 57:

– never,never, ever interfere! ever interfere! (T3 D05 and (T3 D05 and T2 A04)T2 A04)

– harmfulharmful (T1 A10)(T1 A10)


No MusicNo MusicA tempting trap for new hams, but A tempting trap for new hams, but remember: hams cannot transmit music—remember: hams cannot transmit music—of any kind!of any kind!– No singingNo singing– No notes from a musical keyboardNo notes from a musical keyboard– No musical sound effectsNo musical sound effects

……exceptexcept “incidental music” related to the “incidental music” related to the space program retransmissions.space program retransmissions.

Keyword on pg 58: Keyword on pg 58: exceptexcept (T2 A02) (T2 A02)


No “Broadcasting”No “Broadcasting”

““Broadcasting” means there is no amateur Broadcasting” means there is no amateur on the other end who will identify his/her on the other end who will identify his/her call.call.

Keywords on pg 59:Keywords on pg 59:

– General publicGeneral public (T2 A06, T2 A08) (T2 A06, T2 A08)

– NeverNever (T2 A01) (T2 A01)


T3 C09 – No Forbidden Topics T3 C09 – No Forbidden Topics (pg 59)(pg 59)

What type of subjects are What type of subjects are not not prohibited prohibited communications while using amateur radio?communications while using amateur radio?

A.A. Political discussionsPolitical discussions

B.B. Jokes and storiesJokes and stories

C.C. Religious preferencesReligious preferences

D.D. All of these answers are correctAll of these answers are correct

No censorship, as long as it’s No censorship, as long as it’s decentdecent. Remember . Remember that your conversation is overheard by many folks…that your conversation is overheard by many folks…some you may have to meet someday!some you may have to meet someday!


Not Always “Full Power”Not Always “Full Power”

Just remember question Just remember question T3 B07T3 B07 (pg 60), (pg 60), keeping in mind the FCC is ever-mindful of keeping in mind the FCC is ever-mindful of interference…interference…

Keywords: Keywords: minimum power necessaryminimum power necessary


Miscellaneous “FCC” topicsMiscellaneous “FCC” topicsOn pages 60-61…On pages 60-61…

T2 D06: T2 D06: At least 4 members At least 4 members for a Club licensefor a Club license

T1 D09 and D10: your T1 D09 and D10: your mailing addressmailing address is very is very important to the FCCimportant to the FCC

T2 D08: FCC can inspect your station T2 D08: FCC can inspect your station at any timeat any time..

T1 C03: can communicate with CB, FRS, etc. T1 C03: can communicate with CB, FRS, etc. only when authorized by FCConly when authorized by FCC (i.e., emergencies).(i.e., emergencies).

T2 B11: Just upgraded to General? You can T2 B11: Just upgraded to General? You can operate as an “operate as an “Authorized GeneralAuthorized General” (or “AG”).” (or “AG”).


FrequencyFrequencyFrequency is measured in a unit called Frequency is measured in a unit called Hertz Hertz (Hz)(Hz), or “, or “cycles per secondcycles per second.”.”– Grandfather clock: Grandfather clock: ½ Hz (½ tic per sec)½ Hz (½ tic per sec)

– Small pendulum clock: Small pendulum clock: 1 Hz (1 tic per sec)1 Hz (1 tic per sec)

– Pedaling a bicycle: Pedaling a bicycle: 2 Hz2 Hz

– Low string on a bass guitar: Low string on a bass guitar: 41 Hz41 Hz

– High string on guitar: High string on guitar: 330 Hz330 Hz

– Radio station: Radio station: 1,230,000 Hz1,230,000 Hz (or 1230 (or 1230 kilokiloHertz)Hertz)

– TV station: TV station: 195,000,000 Hz195,000,000 Hz (or 195 (or 195 MegaMegaHertz)Hertz)

– Microwave oven: Microwave oven: 2,450,000,000 Hz2,450,000,000 Hz (or 2.45 (or 2.45 GigaGigaHertz)Hertz)

See T4 A05, B03 (pg 63).


FrequencyFrequency

Remember this:Remember this:– kilo-kilo- means 1,000 (thousand), as in means 1,000 (thousand), as in kkHzHz– Mega-Mega- means 1,000,000 (means 1,000,000 (mmillion), as in illion), as in MMHzHz– Giga-Giga- means 1,000,000,000 (billion), as in means 1,000,000,000 (billion), as in GGHzHz

See See T4 E08T4 E08 (pg 64(pg 64)): 1,500,000 = 1500 thousand: 1,500,000 = 1500 thousand


FrequencyFrequency

MF (Medium Freq.): 300 kHz – 3 MHzMF (Medium Freq.): 300 kHz – 3 MHz

HF (High Freq.): 3 MHz – 30 MHzHF (High Freq.): 3 MHz – 30 MHz

VHF (Very High Freq): 30 MHz – 300 MHzVHF (Very High Freq): 30 MHz – 300 MHz

UHF (Ultra High Freq): 300 MHz – 3 GHzUHF (Ultra High Freq): 300 MHz – 3 GHz

““Microwaves”: generally above 500 MHzMicrowaves”: generally above 500 MHz


FrequencyFrequency

Audio Frequencies: 300 to 3000 (or 3 kHz)Audio Frequencies: 300 to 3000 (or 3 kHz)

So, T4 B04 (pg 63)…waves more than 20 So, T4 B04 (pg 63)…waves more than 20 kHz are kHz are radio wavesradio waves..

10 kHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz100 kHz 10 MHz 1 GHz 100 GHz

1 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF (Light)

10 kHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz100 kHz 10 MHz 1 GHz 100 GHz

1 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF (Light)


Radio FrequenciesRadio Frequencies

Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHz



Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHz



Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzCB radio: 27 MHz



Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHz



Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzCommercial FM radio: 88 – 108 MHzCommercial FM radio: 88 – 108 MHz



Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzCommercial FM radio: 88 – 108 MHzCommercial FM radio: 88 – 108 MHzCellular phones: 824 – 849 MHzCellular phones: 824 – 849 MHzWaco Police radios: 856 – 860 MHzWaco Police radios: 856 – 860 MHz



Commercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzCommercial AM: 535 kHz – 1.7 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzShortwave, Amateur: 3 – 30 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzCB radio: 27 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzVHF-TV: 54 – 88 MHz, 174 – 220 MHzCommercial FM radio: 88 – 108 MHzCommercial FM radio: 88 – 108 MHzCellular phones: 824 – 849 MHzCellular phones: 824 – 849 MHzWaco Police radios: 856 – 860 MHzWaco Police radios: 856 – 860 MHzAir Traffic Control radar: 960 MHz – 1.2 GHzAir Traffic Control radar: 960 MHz – 1.2 GHz



The FCC allows amateur radio operators The FCC allows amateur radio operators to transmit to transmit only in 27 specific only in 27 specific “windows”“windows” across the spectrum.across the spectrum.


Frequency and WavelengthFrequency and WavelengthFrequency = How many (count) waves per second

pass by me, usually denoted by f

A low frequency


Frequency and WavelengthFrequency and Wavelength

A high frequency

Frequency = How many (count) waves per secondpass by me, usually denoted by f


Frequency and WavelengthFrequency and Wavelength

A long wavelength

Wavelength = Distance (length) between crestsusually denoted by


Frequency and WavelengthFrequency and WavelengthWavelength = Distance between crests

usually denoted by

A short wavelength

See T4 B01, B06 (pgs 64-65).


The Speed of LightThe Speed of LightFrequency Frequency ff and wavelength and wavelength are related to are related to the speed of light, 300,000,000 m/s.the speed of light, 300,000,000 m/s.

300 “Mega” m/s = 300 “Mega” m/s = f × f × Or, stated another way (thanks to algebra!):Or, stated another way (thanks to algebra!):

ff (in MHz) = (in MHz) =

Or, even another way:Or, even another way:

(in meters) =(in meters) =

300

(in meters)

300

ff (in MHz)(in MHz)

See T4 B07(pg 66).


Technician VHF & UHF Technician VHF & UHF FrequenciesFrequencies

1240 1300

902 928

420 435 438 450 Satellite

5 MHz repeater frequency separation (Split)

219 220 222 225 Digital

Mssging

144 144.1 148

CW 600 kHz repeater frequency separation (Split)

50 50.1 54 CW

Seequestions on

pgs 66-69.


Technician HF FrequenciesTechnician HF Frequencies

Notice we refer to each band by their Notice we refer to each band by their approximate wavelength (in meters).approximate wavelength (in meters).See See T4 B09T4 B09 (pg 65)(pg 65)

28 28.3 28.5 29.700 CW & Data & Phone

21 21.025 21.2 21.450 CW only

7 7.025 7.125 7.300

CW only

3.5 3.525 3.600 4.000 CW only

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