you need to know what is geological time and what does it look like? where does carboniferous...
TRANSCRIPT
Rocks, Resources andScenery
You Need to Know
You Need to Know
What is GeologicalTime?
What is geological time and what does it look like?
Where does carboniferous limestone, granite and chalk/clay fit in to it?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ERA AND A PERIOD
An era is a longer span of time than a period. An era is made up of several periods
CARBONIFEROUS LIMSTONE formed 300 – 350 million years ago (mya)
GRANITEFormed 250 – 430 mya
CHALK AND CLAYFormed 60 – 100 mya
On t’internet!(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
BE CAREFUL WITH 1/2/3 POINT MARKS.
THEY MAKE UP ABOUT 40% OF YOUR PAPER SO GETTING THESE ‘EASIER’ QUESTIONS CORRECT CAN MAKE ALL THE DIFFERENCE!
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
What is the difference between an era and a period? (2)
Using the geological time and the box of information, place the periods into the correct place (2)
Fig 1
INFORMATION
DEVONIAN 1.8 TO 23 MYANEOGENE 359 TO 416 MYAJURASSIC 146 TO 200 MYA
Figure 1
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Answers
Mark Scheme
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Mark Scheme1 mark per relevant point. Eras are longer lengths of time (1) whereas periods are smaller (1) There are several periods in an era (1) named example (1).
What is the difference between an era and a period? (2)
Using the geological time and the box of information, place the periods into the correct place (2)
You Need to Know
HOW ARE ROCKSCATEGORISED?
What types of rocks are there and what are their characteristics?
What is the rock cycle?
Types of Rocks
IgneousMetamorphic
Sedimentary
Igneous
CHARACTERISTICS
Crystals
Holes and spaces
Shiny/glass like
Minerals
Fine grains
EXAMPLES
VIDEO
FORMATIONIntrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust. the magma cools slowly, and as a result these rocks are coarse grainedExtrusive igneous rocks are formed at the crust's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. Extrusive Igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. Since the rocks cool very quickly, they are fine grained
Metamorphic
CHARACTERISTICS
Curved/bent foliation
Shiny crystals
EXAMPLES
VIDEO
FORMATIONMetamorphic rocks form deep in the earth where high temperature, great pressure, and chemical reactions cause one type of rock to change into another type of rock. Metamorphic rocks begin to form at 12-16 kilometres beneath the earth's surface. They begin changing at temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius to 800 degrees Celsius
Sedimentary
CHARACTERISTICS
Contains fossils
Layered structure
Can contain cemented sand and pebbles
Usual has pores
EXAMPLES
VIDEO
FORMATIONIgneous and metamorphic rocks are weathered and eroded, eventually being transported by rivers to the sea. The sediment is deposited on the sea floor and over time layers of sediment build. The bottom layers of sediment are compacted and cement together to form sedimentary rock.
The Rock Cycle
Igneous Metamorphic
Sedimentary
HEAT AND PRESSURE
MELTING AND COOLING
EROSIO
N, DEP
OSITIO
N,
COM
PACT
ION,
CEM
ENTA
TION
HEAT A
ND PRE
SSURE
EROSION, DEPOSITION,
COMPACTION, CEM
ENTATION
MELTING AND COOLING
CAN YOU DESCRIBE THE
LINKS BETWEEN THE ROCK TYPES?
Click to start!
Can you fit the characteristics into the correct rock type?
Igneous MetamorphicSedimentary
LAYERED
CURVED/BENT FOLIATION
SHINY/GLASS LIKE
BUBBLES/SPACES
PEBBLES/SAND
CRYSTALS
MINERALS
FOSSILS
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Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
THINGS TO AVOID IN AN EXAM ANSWER!
1. BULLET POINTS2. SLANG 3. TEXT SPEAK4. LISTS5. SARCASM6. LEAVING QUESTIONS BLANK
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe how the different rock types are linked(6)
Describe the formation of sedimentary rock (4)
Answers
Mark SchemeIgneous or metamorphic rock is weathered and eroded and broken down. The sediment is transported by rivers to the sea. The sediment is deposited and builds in layers on the sea bed. As layers build, the bottom layers are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rock for example limestone.Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, lacks sequence e.g. sedimentary rocks form in layers, rock is eroded to form sedimentaryLevel 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence e.g. see above!
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Mark SchemeThe answer should focus on how sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock link. Igneous is weathered , transported and deposited on sea beds. The sediments pile up in layers and are compacted and cemented forming sedimentary. Sedimentary rock is subducted and exposed to intense heat and pressure forming metamorphic rock. This rock is then heated, melted and eventually cooled to form igneous rock.Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, little idea of links or cycle e.g. sedimentary rock can turn into metamorphic rockLevel 2: Clear (5-6) Developed points, links rock types clearly, idea of cycle. Accurate rock cycle diagrams get 3 marks e.g. Igneous rock that is put under pressure and subjected to heat forms metamorphic rock
Describe how the different rock types are linked(6)
Describe the formation of sedimentary rock (4)
You Need to Know
HOW ARE ROCKSBROKEN DOWN? What is weathering? What are the types of weathering? Which climates are most effective
for weathering?
What is Weathering?
WEATHERING IS THE BREAKDOWN OF THE ROCK BY ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER IN SITU (THE
ROCK DOESN’T MOVE)
EXFOLIATION
FREEZE THAW
SOLUTION
WEATHERINGMECHANICAL WEATHERING
The breakdown of rocks WITHOUT changing the chemical nature of the
rock
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
The breakdown of rocks by changing the chemical
nature of the rock
CLIC
K T
HE T
YP
ES
OF W
EATH
ER
ING
CARBONATION BIO
LOG
ICA
L
BIOLOGICALWEATHERING
The breakdown of rocks by the action of plants
and animals
Exfoliation
DAY EXPANSION
CONTRACTION
NIGHT
PEELING AWAYOF LAYER
STRESS
CO
LD
HEAT
EVENTUALLY
Freeze Thaw
NIGHTFILLS CRACKS
FR
EEZ
ES
TH
AW
S
DAY
ROCK
EVENTUALLY
STRESS
Carbonation
ABSORBS
PRECIPITATION
WEAK CARBONIC
ACID
CHEMICAL REACTION
RAIN CO²
ROCK
𝐶𝑂 ₂ + H₂0+CaCO₃ = Ca (HCO₃)₂CARBONDIOXIDE
WATER CALCIUMCARBONATE
CALCIUMBICARBONATE
Solution
PRECIPITATION
CHEMICAL
REACTION
DISSOLVES
RAIN ROCK
MINERALS
Biological
GROWTH
STRESS/
PRESSURE
BREAKDOWN OF
ROCK
CRACKSROCK
ROCK
BURROWING
Which Climates/Rock Types are most Effective for Weathering?
CarbonationSolution
Biological
Exfoliation
Freeze Thaw
HOT/WET CLIMATES
RAINFORESTS
HOT/WET CLIMATES
RAINFORESTS
LARGE TEMP VARIATIONS
DESERTS
WARM/WET CLIMATES
IGNEOUS ROCK WITH MINERALS
LAYERED SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK, LAYERED
SEDIMENTARY, LIMESTONE
LARGE TEMP VARIATIONS MOUNTAINS
SEDIMENTARY ROCK, LAYERED
Click to start!
Read the following answer for the question below. Mark the answer and report SPECIFICALLY how the
answer could be improved?
“Describe the process of exfoliation” (4)
Exfoliation is when layers peel of like a skin of an onion. This is why it is called onion-skin weathering. When a rock is in a desert it gets really hot in the day and really cold at night. This means the rock is always under stress and will eventually fall apart.
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Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
THE TENDANCY IS TO IGNORE YOUR LITERACY SKILLS WHEN COMPLETING YOUR EXAM. EACH OF THE MARK SCHEMES HAVE SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO THE EXAMINER TO LOOK
AT THE SPELLING AND GRAMMAR
EXAMINERS HAVE A QWC (QUALITY OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION) MARK. THIS CAN BE USED TO AWARD AN EXTRA MARK WITHIN A LEVEL…SO EMPLOY ALL THE LITERACY SKILLS
YOU HAVE LEARNT!
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe the process of freeze thaw weathering (4) Using the pictures in figure 2, describe how rocks can be broken down? (4)
FIG 2
Figure 2
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Answers
Mark SchemeThe answer needs to identify the three types of weathering, in this case biological weathering, freeze thaw and either solution/carbonation. The answer should focus on these types of weathering. Biological weathering is the action of plants and animals. The plant/animal can either grow or borrow through fractures or layers in the rock, breaking down the rock. Freeze thaw with the temperature changes and the continuous cycle of water freezing and thawing in cracks. Finally solution/carbonation with the action of water dissolving rock/minerals in rock.Level 1: Basic (1-2) simple statements, only deals with one of the types of weathering e.g. freeze thaw freezes water and breaks the rockLevel 2: Clear (3-4) developed points, deals with at least two of the types of weathering (max 3 points if two types) e.g. Freeze thaw is when water freezes in cracks of rocks and expands by 7% putting stress and pressure on rocks.
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Mark SchemeThe sequence of the answer is the key to the answer. Water gets into cracks in rocks and when temperatures fall overnight it freezes and expands by 7%. This puts pressure on the rock and cause stress. In the day temperatures rise and the water thaws, releasing the pressure. This cycle continues and eventually the rock will fracture and pieces will fall away.Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence e.g. the rock freezes and breaks to piecesLevel 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence given e.g. see above!
Describe the process of freeze thaw weathering (4)
Using the pictures in figure 2, describe how rocks can be broken down? (4)
You Need to Know
WHAT LANDSCAPESARE CREATED?
How are rock distributed in the UK? Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
Tors and moorland Case Study: Carboniferous limestone
landscapes, Yorkshire Dales Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring lines
Chalk/Clay
CarboniferousLimestone
GraniteCAN YOU
DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION OF GEOLOGY IN THE
UK?
(CLICK FOR ANSWERS)
Granite
Small pockets in NE Scotland and SW England
(click for limestone)
Limestone
Extensive areas in northern England and Ireland
(click for chalk and clay)
Chalk and Clay
Occur together in bands in the SE of England
WHAT LANDSCAPESARE CREATED?
How are rock distributed in the UK? Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
Tors and moorland Case Study: Carboniferous limestone
landscapes, Yorkshire Dales Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring lines
Where is Dartmoor?
What do Granite LandscapesLook Like?
What characteristics can you identify? PLATEAU
TOR
JOINTS
CHANGEABLE CLIMATE
MOORLAND
HIGHLAND
THIN SOIL
Human and Physical Features of Granite Landscapes on OS Maps?
RESERVOIRS
MILITARY TRAINING AREAS
STEEP LAND HIGH PLATEAU
SURFACE DRAINAGE
TORS
FARMS FARMLAND
How Are Tors Formed?
STAGE 1Magma is pumped into the Earth’s crust which cools to form
intrusive granite
STAGE 2As the granite cools joints form in the granite. According to David
Linton intensive chemical weathering of the granite in warm conditions produces rounded boulders set in a mass of decomposed
granite rock known as ‘growan’.
STAGE 3Finally the removal of the growan by weathering exposes the
rounded boulders that make up the tors e.g. Bowerman’s Nose Tor.
Why is Dartmoor Full of Moorland?What is Moorland?
Moorlands are upland areas with acidic, low-nutrient and often water-logged soils
Why is Moorland Water-Logged?Granite is an IMPERMEABLE ROCK, which means water can’t flow through it! This means the ground on the moorland areas of Dartmoor are often water-logged!
Why is the Soil Acidic?Granite moorland soil is very acidic. This is due to the deep chemical weathering of granite releasing minerals that are acidic in nature, this means the soils are infertile
Click to start!
Reverse Taboo!Look at the cards below, there are five
words that could be used to help describe the hidden word. Can you work out what
the hidden word is?
TOR
WEATHERING
DAVID LINTON
INTRUSIVE GRANITE
GROWAN
BOWERMAN’S NOSE
MOORLAND
ACIDIC SOIL
WATER-LOGGED
HIGHLAND
IMPERMEABLE
INFERTILE
DARTMOOR
SOUTH-WEST
NATIONAL PARK
GRANITE
MOORLAND
RESERVOIRS
On t’internet!(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
WHEN ASKED TO ‘USE’ A FIGURE (ESPECIALLY A PICTURE) EXAMINERS WANT TO SEE THAT YOU HAVE GENUINELY USED THE PICTURE.
THE EASIEST WAY TO ENSURE THIS IS BY DESCRIBING WHERE IN THE PICTURE THE FEATURE YOU ARE REFERRING TO IS
USE PHRASES LIKE; AT THE FRONT, IN THE BACKGROUND, THE FRONT LEFT, BACK RIGHT ETC…
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe how a tor forms (6) Using figure 3, describe the physical characteristics of the landscape (4)
FIG 3
Figure 3
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Answers
Mark SchemeThe photograph shows and can be used to imply several physical features, these include; tor, highland, moorland, thin soils, acidic soils, plateaus. Focus of the answer should NOT just be on listing the physical features but also describing them.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, possibly a list of features e.g. there is a tor, there is highland all around
Level 2: Clear (3-4) developed points, DESCRIBES the features, makes reference to where in the picture e.g. there is a tall, rounded tower of rocks called a tor in the background of the picture
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Mark SchemeFirst stage is where magma is pumped into the crust, cools forming intrusive granite rock. During cooling fractures causing joints. Due to deep chemical weathering the granite rock is decayed and the rounded rocks of the tor are surrounded by growan. Due to weathering the growan is removed and the rounded boulders are exposed to the surface which is the tor
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, no evidence of sequence e.g. tors are formed from granite, they are rounded by weatheringLevel 2: Clear (5-6) developed points, clear sequence e.g. magma is pumped into the crust and cools forming intrusive granite…etc
Describe how a tor forms (6)
Using figure 3, describe the physical characteristics of the landscape (4)
WHAT LANDSCAPESARE CREATED?
How are rock distributed in the UK? Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
Tors and moorland Case Study: Carboniferous limestone
landscapes, Yorkshire Dales Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring lines
Where is the Yorkshire Dales?
VIDEO1
VIDEO2
What do Carboniferous Limestone Landscapes Look
Like?ROCK OUTCROPS
(SCAR)HIGHLAND
MAINLY DRY LANDSCAPE
THIN SOILS
CHANGEABLE CLIMATE
JOINTS
BEDDING PLANES
What characteristics can you identify?
Human and Physical Features of Carboniferous Limestone Landscapes on
OS Maps?DRY
LANDSCAPEROCK
OUTCROPS
GORGES
RESURGENTSTREAMS
FARMLAND
SETTLEMENTS
How Are Limestone Features Formed?
ABSORBS
PRECIPITATION
WEAK CARBONIC
ACID
CHEMICAL REACTION
RAIN CO²
CARBONIFEROUSLIMESTONE
𝐶𝑂 ₂ + H₂0+CaCO₃ = Ca (HCO₃)₂CARBONDIOXIDE
WATER CALCIUMCARBONATE
CALCIUMBICARBONATE
LIMESTONE IS WASHEDAWAY IN SOLUTION
LIMESTONE ROCK IS
PERMEABLE!
What Limestone Features are Formed?
VIDEO
1
2
3
4
5
6
Surface Features: Limestone Pavement
VIDEOSTAGE 1
Limestone areas are scoured by glaciers so the rock is exposed on the surface
STAGE 2Weak carbonic acidic rainwater falls onto the limestone and a chemical reaction takes place. Limestone is dissolved and washed away in solution
STAGE 3Continual carbonation of the limestone widens the joints, called grykes, so the limestone develops blocks called clints. An example of limestone pavement is Malham Cove
Surface Features: Swallow Holes
STAGE 1Streams run along impermeable rock until it meets permeable limestone
STAGE 2The streams dissolve the limestone at its weakest
point, a joint and begin to widen it so the stream runs
down it, this is called a swallow hole
STAGE 3Continual carbonation of the limestone can widen joints so they are big enough for caving e.g. Gaping Ghyll, Yorkshire Dales
VIDEO
Surface Features: Resurgent Stream
STAGE 1Streams run through permeable limestone
STAGE 2The stream will eventually dissolve the limestone until it hits permeable rock
STAGE 2The point where the stream reappears back on the surface is called a resurgent stream
Surface Features: Gorge/Dry Valley
STAGE 1As streams dissolve cave and caverns within the limestone the rock above can become unstable
STAGE 2The roof can then collapse and leave steep sided walls with the stream running at the bottom, this is called a gorge e.g. Gordale
STAGE 3If the stream disappears underground then the gorge dries leaving a dry valley
Underground Features: Caves/Caverns
STAGE 1As streams flow down swallow holes they begin to flow along the natural joints and bedding planes of the limestone. These are called caves e.g. White Scar Caves STAGE 2
At certain points the water can dissolve out big caverns e.g. Battlefield Cavern
STAGE 3The cave/cavern systems can be formed underground and can be vast systems of hundreds of miles
Underground Features: Stalactites/Stalagmites and Pillars
STAGE 1Limestone solution can seep through to the roof of cavern and caves and form a drip on the ceiling
STAGE 2The limestone solution is rich in the minerals of limestone. Slight evaporation of the water takes place an a calcite deposit is left. Over time this builds to form a stalactite e.g Sword of Damocles
STAGE 3Mineral rich water can drip off the stalactite onto the floor. The same process occurs and stalagmites are formed on the floor. If a stalactite and stalagmite e.g. Judge’s Head join it forms a pillar e.g.
VIDEO
Click to start!
Can you beat the computer at Grand National?
QUESTION 4WHAT LIMESTONE FEATURE HANGS
DOWN FROM THE ROOF OF CAVERNS?
STALACTITE
QUESTION 3NAME THE CASE STUDY AREA
FOR LIMESTONE?
YORKSHIRE DALES
QUESTION 5WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROCESS THAT FORMS LIMESTONE FEATURES?
CARBONATION
QUESTION 6WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE GAP
BETWEEN CLINTS ON A LIMESTONE PAVEMENT?
GRYKE
QUESTION 7NAME AN EXAMPLE OF A SWALLOW HOLE
IN THE YORKSHIRE DALES?
GAPING GHYLL
QUESTION 1WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE FEATURE THAT IS FORMED WHEN A STALACTITE
AND STALAGMITE JOIN?
PILLAR
QUESTION 8WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO A STREAM THAT EMERGES FROM LIMESTONE BACK
TO THE SURFACE?
RESURGENT STREAM
QUESTION 2NAME AN EXAMPLE OF A LIMESTONE PAVEMENT?
MALHAM COVE
COMPUTER SCORED
5 FURLONGS
On t’internet!(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
ALL FEATURES FORMED IN CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE IS ESSENTIALLY BY THE SAME PROCESS…CARBONATION
IF YOU LEARN CARBONATION OFF BY HEART THEN YOU CAN’T GO FAR WRONG WITH ANSWER A FORMATION QUESTION ON CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.
REMEMBER…RAIN WATER…ABSORBS CO₂…WEAK CARBONIC ACID…PRECIPITATES ONTO LIMESTONE…
CHEMICAL REACTION…WASHED AWAY IN SOLUTION
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe and explain the formation of a limestone pavements(4)
Explain how carbonation plays an integral part of the formation of limestone features (4)
Answers
Mark SchemeCarbon dioxide is absorbed by rainwater and forms a weak carbonic acid. This acidic rain precipitates onto the carboniferous limestone and a chemical reaction takes place. The calcium carbonate reacts with the rainwater to for calcium bicarbonate, which is limestone solution. This can then be washed away, leaving the rock dissolved.Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence to process e.g. rainwater falls onto the limestone and it dissolves.Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence, max 3 marks if chemical equation written out e.g. rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide and creates a weak carbonic acid…etc
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Mark SchemeThe focus of the question should be on the sequence and also the link between description and explanation. Carbonation is the main process in the formation of limestone pavement. Glaciers scour the land exposing flat areas of limestone. Weakness called joints are attacked by acidic rainwater and are enlarged to form wide gaps called grykes. The large blocks in between are called clints and it is these two features that together form the distinct limestone pavement.Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, lacks sequence and possibly only describes e.g. rainwater erodes limestone, it forms a big block of limestone called a pavementLevel 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence of process e.g. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by rainwater and precipitates onto limestone blocks which were exposed by glacial scouring…etc
Describe and explain the formation of a limestone pavements(4)
Explain how carbonation plays an integral part of the formation of limestone features (4)
WHAT LANDSCAPESARE CREATED?
How are rock distributed in the UK? Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
Tors and moorland Case Study: Carboniferous limestone
landscapes, Yorkshire Dales Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring lines
Where is the South Downs?
What do Chalk and Clay Landscapes Look Like?
CHALK ESCARPMENT CLAY
VALE
SPRING LINE
SCARPSLOPE
DIPSLOPE
Cross Section of a Chalk Escarpment?
How Do Chalk Escarpment Form?
STAGE 1CHALK AND CLAY ARE
FORMED IN ALTERNATE BANDS
STAGE 2TECTONIC ACTIVITY
SHIFTS THE BANDS SO THEY ARE AT AN ANGLE
TO THE SURFACE
STAGE 3CLAY IS A SOFT ROCK
THAT IS EASILY ERODED SO FORMS FLAT CLAY VALES. THE CHALK IS
MORE RESISTANT SO IS LEFT UPSTANDING FORMINA FEATURE
CALLED AN ESCARPMENT
Clay Vale Clay Vale
Chalk Escarpment
Chalk Escarpment
What is the Difference Between Chalk and Clay?
Chalk
POROUS IMPERMEABLE
Clay
WATER PASSES THROUGH THE PORUS CHALK TO THE JUNCTION OF
WHERE THE CHALK MEETS THE CLAY. A STREAM THEM EMERGES AT THIS POINT CALLED A SPRING
LINE
Click to start!
Can you unjumble the anagrams of the key words and
define them?
CORPSE’S PAL
CHEAP TERMS CLANK
OLD PIPES
CAVE ALLYIN GIRL PENS
SCARP SLOPEDIP SLOPE
CHALK ESCARPMENT
SPRING LINE CLAY VALE
On t’internet!(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
MAKE SURE YOU CAN DRAW A CROSS SECTION OF A CHALK ESCARPMENT AND LABEL IT!
THE MOST IMPORTANT POINTS ARE…
1. DISTINGUISH CLEARLY BETWEEN CHALK AND CLAY2. LABEL SCARP SLOPE, DIP SLOPE, CLAY VALE AND CHALK ESCARPMENT AT THE
MINIMUM3. ENSURE YOUR SCARP SLOPE IS STEEP AND DIP SLOPE IS GENTLE IN YOUR CROSS
SECTION!
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe and explain the formation of a chalk escarpment?(4)
Explain why spring lines occur at the base of an escarpment? (4)
Answers
Mark SchemeFocus of the answer is on the difference between chalk and clay in terms of drainage and the relative positions. The chalk is a porus rock, because the pore spaces are connected, so lets water flow through it. This means streams flow through the chalk. Clay is impermeable meaning water can’t flow through it, because the pore spaces are not connected. At the point where the chalk and clay meet, the stream emerge at the surface. This point is called the spring line.Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence e.g. chalk lets water flow through, clay doesn’t let water flow through etc...Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, sequence is clear, links description and explanation e.g. see above!
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Mark SchemeThe answer should focus on the sequence of the process as well as matching description and explanation. The process; alternate layers of chalk and clay are tilted by tectonic activity, the different erosion rates of chalk and clay create the chalk escarpment.Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence e.g. escarpments are formed from chalk, it erodes slower than clay etc..Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence, match description to explanation e.g. Chalk erodes at a slower rate because it is a hard rock, this results in a steep scarp slope at the front of the escarpment…etc
Describe and explain the formation of a chalk escarpment?(4)
Explain why spring lines occur at the base of an escarpment? (4)
You Need to Know
HOW DO HUMANSEXPLOIT THE ROCKAND LANDSCAPE?
Granite Economic Use Case Study: Aberdeen, Building
Stone Land Use
Carboniferous Limestone Economic Use Case Study: Cement Production,
Hope Land Use Case Study: Malham, Tourism
Chalk and Clay Economic Use Case Study: London, Aquifer Land Use Case Study: South Downs, Farming
Economic Use of Granite, Case Study: Aberdeen, Building
StoneAberdeen is known as the ‘Granite City’ due to its extensive use as a building stone. The colourful rock
was attractive to build with and was used by the Victorians.
Granite is resistant to
pollution, bird droppings and
frost. It doesn’t deteriorate in bright sunlight
and always looks brand new
VIDEOAberdeenCathedral
Land Use of Granite Landscapes
Military TrainingDartmoor provides
rugged, challenging area to train.
ReservoirsHighland area with
frequent rainfall and impermeable rock
TourismWalking and hiking area
around the tors. Stunning scenery
FarmingPasture land in the valleys for sheep
farming
HOW DO HUMANSEXPLOIT THE ROCKAND LANDSCAPE?
Granite Economic Use Case Study: Aberdeen, Building
Stone Land Use
Carboniferous Limestone Economic Use Case Study: Cement Production,
Hope Land Use Case Study: Malham, Tourism
Chalk and Clay Economic Use Case Study: London, Aquifer Land Use
Economic Use of Limestone, Case Study: Hope, Cement Production
• Located on outskirts of Castleton in Peak District National Park.
• Supplies 2million tonnes of limestone/yr to nearby Hope cement works.
• Quarry & cement works employs 182 local people.
• Quarry is estimated to have reserves for next 30yrs, so is devising plans for restoration
Cement Making Process
Limestone is taken from a quarry. It is the major ingredient needed for making cement. Smaller quantities of sand and clay are also needed. Limestone, sand and clay contain the four essential elements required to make cement. The four essential elements are calcium, silicon,
aluminium and iron.
Land Use of Limestone, Case Study: Malham, Tourism
VIDEO
Environmental Impacts
+ Walk ways are built to Malham Cove to channel tourists off sensitive areas+ The area is designated a National Park, protecting it by law- Footpath erosion on the path to Gordale- Littering by tourist
Economic Impacts
+ Boosts local economy of Malham by hundreds of thousands per year+ Local business open up to cater for tourists e.g. Malahm Café-Malham residents over-relient on tourist money-Catering for tourist e.g. car parks cost local council money
Social Impacts+ Regular income from tourist boost quality of life in the village+ Job security in Malham village e.g. Blacksmith’s - Overcrowding of the small Malham village- Traffic congestion on the narrow Cove Road
HOW DO HUMANSEXPLOIT THE ROCKAND LANDSCAPE?
Granite Economic Use Case Study: Aberdeen, Building
Stone Land Use
Carboniferous Limestone Economic Use Case Study: Cement Production,
Hope Land Use Case Study: Malham, Tourism
Chalk and Clay Economic Use Case Study: London, Aquifer Land Use
Economic Use of Chalk and Clay, Case Study: London, Aquifer
• The rocks underneath London form a basin called a syncline (dip)
• Water soaks into the chalk where it exposed on either side of London (Chilterns) and percolates through to form a giant underground reservoir on top of the impermeable clay.
• This has provided London’s water supply for hundreds of years and is carefully managed to ensure that it is used sustainably.
Land Use of Chalk and Clay, Case Study: South Downs, Farming
Advantages for Farming
The chalk escarpment is perfect for sheep farming due to the poor pasture being suitable for sheep
Clay vales retain water, are flat and fertile. Ideal for
Arable farming (cereal crops) and diary
farming
Limitations for Farming
The highland chalk soil (on the
escarpment) is thin and infertile so is poor arable (crop)
farming land
Steep scarp slope is inaccessible to
farming equipment
On t’internet!(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
BEWARE THE S!
READING THE EXAM QUESTION IS VERY IMPORTANT. ONE AREA THAT CATCHES A LOT OF PEOPLE OUT IS THE USE OF THE LETTER S...FOR EXAMPLE
1) Using an example you have studied…(this question wants you to focus on ONE case study)
2) Using examples you haver studied…(this question wants you to use TWO OR MORE case studies)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Using examples you have studied, describe how chalk and clay landscapes are used by humans(6)Describe the impacts of tourism on a landscape you have studied (8)
Answers
Mark SchemeFocus of the is question should be on the positive and negative economic, social and environmental effects. Most common case study will be Malham. Positive impacts include boosts to economy, improved infrastructure for Malham, Job creation, business opportunities, protected environmental status. Negatives can include footpath erosion, expense of up-keeping facilities, traffic congestion.Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statement, possibly no case study, lacks any development of points, no balance between positives/negatives e.g. tourist drop lots of litter and jam up roadsLevel 2: Clear (5-6) Begins to develop points, use of case study, more balance between positive and negative e.g. Traffic in Malham can cause problems for the locals as the roads are narrowLevel 3: Detailed (7-8) Developed points, clear case study, balance between positive and negatives e.g. A negative impact in Malham is the congestion of the narrow Cove Road. This causes disruption for locals
BACK TO QUESTIONS
ON TO NEXT SECTION
Mark SchemeThe answer will probably focus on farming in the South Downs and aquifers in London. South Downs has several types of farming. On the clay vales there is extensive arable farming with cereal crops and diary farming. On the chalk escarpments there is sheep farming on the poorer pasture land. The quality of Clay being impermeable and chalk porous means they create aquifers. London draws it water supply through drilling bore holes.Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, possibly no examples used or only focusing on ONE example e.g. There is sheep farming on chalk and clay, they grow cops on clayLevel 2: Clear (5-6) Developed points, clear use of more than one case study e.g. London uses the natural water holding capability of the porous chalk, which lies on top of the impermeable clay
Using examples you have studied, describe how chalk and clay landscapes are used by humans (6)
Describe the impacts of tourism on a landscape you have studied (8)
You Need to Know
WHAT IS QUARRYINGAND WHAT ARE
ITS IMPACTS? Case Study: Hope Quarry, Derbyshire
Where is Hope Quarry Economic, environmental and social impacts
How are quarries managed? Management of extraction Restoration
Where is Hope Quarry?
Hope Quarry
Located in the Peak District National Park close to the
village of Castleton
Exploits the natural
carboniferous limestone in the region
What are the Economic, Environmentaland Social Impacts? Interactive Map
EconSoc
Env
EconSoc
Env
Local economy relies upon the quarry to provide income for 182 local people and their families.Closure of the quarry would have a dramatic negative impact on the local economy for example the possible closure of small businesses.
EconSoc
Env
Supplies 2million tonnes of limestone/yr to nearby Hope cement works.
Quarry & cement works employs 182 local people.
EconSoc
Env
Brings government investment into the area to provide good road links for quarry transport to use.
EconSoc
Env
Noise from quarry operations can disturb local people during blasting.The visual impact of the quarry can be an issue for some local people.
EconSoc
Env
Noise from blasting will cause disruption to wildlife and local people (also a social impact).There will be negative impact on the visual beauty of the area as the quarry is impossible to screen off due to its size.
EconSoc
Env
Huge amounts of energy are required to produce cement from limestone, this has a huge carbon footprint.
How is Extraction of Quarried Rock Managed?
WHAT COULD BEDONE TO MINIMISE
THE ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS OF THE QUARRY?
Landscaping & tree planting have
reduced visual impact of quarry.
2003, planted 7,000 trees to offset carbon
emissions.
£15mil spent on improved
transport – rail used to reduce heavy traffic. 1
train = 57 lorries.
Efforts have been made to reduce
dust.
One old quarry is now managed as
a wetland reserve.
On t’internet!(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
Question Time!
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
ITS ALL ABOUT YOUR LOGIC!
AT TIMES IN EXAM SITUATIONS COPING WITH THE STRESS AND STRAIN CAN RESULT IN GOING BLANK!
DO NOT PANIC! LOGICALLY TRY TO WORK OUT A CASE STUDY OR AN EXAMPLE WHICH WILL BUMP YOUR WORK UPTO A LEVEL 3! ITS NOT ‘MAKING THINGS UP’ IS USING YOUR
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING!
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe how quarries can be restored? (4)
Using an example you have studied describe and explain the environmental and social impact of a quarry(8)
Answers
Mark SchemeFocus of this answer will be on Hope Quarry. Impacts should be both positive and negative. Environmental impacts can include noise, air pollution, visual pollution, destruction of habitats and restoration into wildlife areas. Social impacts can include jobs, multiplier effect for business, quality of life increase, congestion.Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, no development, possiby no case study, only focuses on one aspect e.g. people can get jobs, quarries create noiseLevel 2: Clear (5-6) Begins to develop. May use case study area, more balance between aspects e.g. Noise pollution from the quarry blast can cause problems for the localsLevel 3: Detailed (7-8) Developed points, case study and balance between aspects e.g. in Castleton the blasts from Hope Quarry can cause severe noise pollution making locals lives unhappy
BACK TO QUESTIONS
ON TO NEXT SECTION
Mark SchemeAnswer will focus on how quarries can be turned into wildlife parks, golf courses or outdoor pursuit centres for diving and rock climbing etc. No necessity for a case studyLevel 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, no development e.g. quarries are filled back inLevel 2: Clear (5-6) Begins to develop points e.g. quarries can be used for outdoor pursuits such as rock climbing up the quarry face or if the hole is flooded, scuba diving.
Describe how quarries can be restored? (4)
Using an example you have studied describe and explain the environmental and social impact of a quarry(8)
Carpe Diem ‘Seize the Day’
“Ask yourself one question…if its not going to be today, when
is it going to be? There comes a time when you have to ‘Seize
the Day’, to shout out at the top of your voice ‘Now is my time’,
to look in the mirror and know that TODAY IS THE DAY I START
TO WRITE MY FUTURE. But it takes effort and effort is between
you and you…. effort is between you and you. If you want
greatness, if you want success…it wont find you, no one will
give it you…so go NOW and grab it for yourself. ‘Prepare your
minds for the best that life has got to offer’” We wish you good
luck…The Geography Dept