you asked for it….. biology review. biomolecules building block usesexamplestest...
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YOU A
SKED FOR IT
…..
BIOLO
GY REVIE
W
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BIOMOLECULES
Building Block
Uses Examples
Test
Carbohydrate
Simple sugars
Ready source of energy
GlucoseGlycogenCelluloseStarch
• STARCH turns purple in iodine
• SUGARS react with Benedict’s Solution
Protein Amino acids
• Transport• Speed up
reactions• Immunity• Cell
communication
Enzymes (-ase)HemoglobinAntibodiesProtein hormones (insulin)
• Reacts with Biuret Solution
Lipid Fatty Acids • Back up energy source
• In membrane
Fats, oils • Leaves oily spot on brown paper bag
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Store and transmit genetic info
DNA, RNA • DNA stains (methylene blue)
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CELLS
PROKARYOTIC•Prokaryotic cells have DNA and ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a nucleus)•They have ribosomes to make proteins•These are the simplest cells•Examples are bacteria, like those that cause strep throat.
EUKARYOTIC• Eukaryotic cells have their DNA
surrounded by a membrane. (They have a nucleus).
• Two examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and protists are also eukaryotic
• Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells don't have these parts. Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for storage.
• Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP.
• All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein
• These cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.
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CELL MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.
• It is made of lipid and protein• It controls what goes in and
out of a cell.• Associated with HOMEOSTASIS
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CELL TRANSPORT
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ENZYMES
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PROTE
IN
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
CONVERTS ENERGY IN FOOD (GLUCOSE) TO ATP
Cellular Respiration
•Takes place in mitochondrion
•Releases the energy stored in glucose
•AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen)
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AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Requires oxygen
• Makes A LOT of ATP
• Produces carbon dioxide and water
• Happens in mitochondrion
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
•Does not use oxygen•Makes only 2 ATP• Small amount of ATP
• Also called fermentation• YEASTS make ethyl alcohol• BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS
(w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID• Happens in cytoplasm
(cytosol)
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ATP CYCLE
CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND
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ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
•Creates identical copies (clones)•Only involves MITOSIS•ONE parent involved•Common in bacteria and unicellular protists
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
•Adds genetic variation
•Involves meiosis and fertilization
•TWO parents involved
•Diploid and haploid cells
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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
MITOSIS•One division•2n 2n
• (same number of chromosomes)
•Results in 2 genetically identical cells
MEIOSIS
•Two divisions•2n n
• Half the number of chromosomes
•Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells•Forms gametes (egg and sperm)
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DNA
• DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.• A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and
one of four bases• In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
• DNA’s shape is a double helix• The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds• A binds to T• C binds with G
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DNA REPLICATION• Process of DNA copying itself
• Steps• DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)• Each side acts as a template• New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing
rules• Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and
one new strand.
• Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS• Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
• Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein
• In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
• mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
• In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make the protein on the ribosome.
DNA mRNA protein
Made of amino acids
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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1. DNA2. mRNA3. Nucleus4. Cytoplasm5. Ribosome6. Codon7. Anticodon8. tRNA9. Amino acid10.Protein
(polypeptide)
CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?
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• Be sure to use mRNA
• You won’t have to memorize this!
• What amino acid is coded for by the DNA
ATA GAG
READING THE CODON CHART
First convert DNA to mRNAATA GAGUAU CUC
UAU = tyrCUC = Leu
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We have two genes for each trait – this is our GENOTYPE
One gene came from mom, one from dad
If the genes are alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr)
If the genes are different , they are heterozygous (Rr)
Some genes are dominant and others are recessive
We only show a recessive trait if we have no dominant gene
RR and Rr would “look” dominant
rr would look recessive
This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers
Cross is: Bb x Bb
Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white
GENETICS
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Females are XXMales are XYSex-linked traits are on X chromosomeTrait is more common in MALESExamples are colorblindness and hemophilia (blood fails to clot)
SEX LINKAGE
• Males give X chromosomes to their daughters and Y’s to their sons
• Moms give X’s to both daughters and sons
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• Four blood types
A, B, AB, O
Three different alleles: A, B or neither
A = AA or AO
B = BB or BO
AB = AB
O = OO
CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE
Agglutinogen = protein
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PEDIGREESTracing traits through
generations
• Males are squares
• Females are circles
• Horizontal line means married
• Vertical line means children
• Filled in circle means the individual HAS the condition
• Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12?
4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e)12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)
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KARYOTY
PE• In humans, 22 pair of
autosomes• 1 pair of sex
chromosomes• XX = female• XY = male• Extra chromosomes a
result of non-disjunction• Chromosome pairs fail to separate in
meiosis• One example is DOWN SYNDROME
(extra 21)• Another example is KLINEFELTERS
(XXY)
A char
t show
ing a
rran
gemen
t of c
hrom
osom
esXY = male
3 21’s = Down Syndrome
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GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
•Organisms that have 2 different kinds of DNA
•Gene cloning
•Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulin
DNA FINGERPRINTING
•Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments
•IF DNA matches, it’s from the same individual
Evidence points to suspect 2
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EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME
EVIDENCE
•Fossil evidence• Fossils found in
sedimentary rock• Lower level fossils are
older and more PRIMITIVE• We can compare fossils to
modern organisms• Similar structure suggests
common ancestor
•Biochemical evidence• DNA and protein
similarities suggest common ancestor
NATURAL SELECTION
•Credited to Charles Darwin• Organisms in populations
have variations that can be passed from generation to generation
• More organisms born that environment can support
• Organisms compete for resources
• Those organisms with favorable variations have more babies and the population evolves