YESHA PATEL

GENERAL • What is it?

• Highly contagious viral infection that can lead to paralysis • What causes it?

• poliomyelitis virus that targets motor neurons • Who gets it?

• Young and vulnerable • Clinically suspected in those with

• Acute onset of flaccid paralysis • Absent tendon reflexes

CLASSIFICATION• Symptomatic

• Nonparalytic polio • Paralytic polio (~0.1 – 2% of case)

• Spinal polio • Bulbar polio • Bulbospinal polio

• Asymptomatic (~95% of cases)

SYMPTOMSGeneral

• Headache• Sore throat • Fever• Vomiting• General

discomfort

Non-paralytic• Abnormal

reflexes• Difficulty

swallowing • Joint stiffness• Muscle

tenderness

Paralytic • Loss of reflexes• Severe spasms

and muscle pain• Floppy limbs• Sudden paralysis• Deformed limbs

TREATMENT• No cure for polio

• Goal of treatment: relieve symptoms

• Antibiotics

• Analgesics

• Long term rehabilitation

• Occupational and physical therapy

• Corrective braces, shoes

• Surgery

TRANSMISSION• Highly contagious

• Primarily spreads via the fecal-oral route.

• Occasionally oral-oral route • Most infectious 7-10 days before and after appearance of

symptoms

• Immune deficiency, malnutrition, and injury increase risk of transmission and infection

• Can cross maternal-fetal barrier

PREVENTION• Passive immunization

• Purified gamma globulin from survivors• Vaccines

• 3 types • Inactivated poliovirus vaccine

• Salk Vaccine • Live and attenuated poliovirus vaccine

• Sabin Vaccine • Oral polio vaccine

POLIO 1996

POLIO TODAY

Proportion of children seroconverting to each serotype after 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), plotted against age at administration.

Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014

© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Proportion of children seroconverting to each serotype after 2 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), plotted against age at administration of the first dose.

Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014

© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

REFERENCES • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Health – Polio. Web.

Accessed 20 March 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/polio/

• Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014

• Johnson, Shannon. Polio. Healthline 2012. Web. Accessed 20 March 2014.

• Poliomyelitis (2011). PubMed Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002375/

• Smithsonian. How the Poliovirus Works. Web. Accessed 26 March 2014. http://amhistory.si.edu/polio/virusvaccine/how.htm

• World Health Organizaiton. Health Topics – Poliomyelitis (Polio). Web. Accessed 20 March 2014. http://www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en/