Yes, you too are a Homo sapiens

Classification Notes

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What do you call this organism?

• Mountain Lion? • Puma?• Cougar? • Panther

What do you call this organism?

• Rolley Polley• Pill bug• Isopod

http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:6daLVAkE29mxXM:http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/21/3521-004-19A7F1D4.jpg

Two reasons scientist classify organisms:

1. To give each organism a name that can be used worldwide

2. To group them in a logical manner based on their characteristics.

History of Classification

• 2000 years ago– Aristotle the Greek philosopher came up with a very

basic system of classification Plants (group 1) Animals (group 2)

(group 2) land animals water animals air animals

– This was a start but it put animals like a bird, bat, and mosquito in the same group even though they have very different traits.

– Aristotle’s system was used from the 4th century until the 17th and 18th because . . .

In the 17th and 18th century many important scientific advances were made.

• Scientists disproved the idea of spontaneous generation. Life can not arise from non living matter!

• Francesco Redi in Italy did the following experiment: http://www.harlem-school.com/5TH/sci_pdf/graphics/Redi_exp.gif

Louis Pasteur• The debate was not settled until 1864 when

French scientist Louis Pasteur did his famous experiment disproving spontaneous generation:

Important Tool Invented!

• 17th century the was invented and used to discover living things that were smaller then ever imagined.

• microscopes proved small organisms

Carolus Linneaus

http://tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:yI3nIX98tETllM:http

://www.tributes.com/obits/tributes/carolus_linnaeus/11110-1-photo.jpg

• Swedish botanist 1700’s comes up with a lasting classification system to – Organize groups based on physical

characteristics • Came up with the seven groups: Kingdom,

Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

– Use a two word naming system• Binominal nomenclature

Vocab word: Taxonomy

• Definition: the science of classifying living organisms.

• Taxonomists decide how newly discovered organisms are classified and named.

Commonly used taxonomic categories in today’s science

• Domains • Kingdoms• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

• Keep• Pigs• Clean • Or• Fear• Great • Smell

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Biologicaldiverstity/Classification/animalia_1.gif

Vocab word: Binomial nomenclature

• The two word naming system that makes up scientific names is called: binomial nomenclature

• Scientific names are:– Two words– 1st word is the Genus, 1st letter capital– 2nd word is the species, all lower case– Example: Homo sapiens

Who uses scientific names?• Scientists, of course

(herpetologist)• Farmers• anyone buying or selling seeds• Florists• Horticulturists, people who

own/work at a greenhouse or nursery

• Landscapers• Arborists (person who takes care

of trees, like pruning them, planting for a city, etc)

• Gardeners• Veterinarian• Doctor• fisherman

Dichotomous Key Can you identify #8, #9, #10?

Read “The Enduring Evergreen”Questions:

•1. What is the most basic difference between a evergreen and a deciduous tree?

•2. Where do evergreens grow on the planet?

•3. Where do deciduous trees grow on the planet?

•4. Describe the physical traits that allow evergreens to endure?

•5. Are all trees with needles and cones pine trees? Support your answer with examples.

• 1. What is the most basic difference between a evergreen and a deciduous tree? Evergreen trees keep their leaves year round deciduous trees lose their leaves annually.

• 2. Where are evergreens abundant? In a wide range of biomes including extreme climatic conditions.

• 3. Where are deciduous trees abundant? In temperate regions with with cyclical seasons.

• 4. Describe the physical traits that allow evergreens to endure? Many have waxy needles allowing then to absorb sunlight keeping them warm, and the wax protecting against freezing and dehydration.

• 5. Are all trees with needles and cones pine trees? Support your answer with examples. NO! Pine trees, fir, spruce, cedar, juniper all have needle like leaves.

Classification of Salamanders

• 1. Plethodon glutinosus, slimy salamander• 2. Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Jefferson salamander• 3. Ambystoma maculatum, spotted salamander• 4. Triturus viridescens, newt• 5. Eurycea bislineata, two-lined salamander• 6. Necturus maculosus, mud puppy• 7. Ambysoma tigrimum, tiger salamander• 8. Hemidactylium scutatum, four-toed salamander• 9. Plethodon cinereus, red-backed salamander• 10. Siren intermedia, siren• 11. Ambystoma opacum, marbled salamander

Common Names

• Names for organisms that are commonly used in a particular language– The name is different in different languages

• Dog (english)• Hund (german)

– The name can be different in the same language in different regions

• Crayfish• Crawdad

3 DomainsDomains are groupings larger then Kingdoms

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/complex_life/threedomains.gif

Taxonomy like all scientific knowledge is subject to change!• New living organisms new fossil

organisms and molecular data are gathered.

• Evolutionary taxonomy, numerical taxonomy, and cladism were all developed in an attempt to uncover evolutionary relationships.

•

•

Commonly used taxonomic categories in today’s science

• DOMAINDOMAIN• Kingdoms• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

• DO• Keep• Pigs• Clean • Or• Fear• Great • Smell

6 Kingdoms

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/kingdoms.gif

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plant Animal

Nucleus

Cell wall

Energy

Number of cells

example

Archaebacteria• No Nuclear membrane (Prokaryote cell type) • Have Cell walls without petidoglycan• Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs• All unicellular• Live in extreme environments like volcanic hot

springs, black organic mud that has no oxygen• Examples: Methanogens (use methane for

energy production)

“regular” bacteria/ Eubacteria• http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_

bacteria_communicate.html

• Has no nuclear membrane (Prokaryotic cell type)

• Have Cell walls with peptidoglycan

• Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs

• All unicellular• Examples: E. coli,

Streptococcus

Protista

• Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type)

• Some have Cell walls • Some heterotrophs, some autotrophs• Most of them are unicellular and some are

multicellular• Examples: amoeba, kelp, Paramecium

Fungi

• Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type)

• Have Cell walls with chitin• All are heterotrophs• Some of them are

unicellular and most are multicellular

• Examples: Mushroom, yeast,mold

Animalia

• Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type) • No Cell walls • All heterotrophs• All multi-cellular• Examples: you, lion, worm, you know animals!

Plantae

• Has Nuclear membrane (Eukaryote cell type)

• All have Cell walls made of cellulose

• All autotrophs

• All multicellular

• Examples: maple tree, daffodil, you know plants!

Cladograms

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Biologicaldiverstity/Classification/cladogram_1.gif

All in the family activity

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouZ9zEkxGWg Bozeman science youtube about cladograms

Classification is always changing

Cladogram• A cladogram is a diagram that shows how organisms are related to one another

by comparing body organs and parts.• Branching lines of a cladogram show how closely two organisms are related. • The intersection between lines is the point where there would have been a

common ancestor that evolved into the organisms at the end of the lines.• Time is shown on a cladogram the top is most recent and lower down towards

the bottom is the past.• Along the lines shared characteristics are shown. Any organism above that

mark has that characteristic.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_10

Time

Shared characteristics

humanMost recent

Distant past

Human Horse Tuna

Common ancestor of human and horse

placenta

backbone

Plants can be included on cladograms too!

Next 9 slides activity 2011-12

Lamprey• The lampreys (family Petromyzonidae,

stone suckers) belong to a small but important group known as Agnatha, literally jawless, the most primitive of all living vertebrates. They are not true fish, since they have no lower jaws and the mouth is surrounded by a round, sucker-like disc within which, in the adults, are strong, horny, rasping teeth.

• Lampreys are always eel-like in shape, but have neither paired fins nor scales. They have no bones, all the skeletal structures being made up of strong, flexible, cartilage. There is only one nostril, situated on top of the head, just in front of the eyes, the latter rarely being functional or even visible in the young. The gills open directly on each side of the head (there is no gill cover or operculum) forming a row of seven gill pores behind each eye.

http://www.english-nature.org.uk/lifeinukrivers/species/lamprey.html

Dorsal Nerve Cord(running along the back or “dorsal” body surface)

Notochord (a flexible but supporting cartilage-like rod running along the back or “dorsal” surface)

• Kangaroo

• Lamprey

• Rhesus Monkey

• Bullfrog

• Human

• Snapping Turtle

• Tuna

Paired Appendages(legs, arms, wings, fins, flippers, antennae)

Vertebral column(“backbone”)

• Kangaroo

• Rhesus Monkey

• Bullfrog

• Human

• Snapping Turtle

• Tuna

Paired legs

• Kangaroo

• Rhesus Monkey

• Bullfrog

• Human

• Snapping Turtle

Amniotic Sac(A membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or

may not be inside an egg shell)

• Kangaroo

• Rhesus Monkey

• Human

• Snapping Turtle

Mammary Glands(Milk secreting glands that nourish the young)

• Kangaroo

• Rhesus Monkey

• Human

Placenta(Structure attached to inside of uterus of mother, and joined to the embryo by

the umbilical cord; provides nourishment and oxygen to the embryo)

• Rhesus monkey

• Human

Canine Teeth Short (same length as other teeth)

Foramen magnum forward (spinal cord opening, located forward, under skull)

• Human

Animal TraitsSet Traits Kanga-

roolamprey Rhesus

Moneybullfrog human Snap-

ping Turtle

Tuna

1 Dorsal nerve cord x x x x x x X

2 Paired Appendages

Vertebral column

x x x x x x

3 Paired legs x x x x x

4 Amniotic sac x x x x

5 Mammary glands x x x

6 Placenta x x

7 Canine teeth short xtotals 5 1 6 3 7 4 2