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YemenLight Observation Aircraft

ISR/DataLink

8 Mar 13

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Overview

14 November 2012: The US government reveals plan to equip Yemen with 25 light observation aircraft for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) work.

A request for information (RFI) issued by the US Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) calls for a light aircraft for the ISR role that will also be capable of providing in-country pilot training.

In a list of requirements, NAVAIR has set out some very specific criteria for the aircraft it is looking to field. These criteria state that it must be a commercial off-the-shelf pusher-propeller piston-engine aircraft of high-wing monoplane and tail dragger design. It should have side-by-side seating for two crew members, must be capable of operating out of austere locations, and should be sea transportable in a 40-ft ISO shipping container.

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Assumptions

Mission area is Yemen territorial boundary including coastal region

Mission is to transmit video and voice to Sana’a and other locations

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Topography

Sana’a – elevation 7,200 ft. Wadi Al Charid valley to the north Mountains to 10,000+ east, south and west

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Microwave Propagation Limits

Line of Sight (LOS) Atmospherics

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LOS Distance

ALTITUDE (FEET)

DISTANCE TO HORIZON (NM)

DISTANCE TO HORIZON(KM)

1000 33 62

3000 58 107

5000 75 139

7000 89 164

10000 106 197

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JT-A182

ISR Platform development for Yemen

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Aircraft CESSNA J182T

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General OML Dimensions

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Cabin Dimensions

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JT-A 182 Cockpit

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Useful Loads

Maximum Ramp Weight .........................................................................................................3,110 lbs (1,411 kg)

Maximum Takeoff Weight ......................................................................................................3,100 lbs (1,406 kg)

Maximum Landing Weight .....................................................................................................2,950 lbs (1,338 kg)

Standard Empty Weight .............................................................................................................2,092 lbs (948 kg)

Maximum Useful Load ...............................................................................................................1,018 lbs (461 kg)

Baggage Allowance .........................................................................................................................200 lbs (91 kg)

Fuel Capacity

Total Capacity ................................................................................................................................92 gal (348.2 L)

Total Useable ..................................................................................................................................87 gal (329.3 L)

Total Capacity each Tank ...............................................................................................................46 gal (174.1 L)

Total Useable Capacity each Tank ..............................................................................................43.5 gal (164.6 L)

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Performance

All estimated performance data are based on airplane weights at 3,100 pounds; standard atmospheric conditions; level, hard surface, dry runways; and no wind. They are calculated values derived from flight tests conducted by Cessna Aircraft Company under carefully documented conditions and will vary with individual airplanes, pilots, and numerous other factors affecting flight performance.

Service Ceiling ............................................................................................................................................................ 20,000 ft

Takeoff Distance S.L. (Ground Roll) ............................................................................................................................... 775 ft

Takeoff Distance S.L. (To Clear 50 ft. Obstacle) .......................................................................................................... 1,385 ft

Maximum Climb Rate S.L. ......................................................................................................................................... 1,000 fpm

Maximum Speed (10,000 ft) ........................................................................................................................... 156 kts / 180 mph

Maximum Range and Endurance .................................................................................................................. 1,480 nm / 12.3 hrs

Cruise Speed (90% pwr at 14,000 ft) ............................................................................................................. 155 kts / 178 mph

Cruise Range and Endurance (90% pwr at14,000 ft) ..................................................................................... 1,025 nm / 6.6 hrs

Landing Distance (Ground Roll) ......................................................................................................................................... 590 ft

Landing Distance (To Clear 50 ft. Obstacle) .................................................................................................................... 1,350 ft

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Aircraft Endurance

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Electrical Power

Alternator, 28 Volt, 95 Amp Battery, 24 Volt, 10.0 AH (1 hr rate), Manifold Type Standby Battery, 24 volt, 6.2 AH (1 hr rate), Sealed Type Standby Battery Controller Electrical Circuit Panel

Alternator/Battery Master Switch Split Avionics Master Switch Circuit Breakers, Electrical Switches, Electrical Electrical J-Box

Alternator Control Unit Battery Current Sensor Ground Service Receptacle Starter Relay

Alternator Relay Battery Relay Ground Power Relay Bus Circuit Protection Cabin Power Jack -12 Volt (fore & aft), 10 Amp

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Overall Requirements – ISR System

AIRCRAFT & ISR

Cessna J182T 15

EO/IR System 15

MX-10 HDi EO/IR + Mission Management System

Airborn Data Link 15

ViaSat Enerlinks

BLOS SATCOM - ViaSAT KUSS 1

MX-10 EO/IR, ViaSAT Inmarsat, MMS

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

First Article Build & Configuration NRE 1

Ground Station Equipment (Semi-Portable) ViaSat 15

Ground Station C2 Solution 15

Ground Station Ancillary Equipment 15

Ship Board Station Equipment, ViaSat airborne data link system 8

Ship Board Station C2 Solution 8

Vehicular Station Equipment, ViaSat airborne data link system 44

Vehicular Station C2 Solution 44

Airborne C2 KIT 15

Rockwell-Collins RT8200 (certified airworthy), w/Citadel encryption, compatible with Harris radios

Comm Spares Level I/II 1

Ground Station Ancillary Equip 1

VEHICLES

Tactical Vehicle, Light, Jeep J8 150

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Overall Requirements – Training

DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED DATE(S) & DURATION

AIRCRAFT TRAINING

Pilot Training 10 days

Co-Pilot Training 10 days

MX Training 14 days

Student Transportation & TLA

COMMUNICATION TRAINING

Basic Operator Training 6 Weeks

Advanced Deployment Training 3 Weeks

DLI ENGLISH LANGUAGE TRAINING  

~45 YAF Pilots, 30 YAF Maintaners, and 30 YAF airborne ISR operators. USAF recommends CENTCOM request training for 30 ground station operator students AND for 30 EO/IR and data link ground station maintenance personnel)  

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COMM Requirements Harris RF-7800M-MP

SpecificationsGeneral• Frequency Range• 30 MHz-2 GHz• Narrowband (NB):• VHF low: 30-90 MHz• VHF high: 90-225 MHz• UHF low: 225-512 MHz• Wideband (WB):• UHF 225 MHz-2 GHz• Channel Spacing Narrowband: 8.33 kHz, 12.5 kHz, 25 kHz• Wideband: 1.2 MHz, 5 MHz• FM Deviation 5 kHz, 6.5 kHz, 8 kHz• Net Presets 100• Data Interfaces Ethernet, RS-232/RS-422, USB• Control Interfaces SNMP: Ethernet, RNDIS USB• ASCII: RS-232, RS-422, USB• Management Tool Windows-based radio programming application• Software Environment SCA v2.2• Internal GPS 12 channel receiver• Frequency Stability 0.5 ppm• Frequency Tuning 10 Hz from 30-512 MHz• 100 Hz from 513 MHz-2 GHz

Specifications• Dimensions (no handles)• 7.4 W x 3.4 H x 8.8 D in. (without battery)• (18.8 W x 8.5 H x 22.4 D cm without battery)• 7.4 W x 3.4 H x 13.5 D in. (with battery)• (18.8 W x 8.5 H x 34.3 D cm with battery)

The RF-7800M-MP Multiband Networking Radio provides secure voice and high-speed networked data services from 30 MHz to 2 GHz and provides up to 20 watts of transmit power w/Citadel encryption

• POWER• Power Input 19-34 VDC• Power Consumption 55 watts

max

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COMM Requirements HF Radio

Key Features/User Benefits Embedded Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) offers best

clearchannel connection (JITC certified)

Embedded ECCM and data modem (JITC certified)

Automatic Quick Call ALE (AQC-ALE)

Securable Automatic Position Reporting- (V)3/(V)4

Securable Binary Messaging with AR Qprotocol - (V)3/(V)4

Form/fit/function retrofit of existing AN /AR C-199 installations

• SPECIFICATIONS• Frequency 2.0000 - 29.9999 MHz in 100-Hz steps • Channels/Nets 20 programmable simplex or halfduplex• 20 programmable ALE scan lists• 12 programmable ECCM hop sets• Frequency Stability 3.3 x 10-7 over operating temperature range• Emission Modes US B & LSB-voice and data, CW, and AME • ALE IAW MIL-ST D-188-141B Appendix A• Appendix A Quick Call AQC-ALE – JIT C certified 26 July 2002• ALE Linking Protection A LE Linking Protection AL1, AL2, & AL3

– (MIL-ST D-188-141B Appendix B)• ECCM IA W MIL-ST D-188-148A (with ALE)– JIT C certified 18 July 2002

– IAW CR-CX-0218-001 (Army Enhanced)• Modem IA W MIL-ST D-188-110B and STANA G4285 – JIT C certified 18

July 2002• Power Requirements +28 V dc per MIL-ST D-704 (550 W max)• Reliability 1000 hours MTBF minimum• Fault Isolation/Detection 95% LRU fault detection 98% fault isolation (LRU

level) interfaces• Audio Voice 0 or up to +17 dBm (50 mW) max,• 150 ohm balanced• Audio Data 1 mW (0 dBm), 600 ohm balanced• Secure Voice/Data Compatible with KY-100 (AIRTER M),• Operation US C-43 (TA CTER M)• Data Sources 1553, EIA -232C, GPS (Time & Position

Rockwell-Collins RT8200 (certified airworthy), w/Citadel encryption,

compatible with Harris radios

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COMM Requirements Airborne ISR LOS Datalink

EnerLinksIII™ is is a line-of-sight video data link system for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). The integrated system combines a high-performance, encrypted data link with a sensor interface that can accept and compress multiple video feeds as well as all other common C2 and sensor data interfaces to create a single bit stream for transmission.

EnerLinksIII features: Integral H.264 compression for up to 4 SD or 2 HD

video streams simultaneously IP Gateway/Bridge connections between aircraft

and ground networks Efficient data multiplexing of compressed video, IP

traffic, metadata, and serial ports Security with AES-256 encryption Outstanding data link reliability with turbo code

FEC Software-defined radio allows ground unit to

receive other common ISR waveforms

• SPECIFICATIONS –SIZE (L X W X H)

• Airborne unit: 7.5˝ x 5˝ x 1.8˝ • Ground unit: 7.9˝ x 10.5˝ x 3.2˝

• WEIGHT –Airborne unit: 3.2 lbs

• Ground unit: 8.5 lbs • POWER

–Airborne System • 28 VDC (per MIL-STD-704) normal operation • Power consumption < 34 watts

–Ground System • 24 VDC +/-4 V • Power consumption < 38 watts

–Video Handling (H.264): • 1 to 2 simultaneous HD channels • 1 to 4 simultaneous SD channels • Baseline Profile Codec (level 3), I and P frames • HD Formats: 1080p30; 720p60 • SD Formats: NTSC 720x480; PAL 720x576 • Automatically adjusts video bit rate to fill available multiplex bandwidth • METADATA • » KLV format MISB Standard 0604.1 synchronization to H.264 video

EnerLinksIII™Full-Duplex, Digital Data Links for LOS

ISR Video

AIR

Ground

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Airborne ISR LOS Datalink Ground Station

The EnerLinks Tracking Antenna System (ETAS) is a rugged, portable, and integrated high-gain antenna system that enhances the range performance of the EnerLinksIII™ full-duplex digital ISR data link. By adding the ETAS to your system, line-of-sight (LOS) range at 11 Mbps can exceed 100 nautical miles. The ETAS is packaged in three rugged cases that can be stowed in the back of a HMMVVV and deployed in less than five minutes. Automatic Switching For Continuous UAS Link PerformanceThere is no need for an additional, dedicated tracking unit because all tracking algorithms reside in the EnerLinksIII Ground Modem Transceiver (GMT). A 24-inch parabolic reflector antenna provides a constant link margin with frequency, and for close range where the UAS angular velocity is high, the system automatically switches to an integrated omni antenna for continuous link performance. Downlink switching uses the diversity combining feature of the EnerLinksIII GMT so that there is no loss of downlink video or data during switching. The ETAS is configurable for L-/S-, or C-band.

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OPTIONAL :COMM Requirements BLOS SATCOM Radio

• VR-12 Antenna • »»Power Supplied by ACU • »»Operating Temperature -55° to 70° C • »»Storage Temperature -55° to 85° C • »»Weight 22 lb • Antenna Control Unit (ACU) • »»Power <175W @ 28V DC (with Ku band Antenna) • »»Power < 275 W @ 28V DC (with Ka band Antenna) • »»Operating Temperature -55° to 70° C • »»Storage Temperature -55° to 85° C • »»Dimensions 8” X 11” X 3.4” • »»Weight 5.5 lb • ViaSat Mobile Broadband Router (VMBR-1500) • »»Power <100W @ 28V DC • »»Operating Temperature -20° to 60° C • »»Storage Temperature -40° to 85° C • »»Dimensions 14.6” X 4.88” X 7.63” • »»Weight 10 lb • Inertial Reference Unit • »»Power <18W @ 28V DC • »»Operating Temperature -46° to 60° C • »»Storage Temperature -46° to 71° C • »»Dimensions 7.45” X 7.5” X 4.78” • »»Weight 8.5 lb

ViaSAT KUSS System

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E/O IR Sensor Comparison

WesCam MX-10

Goodrich (Cloud Cap)

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E/O IR Sensor Comparison cont.

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E/O IR Sensor Comparison cont.

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System Components / Workstation

Wescam MX-1o

TAC Radio Control head

Mission Power / Circuit breaker panel

MFOV

WFOV

Video In Command (VIC)

KUSS TAC RTVID Encoder

CISCO Router

Mission Computer /MMAP Server

Video Switch Sierra 1616HD

Audio Control Panel Zeroize / Laser Arming Panel

Optional

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Mission Power Allocation

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Upgrade to 135 Amp Generator

By Upgrading the existing 95 amp generator to 135 amp generator or a dual 95 amp generator, this will be margin of safety and sufficient power for mission operations without the worry of having to shed power.

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Interior

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Interior

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Interior

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Interior

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Interior

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Interior

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Socotra - X

X - Nishtun

X – Aden Ops Center

X – Shuqra

X – Al-Hydaydah Ops Center

X - Midi

X – Dar Amran

X–Al-Sareef

X – Al-Khawkhah

Locations for Drops in Yemen

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ISR Variant of the Cessna W/ Kuss (Band) Beyond Line-Of-Site

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SATCOM Radome detail

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Al-Hudaydah Ops Center – 428.4 kilometers or 266.2 miles or 231.3 nautical miles (17m (56ft) above sea level) Aden Ops Center - 294 kilometers or 183 miles or 159 nautical miles (7m (22ft) above sea level)

Midi – 207 kilometers or 129 miles or 112.9 nautical miles (608m (1,995 ft) above sea level)

Nishtun (Neshtun) (Ghaydah) – 851.3 kilometers or 259.0 miles or 459.7 nautical miles (10m (33ft) above sea level)

AS-Salif (Al-Sareef) (Hodeidah) – 170.6 kilometers or 106.0 miles or 92.1 nautical miles (1094m (3589ft) above sea level)

Al-Khawkhah (Khoukha) – 201 kilometers or 125 miles or 135.7 nautical miles (2800m (9186ft) above sea level)

Al-Makha – 288.2 kilometers or 179.1miles or 155.6 nautical miles(246m (807ft) above sea level)

Locations Distance to Sana'a – elevation 7,382 feet (2,250 meters)

(1 mile = 0.868976242 nautical miles)

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Mayun (Perim Island) – 327.3 kilometers or 203.3 miles or 176.7 nautical miles (65m (215ft) above sea level) Bombay (AFLCMC/WLMP cannot determine the location in Yemen of Bombay, is the spelling correct?)

Dar Amran – 51 kilometers or 32 miles or 27.8 nautical miles (2195m (7201ft) above sea level) Shuqrah – 284.1 kilometers or 176.5 miles or 153.4 nautical miles (65m (215ft) above sea level)

Socotra – 1104.2 kilometers or 686.1 miles or 596.2 nautical miles (1503m (4931ft) above sea level)

Al Mukallah – 535.8 kilometers or 332.9 miles or 289.3 nautical miles (16m (54ft) above sea level)

Locations Distance to Sana'a – elevation 7,382 feet (2,250 meters)

(1 mile = 0.868976242 nautical miles)

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Two Datalink Options

Microwave Satellite

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SATCOM

No distance limitations C-182 SATCOM system currently operational STC available “Yonder” (ViaSat) provides commercial coverage in region Encrypted interface to internet

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Conclusion

Microwave transmission to Sana’a is impractical from east, south and west without relay.

Options Airborne microwave relay Satellite Microwave and satellite combination