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Postwar Problems
Great Britain
Severe Economic Problems
No jobs for soldiers
Relied on trade – dropped – why? 40% fleet destroyed
US/Japan
Increased tariffs
Old technology
Couldn’t pay the US back
Ireland 1916 Easter Rebellion
1921 Divided
Postwar Problems
France
Rebuilding program
Increased debt=inflation & loss of confidence
1926 Poincare government
Reduced expenses, increased taxes, stabilized $
Built Maginot Line
Postwar Problems
Germany
Reparations
Increased debts by borrowing/printing $
Increased inflation
Halt payments
1923 France invades Ruhr Valley
Passive resistance
Withdrew 1925
1924 Dawes Plan
Reduced scale
US loans
League of Nations
Collective Security
Acting together to preserve peace
USA/USSR/Germany (1926)
1925 Locarno Pact
France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy
Guarantee existing frontiers
Refrain from aggression against each other
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
Renounce war as policy
No machinery to enforce
Great Depression
Triggered world crisis
Americans cut back – trade/manufacturing decreased = desperation
Great Britain
Terrible suffering
Conservatives
Increased tariffs
Lowered housing interest rates
“the dole”
Economy was actually better by 1937
Great Depression
France
Agriculture first withstood shocks
1932 slump
Political instability=coalition
Eastern Europe
No strong democratic tradition
Increasing economic problems = dictators
A/H/P
Czech – ethnic groups wanted autonomy
Sudetenland Germans
Italy
Political and Economic Problems
Strikes
Seizing land
Popularity of Socialists
Mussolini
Order in a chaotic time
Nationalist
Glory Days
Rise to Power
1919 Fascist Party
Unity & authority
Ancient Rome
Political movement
Glorification of the state
Condemned democracy
Despised socialism/communism
Private property/enterprise regulated by gov
Aggressive nationalism
Rise to Power
Black Shirts
Oct 1922 March on Rome Surrender of government
Prime Minister
Emergency powers
Make laws, controlled elections
Control – censorship
Corporative system
Government sponsored corporations
No labor unions
Controlled wages & prices
Impact of Great Depression
Severe impact
Aggressive foreign policy
Distract
Fiume
Albania
Africa
Ethiopia
Asked League for help
NO – feared pushing Germany
Germany
Weimar Republic
Political unrest
Economic problems
Adolph Hitler
Anti-Semitic
Munich
National Socialist German Worker’s Party
1923 Uprising Arrested
Mein Kampf
Political ideas
Blamed Jews
Attacked USSR
Germany
1924 broadened party ideals
Great Depression helped Nazis
unemployment
1932 largest single party
1933 Chancellor (coalition gov)
Fire destroys Reichstag
Emergency orders Abolished speech/assembly
Elections in March Dictator powers
Within 1 year, all other parties gone
Fascist State
Germany
1934 Hindenburg dies & combined Pres/Chancellor
Fuhrer
Third Reich
Stormtroopers (brown-shirts) paramilitary arm of the Nazi party
Gestapo – Göring
SS (black shirts) – Himmler Body guards
Control of camps
State more important than individual
Goebbels – propoganda Hitler Youth
Jewish Problem
1933
expelled from gov. jobs/teaching, etc.
1935 Nuremburg Laws
Banned marriage
Took away citizenship
1938 assassination – harsher laws
Krystal Nacht
Programs
Hard work, sacrifice, service
Economic recovery
Ignored Versailles Treaty
Rearmed military
Raised taxed, strict controls on prices/wages
Banned unions
Living space
Inferior peoples
Expand eastward League ignored
Japan
1930’s
military leaders restored tradition of honoring the empire
Prosperous economy after WWI
Markets from British
As Middle class grew so did democracy
Diet
Political party chose PM
1925 universal suffrage
Reverence for Emperor dying
Great Depression
Hit hard because dependent on foreign trade
Increased tariffs = loss of markets = increased
unemployment
Government couldn’t solve problems
Turn to military
1931 attacked Manchuria
China protests to League but did nothing
Rise to Power
1932 dictatorship
Didn’t abolish Diet
Civilians kept jobs
Group made policy
Totalitarian state
Arrested critics
Censorship
Dismissed liberals
Glorified War and the Empire
Expanding the Empire
Needed an Empire:
Raw materials
Lacked resources
Markets
Living space
Heavy population
1907 Korea
1931 Manchuria
Manchuko
Puppet state
The Road Continues
1933 W/drew from League
Opposed W. Imperialism
Really E. Imperialists
1936 Military agreement
Spanish Civil War
1931 King abdicated
Republican government
Catholic Church/Army reduced
1936 Coalition Government
Moved against army
Confiscated estates
July 1936 Franco = Civil War
Restore power of church
Destroy socialism/communism
Nationalists vs. Republicans/Loyalists
Spanish Civil War to WWII
League of Nations
Stop arms from getting to either side
Mussolini/Hitler October 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis
1939 Nationalist win
Fascist Dictatorship
Failure to stop Axis intervention encouraged H/M
Hitler’s Moves
1936 Rhineland
1938 Anschluss Union of Germany & Austria
“maintain order”
Appeasement
Making concessions to preserve peace
WHY? WWI
Pacifism
Rhineland
US – isolationism 1935/6 Neutrality Acts
Couldn’t sell arms to any country involved in a war nor could ships carry arms
Road to War
Sudetenland
1938 German demand self-gov.
Czech refuse – Germany step in
GB/F – give self-gov
Hitler – new demands
1938 Munich Conference
Troops occupy Sudetenland but leave Czech alone
1939 occupied all of Czech
**False assumption that Hitler could be trusted!
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
The Munich Agreement, 1938