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Years 7-8

LivingThings

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Year 7-8 General ScienceDisk Filename Topic Name01.Energy Energy02.Forces Forces03.Matter Solids, Liquids & Gases04.Mixtures Separating Mixtures05.Elements Elements & Compounds06.Cells Living Cells07.Life Living Things08.LifeSystems Plant & Animal Systems09.Astronomy Astronomy10.Earth The Earth11.Ecosystems Ecosystems

Year 9-10 General ScienceDisk Filename Topic Name12.Waves Wave Energy (inc. Light)13.Motion Forces & Motion14.Electricity Electricity15.Atoms Atoms & Elements16.Reactions Compounds & Reactions17.DNA Cell Division & DNA18.Evolution Evolution of Life19.Health Health & Reproduction20.Universe The Universe21.EarthScience Earth Science22.Resources Resources & Technology

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Years 7-8 Topic 7 Living Thingscopyright © 2008 keep it simple sciencewww.keepitsimplescience.com.au

3

“Mind-Map” Outline of TopicThis topic belongs to the branch of Science called “Biology”, the study of living things.

Biology has many aspects, from studying the variety of life forms and how they evolved over the history of the Earth, to their body structures and functions,

to how they feed, grow and reproduce.

How to Use aDichotomous Key

Five Classes ofVertebrate Animals

Living Things

The FiveKingdoms

of Life

What is a“Species”?

How & WhyWe Classify

The PlantKingdom

The AnimalKingdom



4


Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your

workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.



Living Things

The FiveKingdoms

of Life



The PlantKingdom

The AnimalKingdom

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your

workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.



Living Things

The FiveKingdoms

of Life



The PlantKingdom

The AnimalKingdom


5

Life on EarthHow many different types of life are there?

The Variety of Living ThingsNo-one knows for sure how many typesof living things there are on Earth.

Over a million have been named andscientifically catalogued, but new typesare discovered every day.

Estimates of thetotal vary from 2million, up to 30million differenttypes of life.

This is just thelife-forms alivetoday. We believethat this is less than 1% of all the typesthat have ever lived, and are nowextinct.



The Need to ClassifyWith such a staggering number of livingthings, how can scientists ever hope tounderstand it all?

The first step is to classify. This meansto put things into groups.

Instead of trying to understand amillion different creatures, we place

them into just a few groups which canbe more easily dealt with.

In this topic, you will survey the majorgroups of life-forms and get an overall

impression of the variety of life.

You will also learn the basics of howthings are classified.

What is Life, Anyway?The Structure of Life: CELLS

You may have already studied livingcells. Cells give us a structural way todefine what a living thing is.

Some living things are unicellular... theyare composed of one, single cell.

All the familiar plants and animals aremulticellular... they are composed ofmany cells, usually billions.

The Functions of Life

All living things carry out certain, basic“life functions”.

All living things:

• take in substances from theirsurroundings, and assimilate them.(Things taken in include food, water & oxygen.“Assimilation” means that the substancestaken in are used to build new cells and grow body parts... they become part of the organism.)

• extract energy from their food.

• excrete their wastes.

• grow.

• reproduce their own kind.

• respond to things that happen.

“All living things are composed of cells,or are the product of cells”

This statement is called “The Cell Theory”

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6

Methods of ClassifyingBefore looking at the classification of life, let’s consider the general idea of

grouping or classifying things.

The point is, thatthere are many

ways to classify,depending on what

criteria you use.What criteria areused in Science?

Scientific Criteria for ClassifyingTo classify living things, we try to avoidcriteria which might change during thelife-time of each organism. e.g. size andcolour.

We also avoid things like “lives in atree”, or “can fly”, because this cancreate groupings that don’t make sense.For example, an emu, or a penguin,would be classified separately to otherbirds, even though both have feathers,wings, beaks and other “bird” features.

So, we use the structures of their bodiesand cells. We also use basic lifefunctions, such as how they reproduce,or how they make, or get food and howthey process it.

To start with, the key criteria are these:

Cell Structures Organelles, or not?Most organisms have cells whichcontain many small structures called“organelles”. The most important is thenucleus. Some cells have one, othersdon’t. That’s a big difference!

Cellular Organisation Uni- or Multi?Some organisms are “unicellular”; theyare made up of just 1 single living cell.Others are “multicellular”; they arecomposed of many cells workingtogether. That’s a big difference!

Food Autotrophic or Heterotrophic?(Auto = “self”. Hetero = “other”trophic = “to do with feeding”)

Some living things are able to make foodfrom simple chemicals. Others must eatother living things to get food that is ready-made. That’s another biggy!

Imagine that you were asked to placethese 6 different shapes into 2 groups.

How would you do it?

One way might be as follows:Group 1 Group 2

“square corners” “rounded”

or, you might do it this way:Group 1 Group 2“white” “dark shading”

or, simply:

Group 1 Group 2“big” “small”

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7

Animal or Vegetable?

Technology Changes Scientific Thinking

A Little HistoryUntil quite recently, it seemed logical tothink of all living things as being eitherplant or animal. Most people still thinkthis way in everyday situations.

About 250 years ago, the world wasbeing explored by Europeans as neverbefore. They were discovering newlands, new ecosystems and many newtypes of living creatures.

Carl Linnaeus (Swedish, 1707-78) realisedthat scientists needed a formal systemto name and classify all the living thingsthat were being discovered anddescribed. Logically, he suggested thatliving things should be divided into 2great “Kingdoms”: Plants and Animals.

Each kingdom could then be sub-divided into further “types” andcategories and classes, until eachindividual “species” could be given aunique name.

The Electron MicroscopeBy the mid-20th century, scientists had anew tool for studying and understandingthe different types of living things.

The electron microscope uses beams ofelectrons to form photographic orcomputer images of cells.

It achieves much highermagnification than alight microscope andalso shows much greaterdetail.

This technology hasrevealed that bacteriacells are completelydifferent to either plantsor animals.

ProblemsThe “Linnaean System” was adopted,but right from the start there were someliving things that were hard to classify.

Fungi, such as mushrooms, seemed tobe plants, (certainly

NOT animals) butare not green, grow

underground andnever produce

flowers or seeds.

They were classifiedas plants, but put in

a special categoryfor “weird” plants.

When bacteria were discovered, theyalso presented a problem. It wasdecided that they were more like plantsthan animals and were classified as“abnormal” plants for about 100 years.

Today, we think about these things quite differently.



Linnaeus

Chemical AnalysisOver the past 30-40 years there havebeen huge advances in our ability toanalyse the chemicals in living cells.

This has revealed that the fungi are not just strange plants, but are quite

different. Similarly, the bacteria

are also different.

We now realise that living thingsare NOT just plant or animal. Oursystem of classifying has to beflexible and be changed to fit inwith our scientific knowledge.

We now classify life forms into at least 5 different,

major types.These are pollen grains viewed

by an electron microscope.Notice the amazing detail.




8

The Five Kingdoms of LifeTraditionally, living things were thought of as being either plants, or animals.

Over the past 50 years this has changed. New technologies, such as electron microscopes and DNA analysis,

have revealed the fundamental differences between life forms. All life on Earth is usually classified into 5 major groups, called “kingdoms”.

Kingdom of PROTISTSThe “Protists” are a mixed group ofunicellular organisms. All have cells with atrue nucleus and other organelle structures.

Some have animal-like cells (no cellwall, hetero-trophic) whileothers are plant-like (have a cell wall, andmake food in chloroplasts).

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Kingdom of PLANTSPlants are defined as multicellular and

autotrophic. Their cells always have a cellwall, and at least some of their cells have

chloroplasts. They make their own food byphotosynthesis.

This group contains all thefamiliar plants from

seaweeds to ferns to grass,trees and shrubs.

Kingdom of ANIMALSAnimals are defined to be multicellularand heterotrophic. Their cells have no

cell wall.

This group contains all the familiaranimals from worms to fish to

butterflies & elephants.

Kingdom of FUNGIMost are multicellular such as mushrooms &toadstools. The fungi used to be thought ofas weird plants, but now we recognise that

they are quite different.

Their cells have anucleus and organelles.

They also have a cellwall, but quite differentto that in a plant. They

never have chloroplastsand cannot make food.

They are heterotrophic, and most eat deadplant matter, causing it to rot away.

Kingdom of BACTERIAThe bacteria group are all unicellular. Theircells are very small, and do NOT have anucleus or other “organelles”.

Some canmake theirown food,others eat

dead matterand wastes

and cause itto rot away.

Some cause diseases.

Their simplestdefining feature is

cells with no nucleus.

This is considered to be fundamentallydifferent to all other life forms.

cell wall cell

membrane

No nucleus. No organellestructures.

“naked” DNA.

Protozoa?In some texts protozoa are described

as “single-celled animals”.Here, they will be considered as

“protists”, not animals.




9

A Key to the Five KingdomsA good way to compare the features of different groups is to construct a table.

KINGDOM Nucleus Cell Unicellular or Autotrophic orin cell? Wall? Multicellular? Heterotrophic?

BACTERIA no yes unicellular some of each

PROTISTS yes some with. unicellular some of eachsome without.

FUNGI yes yes multicellular heterotrophic(except yeasts - uni)

PLANTS yes yes multicellular autotrophic

ANIMALS yes no multicellular heterotrophic

Once you have this information, every living thing can be classified into one of the five great “kingdoms of life”.

To help with classifying into groups, we often use a “dichotomous key”.This is a key which gives you 2 choices at each step, until you reach an end point.

(Dichotomous means “to divide in two”)

Dichotomous keys can be in diagram form, or have a series of paired choices.

Diagram Key

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PLANTS

ANIMALS

Multicellular?

Do the cellshave a cell wall?

Autotrophic?

BACTERIA

Do the cells have a nucleus?

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Paired-Choice KeyThis key works in exactly the same wayas the key on the left.

Which Kingdom?

Level 11a. Cells have a nucleus............ level 21b. No nucleus....................... BACTERIA

Level 22a. Multicellular........................... level 32b. Unicellular....................... PROTISTS

Level 33a. Autotrophic.......................... PLANTS3b. Heterotrophic...................... level 4

Level 44a. Cells have cell wall.............. FUNGI4b. No cell wall......................... ANIMALS

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10

To “classify” means to place things intoa)........................... with commonfeatures.

When classifying living things we usethe b)............................. and functioningof their c)...................... and bodies.

At the highest level, the importantcriteria are:

• whether the cells have a d)....................or not.

Another important cellular feature iswhether or not each cell is surroundedby a e).....................................

• if the organism is made up of 1 cell(f) “..................................” or many cells(g) “....................................”)

• how the organism gets food. h) “.....................................” make theirown food, while i) “................................” eat food made by other organisms.

Worksheet 1Defining & Classifying Life

Fill in the blanksStudent Name.............................................

Organism Bhas cells with a nucleus, but no cell wall.It is unicellular and autotrophic.

It must belong to the ...............................group.Organism Chas cells with no nucleus, but has a cellwall. It is unicellular and autotrophic.

It must belong to the ...............................group.Organism Dhas cells with a nucleus, but no cell wall.It is multicellular and heterotrophic.

It must belong to the ...............................group.Organism Ehas cells with a nucleus & cell wall. It ismulticellular and heterotrophic.

It must belong to the ...............................group.Organism Fis heterotrophic and multicellular. Itscells lack cell walls.

It must belong to the ...............................group.

Key to the Five Kindoms

Level 11a. Cells have a nucleus............ level 21b. No nucleus....................... BACTERIA

Level 22a. Multicellular........................... level 32b. Unicellular....................... PROTISTS

Level 33a. Autotrophic.......................... PLANTS3b. Heterotrophic...................... level 4

Level 44a. Cells have cell wall.............. FUNGI4b. No cell wall......................... ANIMALS

Worksheet 2Five Kingdoms of Life

Use the Key to identify which Kingdomeach organism belongs to.

Student Name.............................................



Organism Ahas cells with a nucleus & cell wall. It ismulticellular and autotrophic.

It must belong to the ...............................group.




11

The PLANT KingdomAll the members of the Kingdom of Plants are multicellular and autotrophic.

The kingdom can be sub-divided into 5 major sub-groups.We have used mostly common names for these groups.

Your teacher may require that you learn a more technical name.

AlgaeAlgae are very simple plants. Most live

in water, such as the “seaweeds”.

They do NOT have vascular tubes, norroots, nor proper leaves.

Reproduction involves releasingreproductive cells into the water

environment, but they have no seeds.

Although they all have greenchlorophyll, some have other pigments

as well, and can be brown or red in colour.

Seaweed

To divide the plants into sub-groups, we use structural differences between them.One of the most important structures is vascular tubes. These are plant “veins”;

tubes which carry water or food around in their bodies. Also important are roots and leaves, and the structures used to reproduce.

MorePlantsnext

page...

MossesThe moss group live on land, but

usually in damp, shady spots.

They do NOT have vascular tubes.They do NOT have roots, but have asimple structure called a “rhizoid” to

hold them in the ground.

They have leaves, but these are verysimple compared to other groups.

Like the Algae, they reproduce without seeds.

FernsFerns are vascular. They have “veins”to carry water from their roots, and tocarry food around inside themselves.

They have true roots and leaves.

They do NOT reproduce with seeds,but use a complex, 2-stage systemwhich requires wet conditions.




12

The Conifers (Cone-bearing plants)

The PLANT KingdomAll the members of the Kingdom of Plants are multicellular and autotrophic.

The kingdom can be sub-divided into 5 major sub-groups.We have used mostly common names for these groups.


To divide the plants into sub-groups, we use structural differences between them.One of the most important structures is vascular tubes. These are plant “veins”;

tubes which carry water or food around in their bodies. Also important are roots and leaves, and the structures used to reproduce.

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Most conifers grow as large trees or woody shrubs. They are vascular plants, with well-developed roots and leaves.

To reproduce they make seeds instructures called cones.

This is their defining feature.

Conifers include pine trees, firtrees, cedars and many others. Some are thelargest living things on Earth (although mostof their bulk is dead wood) and others are the

longest-lived.Humans rely on conifers for

much of our timber.

This GiantSequoia tree islarge enough tohave a roadway

through itstrunk

The Flowering PlantsThis group includes all the most familiar plants including grass, gum trees, garden

plants, palms, and all our cereal, fruit and vegetable crop plants.The flowering plants are vascular, with well-developed rootsand leaves. They grow in a huge variety of shapes and sizesand live in just about every possible land environment.

Their defining feature is the way they reproduce.

They produce seeds from flowers.

A seed is an embryo. It is like an unborn baby plant.

Flowering plants produce their seeds after their flowers are fertilised. This is done by pollen being carried from one plant to another by the wind,

or by animals such as bees, birds or bats.




13

Plant Vascular Have Roots? Leaves? Seeds? SeedsGroup Tubes? made in a...

Algae a) b) c) d) not applicable

e) f) rhizoid only simple g) not applicable

Ferns h) i) j) k) not applicable

l) m) n) o) p) cone

Flowering q) r) s) t) u)Plants

Worksheet 3Summarising the Plant Types

Fill in the table to summarise the featuresof the types of plants.

Some items have been done for you.

Student Name............................................

Most items can be filled in with “yes” or “no”

Plants Multicellular & Autotrophic

FloweringPlants

Conifers Ferns

MossesAlgae

Does it make seedsin a cone or flower?

Does it make seeds?

Is it Vascular?(yes or no?)

Does it have rhizoidroots, and simple leaves?

Worksheet 4Make Your Own Dichotomous KeyThe “Flow-Chart” is a frame-work to build a key to the Plant groups.

At the bottom are some labels which fit into the flow-chart boxes. Cut out thelabels and arrange them in the flowchart. Glue when finished.

Student Name.............................................

YES

YES

YES

NO

NONO

coneflower




14

The SPONGESA sponge animal often looks more like aplant. They grow attached to rocks inthe sea and filter the water to get food.They have no “head” & “tail” ends.

Their bodies arejust like a lump ofcells living andgrowing togetherwithout muchorganisation.

They lack all theorgans weexpect an animalto have, likeeyes, stomach,blood, heart,muscles, etc.

The ANIMAL KingdomAll the members of the Kingdom of Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic.

The cells in an animal never have a cell wall.The kingdom can be sub-divided into many, many sub-groups.

Only the most common types are covered here.We have used simplified or common names for some of these groups.


Hollow-Bodied AnimalsThe Jellyfish Group

Flat Worms Round Worms SegmentedWorms

Three Kinds of Worm AnimalsAlthough they all look “worm-like”, these are really 3 quite different groups.

All have definite “head” & “tail” ends, but no skeleton, nor any legs, fins, etc.

This group includesjellyfish, seaanemones and allthe coral animalswhich build coralreefs.

Their soft bodies are built in a circularplan, around a hollow space. They haveno “head” or “tail”, and no internalorgans, such as heart or kidneys.

They have stingingtentacles which they

use to catch their prey.SeaAnemone

These have flattenedbodies and some are leaf-shaped, called “flukes”.

They have hardly anyinternal organs (no heart

or intestines) so are reallyvery simple animals.

These havesmooth, round,

tube-shapedbodies withpointy ends.They have agut, but no

blood supply.Most live in thesoil or water,but some are

parasites.

This group includesearthworms, beachworms and leeches.Their tube-shaped

bodies are made up ofmany segments.

They have many internalorgans, including aheart and kidneys.

Dead Sponge.The many holes are spaces

where the cells of thesponge animal were,

when alive.

Flat Worm, about life size




15

Echinoderms(Echino = “spikes”, derm = “skin”)

Arthropods(Arthro = “joints” pod = “leg”)

This group includes the starfish, seaurchins and other sea creatures withrough or spikey skin.

They don’t have a “head” and “tail”, buthave “radial symmetry”. This meansthey are built in a circular plan, usuallywith 5 parts.

They all have hundreds of “sucker-tubefeet” which allow them to cling torocks andmove around.Starfish canuse theirtube-feet topull a clam oroyster opento eat it.

The ANIMAL KingdomAll the members of the Kingdom of Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic.

The cells in an animal never have a cell wall.The kingdom can be sub-divided into many, many sub-groups.

Only the most common types are covered here.We have used simplified or common names for some of these groups.


This is the biggest animal group of all. Itincludes all the insects, spiders, crabs &lobsters, centipedes, and more.

Some fly, some swim,some burrow. They

breathe with gills, orthrough simple holes in

their bodies.

All have a hard “exo-skeleton” (like a suit of armour)

which is jointed to allow movement. They have definite “head” & “tail” ends.

Molluscs.Snails & Squid

These animals are more advanced thanyou might think. They have well-organised bodies, with definite “head” &“tail” ends. Some are quite intelligent.

All have soft bodies,but many have aprotective shellaround it, The shellcan be plate-like, orspiral, or a 2-partshell that opens,such as an oyster.

All have a strong “muscular foot”.Snails use it to glide around, pipis use itto dig into sand. In squid and octopusthe “foot” is divided into 8 or more“arms” for grasping their food.




16

The ANIMAL KingdomThe final group of animals contains all the most familiar examples including fish,frogs, snakes & lizards, birds, plus all our furry friends like cats, dogs & sheep.

This is such an important group to us, that it needs to be further sub-divided.

AmphibiansBody heat: EctothermsBreathing: Gills & LungsSkin cover: Moist skinReproduction: Lay eggs

FishBody heat: EctothermsBreathing: GillsSkin cover: ScalesReproduction: Lay eggs

MammalsBody heat: Endotherms Breathing: LungsSkin cover: Fur or hair Reproduction: Give birth

(except platypus & echidna)

ReptilesBody heat: EctothermsBreathing: LungsSkin cover: Dry ScalesReproduction: Lay eggs

BirdsBody heat: EndothermsBreathing: LungsSkin cover: FeathersReproduction: Lay eggs

The ChordatesIn keeping with the K.I.S.S. Principle, the technical definition of this group has

been simplied. Your teacher may instruct you in a more correct (but more complicated) definition.

Nearly all of these animals can bedescribed as “vertebrates”... they havean internal skeleton of bone or cartilage,with a backbone and spinal chord.

Another important feature is how they get their body heat. “Endotherms” make their own body heat,

while “ectotherms” rely on the environment for heat.(Endo = “inside”, ecto = “outside”, therm = “heat”)

When dividing them further into “classes”we use criteria such as how they breathe,how they reproduce and what coveringthey have on their skin, if anything.




17

For each animal described;

a) name the group to which it belongs.b) list the steps in the key which led youto your answer to (a). (An example is done for you)

Example: Crocodilea) CHORDATEb) 1a, 4b, 7a(A crocodile has a definite head and tail, it is notworm-like, and it has a bony skeleton inside its body.)

1. Garden Snail

a)..............................

b).....................................

2. “Blue bottle” Jellyfish

a).............................

b)..............................

3. Red-back Spider

a).................................

b)................................

4. Sea Urchin

a)...........................

b)..............................

5. Bee

a)..........................

b).............................

6. Beach Worma)..................................b)..................................

KEY TO THE GROUPS OF ANIMALS

Level 11a. Definite head & tail ends....... level 41b. No head & tail ends............... level 2

Level 22a. Circular plan body................ level 32b. No particular body plan.....SPONGES

Level 33a. Have stinging tentacles...

HOLLOW-BODIED ANIMALS3b. Have rough or spikey skin....

ECHINODERMS

Level 44a. Long, thin (or flat) body, with no

skeleton or shell................... level 54b. Body not “worm-like”........... level 7

Level 55a. Body flattened............. FLAT WORMS5b. Body cylindrical...................... level 6

Level 66a. Body made of segments.................

SEGMENTED WORMS6b. Tubular, no segments..................

ROUND WORMS

Level 77a. Internal skeleton of bone or cartilage

........CHORDATES7b. No internal skeleton.............. level 8

Level 88a. Jointed exoskeleton.. ARTHROPODS8b. Soft body, may have shell. Muscular

“foot” for movement or “arms”..........MOLLUSCS

Worksheet 5A Key to the Animal Kingdom Student Name.............................................

circular body

stinging tentacles

jointed legs

Spikey skin




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19

Getting Specific: What is a Species?At the top of the classification system are the “Kingdoms” of life,

each containing many thousands of life forms.

At the bottom are the individual types, or species. A species refers to a single type of living thing which reproduces its own kind, over generations.

One species either cannot, or normally does not, interbreed with another species.

What’s in a Name?Each species has been given a scientific name which is used by all scientists.

This ensures that there is no confusion about exactly which organism is being studied or discussed, when scientists communicate.

The name of each species has 2 parts. We say it is binomial. (bi = 2, nom = name)

These 3 “big cats” are all closely related and, sure enough, their scientific namesall have the same “surname”.

Lions and tigers are closely related and(in a zoo) sometimes inter-breed. Theirbabies are called “ligers” or “tigons”.

However, in thewild these

animals nevermeet and never

inter-breed.Therefore, they are considered

separate species.

Horses and donkeys can inter-breed too.Their baby is called a “mule”.

This would probablynever happen in nature,but more importantly,mules are not fertile andcannot have babies.Horses and donkeys areconsidered separatespecies because they cannot inter-breed over generations.

Example:We might call this

animal the “easterngrey kangaroo”, but

scientifically it isMacropus giganteus

The name mustalways be underlined

or in italic print.

This red kangaroo isMacropus rufus.

Notice how the firstpart of the name is

the same?Closely related

species have thesame first-name, just

like human familymembers having the

same surname.

Leopard Paantheraa paantheris

LionPaantheraa leo

TigerPaantheraa tigris




20

3. (7 marks)The Arthropod group of animals can befurther sub-divided into types, mainlyby how many legs they have. Here is a simple key to the types:

1a. Have 6 legs....................... INSECTS1b. More than 6 legs..................... level 2

2a. Have 8 legs, no claws............. level 32b. May have claws, or not.

Have 8 or more legs........... level 4

3a. Legs longer than body...... SPIDERS3b. Legs shorter than body.... TICKS

4a. Have stinging tail......... SCORPIONS4b. No sting................................ level 5

5a. Claws, 8 to 18 legs.. CRUSTACEANS5b. More than 18 legs.... MYRIAPODS

Use this key to classify each animal intoits group. Sketches are NOT to the same scale.

Student Name.............................................Score ................/ 21

Topic Test - Living ThingsAnswer all questionsin the spaces provided.

1. (10 marks)True or False? T or Fa) When classifying living things,

we try to use structuralfeatures of organisms. ..............

b) Bacteria are the onlyunicellular kingdom. ..............

c) There are 2 kingdoms oflife that are multicellular. ...........

d) All fungi are heterotrophic. ..............

e) Ferns grow from seeds. .............

f) Algae and Mosses arenon-vascular plants. ..............

g) Mollusc animals havean internal skeleton. ..............

h) Insects & spiders belong to the Echinoderm group. ..............

i) Fish are the only group withskin covered in scales. ..............

j) A “species” is defined byreproduction. .............

2. (4 marks)For each pair of items, state clearlywhat is the difference between them?

a) Autotrophic and Heterotrophic

b) Endothermic and Exothermic

a)...............................

b)...............................

c)...............................

g)...............................f)...............................

d)............................... e)...............................

Sting




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21

Answer SectionWorksheet 1a) groups b) structurec) cells d) nucleuse) cell wall f) unicellularg) multicellular h) autotrophesi) heterotrophes

Worksheet 2A. PLANT B. PROTISTSC. BACTERIA D. ANIMALE. FUNGI F. ANIMAL

Worksheet 3a) no b) no c) no d) no

e) Mosses f) no g) no

h) yes i) yes j) yes k) no

l) Conifers m) yes n) yes o) yes p) yes

q) yes r) yes s) yes t) yes u) flower

Worksheet 4Plants

Multicellular & Autotrophic

FloweringPlants

Conifers

Ferns

MossesAlgae

YES

YES

YES

NO

NONO

coneflower

Is it Vascular?(yes or no?)

Does it have rhizoidroots, and simple leaves?

Does it make seeds?

Does it make seedsin a cone or flower?

Worksheet 51. a) MOLLUSC b) 1a, 4b, 7b, 8b.2. a) HOLLOW-BODIED b) 1b, 2a, 3a.3. a) ARTHROPOD b) 1a, 4b, 7b, 8a.4. a) ECHINODERM b) 1b, 2a, 3b.5. a) ARTHROPOD b) 1a, 4b, 7b, 8a.6. a) SEGMENTED WORM b) 1a, 4a, 5b, 6a.

Topic Test1. a) T b) F c) F d) Te) F f) T g) F h) Fi) F j) T

2.a) Autotrophic refers to an organism whichmakes its own food. A heterotrophicorganism needs to eat food made bysomeone else.

b) Endothermic animals make their ownbody heat. Exothermic animals rely on theenvironment for their warmth.

3.a) Crustacean b) Scorpionc) Myriapod d) Ticke) Insect f) Myriapodg) Spider

years 7-8 living things - macarthur girls sciencephotocopy master sheets years 7-8 living things ......

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