Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

Edited by J.-L.Vincent

1992

Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1992

Edited by 1. -L. Vincent

With 128 Figures and 107 Tables

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

Prof lean-Louis Vincent Clinical Director, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

ISBN- I 3: 978-3-540-5524 I -3 e-ISBN- I 3: 978-3-642-84734-9 001: 10. I 007/978-3-642-84734-9

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra­tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and stor­age in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

@ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1992

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publica­tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.

Typesetting and printing: Zechnersche Buchdruckerei, 0-6720 Speyer Binding: J. Schaffer, 0-6718 Griinstadt

19/3130/PE-S 432 10- Printed on acid-free paper

Contents

Multiple Organ Failure: A Cascade of Mediators

Multiple Organ Failure and Infection: Cause, Consequence, or Coincidence (J. C.Marshall) 3

The Role of the Endothelium in Multiple Organ Failure (C. J. Kirkpatrick, B. Klosterhalfen, and S. Hauptmann) 14

The Role of Interleukin-l in Septic Shock (C. A. Dinarel/o, K. A iura, and J. A. Gelfand) ........ 25

Cytokines and Cytokine Antagonists in Sepsis and Critical Illness (5. F. Lowry and L. L. Moldawer) .... 36

Tumor Necrosis Factor during Sepsis (C. J. van der Linden, I. Engelberts, and W.A. Buurman) 44

Interactions between TNFa and Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (P. Van der Auwera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Determinants of Neutrophil Adhesion Following Ischemia (T. F. Lindsay, J. Hill, and H. B. Hechtman) ......... 57

Factors Determining Endotoxin Sensitivity (K. F. Bruin, J. Jansen, and S. J. H. van Deventer) . . .. 70

Mechanisms of Endotoxin Induced Endothelial Injury (K. L. Brigham) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 80

Novel Approaches to the Treatment of Septic Shock (D. C. Morrison, R. Silverstein, and M. J. Parmely). .... 91

Biochemical Alterations in Ischemia and Reperfusion (J.Pincemail, G.Deby-Dupont, and M.Lamy) .... 104

Prostanoids and Sepsis (B. Guidet, F. Staikowsky, and G. Offenstadt) ...... .. 115

VI Contents

Cardiac Failure

Cardiac Complications of Local Anesthetic Agents (J. E. de la Coussaye, J. Brugada, and J. J. Eledjam) .... 129

Perioperative Cardiac Morbidity: New Developments and Controversies (D. T. Mangano) ............. 137

Perioperative Heart Failure (M.B. Vroom, H.B. van Wezel, and P.A. van Zwieten) ... 148

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Treating Low-Output Syndrome (J.Boldt, C.Knothe, and G.Hempelmann) ... 163

Doppler-Echocardiography in Critically III Patients (F. Ricou and R.Lerch) .................... 174

Lung Edema - Pulmonary Hemodynamics

Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (K. Hillman)

The Alveolar Epithelial Barrier (M.A.Matthay)

Physiological Assessment of Acute Lung Injury in the Intensive Care Unit

185

194

(P. D. Macnaughton, D. N. Hunter, and T. W. Evans) . . . . . 204

Morphology of Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation (C.A. Wagenvoort, K.P.Dingemans, and V.D. Vuzevski) .. 214

Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Volunteers (C. G. Frostell) ........................ 233

Gut Ischemia

Pathophysiology of Gut Mucosal Barrier Breakdown in Shock (U. Haglund) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 241

Alterations in Gastrointestinal Barrier Function in Sepsis: The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on Mucosal Permeability to Hydrophilic Solutes (M.P.Fink) .......... . 248

The Potential for Monitoring Gastric Intramucosal pH to Reduce the Costs of Critical Care (R. G.Fiddian-Green) . 259

Contents VII

Cellular Hypoxia

Oxygen Delivery and Uptake: Insights from Animal Studies (R. W. Samsel and P. T. Schumacker) . . . . . . . . . .. 271

Tissue Hypoxia in Animal Models of Sepsis (S.M. Cain) 281

The Role of O2 Transport Related Variables in the Assessment of Tissue Oxygenation in the Clinical Setting (K. Reinhart, L. Hannemann, and M. Specht) . . . . . .. 294

Influences of Various Respiratory and Circulatory Conditions on Muscle Tissue Oxygenation in Critically III Patients (1. Schulte am Esch, H. W. Bause, and E. Kochs) .... 303

Is Oxygen Consumption an Important Clinical Target? (0. Boyd and E. D. Bennett) ................. 310

Respiratory Support

Respiratory Resistances in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: The Effects of PEEP (A.Pesenti and P.Pelosi) ....... 325

Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics During Total and Partial Ventilatory Support (G. lotti, A.Braschi, and 1. X. Brunner) ........ 331

Synchronous and Dys-synchronous Patient -Ventilator Interactions (N. R. MacIntyre) ..... 346

Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia by New Ventilatory Techniques (A.Pardou and 1.M.Bouton) .... 356

Respiratory Failure in Asthma: Management of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient (c. Perret and F. Feihl) . . . 364

Approaches to Improve Survival in Severe ARDS (K. Lewandowski, K. Slama, and K. 1. Falke) ...... 372

The Place of Extracorporeal CO2 Removal in the Treatment of ARDS (F. Brunet, 1. Dal/'A va-Santucci, and 1. F. Dhainaut)

Difficult Weaning (M.l. Tobin and A.lubran)

384

393

VIII Contents

Respiratory Monitoring

Continuous Intra-Arterial Blood Gas Monitoring (R. P. Dellinger and l.L.Zimmerman) ...... . .. 401

The Expiratory Capnogram in Mechanically Ventilated Patients (L.Blanch, R.Fernandez, and A.Artigas) . . . . 411

Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography for Assessing Risk of Pulmonary Barotrauma (l.Dall'Ava-Santucci, F.Brunet, and l.F.Dhainaut) . . 416

Evaluation of Pulmonary Mechanics in Mechanically Ventilated Children (F. Leclerc, Y. Riou, and L. Storme) . . . 429

Infectious Complications

General Concepts for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery (C.Martin, l.P.Auffray, and P.Bantz) ........... 443

Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (l. P. Quinn) ....................... . 457

Incidence and Risk Factors of ICU Acquired Pneumonia (M. Hemmer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit: Can Critical Care Technology Help? (M. S. Niederman) ............ 475

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (P. Mols, E. Makhoul, and L. De Myttenaere) ........ 487

Caring for Children with Poor Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Arrests (l.H.McCrory) ........ 494

Myocardial Dysfunction after Successful Cardiac Resuscitation (M. H. Wei! and W. Tang) .................. 503

Current Concepts in Brain Resuscitation (M.C.Rogers and l.R.Kirsch) ................ 514

Contents IX

eNS Injury and Trauma

The Role of Free Radicals in Ischemic and Reperfusion Brain Injury (M.A.Helfae/~ l.R.Kirsch, and R.l. Traystmanj 527

Brain Edema and Raised Intracranial Pressure after Head Injury (N. M. Dearden) . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Cerebrovascular Effects of Hypertonic Resuscitation (D. S. Prough and D. S. De Witt) .......... .... 553

The 21-Aminosteroid Antioxidant Tirilazad Mesylate in CNS Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock (E. D. Hall) .... 567

Neuro-Hormonal Regulation after Trauma (A. V. Turnbull and R.A.Little) ............... 574

Organ Transplantation

Acute Allograft Rejection: Immunobiology and Therapeutic Strategies (M. Goldman, D.Abramowicz, and M. L. Alegre) 585

Immunosuppression in a Critically III Patient (M.A. Hardy) 594

Nutrition and Metabolism

Enteral Nutrition for the Critically III (G. 1. Dobb) . 609

Calcium Homeostasis during Sepsis (G. P. Zaloga) . 620

Intensive Care Sedation (M. P. Shelly) ...... . 632

Toxicolog~'

Major Chemical Accidents: Medical and Organizational Aspects (P.Kulling)

Place of Activated Charcoal and Gastric Emptying in Acute Toxic Ingestions: A Critical Reappraisal

..... 643

(P.Lheureux and R.Askenasi) ................ 656

X Contents

Organization and Evaluation

A Survey of Emergency Medical Service Systems in Europe (L. Bossaert) ......................... 663

Prediction of Outcome in Critically III Patients (G.F. Coppa and G.A.Half/) . . . . . . . . . . . 673

Measuring the Severity of Injury (D. W. Yates) . 682

Decision Support Systems in Intensive Care (A.Kari, E.Ruokonen, and 1. Taka/a) ............ 691

List of Contributors

Abramowicz, D. Department of Nephrology, Erasme University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

Aiura, K. Department of l\iedicine, New England Medical Center Hospital, 750 Washington Street, Boston l\iA 02111, USA

Alegre, M.L. Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

Artigas, A. Department of Intensive Care, Hospital de Sabadell, Parc Tauli, 08208 SabadeIl, Spain

Askenasi, R. Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

A uffra)", 1. P. Department of Anesthesiology, Ste Marguerite University Hospital, 270 Bid de Ste Marguerite, 13274l\larseilles Cedex 9, France

Bantz, P. Department of Anesthesiology, Ste Marguerite University Hospital, 270 Bid de Ste Marguerite, 13274 Marseilles Cedex 9, France

Bause, H. W. Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 2000 Hamburg 20, Germany

Bennet, E. D. Intensive Care Unit, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London SW 17 ORE, United Kingdom

Blanch, L. Department of Intensive Care, Hospital de Sabadell, Parc Tauli, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

Boldt, 1. Department of Intensive Care, Justus-liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 29, 6300 Giessen, Germany

Bossaert, L. Department of Intensive Care, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein I, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium

Bouton, 1. M. Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Place A. Van Gehuchten 4, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Boyd, o. Intensive Care Unit, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London SW 17 ORE, United Kingdom

Braschi, A. Department of Anesthesiology, Policlinico S. Matteo I.R.C.C.S., Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy

Brigham, K. L. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232-2650, USA

Brugada,l. Department of Cardiology, Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

XII List of Contributors

Bruin, K.F. Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, ArtheroscIerosis and Inflammation, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Brunet, F. Department of Intensive Care, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France

Brunner, f. X. Department of Anesthesiology, PolicIinico S. Matteo I.R.C.C.S., Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy

Buurman, W.A. Department of Surgery, University of Limburg, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

Cain, S.M. Department of Physiology, University of Alabama, University Station, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005, USA

Coppa, G.F. Department of Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center, 530 First Avenue, Suite 6B, New York City NY 10016, USA

Dall'A va-Santucci, f. Department of Intensive Care, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France

Dearden, N.M. Department of Neurosurgery, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom

Deby-Dupont, G. Institut de Chimie B6, University of Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium

de la Coussaye, f. E. Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Nimes, 5 rue Hoche, 30029 Nimes Cedex, France

Dellinger, R.P. Ben Taub General Hospital, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston TX 77030, USA

De Myttenaere, L. Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, rue Haute 222, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

De Witt, D. S. Department of Anesthesia, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem NC 27157-1009, USA

Dhainaut, f.F. Department of Intensive Care, Cochin University Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France

Dinarello, C. A. Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospital, 750 Washington Street, Boston MA 02111, USA

Dingemans, K. P. Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Dobb, G.f. Intensive Care Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Box X2213, Perth 6001, Western Australia

Eledjam, f. f. Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Nimes, 5 rue Hoche, 30029 Nimes Cedex, France

Engelberts, [. Department of Surgery, University of Limburg, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

Evans, T. W. Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6L Y, United Kingdom

Falke, K.f. Department of Anesthesia, Universitatsklinik R. Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1, 1000 Berlin 65, Germany

Feihl, F. Department of Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Pathophysiology, University Hospital Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland

Fernandez, R. Department of Intensive Care, Hospital de Sabadell, Apartat de Correus 196, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

Fiddian-Green, R. G. Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester MA 01655, USA

Fink, M.P. Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester MA 01655, USA

Frostel!, C. G. Department of Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute at the Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd 18288, Sweden

Gelfand, I.A. Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospital, 750 Washington Street, Boston MA02111, USA

Guidet, B. Intensive Care Unit, St Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg St Antoine, 75012 Paris, France

Goldman, M. Department of Immunology, Erasme University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

Haglund, U. Department of Surgery, University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden

Halff, G.A. Department of Surgery, Bellevue Medical Center, 530 First Avenue, Suite 6B, New York City NY 10016, USA

Hal!, E.D. CNS Diseases Research, The Upjohn Company. Kalamazoo MI 49001, USA

Hannemann, L. Department of Anesthesiology, Universitatsklinik Steglitz, Hindenburgdamm 30, 1000 Berlin 45, Germany

List of Contributors XIII

Hardy, M.A. Department of Surgery, Columbia University Hospital, 630 West 168th Street, New York NY 10032, USA

Hauptmann, S. Institute of Pathology, Klinikum der RWTH, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 5100 Aachen, Germany

Hechtman, H. B. Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston MA 02115, USA

Helfaer, M. A. Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1408, Baltimore MD 21205, USA

Hemmer, M. Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, rue Barbie 4, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Hempelmann, G. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, J ustus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 29, 6300 Giessen, Germany

Hill, I. Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston MA 02115, USA

Hillman, K. Department of Intensive Care, The Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth Street, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia

Hunter, D.N. Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6L Y, United Kingdom

/o((i, G. Department of Anesthesiology, Policlinico S. Matteo I.R.C.C.S., Piazzale Golgi 2,27100 Pavia, Italy

lansen, I. Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Artherosclerosis and Inflammation, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

XIV List of Contributors

Jubran, A. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hines V A Hospital, Hines IL60141, USA

Kari, A. Department of Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland

Kirkpatrick, C. J. Institute of Pathology, Klinikum der RWTH, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 5100 Aachen, Germany

Kirsch, J. R. Department of Critical Care, The lohns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Blalock 1415, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD 21205, USA

Klosterhaljen, B. Institute of Pathology, Klinikum der RWTH, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 5100 Aachen, Germany

Knothe, C. Department of Intensive Care Medicine, lustus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 29, 6300 Giessen, Germany

Kochs, E. Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 2000 Hamburg 20, Germany

Kulling, P. Swedish Poison Information Center, Box 60500, 104 01 Stockholm, Sweden

Lamy, M. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Liege, CHU B35, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium

Lerch, R. Cardiology Center, University Hospital, 1211 Geneve, Switzerland

Leclerc, F. Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Hopital Calmette, Bid du Prof. 1. Leclerq, 59037 Lille, France

Lewandowski, K. Department of Intensive Care, Universitatsklinik R. Virchow, Augustenburger Platz I, 1000 Berlin 65, Germany

Lheureux, P. Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

Lindsay, T. F. Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston MA 02115, USA

Little, R.A. Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M 13 9PT, United Kingdom

Lowry, S.F. Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, 525 E. 68th Street, Rm. F-2016, New York NY 10021, USA

MacIntyre, N. R. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3911, DUMC, Durham NC2771O, USA

Macnaughton, P.D. Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6L Y, United Kingdom

Makhoul, E. Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, rue Haute 222, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Mangano, D. T. Department of Anesthesia, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco CA 94121, USA

Marshall, J. C. Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada

Martin, C. Department of Anesthesiology, Ste Marguerite University Hospital, 270 Bid de Ste Marguerite, 13274 Marseilles Cedex 9, France

Matthay, M.A. Department of Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143-0130, USA

McCrory, J. H. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, St John's Regional Health Center, 1235 East Cherokee, Springfield MO 65804-2263, USA

Moldawer, L. L. Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, 525 E. 68th Street, Rm F-2016, New York NY 10021, USA

Mols, P. Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, rue Haute 222, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Morrison, D. C. Department of Microbiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 39th and Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City KS 66103, USA

Niederman, M. S. Respiratory ICU, Winthrop-University Hospital, 222 Station Plaz North, Suite 400, Mineola NY 11501, USA

Ojjenstadt, G. Intensive Care Unit, St Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France

Pardou, A. Pediatric Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

Parmely, M. J. Department of 1\·licrobiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 39th and Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City KS 66103, USA

Pelosi, P. Department of Anesthesiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Donizetti 106, Monza 20052, Italy

Pesenti, A. Department of Anesthesiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Donizetti 106, Monza 20052, Italy

List of Contributors XV

Perret, C. Department of Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Pathophysiology, University Hospital Vaudois, lOll Lausanne, Switzerland

Pincemail, J. Institut de Chimie B6, University of Liege, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege I, Belgium

Prough, D. S. Department of Anesthesia, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem NC 27157-1009, USA

Quinn, J.P. Division of Infectious Diseases, Michael Reese Hospital, Lake Shore Drive at 31st Street, Chicago IL 60616, USA

Reinhart, K. Department of Anesthesiology, Universitatsklinik Steglitz, Hindenburgdamm 30, 1000 Berlin 45, Germany

Ricou, F. Cardiology Center, University Hospital, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland

Riou, Y. Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Hopital Calmette, Bid du Prof. J. Leclerq, 59037 Lille, France

Rogers, M. C. Department of Critical Care, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 1415, Baltimore MD 21205, USA

Ruokonen, E. Department of Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland

Samsel, R. W. Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago IL 60637, USA

Schulte am Esch, J. Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 2000 Hamburg 20, Germany

XVI List of Contributors

Schumacker, P. T. Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago IL 60637, USA

Shelly, M. P. Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, Withington, Manchester M20 8LR, United Kingdom

Silverstein, R, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, 39th and Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City KS 66103, USA

Slama, K. Department of Intensive Care, Universitatsklinik R. Virchow, Augustenburger Platz I, 1000 Berlin 65, Germany

Specht, M. Department of Anesthesiology, Universitatsklinik Steglitz, Hindenburgdamm 30, 1000 Berlin 45, Germany

Staikowsky, F. Intensive Care Unit, St Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg St Antoine, 75012 Paris, France

Storme, L. Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, H6pital Calmette, Bid du Prof. J. Leclerq, 59037 Lille, France

Takala, J. Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland

Tang, W. The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago IL 60064, USA

Tobin, M.J. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines IL 60141, USA

Traystman, R. J. Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1408, Baltimore MD 21205, USA

Turnbull, A. V. Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M!3 9PT, United Kingdom

Van der Auwera, P. Department of Infectious Diseases, Jules Bordet Institute, rue Heger-Bordet I, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

van der Linden, C. J. Department of Surgery, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

van Deventer, S. J. H. Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Artherosclerosis and Inflammation, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

van Wezel, H. B. Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

van Zwieten, P.A. Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Vroom, M.B. Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Vuzevski, V. D. Department of Pathology, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Wagenvoort, C.A. Department of Pathology, University Hospital Dijkzigt, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Weil, M.H. The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago IL 60064, USA

YaTes, D. W. Department of Critical Care 1\ledicine, University of 1\lanchester, Hope Hospital, Salford 1\16 8HD, United Kingdom

List of Contributors XVII

Zaloga, G. P. Department of Critical Care, Wake Forest University, Medical Center boulevard, Winston-Salem NC 27103, USA

Zimmerman, 1. L. Baylor College of l\ledicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston TX 77030, USA

Abbreviations

ARDS

ATP

BAL

CHF

CNS

COPD

CPAP

CPB

CPPV

CPR

CSF

CT

DIC

D02

ECC02-R

ECMO

FRC GI

HES

HFJV

HTX

ICU

IL IMY

IV

LPS

LV

MOF

MV02

PAF

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Adenosine triphosphate

Broncho-alveloar lavage

Congestive heart failure

Central nervous system

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Continuous positive airway pressure

Cardiopulmonary bypass

Continuous positive pressure ventilation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Cerebro-spinal fluid

Computerized tomography

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Oxygen delivery

Extracorporeal CO2 removal

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Functional residual capacity

Gastro-intestinal

Hydroxyethyl starch

High frequency jet ventilation

Heart transplantation

Intensive care unit

Interleukin

Intermittent mandatory ventilation

Intravenous

Lipopolysaccharide

Left ventricular

Multiple organ failure

Myocardial oxygen consumption

Platelet activating factor

xx

PAOP

PDE PEEP RV SIMV

TNF V02

WBC

Abbreviations

Pulmonary artery balloon-occluded pressure

Phosphodiesterase

Positive end-expiratory pressure

Right ventricular

Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation

Tumor necrosis factor

Oxygen consumption/uptake

White blood cell