year-1 plans (2005-06)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory1

Experimental and Micromechanical Computational Study of Pile Foundations Subjected to Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading - Task 1 (1g Tests)Task 1 (1g Tests)

S. Thevanayagam, UB

Research Progress MeetingMarch 30, 2006, 2-4 pm; UB-VTC

PI: R. Dobry, co-PI’s: A. Elgamal, S. Thevanayagam, T. Abdoun, M. ZeghalUB-NEES Lab: A. Reinhorn, M. Pitman, J. Hanley, T. AlbrechcinskiTulane: UsamaStudents: Ecemis, Peng Hao; RPI Students


Year-1 Plans Year-1 Plans (2005-06)(2005-06)

Planning & Preparations Sand Construction, Dry Runs & Preliminary Equipment Tests (9/05-5/06)

Saturated Free-Field Liquefaction Tests Level Ground (LG-1) – Harmonic progressive amplitude increase (June 1-30, 06)

Sloping Ground (SG-1) - Harmonic progressive amplitude increase (July 1-20, 06)

Pre-test Data for FEM/DEM modelers – 2mo before tests for Class A prediction

Single Pile Tests High-EI Pile (Test 1A) – Harmonic progressive amplitude increase, 0.2-0.3g (July 15-Aug.15, 06)

Low-EI Pile (Test 1B) – Harmonic progressive amplitude increase, 0.2-0.3g (Sept.1-30, 06)

Coordination w/ Centrifuge Tests & IT


AgendaAgenda UB-Schedule (Theva)

Overall Schedule Equipment Fabrication/Assembly - Readiness

Test Schedule & Instrumentation Schedule (& Procurement) (ST) Coord. with RPI (Instrumentation), UB & IT (ST, TA, AMR)

Ground Motion & Ground Slope (Theva) Liquefaction Simulations: UB; RPI; Tulane (NE, MG, Usama, 5min each) Conclusions – Gr Motion & Slope (Elgamal, Ricardo) Non-Destructive Testing – Preliminary (Elgamal, Mourad, MP)

Test Preparations (Nurhan) Laminar Box, Floor, Actuator Control – Status & Readiness (ST, AMR, MP) Sand Construction, CPT; Instrument Procurement & Placement (ST, TA, AMR)


Agenda- Prelim DiscussionAgenda- Prelim Discussion Saturated Free-Field Liquefaction Tests (Theva)

Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) Level Ground (LG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision on Ground motion (Ricardo)

Sloping Ground (SG-1) – Uncertainty & Decision & Corrections/ Box Slope; Gr. Motion (Ricardo)

Pre-test Data for FEM/DEM modelers – Additional Data Needed? (Mourad, Usama, Elgamal)

Single Pile Tests (Theva) Instrumentation – Plan & Adequacy (TA, ST) High-EI Pile (Test 1A) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo) Low-EI Pile (Test 1B) – Decision on EI – Value? (Ricardo)

3-D Visualization & IT Preparations (Hassan, 10 minute Presentation)


UB-NEES Schedule - 2006UB-NEES Schedule - 2006 NEES - Soil-Pile

Strong Floor; Strong Wall, Work Space, Shared-Instrumentation (4/06-10/06) Sand Pumps; Fast Actuators (4/06-10/06)

NEES - WOOD Twin Shake Tables, Work Space; Shared Instrumentation (4/06-12/06)

NEES - Nonstructural Component (NSC) Strong Floor (between Laminar Box & Shake Tables) (3/6-12/06) Shared Instrumentation, Workspace

NEES – OtherShared Resources

Everyone’s cooperation needed


Year-1 Pile - Schedule Year-1 Pile - Schedule (2006)(2006)Task Name

Laminar Box (NEES)

Sand Pumping Trials

Box Setup

Base-Modification - Assembly

Move LB to strong floor

Remove Rings and place them

Remove Base Ring & top plate and & place

Flip Base Bridge

Weld WS-1 along BT mount region

Drill holes on I-beams for flange support mounting

Mount FSP's on bottom of I-beams

Mount the BT's to the FSP

Base Support System

Joint the SFSP to the strong floor

Joint the HP to SFSP

Grout below SFSP

Level SFSP

Place the steel base bridge on SFSP

Level the bearings below steel base bridge

Place the top plate on steel base bridge

Reaction Beam

Drill holes on reaction beam

Drill holes for actuator on AMP's

Drill holes on Gusset Plate #1

Weld the WS-2 to the reaction beam

Weld gusset plate #2 to AMP's and Gusset Plate #1

Weld AMP on reaction beam

tie the reaction beam on top plate

Actuator Mount Test

4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4April May June


Task Name

Box Assembly

Leveling the Bearings

Attaching Fenders

Edge Protector

Stack Rings

Inclining the Box (Future)-Design

Incline Box Support

Incline Box

Tie the Ring 1

Sand

Sand Delivery and Storing

Access Pad

Rent the truck

Storing

Sand-Pump Trials

Membrane Construction

Cut the membrane

Membrane glueing

Patch the corners with leftover membrane pieces

Mount the plate to the LB base over membrane

Put lap sealant to prevent leakage

PVC sheet floor cover

Drain Hose

Observe the leakage

Fill the LB with water up to 6 m

Actuators & Controller

Ground Motion Development

Controller Implementation

Controller Simulation Tests

NIST-Traceable Actuator Calibration

Actuators' connection to hydraulic system

Actuators/Controller initial tests

3/26 4/2 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4March April May June


Task Name

Initial Test LG-1

Instruments Placement

On Rings

Put 3 story frame near the LB

place the instrumentations on rings

Accelerometers(16-UB)

Potentiometers(21-UB)

Inside the soil

tie small cable to the top and bottom

locate sensors on cables

place the instrumentations inside the soil

Piezometers(24-RPI)

TP sensors to the base over the membrane(3-RPI)

seal the TPs after putting over the membrane

MEMS(2)

Slurry Pumping

CPT / Density Testing

Tie a beam on LB

Prepare pully

arrange a place for person to push the cone

determine palces to take a measurement

penetrate the cone into the soil by actuator and puully setup

Strong Floor Shaking

Data Reporting / Archiving

Pump the sand to the storage areas

Remove Instruments

On Rings

Accelerometers

Potentiometers

Inside the soil

Piezometers

TP sensors

MEMS

3/26 4/2 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25March April May June


Task Name

Initial Test SG-1


Incline Box Support

Incline Box

Tie the Ring #1


On Rings





Inside the soil




Piezometers(24-RPI)



MEMS

Slurry Pumping


determine places to take a measurement

penetrate the cone into the soil by actuator and pully setup



pump the sand to the storage areas

Remove Instruments

On Rings

Accelerometers

Potentiometers

Inside the soil

Piezometers

TP sensors

MEMS

6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16June July


Task Name

Single Pile Tests

Test 1A:High EI Pile Test

Purchase a High EI Pile

Purchase a Low EI Pile


On Piles

Group certain number of instruments on pile (20.4ft)

take the instrument cables inside pile

seal the holes on pile

On Rings

put 3 story frame near the LB

Place the instruments on rings

Inside the soil

Instrument piezometers

Instrument TP sensors to the base over the membrane


Slurry Pumping


Tie a beam on LB

Prepare pully






pump the sand back to the storage areas

Remove Instruments

On Rings

Accelerometers

Potentiometers

Inside the soil

Piezometers

TP sensors

MEMS

7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/30 8/6 8/13 8/20 8/27July August


Task Name

Test 1B:Low EI Pile Test


On Piles

Group certain number of instruments on pile (20.4ft)

take the instrument cables inside pile

seal the holes on pile

On Rings

put 3 story frame near the LB

Place the instruments on rings



Inside the soil

Instrument piezometers



Slurry Pumping


Tie a beam on LB

Prepare pully






pump the sand back to the storage areas

Remove Instruments

On Rings

Accelerometers

Potentiometers

Inside the soil

Piezometers

TP sensors

MEMS

8/27 9/3 9/10 9/17 9/24 10/1 10/8August September October


Agenda – Action ItemsAgenda – Action Items UB-Schedule (Theva)




Test Preparations (Nurhan) Laminar Box, Floor, Actuator Control – Status & Readiness (ST, AMR, MP) Sand Construction, CPT; Instrument Procurement & Placement (ST, TA, AMR)

Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory

Liquefaction Simulation

Student: Marcelo GonzalezSupervisor: Prof. Tarek AbdounCo- supervisor: Prof. Ricardo Dobry


Using the FEM Cyclic1D software, 1-g, 1-D response of 6m column of soil was analyzed for the following input motions:

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Time [sec]

A

ccel

erat

ion

Mot

ion

[g]

Motion #6

0.3g/20s

Motion #5

0.05/5s, 0.15g/5s,

0.3g/10s


Soil properties and dimensions of the model:

Water table

6 m

Inclination angles:

Level ground and 2 degrees 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

0 50 100 150 200-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

Relative Density 45%

Dept

h, m

Eff.Vert.StresskPa

Gmax

= 1,000 K2 max

p' 0.5

K2 max

= 9.4 kPa

Shear Wave Velocitym / sec


Results: Pore water pressure history

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE RATIOAT BOTTOM OF THE LAMINAR BOX

0.3g, 2 and 10 Hz, Level ground and 2 Slope

Diff.Ampl.- 2 Hz - 2 Slope

Diff.Ampl.- 2 Hz - Level Ground

Exc

ess

Po

re w

ate

r p

ress

ure

ra

tio

Time [sec]


Results: Horizontal soil displacements

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT AT SURFACERELATIVE TO THE BASE

0.3g - 2Hz - LG

Diff.Ampl - 2Hz - LG

0.3g - 10Hz - LG

Diff.Ampl - 2Hz - 2 Slope0.3g - 10Hz - 2 Slope

0.3g - 2Hz - 2 Slope

Ho

rizo

nta

l Dis

pla

cem

en

t [m

]

Time [sec]


Input MotionDr(%)

Inclination Angle

Saturated Unit weight Shear Wave velocity Horizontal displacement

Amplitude (g)Frequency

(Hz) (degree) (kN/m3) at 6 m depth relative to the base (m)

0.3 2 45 0 19 195 0.50

0.3 2 45 2 19 195 3.00

0.3 10 45 0 19 195 0.10

0.3 10 45 2 19 195 3.00

0.05, 0.15, 0.3 2 45 0 19 195 0.40

0.05, 0.15, 0.3 2 45 2 19 195 2.00

Summary


Draft Ground Draft Ground Motion #1:Motion #1:

uumax max = 0.74’’= 0.74’’f = 2 Hzf = 2 Hzffn n = 5 – 7 Hz= 5 – 7 Hzaamax max = 0.3 g= 0.3 g

(0.05/10; 0.1/10, 0.3/10)


SoilSoil

UB Tests – OS#55 Ottawa Sand

•Dr=40%, Vs (at 10m depth) = 205 m/sec

•Dr=50%, Vs (at 10m depth) = 210 m/sec


Ground Motion Ground Motion #2:#2:

umax = 0.74’’f = 2 Hzfn = 5 – 7 Hzamax = 0.3 g

(0.05g/5; 0.1g/5, 0.3g/5)


1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation 1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation Horizontal Displacement Time History

(Relative to the base, m)

Motion #2

UB Tests-OS#55 Ottawa Sand

Dr=40%

e= 0.720

k= 1E-5 m/sec

=3o

=2o

=1.5o

(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s, 0.3g/5s)




=3o

=2o

=1.5o


Dr=50%

e= 0.70

k= 1E-5 m/sec

(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s, 0.3g/5s)


Ground Ground Motion #3:Motion #3:

umax = 0.74’’f = 2 Hzfn = 5 – 7 Hzamax = 0.3 g (0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s,0.3g/10s)


Horizontal Displacement Time History

Motion #3


Dr=40%

e= 0.720

Dry Unit Weight=15.1kN/m3

k= 1E-5 m/sec

=3o

=2o

=1.5o



(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s,0.3g/10s)




=30

=20

=1.50

Motion #3


Dr=50%

e= 0.70

Dry Unit Weight=15.3kN/m3

k= 1E-5 m/sec

(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s,0.3g/10s)


Ground Motion #4:

umax = 0.59’’f = 2 Hzfn = 5 – 7 Hzamax = 0.25 g

(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s,0.25g/5s,0.05g/5s)



(Relative to the base, m) Ground Motion #4:

=20

=1.50

Motion#4

Dr=40%

e= 0.72

k= 1E-5 m/sec

(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s,0.25g/5s,0.05g/5s)




=20

=1.50

Motion# 4

Dr=50%

e= 0.70

k= 1E-5 m/sec

(0.05g/5s; 0.1g/5s,0.25g/5s,0.05g/5s)


5s,5s,5s,5s

Dr=40%

e= 0.72

k= 1E-5 m/sec

=20



u at 3m

u at 6m


5s,5s,5s,5s

Dr=40%

e= 0.72

k= 1E-5 m/sec



=1.50 u at 3m

u at 6m


1-g FEM Sloping Ground 1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation Results (UB):Simulation Results (UB):

Dr(%)Shear Wave

Velocity at 10 m depth (m/s)

Saturated Unit Weight (kN/m3)

Inclination angle

Horizontal Displacement

relative to the base (m)

40 205 19.2 3 3.0040 205 19.2 2 2.0040 205 19.2 1.5 1.5050 210 19.3 3 2.8050 210 19.3 2 1.8050 210 19.3 1.5 1.20

40 205 19.2 3 4.3040 205 19.2 2 2.8040 205 19.2 1.5 2.2050 210 19.3 3 4.1050 210 19.3 2 2.6050 210 19.3 1.5 2.00

40 205 19.2 2 2.8040 205 19.2 1.5 2.1050 210 19.3 2 2.7050 210 19.3 1.5 2.00

Ground Motion 2 (5sec, 5sec, 5sec)(f=2Hz)

Ground Motion 4 (5s, 5s, 5s, 5s)(f=2Hz)



1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation 1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation Results (RPI):Results (RPI):

5sec,5sec, 10sec


1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation 1-g FEM Sloping Ground Simulation Results (Usama):Results (Usama):

Solid Unit Weight=26kN/m^3

Soil Density = ?

Motion #1

0.05/10s, 0.1g/10s, 0.3g/10s


SummarySummaryDr(%)

Shear Wave Velocity at 10 m

depth (m/s)

Saturated Unit Weight (kN/m3)

Inclination angle

Horizontal Displacement

relative to the base (m)

40 205 19.2 3 3.040 205 19.2 2 2.040 205 19.2 1.5 1.550 210 19.3 3 2.850 210 19.3 2 1.850 210 19.3 1.5 1.2

40 205 19.2 3 4.340 205 19.2 2 2.840 205 19.2 1.5 2.2

45 (RPI) 195(at 6m depth) 19.2 2 2.050 210 19.3 3 4.150 210 19.3 2 2.650 210 19.3 1.5 2.0

40 205 19.2 2 2.8040 205 19.2 1.5 2.1050 210 19.3 2 2.7050 210 19.3 1.5 2.00

10sec, 10sec, 10sec (IT) 2 4

Ground Motion 4 (5s, 5s, 5s, 5s)(f=2Hz)


Ground Motion 3 (RPI=#5) (5sec, 5sec,

10sec)(f=2Hz)


Ground Motion/Slope DiscussionGround Motion/Slope Discussion• Chosen Ground motion (0.05/5s, 0.1g/5s, 0.25 or 0.3g/5s) is adequate to induce gradual rise in pore press. & Liquefaction.

• Simulation results show that once Liquefaction is reached, sliding continues; Sliding increases with increase in slope. Typically exceeds 1m in 10-12 s and increases with time.

• In real world, sliding will cease due to densification and dilation.

• Ring Correction: Box Inclination = Field Inclination / 2.2 (approx)

• Ring Friction Correction is not significant

Uncertainties

• Look into 1-D simulations & possible Dr achievable more carefully before choosing inclination.

• Perform LG-1 with GM#2 or GM#4; Await for Level Ground Test Results before finalizing Slope Angle.


Ground Motion/Slope - Concensus?Ground Motion/Slope - Concensus?• Soil Density = 40-50% (?)

• Ground Surface Inclination= 1.5 to 2o

• Box Inclination

= Field Inclination / 2.2 (approx)

• Maximum displacement= 1 m in 10 - 12 s

• Uncertainties – Simulation, Density

• Tentative Gr. Motion

Ottawa Sand

Dr=40 – 50%

k=1E-5m/sec

= 19.2kN/m3


Non-Destructive Testing – Ground Non-Destructive Testing – Ground MotionMotion

Preliminary Discussion / Feasibility

What Kind of Ground Motion is Desired? What measurements desired? What are you going to do with measurements? (Mourad / Elgamal)

UB – Respond with Feasibility (MP/AMR)

Follow up with Next Meeting (ST)


Agenda – Status BriefingAgenda – Status Briefing UB-Schedule (Theva)




Test Preparations Status (Nurhan) Laminar Box, Floor, Actuator Control – Status & Readiness (ST, AMR, MP) Sand Construction, CPT; Instrument Procurement & Placement (ST, TA, AMR)


Year-1 Schedule Year-1 Schedule (2005-2006)(2005-2006)Task Name

Laminar Box (NEES)

Sand Pumping Trials

Box Setup

Base-Modification - Assembly

Move LB to strong floor

Remove Rings and place them

Remove Base Ring & top plate and & place

Flip Base Bridge

Weld WS-1 along BT mount region

Drill holes on I-beams for flange support mounting

Mount FSP's on bottom of I-beams

Mount the BT's to the FSP

Base Support System

Joint the SFSP to the strong floor

Joint the HP to SFSP

Grout below SFSP

Level SFSP

Place the steel base bridge on SFSP

Level the bearings below steel base bridge

Place the top plate on steel base bridge

Reaction Beam

Drill holes on reaction beam

Drill holes for actuator on AMP's

Drill holes on Gusset Plate #1

Weld the WS-2 to the reaction beam

Weld gusset plate #2 to AMP's and Gusset Plate #1

Weld AMP on reaction beam

tie the reaction beam on top plate

Actuator Mount Test

4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4April May June


Task Name

Box Assembly

Leveling the Bearings

Attaching Fenders

Edge Protector

Stack Rings


Incline Box Support

Incline Box

Tie the Ring 1

Sand

Sand Delivery and Storing

Access Pad

Rent the truck

Storing

Sand-Pump Trials

Membrane Construction

Cut the membrane

Membrane glueing

Patch the corners with leftover membrane pieces

Mount the plate to the LB base over membrane

Put lap sealant to prevent leakage

PVC sheet floor cover

Drain Hose

Observe the leakage

Fill the LB with water up to 6 m

Actuators & Controller

Ground Motion Development

Controller Implementation

Controller Simulation Tests

NIST-Traceable Actuator Calibration

Actuators' connection to hydraulic system

Actuators/Controller initial tests

3/26 4/2 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4March April May June


Laminar Box – Strong Floor Foot PrintLaminar Box – Strong Floor Foot PrintStrong Floor – ReservedApril 1 – Oct.31, 06


LAMINAR BOX - DYNAMIC ACTUATORLAMINAR BOX - DYNAMIC ACTUATOR

ReservedApril 1 – Oct.31, 06

Controller – To be tested by Mark Pitman – 3/15-4/30/06

3 x 200 kips Dynamic Actuator

Bridge Deck

Actuator Base Plate

Loading Frame


Loading FrameLoading Frame

Design Completed; Fabrication ongoing; Delivery April 17, 06


Laminar Box – Strong Floor ModificationLaminar Box – Strong Floor Modification

PLAN VIEW

Machined Base Steel Plate – UB NEES Funded


Sand Construction - Hydraulic Sand Construction - Hydraulic FillingFilling

Initial Slurry Pump Tests completed – Oct 05;Sand pumping/Density Control Tests – April 06 (weather)


CPT/Density TestingCPT/Density Testing


Cone Density TestingCone Density Testing

Plastic Container = 4 ltr

Metal Cone a = 6 ½ in

b = 6 ½ in

c = 1/2 in

Base Plate 12 x 12 in


Task Name

Initial Test LG-1


On Rings





Inside the soil




Piezometers(24-RPI)



MEMS(2)

Slurry Pumping


Tie a beam on LB

Prepare pully



penetrate the cone into the soil by actuator and puully setup



Pump the sand to the storage areas

Remove Instruments

On Rings

Accelerometers

Potentiometers

Inside the soil

Piezometers

TP sensors

MEMS

3/26 4/2 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25March April May June


Task Name

Initial Test SG-1


Incline Box Support

Incline Box

Tie the Ring #1


On Rings





Inside the soil




Piezometers(24-RPI)



MEMS

Slurry Pumping


determine places to take a measurement




pump the sand to the storage areas

Remove Instruments

On Rings

Accelerometers

Potentiometers

Inside the soil

Piezometers

TP sensors

MEMS

6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16June July


Instrumentation: Tests LG-1 & SG-1 Instrumentation: Tests LG-1 & SG-1


Instrumentation Placement – LG-1 & Instrumentation Placement – LG-1 & SG-1 Plan ViewSG-1 Plan View


Soil Instrumentation Plan Soil Instrumentation Plan – LG-1 & SG-1– LG-1 & SG-1


Equipment & Instruments – PlanEquipment & Instruments – Plan


Soils report, Cyclic Triaxial Data & Soils report, Cyclic Triaxial Data & Monotonic Triaxial Data submitted to Monotonic Triaxial Data submitted to modelers in 03/06modelers in 03/06

What Additional Information Needed?What Additional Information Needed?

Soils ReportSoils Report


Pile Preparation & PlansPile Preparation & Plans


PILE


Instrumentation – Test 1A & 1B (Single Pile)Instrumentation – Test 1A & 1B (Single Pile)


Instrumentation Placement –Test 1A & 1B Instrumentation Placement –Test 1A & 1B Plan ViewPlan View


Instrumentation – Test 1A & 1BInstrumentation – Test 1A & 1B

Bentomat is planned to use

Instrument cables


Instrumentation: Single Pile Instrumentation: Single Pile (Test 1A & 1B)(Test 1A & 1B)


5.0 m

2.75

m

6.2 m

SECTIONAL VIEW

PLAN

Shaking Frame on Strong Floor

Pile

=2 or 3 deg.

F#55Sand, Dr~45%

3.35

m

5.6 m

2-D Laminar Box (24 Laminates)

Ball Bearings

Pile Cap

Group Pile - Test 3 (Yr-2)Group Pile - Test 3 (Yr-2)


Publicity – Tele ObservationPublicity – Tele Observation


Open for Discussion by All Open for Discussion by All ResearchersResearchers

year-1 plans (2005-06)

Documents