BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES COURSES YEAR 1 1ST SEMESTER CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS BIO 101: Diversity of Living Organisms. 3 PHY 101: General Physics I (Theory) 2 PHY 103: General Physics I (Practical) 1 CHE 101: Basic General Chemistry 2 CHE 103: Practical General Chemistry 1 ASP: African Studies Course 1 LAR/L Liberal Course 2 ENG 105A: Communicative Skills 3 IRC 101: Information Retrieval 1 ------------- TOTAL 16 2ND SEMESTER CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS BIO 102: Basic Cytology and Genetics. 3 PHY 112 General Physics II (Theory) 2 PHY 114: General Physics II (Practical) 1 CHE 102: Basic Organic Chemistry 2 CHE 104: Introductory Practical Organic Chemistry 1 ASP: African Studies Course 2 LAR/LSS/LED: Liberal Course 2 ENG 105B: Communicative Skills 3 ------------- TOTAL 16

------------- YEAR 2 1ST SEMESTER CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS BIO 201 Basic Soil Science 2 BIO 202: Cell and Tissue Organisation 3 BIO 203: Phylogeny and Morphology of Invertebrates & Vertebrates 3 BIO 204: Morphology and Anatomy of Vascular Plants 3 BIO 205 Introduction to Biodiversity: Systematics and Taxonomy 2 BIO 206: Cryptogams: Non-Vascular Plants 3 ------------- TOTAL 16

2ND SEMESTER CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS BIO 207: Principles of Ecology 3 BIO 208: Population Genetics & Evolution 3 BIO 209: Introductory Microbiology and Parasitology 2 BIO 210: Chordates 2 BIO 211: Plant Physiology 3 BIO 212: Mammalian Anatomy & Physiology 3 ------------- TOTAL 18 ---------- COURSE DESCRIPTIONS BIO 101: DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS (3 Credits)

Students are introduced to the classification of living organisms and the morphological characteristics of the following kingdoms of organisms: Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The course also examines the life histories and adaptations of some selected members of the various kingdoms e.g. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria; Protozoa with particular emphasis on the Sporozoa; Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota; Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta; Bryophyta; Lycophyta; Filinophyta; Gymnospermophyta, Angiospermophyta; Platyhelminthes, Nematoda; Arthropoda, Amphibia, Pisces, Reptilia, Aves; and Mammalia. BIO 102: BASIC CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS (3 Credits) The course provides a basic background in the various principles of Genetics with a focus on the cytological basis. It covers cell structure, nuclear divisions and chromosomal aberrations. These would illustrate the relevant cytological basis of Mendelian Genetics, Cytogenetics and Darwinian Evolution. The course also covers the DNA structure, the Genetic Code based on the Central Dogma theory and the basis of Microbial genetics. The concepts of Recombinant DNA, Genetic engineering and Biotechnology would be mentioned. BIO 201: BASIC SOIL SCIENCE (2 Credits) This introductory course seeks to provide basic information on soil development emphasizing the soil formation factors and the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. The course also emphasizes the special characteristics of clays and humus in relation to plant growth. Soil classification is discussed with emphasis on tropical soils. Land use and soil degradation are discussed with focus on conservation and management. BIO 202: CELL AND TISSUE ORGANISATION (3 Credits) Students are introduced to the cell theory and the generalised structure of plant and animal cells and the functions of the organelles. A survey of the types, structure and functions of mammalian tissues would be given. Students will be introduced to basic histological methods – temporary and permanent preparations. The use of microtomes in cutting sections and staining procedure will be emphasized.

BIO 203: PHYLOGENY & MORPHOLOGY OF ANIMALS (3 Credits) The course introduces students to the principles of Systematic Zoology. The laws of Zoological Nomenclature and the procedure for naming animals are discussed. The course also provides a survey of invertebrates and vertebrates emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships. Both preserved and live specimens will be used in practical studies to illustrate the relationships among animals. BIO 204: MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF VASCULAR PLANTS (3 Credits) A basic course which introduces students to the gross morphological characteristics of gymnosperms and angiosperms; both the vegetative and reproductive plant body are discussed. Other aspects of the course include pollination mechanisms and agents; fruit and seed formation; growth meristems: primary and secondary growth; ecological anatomy. BIO 205: INTRODUCTION TO BIODIVERSITY, SYSTEMATICS & TAXONOMY (2 Credits) The course is designed to introduce students to the concept and levels of biological diversity: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. The threats to global biodiversity and conservation strategies will be discussed. The course also introduces students to the principles and laws of Systematics. Some methods and practical approaches in Taxonomy will also be emphasised e.g. morphometry, the use of keys and isozyme analysis. BIO 206: CRYPTOGAMS: NON-VASCULAR PLANTS (3 Credits) This course uses selected examples of algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes to illustrate the wide variation in the general features, structure and life histories of cryptogams. The evolutionary trends within and between groups are also discussed. BIO 207: PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY (3 Credits) The course examines environmental factors and their effects on the distribution and abundance of organisms. It discusses the structure and dynamic aspects of populations; population interactions and regulatory mechanisms; concepts of community and the ecosystem; energy flow in ecosystems; trophic levels, and human ecology. Field studies will include determination of population density, species diversity, evenness and richness and patterns of distribution. These will be related to environmental conditions. BIO 208: POPULATION GENETICS & EVOLUTION (3 Credits) Students are introduced to Polygenes and the Hardy-Weinberg law. The latter is illustrated by sickle cell anaemia, melanism in moths, drug resistance, insecticide resistance and mimicry in butterflies. The course also examines the concept of evolution and the distribution of organisms in time and space. It also reviews the theories of evolution, natural selection and evidence of evolutionary processes: fossils, geographical distribution, comparative anatomy, vestigial structures, molecular biology and embryology. The origin of Man and the future of Man on earth are also discussed.

BIO 209: INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY (2 Credits) The first part of the course reviews the diversity of micro-organisms including Viruses Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoa. Their importance in nature and effects on man will be emphasized. The course discusses the uses of microbes – both beneficial and adverse. The second part of the course examines heterospecific associations with special emphasis on parasitism. The life cycles and control measures against some common parasites will be discussed e.g. Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Schistosoma, Fasciola, Ascaris, Onchocerca and Dracunculus. BIO 210: CHORDATES (2 Credits) This course reviews the taxonomy, functional anatomy and biology of the protochordates, cyclostomes, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. It also reviews the origins of chordates and their evolutionary history and provides a survey of embryonic development in the chordates. The course involves extensive practical work in which live and preserved animals will be used for illustrations. BIO 211: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (3 Credits) This course covers basic plant processes including photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation and bioenergetics. Other concepts and topics to be discussed include translocation of organic compounds, germination and dormancy, stomatal physiology and plant growth regulators. BIO 212: MAMMALIAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (3 Credits) This course introduces students to the basic anatomy and fundamental mechanisms involved in mammalian physiological functions. It includes a study of the structure and function of the organ systems involved in digestion, transport, respiration, co-ordination, excretion, reproduction, support and locomotion. Principles of homeostasis will be emphasized. COURSE DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERIC COURSES BIO 302: HABITAT ECOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The course focuses on terrestrial and aquatic habitats of organisms. The major biomes (e.g. tropical rain forest, taiga, savannah, and desert) will be discussed in relation to the influence of major environmental factors. Community development discussions will focus on concepts such as succession, climax, species diversity and productivity. The course also looks at major aquatic communities (i.e. neuston, plankton, nekton and benthos), environmental factors and their roles in aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological classification of aquatic organisms will be covered. BIO 310: RESEARCH METHODS IN BIOLOGY (3 Credits) The course exposes students to the processes involved in the scientific method of investigation. There will be exercises in observational skills, making enquiries, formulating hypotheses, experimental designs, biological techniques, data acquisition, analysis and scientific presentation. Students will be required to do a literature review on specific topics and present them at seminars.

BIO 312: BIOSTATISTISCS (3 Credits) This course applies statistical methods to biological information. It ideals with sampling techniques, data presentation, analysis and interpretation. Types of distribution (e.g. normal, binomial, Poisson) are also discussed. Analytical procedures including t-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression will be used to analyse biological data. Students will be taken through some basic experimental designs as well (e.g. CR, RCB, and factorial design). BIO 315: BASIC COMPUTING FOR BIOLOGISTS (3 Credits) This course will expose students to the application of computers and software in biological sciences. The course will introduce students to Computer hardware and software. They will be exposed to input and output devices, Windows Operating System and others. They will learn how to manage files in Windows and MS Office Package (Word, Excel, PowerPoint etc). Students will be exposed to Word Processing, presentations in PowerPoint and uses of Excel for basic analyses and graphical presentations. Students will also be introduced to the use of the Internet and search engines for information retrieval on the web. Statistical packages (SPSS, MINITAB, GENSTAT etc) for data analyses will be introduced to students. Graphic packages, such as SIGMA STAT/PLOT, will also be introduced. Uses of PCs in health and medicine, modelling DNA sequencing and analysis; use of laboratory equipment interfaced with computers for data collection. SPECIALIZED AREAS ENTOMOLOGY AND WILDLIFE PROGRAMME ENW 301: SELECTED INVERTEBRATES (3 Credits) The course discusses the ecology and biology (with emphasis on feeding and reproduction) of the Porifera, Coelenterata, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Echinodermata. The following phenomena are also highlighted: cellular aggregation and division of labour as demonstrated by the Porifera; polymorphism as demonstrated by the Coelenterates; significance of hydrostatic skeleton; coral formation; locomotory habits; metamerism as providing a degree of plasticity in the annelids; segmental locomotor appendages as shown by selected classes of the Arthropoda adaptive radiation in the Mollusca; and dermal endoskeleton of the Echinodermata. ENW 302: FUNCTIONAL INSECT MORPHOLOGY & ANATOMY (3 Credits) The course relates insect structure to function. Aspects to be covered include the head-capsule, under which the origins and functions of grooves are discussed; modifications of the pre-thorax; wing structure and coupling. Also to be discussed are flight activity, structure of abdominal segments and abdominal appendages. Attention is also given to the alimentary canal and nutrition, blood circulation, the tracheal system and respiration and excretion. ENW 303: FUNDAMENTALS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (3 Credits) The course introduces students to the concept of biodiversity: genetic, species & ecosystem diversity. It discusses the threats to biodiversity in Africa; maintaining biodiversity (managing

ecosystems, populations, Zoos and gardens); and human factors (social, economic & politics). Ghana Wildlife Conservation policy & regulations; international conservation bodies; wildlife laws; and protected areas in Ghana are also discussed. ENW 304: APICULTURE (3 Credits) This course introduces students to the social life of bees and their interaction with plants, for example in nectar and pollen collection as well as pollination. Breeding of honeybees for improved performance; hive construction and maintenance; siting of hives; various hive products and the quality control of honey will be discussed. The importance and economics (including marketing) of hive products will be emphasized. ENW 306: ORNITHOLOGY (3 Credits) Students will be introduced to origin and evolution of birds, avian anatomy and physiology (structure and function), taxonomy and identification techniques. The course also discusses adaptation to diet and way of life; endangered bird species and conservation; migration; and bird-ringing. Students will be introduced to trapping and monitoring techniques; point count, constant effort mist netting etc. Breeding patterns in birds, social systems and foraging behaviour will also be discussed. ENW 307: BIOLOGY OF INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE (3 Credits) The reproductive biology and life cycles of selected insects of economic importance are examined. The selected groups include: Pests of cereals (Stem and Cob borers, armyworm, cutworms and grasshoppers); pests of pulses (aphids, pod borer chrysomelid beetles and thrips); pests of tree crops (defoliaters, capsids, mired bugs, fruit flies and leaf miners); vectors of some human diseases (Glossina sp. Anopheles sp). Livestock infection by ticks and cocoa swollen shoot virus transmission are also discussed. ENW 308: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR The course introduces students to the various behavioural patterns among animals. Inmate behaviour and learning processes shall be emphasized. The roles of the nervous system and the environment shall be discussed with emphasis on biological rhythms. Using examples from both vertebrate and invertebrate groups, factors that affect the behaviour of organisms shall be discussed and demonstrated experimentally. Holistic approach to the study of behaviour and physiological conditioning will be stressed. ENW 401: ECOTOURISM (3 Credits) The course introduces students to definitions, elements, agents and concepts in ecotourism. Planning, IUCN’s ecotourism programme as well as ecotourism and wildlife conservation and wilderness preservation will be discussed. The role of ecotourism in sustainable development, community economic development; and impact on habitats and culture, and trophy hunting will be emphasized. The course will also highlight ecotourism in Ghana, destinations including wildlife perfected areas and sacred groves.

ENW 402: INSECT SYSTEMATICS (3 Credits) This course equips students with skills in insect collection and preservation. Students are also introduced to taxonomic keys, preparation of specimens for taxonomic work and identification of major families of insects using dichotomous keys. ENW 403: INSECT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY (3 Credits) The course examines the physiology of the nervous system, sound production, mechano-and chemical reception in insects. Energy Metabolism: Synthesis, storage, mobilization, transport and utilization of fuels in flight. Functioning of the flight muscles. Regulatory factors. The endocrine organs and hormones, growth and metamorphosis, and reproduction – biochemical activities are discussed. Insects and the external environment: biochromes, defensive substances and pheromones Detoxification mechanisms will be emphasized. ENW 404: PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (3 Credits) Students are introduced to general principles, values and ethics in conservation. Extinction and patterns of species vulnerability; habitat fragmentation and degradation are discussed. The Roles of local communities and institutions in conservation are examined. The course also introduces students to the design of conservation reserves; human enclaves in reserves and World Conservation Strategies. Traditional knowledge in conservation, the Ramsar convention and sites are also discussed. ENW 405: WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (3 Credits) Students are introduced to wildlife management principles; social organization of game animals, life history studies, population dynamics and models; game population studies (survivorship, life tables & age distribution); habitat management, ecology of pasture cropped game. Field trips to at least one National Park in Ghana will be undertaken. ENW 406: INSECT-PLANT INTERACTIONS (3 Credits) This course examines the influence of morphological characteristics (such as pubescence and waxy surfaces) and allelochemicals (allomones),kairomones and other secondary metaboliltes) contained in plants, on the performance of phytophagous insects. Tolerance, antibiosis and antixenosis and the influence of plant phenology on phytophagy will be introduced. Adaptations of insects for successful herbivory will also be discussed. ENW 407: ADVANCED WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (3 Credits) The course discusses threatened species management, Protected area systems & management, Population regulation; harvest management; capture and immobilization techniques, Game damage control (elephants, birds) pest control (e.g. rodents). Conservation education strategies are also discussed. ENW 408: WILDLIFE IN CAPTIVITY (3 Credits) The course discusses Zoological gardens, in-situ-ex situ conservation interface. Design of animal enclosures; animal collection and feeding; husbandry techniques and health care; nutrition

studies; record keeping will be stressed. Case studies will be used as illustration. Also to be discussed are game ranching, domestication and feed formulation. ENW 409: PEST & VECTOR MANAGEMENT (3 Credits) Students are introduced to the principles of integrated pest management, pertinent definitions and terminologies. Various methods of pest and vector control (e.g. cultural, chemical, microbial, biological, etc) are discussed. Also to be discussed are haemotophagous arthropods as vectors of parasitic diseases and their population management; stemborers of food crops; tropical myiasis and control. Emphasis is also placed on monitoring the movement of migratory insect pests, yield loss assessment and farmer participatory strategies for transfer in pest management. ENW 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) This will be a research project in any area of Entomology and Wildlife and of relevance to the goals of the Department. Projects will be undertaken by all students in the Final Year (Level 400), and will be supervised by a lecturer (not necessarily from the Department). While students are encouraged to select their own research topics of interest, the Department may offer some research topics as well. Students will be expected to identify problems in their field of study, write and defend a project proposal aimed at finding solution(s) to the problem. They will also write an introduction on their research topics. Both will be assessed. ENW 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) Students will actually carry out an independent study of their project work which will be will be written and submitted at the end of the study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAMME ENS 301: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (3 CREDITS) This is a course designed to develop the skills with which to measure and characterize important biological and physiological parameters of ecosystems. Topics to be covered include population, community and ecosystem, and plant production with emphasis on terrestrial systems. Discussions will also focus on identification and measurements of parameters of air, water and soil quality. ENS 302: GENERAL GEOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY (3 CREDITS) This course will provide knowledge on the physical, chemical and biological processes of landforms and distribution, theories of origin of continental shelves and submarine canyons, internal and external forces, earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis, continental drift and plate tectonics, weather and climate, vegetation and soils. Also, the course will equip students with skills in map-reading and map-making to include advanced map production techniques. The course will involve fieldtrips where necessary.

ENS 303: ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The major issues in the sociology of the environment are examined, enabling a critical analysis of the interactions between society and the environment. It also offers opportunity to reflect on both individual and collective actions that impact on the environment. Topics covered include the sociology of risk, science and technology, the social construction of environmental issues, ecofeminism, sociology of environmental movements, environmental governance and the political economy of global capitalism. ENS 304: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The course examines the relationships between geology and short-term human concerns. Emphasis is placed on application of geologic principles to common environmental problems. Topics include rocks and minerals, energy resources, topographic and geologic maps, slope stability and landslides, river processes and coastal erosion, floods, and groundwater exploitation and saltwater intrusion, geologic hazards and problems, geology and health, and land use. Application of principles to problems pertaining to urban planning, earthquake-resistant design, and waste site/landfill development will be treated. ENS 305: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The course introduces students to the fundamental principles of conservation biology (e.g., global species numbers, causes of extinction, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity). Topics will include zoo versus field conservation, effects of global change on species extinction, quantitative methods to determine and predict the status of plant and animal populations, nature reserves and national parks, and biological and social underpinnings of conservation problems. Legal frameworks and values and ethics of conservation at the local and global levels will be discussed. ENS 401: PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING (3 CREDITS) The course introduces the basic elements of plane surveying to include the use of traditional and modern surveying equipment and application of surveying to land description and construction. Angle-distance relationships, reference directions, Meridians, bearings and azimuths, magnetic directions, measurement techniques, determination of elevations, calculation of areas, contour maps and topography, and care of equipment will be stressed. Field experiments are important component of the course. ENS 402: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (3 CREDITS) This course introduces the physical, chemical and biological processes affecting the fate and transport of contaminants in the atmosphere soil and water. It also covers the sources, extent, and characteristics of atmospheric pollution, surface water pollution and soil pollution. ENS 403: ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (3 CREDITS) The course emphasizes rational resource use and waste management strategies designed to ensure the maintenance of environmental quality through promotion of sustainable utilization of natural resources and consequent reduction of the negative environmental impacts of atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic pollution.

ENS 404: RS & GIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (3 CREDITS) The course Introduces students to the application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to natural resource management. Students will be exposed to the use of aircraft and satellite imagery for monitoring soils, vegetation and land use, with the focus on environmental pollution and degradation. ENS 405: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND RISK ASSESSMENT (3 CREDITS) Focuses on the nature of local and global environmental hazards, both natural and man-made including earthquakes, floods, and drought, forest/savannah fires, oil spills, chemical and nuclear accidents. It will also consider long term global hazards resulting from environmental changes such as global warning, ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, and land degradation. Human responses and strategies adapted to deal with hazards including traditional responses will be discussed. Evaluating, managing and communicating risk assessment to the public will also be discussed. ENS 406: SCIENCE AND FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY (3 CREDITS) The course examines the distribution of responsibility for the formulation and execution of environmental policy in Ghana. The role of science, the regulated community and the lay public environmental decision-making will also be considered. Alternative regulatory and institutional frameworks will be evaluated with reference to specific environmental issues. ENS 407: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (3 CREDITS) This course aims at introducing key methodologies and techniques for identifying, predicting and evaluating all impacts of an activity, namely the ecological, economic, and social impacts. Environmental modeling techniques will be treated. The EIA procedure will be discussed in relation to mining, construction, logging, agriculture, etc. ENS 408: ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS (3 CREDITS) This course provides analysis of some of the most important areas of environmental economics. It will consider the efficient and equitable use of society's scarce environmental resources as well as the measurement of environmental and natural resource values. Areas stressed include the economics of pollution control, the application of cost benefit analysis to the environment, the economics of sustainable development, environmental policy development, and global environmental issues. Topics include benefits transfer, the travel cost method, the hedonic pricing method, and contingent valuation. Students will make presentations on the course ENS 409: ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP AND COMMUNICATION (3 CREDITS) This course examines the environmental impact of our daily decisions as consumers and residents of a community. It also examines the failures and successes of communicating environmental messages to the public; risk, public health information and community coalition building are among the specific types of communications analyzed.

ENS 410: MONITORING AND REMEDIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION This course introduces basic concepts in environmental monitoring and remediation. Sampling patterns and procedures for soil, water and air will be discussed. Methods in environmental monitoring will include environmental auditing and compliance monitoring. Bioremediation techniques will focus on in situ, ex-situ and on-site treatment of contaminants.

ENS 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) This will be a research project in any area of Environmental Science and of relevance to the goals of the Department. Projects will be undertaken by all students in the Final Year (Level 400), and will be supervised by a lecturer (not necessarily from the Department). While students are encouraged to select their own research topics of interest, the Department may offer some research topics as well. Students will be expected to identify problems in their field of study, write and defend a project proposal aimed at finding solution(s) to the problem. They will also write an introduction on their research topics. Both will be assessed. ENS 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) Students will actually carry out an independent study of their project work which will be will be written and submitted at the end of the study. FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES PROGRAMME FAS 302: LIMNOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The course exposes students to definitions, history, purposes and the relationships of limnology with other disciplines. It discusses water and environment; features of inland water ecosystems (lotic and lentic systems) and freshwater biotic communities. It also examines impoundments (purposes, consequences, etc.) and pollution of freshwater systems. FAS 303: FISH BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The course examines the morphology and anatomy of fish. Students are introduced to morphometry, identification and taxonomy of fishes. Respiration; fish nutrition, locomotion; reproduction; early development and hatching and migration of fishes are discussed. FAS 304: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (3 CREDITS) Students are introduced to the marine ecosystem the physical, chemical and geomorphological characteristics of the ocean. The roles of physical and chemical factors on marine life are discussed, and the students exposed to the techniques of measuring these factors. The mechanisms and significance of coastal upwelling and the El Nino phenomenon are also examined. FAS 305: INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT I (3 CREDITS) This course introduces students to the basic concepts and practices of Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). The topics covered include: introduction to ICZM; coastal ecosystems (e.g., mangrove swamps, coral reefs, sea grass beds, estuaries, lagoons, sandy & rocky shores,

sand dunes and coastal savannah); natural coastal processes (e.g. geological processes, tides, waves tsunamis, currents, runoffs/floods, hurricanes and sediment transport/long shore drifts); and uses and opportunities of the coastal zone. Traditional methods of management as well as sector versus integrated approaches for managing the coastal zone are discussed. FAS 306: SEASHORE ECOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course examines the ecological processes and communities on seashores. The different types of seashores will be discussed in terms of their general characteristics; and distribution on the coast of Ghana. Emphasis will be placed on adaptations as well as the physical, chemical and biological factors that influence distribution of organisms on the seashore. Plant and animal communities on sandy and rocky beaches will be examined. Practical activities will include sampling, identification and population analysis of the flora and fauna of selected beaches. FAS 307: BRACKISHWATER ECOLOGY (3 CREDITS) Students are introduced to the structure, formation and processes of estuaries and lagoons. The physical, chemical and biotic aspects of these brackishwater bodies are discussed. The course examines the role of estuaries and lagoons in fisheries. Also to be studied are the biology of selected (edible) brackishwater organisms as well as ecology of mangrove ecosystems. FAS 411: BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (3 CREDITS) Students are exposed to the various biotic communities of the marine ecosystem. Pelagic and benthic communities are discussed with special attention to plankton, nekton, coral reefs and seagrass beds. The course also discusses nutrients cycles and biological productivity of the oceans and their measurements; biology and adaptations of seashore and deep sea organisms (reproduction, nutrition, respiration, osmoregulation, etc); bioluminescence and economic aspects of marine biology. FAS 412: INTRODUCTORY AQUACULTURE (3 CREDITS) The course examines the principles underlying aquatic productivity and introduces students to the systems of freshwater, marine and brackish water culture of finfish and shellfish. The procedures for constructing holding facilities (ponds, cages, tanks, etc) seed production, stocking and management of aquaculture systems are discussed. FAS 413: WETLANDS (3 CREDITS) The course examines the types of wetlands with the emphasis on general characteristics of tropical wetlands. Interactions of wetlands with other ecosystems will be addressed as well as productivity, biomass and turnover. Human influence on wetlands as well as their economic, social and ecological importance is discussed. Attention will also be paid to the indigenous and conventional methods of conserving the ecological integrity of wetlands. Special reference will be made to designation of Ramsar sites.

FAS 414 : FISHERIES SCIENCE (3 CREDITS) The course examines feeding and reproductive biology of fish of commercial importance, their age and growth parameters. The interaction of reproduction, growth and mortality in fish production, and the use of these concepts in fisheries management are discussed. Students are introduced to methods for the prediction of fisheries yields, stock assessment, and determination of indices of over fishing. Also discussed are fishing methods, the effects of impoundments on fisheries and the characteristics of the Ghanaian fishing industry. FAS 415: MANAGEMENT OF IMPOUNDMENTS (3 CREDITS) This course provides information on the use of fish species in the management of small impoundments and discusses species balance, population balance analysis and methods of correcting unbalanced populations. Attention is also given to renovation of old impoundments and related problems. FAS 416: INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT II (3 CREDITS) The course exposes students to issues of the coastal zone, tools for ICZM and institutional and policy aspects of the coastal zone. The issues address biodiversity loss including dwindling fisheries; pollution; erosion; sanitation and health; effects of climate change; poverty and conflict of interests. The ICZM tools enable the students to acquire skills in information technology, data collection and analysis, survey methods, environmental quality monitoring (soil, water and air), EIA,SIA, valuation methods of resources, physical planning and management skills (communication, presentation, time management, negotiation conflict resolution). The institutional and policy aspects examine district, national and inter-sectoral involvement. The roles of traditional, institutional, social and cultural issues are discussed. Inter-governmental and regional co-operation are examined as well as financial and legal issues. Non-governmental and community initiatives are also discussed. FAS 417: ADVANCED AQUACULTURE (3 CREDITS) This course builds further on the students’ knowledge in aquaculture. It gives an overview of aquaculture holding facilities for both fin and shell fishes including those that are used either on experimental or commercial basis. It also examines water quality and quantity in aquaculture. Students will study physico-chemical properties of water in holding facilities with the view to managing/controlling them. The course will also introduce students to feed and feeding of stocked species, and fish pond management. It concludes with harvesting techniques and marketing strategies for the cultured products. FAS 418: FISHERIES MANAGEMENT (3 CREDITS) The course introduces students to various types of fisheries practised locally and internationally. The marine and freshwater fisheries, artisanal, semi-industrial and industrial fisheries, and capture and culture fisheries will be examined. Exploitation methods of fisheries will be considered. Also discussed are International Law of the Sea, regional fisheries treaties, regulations and bodies responsible for fisheries management (such as ICCAT, CECAF, etc.). Role of the Ministry of Fisheries and community involvement in fisheries management will be discussed.

FAS 419: AQUATIC POLLUTION (3 CREDITS) The course introduces students to the phenomenon of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. A survey of pollutants, their sources and effects on aquatic abiotic parameters and biotic communities are presented. Organic pollution and biological oxygen demand, pollution indicators, effects of pollution on biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems and strategies for prevention and handling pollution are discussed. Students are also introduced to the procedures of environmental impact assessment. FAS 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) This will be a research project in any area of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and of relevance to the goals of the Department. Projects will be undertaken by all students in the Final Year (Level 400), and will be supervised by a lecturer (not necessarily from the Department). While students are encouraged to select their own research topics of interest, the Department may offer some research topics as well. Students will be expected to identify problems in their field of study, write and defend a project proposal aimed at finding solution(s) to the problem. They will also write an introduction on their research topics. Both will be assessed. FAS 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) Students will actually carry out an independent study of their project work which will be will be written and submitted at the end of the study. HUMAN BIOLOGY PROGRAMME HUB 301: COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course focuses on the principles and concepts in physiology in relation to adaptations of animals to their environments. It will examine strategies used by different animals species to solve similar problems to which they are exposed. Special attention will be given to the physiology of the brain, sensory and effector systems with particular reference to adaptations to changes in environmental temperature, light intensity, ionic and osmotic concentrations and oxygen supply. Also to be discussed are nitrogen excretion, reproductive adaptations, dormancy in animals, and the effects of high altitude and hydrostatic pressure on organisms. HUB 302: HUMAN EVOLUTION (3 CREDITS) The course examines human origins, evolution and adaptations as it attempts to understand humans as biological and socio-cultural organisms. The course covers areas such as primate behaviour, health and wellness from early times until present, rise and spread of contemporary health problems such as HIV/AIDS and human sexual behaviour. Evolution of human adaptation strategies reflecting industrial and post-industrial society would also be discussed. HUB 303: INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY (3 CREDITS) This course explores the role of essential biological molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins. It provides a systematic and methodical application of general and organic chemistry principles which includes pH and Buffer, Qualitative analysis of sugars, Analysis of

Amino acids, Protein molecular weights, Analysis of lipids, Enzyme activity, Alcoholic fermentations, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Deamination of Amino acids. HUB 302: MOLECUAR BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts in Molecular Biology. An in-depth study of biological processes at the molecular level, including Transcription, RNA processing, Translation, DNA replication and Recombinant Technology. Molecular cloning, DNA sequencing, DNA extraction and purification, chromatography, immunological techniques, electrophoresis and blotting would be studied. HUB 304: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (3 CREDITS) This course will introduce students to some metabolic pathways in humans; Liver metabolism and protein synthesis (iron and trace elements, handling of ammonia, detoxification reactions), Lipoprotein metabolism and disorders, Inborn errors of metabolism, Diabetes, Effects of tissue damage on enzyme levels and isoenzymes in Plasma and also Kidney functioning. Evaluation and Handling of clinical Biochemmstry data will be underscored. HUB 305: EPIDEMIOLOGY (2 CREDITS) The course focuses on the principles of epidemiology and their practical applications for investigation, planning, implementation and evaluation of public health problems. Students would be introduced to the foundations and basic concepts in epidemiology such as cause-effect relationships and measures of disease frequency and association. Epidemiological study designs and issues involved in the analysis of epidemiologic studies such as chance, bias, confounding and causality would also be discussed. HUB 306: PHARMACOLOGY ( 3 CREDITS) This course is designed to provide the students with skills and knowledge needed to undertake basic pharmacological investigations. The course will cover the basic principles of Pharmacology including Drug receptors & Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacotherapy. Specific groups of drugs such as autonomic drugs, cardiovascular-renal drugs, drugs that act on smooth muscles and also nervous system, drugs used to treat diseases of blood, inflammation and gout, endocrine drugs, chemotherapeutic drugs; and toxicology will be studied. HUB 307: BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE ( 3 CREDITS) This course applies concepts studied under Nervous Physiology to human behaviour. It provides basic scientific information in human psychology and behaviour. Basic principles in cognition, language development, personality and social development will be emphasized. Learning, thought processes, concrete and abstract thinking, motivation and emotions, intelligent-concept and other models and theories of development will be considered. The Physiology of sleep will be discussed. Etiology of psychiatric disorders and methods of treatment and rehabilitation will be emphasized.

HUB 308: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I ( 3 CREDITS) This course will emphasise inter-relationships of human body organ systems, and the relationship between structure and function. The review will cover the forms, structure and functioning of the skin and organ systems associated with feeding and digestion, ionic and osmotic changes, excretion, nitrogen metabolism, gas exchange, circulation, support and movement . Their roles in homeostasis will be discussed. Special attention will be given to diseases and clinical application of the systems. HUB 401: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY ( 3 CREDITS) Essentially a course in mammalian reproduction designed to meet the needs of students interested in Biology, Medicine and Agriculture. It will discuss the fundamentals of reproductive Biology and give special attention to human reproduction. Organ structure will be related to function, and the role of hormones will be addressed. Issues relating to reproductive health and population control will be discussed. HUB 402: DEVELOPMENTAL ANIMAL BIOLOGY ( 3 CREDITS) As a sequel to Reproductive biology, this course will involve a study of morphological and structural changes that occur during the course of development of animals. This will cover such process as fertilization, growth, cell and organ differentiation and pattern formation during the development of embryos. The embryology of humans will be emphasized. Also to be discussed are post-natal developmental events, regeneration and repairs, and aging and death as well as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and cloning. Special attention will be given to genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms governing these processes. HUB 403: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II ( 3 CREDITS) This course is a continuation of Human Anatomy and Physiology I. It focuses on the energetics, integration and adaptive mechanisms in human body function. It will cover the anatomy and physiology of the nervous, sensory and endocrine systems with particular reference to their integrative role in the responses of the body to environmental changes. The responses of the cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal and muscular system to exercise will be explored HUB 404: PATHOGENICITY AND IMMUNITY (3 CREDITS) Students are introduced to the role of cell injury and cell death in disease processes: causes of cell injury, cell injury and necrosis, general biochemical mechanisms of cell injury, and ischemic and Hypoxic cell injury. Apoptosis and cellular responses to cell injury will be discussed. General features of the immune system will be studied. There are; Cells of the immune system, Cytokine, structure and functions of histocompactibility Antigens, Disorders of the immune system, mechanisms of Immunologic tissue injury, Autoimmune diseases, Immunologic tolerance, Immunologic deficiency syndrome, and Immunohaematology. HUB 405: MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The biology, physio-chemical, general metabolism and pathology of some important protozoan and helmenthic parasites of humans and domestic animals will be covered. Epidemiological factors and control/preventive strategies as they relate to the life cycles of the parasites would

be thoroughly discussed. The biology and management of important vectors of parasites would be emphasized. Host-parasite interactions that produce candidate molecules for diagnosis will be discussed. Metabolic pathways that provide options for selective toxicity (chemotherapy) will be underscored. HUB 406: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ( 3 CREDITS) A systematic study of micro-organisms associated with humans and animals of veterinary importance. Epidemiology of diseases, methods in diagnosis and control measures will be emphasized. Also to be discussed are host-microbial interactions and factors that contribute to infections and development of immunity. HUB 407: HUMAN ECOLOGY A survey of man’s use and misuse of the environment illustrated with case studies. The course examines the effects of man’s interaction with the environment. Public health aspects and conservation issues will be discussed. HUB 408: HUMAN GENETICS ( 3 CREDITS) A review of mechanisms involved in the inheritance of characters. Aspects of molecular genetics will be discussed in relation to human genetic disorders and the human Genome Project. Special attention will be given to haemoglobin disorders haemophilia and blood groups. Genetic counselling, Genetic engineering and related ethical issues will also be discussed. HUB 410: HUMAN NUTRITION The course would introduce students to the historical overview and perspectives of nutrition. The various nutrients, their chemistry and physiological roles in the human body would be reviewed. The metabolism of the various nutrients would be emphasized. Effects of toxicity and deficiency of the various nutrients would also be covered. Nutrient needs through the lifecycle as well as different physical states and physiological conditions would we emphasized. The course would also look at the role of diet in the etiology of diseases. Dietary management of nutrient deficiencies and chronic diseases would also be taught. Indicators and assessment of nutritional status would also be treated. HUB 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) This will be a research project in any area of Human Biology and of relevance to the goals of the Department. Projects will be undertaken by all students in the Final Year (Level 400), and will be supervised by a lecturer (not necessarily from the Department). While students are encouraged to select their own research topics of interest, the Department may offer some research topics as well. Students will be expected to identify problems in their field of study, write and defend a project proposal aimed at finding solution(s) to the problem. They will also write an introduction on their research topics. Both will be assessed. HUB 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) Students will actually carry out an independent study of their project work which will be will be written and submitted at the end of the study

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME

MBB 302: MICROBIAL GENETICS (3 CREDITS) This course gives an overview of recombination in bacteria and viruses. Transformation, transduction, conjugation, F-mediated sexduction, fine structure mapping of merozygotes, mechanisms of recombination in bacteria, plasmids and episomes will be discussed. The life cycles of viruses (lysogenic and lytic pathways) and their application in gene cloning will be discussed. MBB 303: GENERAL VIROLOGY (3 CREDITS) The course will discuss the fundamental properties of viruses and their interactions with host cells; bacteriophages, DNA- and RNA- containing plant and animal viruses, and retroviruses. Emphasis will be placed on phenomena occurring at the molecular level and on the regulated control of gene expression in virus-infected cells. The human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS, and the hepatitis virus will also be discussed. MBB 304: BIOCHEMISTRY OF MACROMOLECULES (3 CREDITS) This course covers the structure and composition of macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Their biosynthesis and biological functions will be discussed. MBB 305: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course will discuss the effects of changes in environmental and climatic factors (e.g. increased carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, high irradiance, humidity etc) on photosynthesis, crop production and productivity. Transpiration and plant water relations, mineral nutrition in relation to crop production will also be discussed. Physiology of flowering, maturation and senescence, photomorphogenesis, biological clocks and circadian rhythms will also be discussed. MBB 306: INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSAFETY (3 CREDITS) This course covers the following: from conventional breeding to biotechnological protocols; definition of biotechnology; traditional biotechnology; modern biotechnology (industry, medical/health, food, microbial, agricultural and environmental biotechnologies). Recombinant DNA technology and its applications, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), contemporary global status of GMOs (overall status of production, scientific basis of common traits and impacts of GM crops) will also be introduced. MBB 307: FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) History of microbiology and the biology of micro-organisms, their structures, development and function will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on fundamental concepts and techniques of microbiology, such as isolation, culturing, observation of growth, morphology, nutrition, physiology, genetics and identification of micro-organisms; role of micro-organisms in nature and their role in infectious diseases and immunity; physical and chemical control of microorganisms; microbial diseases, industrial, sanitary and clinical applications will be discussed.

MBB 309: INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR GENETICS (3 CREDITS) This course focuses on mitosis and meiosis; Mendelian genetics; extensions of the Mendelian genetics; chromosome mapping in eukaryotes; sex determination and sex chromosomes; chromosome mutations; DNA structure and analysis; DNA replication and recombination; DNA organization in chromosome; the genetic code and transcription. Translation and proteins, gene mutation and repair, regulation of gene, expression in eukaryotes and recombination DNA technology will be discussed. MBB 401: MOLECULAR GENETICS (3 CREDITS) This course introduces students to the fundamentals of molecular genetics at the DNA level. The structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNAs), DNA replication, transcription and translation processes will be discussed. The role of genes in the control of heredity, development, cellular metabolism and functions of organisms will also be examined. The structure and organization of genes and regulation of gene expression will also be discussed. MBB 406: BIOTECHNOLOGY (3 CREDITS) Students are introduced to the application of microorganisms, biological systems, and processes to manufacturing and service industries. The course examines the role of micro-organisms in industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical processes; biologically produced sources of energy (single cell protein); waste management, mining, and other areas. The impact of genetic engineering, enzyme biotechnology, recent advances in genetics and physiology of industrial micro-organisms for strain development will be discussed. MBB 408: MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES IN PLANT & ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT (3 CREDITS) The course examines selection in plant and animal breeding programmes, breeding to improve product quality, breeding for disease resistance and breeding for improvement in performance. MBB 410: INTRODUCTION MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course covers fundamentals of antibody production and isolation; clinical uses of antibodies; gene therapy; stem cell production and therapies; bioterrorism, control and eradication. Ethics of medical biotechnology, such as considerations for use of adult and embryonic stem cells, ethical issues on animal research, conflict of interest and misconduct in research and business will also be discussed. MBB 411: BIOINFORMATICS (3 CREDITS) This course introduces students to Bioinformatics using computer databases to store, retrieve and assist in understanding biological information. Students will be introduced to the concepts of bioinformatics and computational biology tools and resources. The course will cover the use of NCBI’s Entrez, BLAST, PSI- BLAST, ClustalW, Pfam, PRINTS, BLOCKS, Prosite and the PDB. Data design and the principles of programming languages will also be discussed. Hand-on sessions will enable students become familiar with the details and application of the most commonly used online tools and resources

MBB 412: FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY (3 CREDITS) Food safety: Nature and identification of food hazards (microbial, chemical, physical and biotechnological); Risk analysis: General overview, Biotechnology issues (toxicity, allerginicity, digestibility, pathogenicity etc), Food safety issues associated with GMOs, Public and private Grades and standards (e.g.HACCP, and ISO); Food identity, preservation and traceability issues in the global market place; Emerging issues in food safety and food safety policy; Environmental Biosafety - Enhancing environmental protection, Establishing enabling mechanisms for development and application of environmentally sound biotechnology, Variations in biosafety regulatory mechanisms, Management practices (handling and transport of GMO’s), Gene flow and the Environment, Integrated Pest management, Other ways in which agriculture can impact on the environment (land degradation, water pollution, pesticides and herbicides). MBB 413: RECOMBINANT DNA AND GM TECHNOLOGY (3 CREDITS). Students will be introduced to recombinant DNA techniques, such as DNA isolation, use of restriction enzymes, DNA ligases, cloning, cloning vectors and techniques for the identification of recombinants. The application of recombinant DNA techniques in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) will also be discussed. Policies on GM products (patenting and intellectual property rights, farmers and consumers concerns), Policy, legal and regulatory frameworks of GM technology, Definition of Biosafety, International Conventions and Treaties (e.g. Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety, Codex Alimentarius Commission of WHO and FAO, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Regulations of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)), Regional and National Regulations and initiatives (e.g. AU Biosafety Model Law, FARA, Ghana LI on Biotechnology & Biosafety, South African GMO Act). Risk assessment, management and communication (definition of risk, hazard, and exposure), benefits and risks associated with GMOs and how to communicate risk effectively.

MBB 414: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERNS OF BIOSAFETY (3 CREDITS) Communicating biosafety information: Communication skills, Communicating with target groups (e.g. farmers, legislators, media, regulators etc), Other methods of disseminating information (e.g. fliers, brochures, workshops etc), Socio-economics of Biosafety and biotechnology; Assessing the costs of Biosafety Regulations: conceptual issues; Economics of Biotechnology, Economics of Biosafety (Cost of biosafety regulations and Strategic approaches to biosafety regulations (Trade, Labour, Socio-cultural issues); Non-biosafety issues (Bioethics). MBB 415: CELLBIOCHEMISTRY (3 CREDITS) This course focuses on the cell as the unique biochemical system. Cell organelles, structure and functions of biological membranes; signal transductions, proteins and enzymes; purification of enzymes; introduction to enzyme kinetics, the mechanism of enzyme action; regulation of enzyme activity; vitamins and co-enzymes; metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, nitrogen-containing compounds and organic acid; electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Defence systems.

MBB 417: MICROBIOLOGY AND TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES (3 CREDITS) This covers skills in the preparation of solutions and culture media, isolation and culturing of micro-organisms. Sterilization and related techniques will be emphasized. Laboratory requirements for tissue culture; culture and procedure for cell, tissue and organ culture of plants and animals; cryopreservation; importance of tissue culture in agriculture; exchange and conservation of germplasm. Management of microbiology and tissue culture laboratories will be discussed. MBB 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) This will be a research project in any area of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and of relevance to the goals of the Department. Projects will be undertaken by all students in the Final Year (Level 400), and will be supervised by a lecturer (not necessarily from the Department). While students are encouraged to select their own research topics of interest, the Department may offer some research topics as well. Students will be expected to identify problems in their field of study, write and defend a project proposal aimed at finding solution(s) to the problem. They will also write an introduction on their research topics. Both will be assessed. MBB 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) Students will actually carry out an independent study of their project work which will be will be written and presented at the end of the study. BIOCHEMISTRY PROGRAMME BCH 201: GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY I (3 Credits) The course will treat pH and buffer solutions to include the dissociation of water and other weak electrolytes. Definition of pH and the pH scale. Buffer Solution. The Henderson-Hasselbatch equation in the preparation of buffer solutions. Chemistry and functions of biological compounds: Carbohydrates: Functions. Aidoses and Ketoses. Monosaccdarides. Stereoiseomerism. Chemical reactions – oxidation, reduction, dehydration, reducing action, Kiliani synthesis, epimerizsation, osazone formation etc. Ring structure of carbohydrates. The anomeric carbon and mutarotation. The glycosidic bond. Structure and functions of the common di-, oligo- and polysaccharides. Lipids: Functions. Different types, fatty acids. Glycerol. Triacylglycerols, phospholipids and glycolipids. Non glycerol-based lipids – sphingolipids, steroids etc. The isoprenoid unit. Amino acids and proteins. Amino acid structure, nomenclature and classification. The different R-groups. Chemical reactions of amino acids and their relation to protein structure determination. Protein structure. The peptide bond. Primary, secondary and quaternary structure. Classification and functions of proteins. BCH 202: GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY II (3 Credits) Nucleic acids: Nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides. Phosphodiester bond. RNA and DNA structures. Cyclic nucleotides. The gene. DNA replication and transcription. Protein synthesis. The effect of antibiotics on these processes. Enzymes: Historical perspective and application of enzymes. Properties, and classification. Specificity.

Cofactors and coenzymes. The importance of vitamins as coenzymes. Catalysis. The effect of pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Regulation of enzyme activity. Inhibition. Other organic biomolecules: Vitamins, alkaloids, antibiotics. BCH 203: COMPUTING FOR BIOCHEMISTS I (3 Credits) Introduction to computing: The course would cover a general introduction to computers. Students would be exposed to basic components of the computer and their roles in the processing of data into information. As part of the course, students would have practical training in using basic computer application softwares. Hardware; Softwares; Internet; Applications – Word processing software, spreadsheet software, presentation, database management. BCH 204: NUTRITION I (2 Credits) The study of body systems associated with the delivery of food to the body. The structure of the digestive system in relation to its functions in digestion and absorption. Blood physiology: Blood and other fluid compartments of the body in relation to the transfer of nutrients and metabolites. Excretion. BCH 301: INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM (2 Credits) Carbohydrates: Hydrolysis of polysaccharides, glycolysis and fate of pyruvate in different organisms; Substrate level phosphorylation. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; electron transport chain and the coupling of ATP synthesis. Uncoupling agents. Pentose phosphate pathway – production of NADPH and pentose sugars. Catabolism of monosaccharides other than glucose from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis), from acetyl CoA (glyoxylate cycle). Synthesis of other monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Regulation of Carbohydrate metabolism. Amino acids and protein: Hydrolysis of proteins. Transamination, deamination and decarboxylation of amino acids and the fate of ammonia and carbon skeleton. Metabolism of specific amino acids (aromatic and sulphur-containing amino acids); regulation of amino acid metabolism. Lipids: Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. The different lipases. Fate of glycerol. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids and fate of acetyl and propionyl CoA. Other oxidation products of fatty acids. Ketone bodies. Fate of reduced coenzymes. Synthesis of fatty acids and tricylglycerol. Synthesis of other lipids. Outline of synthesis of steroids. Regulation of lipid metabolism. Nucleic acid metabolism. Biosynthesis of purine ribonucleotides. Biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Formation of nucleotides from bases and nucleosides. Inhibition of nucleotide synthesis. Degradation and salvage of nucleotides. Regulation of Nucleotde metabolism. BCH 303: ENZYMOLOGY (2 Credits) Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed reactions: Michaelis – Menten Kinetics, equilibrium approximation, steady state approximation. Graphical representation of data. Significance of Km and Vmax. Allosteric interaction. Inhibition of enzyme catalysed reactions. Effect of temperature, pH and ionic strength on enzyme catalysis. Regulation of enzymes. Isoenzymes.

Identification of active site amino acid residues. Enzyme assays: cell disruption techniques, general purification strategy; units of enzyme activity. Criteria of purity. BCH 305: ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY I (2 Credits) Acids and bases. Buffer systems. Methods of measuring pH and its biochemical relevance. Titrations, polarimetry, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, turbidimetry, flame photometry, and polarography. Electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and radioisotopic techniques in biochemistry. BCH 306: ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY II (2 Credits) Chromatographic methods based on polarity, ionic nature, size and shape of solutes – principles and applications; choice of chromatographic system. Electrophoretic methods: Different types, principles and application in isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, disc electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. Sedimentation analysis: sedimentation velocity and equilibrium, density gradient centrifugation. BCH 307: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY I (2 Credits) Physiological functions and effects of deficiencies and trends in the consumption of carbohydrates, protein and fat. Food as a source of energy; energy expenditure, measurement and factors influencing energy expenditure. Carbohydrates, protein and fat inter-relationships in meeting energy requirements. BCH 308: BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES II (1 Credit) This course will introduce students to various biochemical techniques. These include Paper and Gel Electrophoresis, Separations involved in chromatography, Preparation and purification of serum proteins, including extraction, ammonium Sulphate precipitation and dialysis. Qualitative and quantitative determination of carbohydrates including: Isolation of glycogen from beef liver, and acid hydrolysis of glycogen. Determination of the rate of hydrolysis by the Folin Wu method and chromatography of glycogen hydrolysis products. Thin layer Chromatography of Serum Lipids. The time course of enzymatic reaction. Effect of enzyme concentration on Activity of Invertase Effect of pH on the activity of Salivary Amylase Effect of Temperature on Trypsin Activity. Effect of Substrate Concentration using urease. Effect of Activators and inhibitors using Saliva. Specificity of enzymes using Xanthenes Oxidase. Survey of plant extracts for Protease Activity (Pineapples, pawpaw and Banana) using. Milk Clotting Method. Purification of Bromelin from pineapple juice. The use of enzyme as an analytical tool (estimation of urea in urine) and Microbiology. BCH 309: BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES I (1 Credit) This course introduces students to Titration methods, Measurement of pH, Buffer solutions. Colorimetry or visible spectrophotometry. Determination of spectra and pK. Methods of protein estimation. Determination of the isoelectric point of a protein. Qualitative and Quantitative determination of amino acids. Lipid chemistry. Triacylgycerols and fatty acids. Determination of

Saponification number, iodine number and acid value. Isolation of cytochrome C from pig heart and spectrometric standardization. BCH 310: BIOCHEMISTRY OF HORMONES (2 Credits) Coordination in multicellular organisms. Major Endocrine Glands: Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals, testis, ovaries, pancreas. Their secretaions, effects on target oragns / tissues. Feedback regulation. Mechanism of Action of Hormones: Types of mechanisms, relationship of binding to response. Second messenger generation. Mechanism of Action of Steroid Hormones: steroid hormone receptor. Interaction with DNA. Regulation of (cAMP) by Hormones: adenylate cyclase / phodiesterase reactions; role of G-proteins; activation / inhibition by hormones. Mechanism of Action of cAMP: cAMP – dependent protein kinase. Regulation of Cytoplasmic Ca2+ as a second messenger. Interactions between Ca2+ and cAMP as messengers. Phosphatidylinositol Turnover and Hormone Action: Effects of hormones on metabolism of inositol phospholipids; relationship to Ca2+ mobilization. Growth Factors and Eicosanoids: Peptide growth factors, prostaglandins, thromboxanes. BCH 312: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2 Credits) Quality control: Standardization (Standard sera, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity); Reference values. Review of analytical and separation methods used in clinical Biochemistry. Materials, metabolites, ions and enzymes. Functional tests: Renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal tract, blood and lung. Endocrinology. Disorders of water and electrolyte balance. Diseases associated with metabolism, transport, storage and excretion of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins. Inborn errors of metabolism. Biochemistry of cancer. The anaemias. Jaundice. Nature and action of antibiotics. Metabolism of foreign compounds. BCH 313: BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND RECOMBINANT DNA (3 Credits) Structure and function of genes. Secondary and tertiary structure of DNA (A, B, and Z DNA). Methods for sequencing DNA. DNA and chromosome structure: organisation of DNA in Chromosomes; nucleosome structure. Characteristics of eukaryote genomes. Modification and processing of RNA. Reverse transcription. Retrtoviruses: HIV and AIDS. Handling and processing of recombinant DNA, including DNA isolation, use of restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, ligation, cloning, blots, hybridization associated microbiological techniques. Laboratory experiments demonstrating concepts and techniques in recombinant DNA. BCH 314: INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY (2 Credits) Definition and scope of microbiology. Historical perspectives. Classification of microorganisms with an overview of their cellular structures and biology. Methods for the identification and study of microorganisms. Microbial growth pattern and factors that affect microbial growth. Methods for the control of microbial growth. Microorganisms and disease. HIV/AIDS. The relevance of microbiology. The application of microbiology in health and industry. BCH 316: COMPUTING FOR BIOCHEMISTS II (3 Credits) Introduction to programming: In this course, students would be introduced to the fundamentals of programming both for the desktop and for the internet. For the former,

students would learn the basics of programming using the Visual BASIC language. During the latter, students would learn how to programme for the web, using HTML and PHP. Programming; The concept of Visual Programming; Form design; Variables and constant; Properties, methods and events; Procedures and functions. Working in the Basic 6 programming environment, Bioinformatics. BCH 317: STATISTICS FOR BIOCHEMISTS (2 Credits) This course deals with descriptive statistics, including data representation and statistical measurement; probability including discrete and continuous distribution; sampling methods and techniques and inference using normal, t, chi-squared and F distributions. The course also introduces students to non-parametric statistics, simple linear and multiple regression and use of statistical packages. BCH 318: BIOTECHNOLOGY(2 Credits) Introduction to biotechnology. Applications in medicine, food, pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural, waste management and mining industries. Diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, improved production of therapeutic agents, development of improved crop spices; development of improved pest/pathogen control processes; development of biosensors for environmental pollutants; development of improved waste treatment processes and methods for remediating contaminated sites. Production of transgenic organisms for production of new drugs. Improved transplantation success and improved animal and plant productivity. Genetically modified organisms: safety, social, moral and ethical aspects. Biosafety. BCH 319: INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT I (2 Credits) The objective of this course is to equip students, with basic knowledge in management, with the tools of decision making, organisation and management of firms and organizations. It covers: Nature and scope of management; managerial functions; organizational theories; goals of business organisations – economic and social responsibilities of management; decision making techniques and influence. The nature and types of organisation and their implications for organizational administration. BCH 320: RESEARCH METHODS (2 Credits) Research methods will introduce the student to various ways of planning and carrying out a research project. Data presentation and analysis will also be introduced as well as the format for a project write up. BCH 322: NUTRITION II (2 Credits) Pre-scientific ideas about foods. Pioneers in nutrition. Foods and food groups. Nutrient contribution of foods. Chemical analysis of foods. Food habits and their influence on nutrition. Ethnic diets. Study of the nutritional requirements in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescents and the aged. Relation between maternal diet and pregnancy outcome. Breastfeeding compared to other methods of infant feeding and weaning. Nutrition of premature infants.

BCH 326: FOOD MICROBIOLOGY (2 Credits) Potable water. Microbiological examination of potable water. Classification of raw foods. Contamination of foods from natural sources. Cans and principles of canning. Other food preservation methods. Microbiology of various foods. Fermented foods. Food poisoning and food infection. Aflatoxins. Microbiological food standards. BCH 328: INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY (2 Credits) Distinctive nature of insect metabolism. Energy metabolism: Synthesis, storage, mobilization, transport and utilization of fuels in flight. The flight muscle. Regulatory factors. Insect hormones affecting growth and development – biochemical activities. Insect growth regulators. Insects and the external environment: biochromes, defensive substances and pheromones. Insect control: Insecticides and their modes of action. Detoxification mechanisms. Insecticide resistance, synergists. New approaches to insect control. BCH 401: PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION (3 Credits) Review of the chemical nature of proteins: polypeptide backbone; amino acid side chains. Hierarchy of Protein Structure: Primary structure: amino acid composition of proteins, determination of amino acid sequence, importance of primary structure. Synthesis of peptides. Covalent modification of polypeptides. Secondary structure (regular arrangement of the polypeptide backbone): Peptide bond and its structural implications; random polymers; Ramachandran Plot. Conformation of polypeptides; a-helix, b-pleated sheets, other helices (3 – helix), super-secondary structures (coiled-coil a-helix). Examples: fibrous proteins; a-Keratins, silk fibron, collagen. Tertiary Structure (folded conformation of globular proteins): determination of protein structure by X-ray crystallography, evidence for folding, reverse turns (b-turns), super-secondary structures, domains, interiors and exteriors. Example: Myoglobin. Quaternary Structure (aggregation of globular proteins): Example: haemoglobin. Physical forces responsible for maintaining the structure of proteins; covalent and non-covalent forces. Protein-Ligand Interactions: Haem-binding sites of haemoglobin and myoglobin; binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide, micro-environment of the haem iron. The Hill Plot. Allostery: Interaction between binding sites. Theoretical models; the Monod-Wyman-Chageux (MWC) concerted mechanism, the Koshland-Nemethy-Filmer (KNF) sequential model. Allosteric properties of haemoglobin; molecular mechanism of cooperative binding of oxygen to haemoglobin; the Bohr effect, binding of 2.3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis: General acid-base catalysis and covalent catalysis. Catalysis by coenzymes; pyridoxal phosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, ATP, coenzyme A, NAD(P)+, FAD/FMN. Structure and mechanism of action of selected enzymes. Examples; dehydrogenases, proteases, ribonuclease, lysoenzyme, glycolytic enzymes such as phosphofructokinase (PFK). BCH 402: FERMENTATION (2 Credits) Microorganisms for industrial fermentation processes. Enzymes in fermentation. Sterilization, Lypohilisation. Plant design; fermentors. Development of fermentation processes. Beer production, ethanol production, lactic acid fermentation, acetone and butanol production, organic acid production. Production of antibiotics. Economics of fermentation.

BCH 403: BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION & BIOENERGETICS (2 Credits) Principles of thermodynamics and their application to the energetics of the cell. Redox systems: electron donors and acceptors, redox couples, potentials, electromotive force, protonmotive forces. The concept of high energy compounds: Phosphoric acid anhydrides, phosphoric-carboxylic acid anhydrides, phosphoquanidines, enolphosphates and thiol esters. Basis high standard free energy of hydrolysis and the central role of ATP. Phosphate group transfer potentials. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Energetics of coupled reactions. ATP synthesis: Review of the structure of mitochondrion and chloroplast. Sources of energy (from reduced coenzymes, directly from the sun). Redox complexes for electron transport in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. Establishment of proton gradients; coupling of ATP synthesis to dissipation of proton gradient; H+ - ATPase; uncouplers and thermo genesis. ATP utilization for the performance of cellular work, active membrane transport, activation for metabolism, and mechanical work such as muscle contraction. BCH 404: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY (2 Credits) Photosynthesis: Chloroplast structure. The Hill reaction and light trapping events. The energy conversion process; PSI & PSII. Cyclic and Non-Cyclic photophosphrylation. Carbon dioxide fixation – the Calvin Benson Cycle. C3 & C4 plants. Carbohydrates, lipids and nitrogen-containing compounds peculiar to plants, and their metabolism. Secondary metabolites of plants. Mineral metabolism. Nitrogen metabolism in plants; nitrogen fixation, nitrate and nitrite reduction to ammonia. Incorporation of ammonia. Metabolism of terpenes, alkaloids, flavonols and related compounds. Plant growth and defence substances. BCH 405: INTEGRATION & CONTROL OF METABOLISM (2 Credits) General aspects of metabolic control: Coarse and fine control. Coarse control: Induction and repression. Fine control: Steady-state fluxes, the disequilibrium ratio as a means of quantifying near-equilibrium reactions in metabolic pathways. Feedback control, allosteric regulation. General actions of hormones on metabolism. BCH 410: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY II (2 Credits) Functions and distribution of minerals in the human body. Dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, human requirements for minerals. The r trace elements in human nutrition and requirements. Landmarks in the discovery of vitamins. Functions, recommended intakes, dietary sources, effects of deficiencies of fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. BCH 412: METHODS IN TISSUE CULTURE (2 Credits) Work area and equipment: laminar flow hoods. CO2 incubators, microscopes, preservation and storage vessels. Tissue culture laboratory management and safety. Sterilsation: tools, vessels and chemicals. Types of Cultures: Cell, tissue, organ. Types of cells grown in culture. Media preparation for plant and animal tissue. Tissue culture, exchange of germ plasm. Tissue culture procedures. Importance on tissue culture in agriculture and medicine.

BCH 415: BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES III & INDUSTRIAL/CLINICAL ATTACHMENT (3 Credits) Isolation, purification and activity determination of biologically active macromolecules. Six (6) to eight (8) week attachment programme with either industry or a hospital of the student’s choice. A report will be presented by each student after the programme. This will be undertaken during the second semester break of level 300. BCH 421: FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION (2 Credits) Properties of enzymes related to food; sources of enzymes and their uses in the food industry. Plant pigments: structure and characteristics; extraction and uses. Plant acids. Pectic substances and colloidal state of food. Browning reactions. Food additives and toxicants. Sweetners. Salts. Water in food processing. Traditional and other methods of food preservation. Effects of processing and preparation methods on the nutrient content of foods. Fermentation. Food processing plants. Methods of food packaging. Economics of food processing. BCH 422: IMMUNOLOGY & IMMUNOCHEMISTRY (2 Credits) Self and non-self. Defence systems of higher organisms. Chemical nature of antigens: Bacterial, viral and synthetic antigens. Characterization of antigens by western blotting and immunoassays for the detection of antigens and antibodies. Structure and function of immunoglobulin. Theories of antibody production and diversity. Antigen-antibody interactions in vivo and in vitro. Complement and complement fixation. Polyclonal antibody production. Production of monoclonal antibodies by somatic cell hybridization (hybridoma technology). Current methodology for the development vaccines. Cell-mediated immunity; tolerance. Immunopathology: hypersentivity, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity. Mechanisms of tissue rejection in transplantation. Interferon. BCH 425: BIOCHEMISTRY OF PARASITES (3 Credits) Introduction to parasites in general. Pathophysiology of the following tropical parasitic diseases: Malaria, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis and gastrointestinal worm infestations. Biochemistry of the causative parasites with emphasis on host-parasite interrelationships: Metabolic processes that can be utilized in chemotherapeutic attack of the parasites. BCH 426: INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT II (2 Credits) Organizational behaviour / human relations – interpersonal and group processes. The application of concepts, like leadership, motivation, communication and morale to the management of people and organisations. Time management. Analysis and causes of change, managing change, innovation and management control. BCH 427: BIOMEMBRANES (2 Credits) Chemical composition of membranes; lipids and proteins. Membrane structure – models. Properties of membranes. Methods for preparing membranes. Physical, chemical and

biochemical methods for the study of membrane structure and function. Biogenesis of membranes. Membranes and receptor transport mechanisms. BCH 428: BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2 Credits) Introduction to biochemical engineering. Material and energy balances. Fluid flow; mixing and agitation of liquids. Heat transfer. Sterilization and canning. Refrigeration. Fermentation: design of fermentation Unit. Oxygen supply and demand; aeration efficiency. BCH 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) This will be a research project in any area of Biochemistry and of relevance to the goals of the Department. Projects will be undertaken by all students in the Final Year (Level 400), and will be supervised by a lecturer (not necessarily from the Department). While students are encouraged to select their own research topics of interest, the Department may offer some research topics as well. Students will be expected to identify problems in their field of study, write and defend a project proposal aimed at finding solution(s) to the problem. They will also write an introduction on their research topics. Both will be assessed. BCH 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 Credits) Students will actually carry out an independent study of their project work which will be will be written and submitted at the end of the study.

NURSING PROGRAMME NUR 102: HUMAN ANATOMY (3 CREDITS) This course is designed as a study of functional human anatomy of the normal human body as applicable to health care. The major body systems are studied with an emphasis on the concept of homeostasis and the relationship of structure and function. NUR 104: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course is designed as a study of the general function and physiological processes of the normal human body as applicable to health care. Functions of human life processes at the cellular, tissue, and organ-system levels of organization with emphasis on homeostatic mechanisms will be considered. NUR 202: PATHOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course is designed to expose students to the pathological processes that occur in the human body. The emphasis is on physiological mechanisms in regard to disease, pharmacological actions, and providing a bridge between basic science and the clinic. NUR 219: FUNDAMENTALS OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING (2 CREDITS) This course is designed to introduce the student to professional nursing practice. The course will provide a foundation for progression through the program with an emphasis on wellness, health promotion and health maintenance strategies that promote healthy lifestyles and meet

basic human needs of individuals and families. Students will be introduced to fundamental concepts including therapeutic communication, caring, culture, and the nursing process. NUR 221: FUNDAMENTAL NURSING PRACTICE (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 219 Students will spend six (6) hours per week learning the fundamental technical and health assessment skills necessary to meet the physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the client. Opportunities to apply the nursing process will be provided. Practical experience will be on-campus in the Demonstration Room or on an assigned clinical unit under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. Demonstrations with return demonstration of required nursing skills will be included in the course. NUR 222: CRISIS INTERVENTION I (2 CREDITS) This course builds on prior coursework and emphasizes the application of the nursing process to address acute illness and surgical care of clients across the lifespan with alterations in the immune system, integumentary system, cellular proliferation and visual and auditory systems. The focus will be on health promotion and health maintenance strategies to meet the physical, developmental, and psychosocial needs of clients and families. NUR 223: BASIC EMERGENCY & DIASTER CARE (2 CREDITS ) This course will equip the students with knowledge and skills to enable them recognize the need for basic emergency care and provide prompt and competent care for accident victims. The professional nurse’s role and responsibilities for victims of natural disasters will be addressed. Principles of bandaging for emergency victims will be included as a part of the course. NUR 224: NURSING PRACTICE I (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 222. The course is designed to allow the students to apply the nursing process in the care of clients with an acute illness or undergoing a surgical procedure. The nursing process will serve as the guiding framework to assess, diagnose, plan, treat, and evaluate individual responses to common physical, psychological, and social elements of the environment. Students will spend six (6) hours week on an assigned clinical unit under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. Demonstrations with return demonstration of selected nursing skills will be included in the course. NUR 225: THEORETICAL BASIS OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING (2 CREDITS) This course will present nursing concepts and theories that provide a framework for professional nursing practice. Historical and educational development of nursing will be presented. Current roles and responsibilities of the professional nurse will be examined. Essential content will include concepts and theories of nursing and health, legal and ethical guidelines for nursing practice, nursing standards and evidence-based practice.

NUR 226: TEACHING AND LEARNING IN HEALTH CARE This course will examine selected cognitive, behavioural and social learning theories used to enhance individual, family and community health behaviours. Principles of teaching and learning for individuals at any stage of the lifespan will be examined. Teaching strategies for individuals and groups will be discussed and opportunities to apply course content with a focus on changing individual behaviour will be provided. NUR 227: BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR NURSING (3 CREDITS) The course presents basic concepts and principles of basic speech communication applicable to professional nursing practice, including interpersonal skills; basic interviewing skills; and preparation and delivery of informal presentations. The relationship of the concepts and principles of basic speech communication to therapeutic communication, counselling and guidance in professional nursing practice will be examined. NUR 228: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY HEALTH (3 CREDITS) This course is an introduction to community health nursing. Types of communities and the characteristics of healthy communities will be discussed. The Millennium Development Goals will provide an organizing focus to the discussion of health promotion and health maintenance strategies that promote healthy lifestyles for individuals, families and communities. NUR 229: MICROBIOLOGY (3 CREDITS ) This course is an elementary microbiology course designed to aid the student in understanding the characteristics and activities of microorganisms and their relationship to health and disease. A concurrent practical component enables students to view micro-organisms in a laboratory setting. NUR 230: NUTRITION AND DIETETICS (3 CREDITS) Study of essential nutrients, their metabolism and daily requirements throughout the lifespan. The course emphasizes the role of nutrition in health promotion and health maintenance. Consideration is given to food selection, nutrition misinformation and common nutritional problems. NUR 232: CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE I (3 CREDITS) The 4-week course is completed during the long vacation at the completion of the second semester of the 200 level. It begins with one week classroom orientation and demonstrations, as needed in the laboratory. The students will afterwards be rotated to the following: Recovery Ward, EENT Ward, and Adult Wards. Students will to spend eight (8) hours daily on the ward under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. Technical skill demonstrations will be done by clinicians as necessary with return demonstrations by students. NUR 319: CRISIS INTERVENTION II (3 CREDITS) This course builds on prior coursework and emphasizes the application of the nursing process to address acute illness and surgical care of clients with alterations in the respiratory, hematological and cardiovascular systems. The focus will be on health promotion and health

maintenance strategies to meet the physical, developmental, and psychosocial needs of clients and families. NUR 321: NURSING PRACTICE II (2 CREDIT) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 319. The course is designed to allow the students to apply the nursing process in the care of clients with an acute illness or undergoing a surgical procedure involving the respiratory, haematological or cardiovascular system. Students will spend six (6) hours per week on an assigned clinical unit under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. In addition, students will develop skills in setting trays and trolleys and preparing clients for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. Demonstrations with return demonstration of selected nursing skills will be included in the course. NUR 320: CRISIS INTERVENTION III (2 CREDITS) This course builds on prior coursework and emphasizes the application of the nursing process to address acute illness and surgical care of clients with alterations in the gastrointestinal, urinary and male and female reproductive systems. The focus will be on health promotion and health maintenance strategies to meet the physical, developmental, and psychosocial needs of clients and families. NUR 322: NURSING PRACTICE III (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 320. The course is designed to allow the students to apply the nursing process in the care of clients with an acute illness or undergoing a surgical procedure involving the gastrointestinal, urinary or male and female reproductive systems. Students will spend six (6) hours per week on an assigned clinical unit under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. Demonstrations with return demonstration of selected nursing skills will be included in the course. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. NUR 323: FAMILY HEALTH NURSING (3 CREDITS) This course introduces theoretical perspectives of family. The childbearing and childrearing family as a recipient of health care will be discussed. The course will focus on examining characteristics of healthy families and roles of family members during health and illness. Health promotion and maintenance strategies during pregnancy and in children from birth through adolescence will be discussed. An emphasis will be placed on reproductive health and concepts of family planning. A Client-Family Care Study will be an integral part of the course. NUR 324: PAEDIATRIC NURSING (2 CREDITS) This course builds on prior coursework and emphasizes the application of the nursing process to address acute illness and surgical care of paediatric clients. The focus will be on health promotion and health maintenance strategies to meet the physical, developmental, and psychosocial needs of children and adolescents.

NUR 325: INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH (3 CREDITS) The primary focus of this course is on preventative health care of populations and application of the principles of primary health care/CHPS, strategies of health promotion and epidemiologic concepts when providing nursing care for communities, subsystems and socioeconomic aggregates. The course will explore social, economic and political factors influencing health disparities. Professional, legal and ethical, economic and environmental issues as they apply to public health will be examined. NUR 326: PAEDIATRIC NURSING PRACTICE (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 324.This course emphasizes the application of the nursing process to provide nursing care for paediatric clients with an acute illness and surgery. The focus will be on health promotion and health maintenance strategies to meet the physical, developmental, and psychosocial needs of children and adolescents. Demonstrations with return demonstration of selected nursing skills will be included in the course. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. NUR 327: BASIC PHARMACOLOGY (3 CREDITS) This course is designed as an introductory study of pharmacological agents used to promote, maintain and restore health. Emphasis is on increasing therapeutic effects and decreasing adverse effects. Content will be presented on select drug classifications, prototypes and individual drugs. The role and function of the professional nurse as related to pharmacological agents will be reviewed. NUR 328: BIOSTATISTICS (3 CREDITS) This course introduces statistics as a method of collecting, collating, summarizing and analyzing data on health phenomena. It deals with elements of descriptive statistics, probability estimation and statistical inference. The primary goal of the course is to develop an understanding and appreciation for the concepts and methods of modern statistics in students in the health sciences. NUR 330: CLINICAL NURSING II (3 CREDITS) The 4-week course begins with one week classroom orientation and demonstrations, as needed in the laboratory. The students will afterwards be rotated to Adult and Paediatric Wards. Students will spend eight (8) hours daily on the ward under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. Demonstrations with return demonstration of selected nursing skills will be included in the course as necessary. NUR 399: NURSING RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (3 CREDITS) The student is introduced to the use of the scientific process in the identification, study and solution of nursing problems. Issues related to a study’s conceptualization, including the formulation of research questions and hypotheses and the development of theoretical contexts will be presented. The design of qualitative and quantitative nursing research studies will be explored. Sampling techniques, data analysis and communicating research will be discussed.

NUR 412: NURSING SERVICE ADMINISTRATION (3 CREDITS) This course is designed to introduce students to the management principles, strategies and theories used in professional nursing practice. The focus is on understanding health care delivery systems at the local and national levels and the development of the skills needed within the context of health services delivery in institutional or community settings. NUR 414: CHRONIC AND REHABILITATIVE NURSING (2 CREDITS) This course examines the biological, psychological and social factors which influence living with chronic illness at any stage of the lifespan. A special emphasis is on the care of the gerontologic patient. The course emphasizes the application of the nursing process in the provision of chronic and rehabilitative care for the client and family. Issues in care of the older adult, palliative care, end of life care and bereavement are reviewed. NUR 416: ADVANCED COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (3 CREDITS) This course focuses on the further development of knowledge and skills needed to promote the health of local, national and international communities. A focus will be on the control and management of communicable diseases and the relationship between the environment and the health of communities. The changing needs of an increasingly culturally diverse population within the social context of community systems are examined along with the environmental, economic, political and legal constraints to the health of the community systems. The nursing process will be used to assess the complex factors in the community. NUR 418: COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTCE (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 416. This practical experience will allow the student to apply the advanced concepts of community/public health nursing. Students will complete an in-depth community assessment and design an appropriate health care management plan addressing identified needs. NUR 419: CRISIS INTERVENTION IV (3 CREDITS) This course builds on prior coursework and emphasizes the application of the nursing process to address acute illness and surgical care of clients with alterations in the endocrine, neurological and musculoskeletal systems. The focus will be on health promotion and health maintenance strategies to meet the physical, developmental, and psychosocial needs of clients and families. The course will provide a focus on the roles and responsibilities of the professional nurse in theatre nursing. NUR 420: HEALTH CARE POLICY (2 CREDITS) The purpose of this course is to examine the professional nurse’s role and responsibilities in shaping health care policy at the regional, national and international levels. Content will focus on developing skills in strategic planning, political processes and organisational development as applied to health care policy.

NUR 421: NURSING PRACTICE IV (3 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 419. The course is designed to allow the students to apply the nursing process in the care of clients with an acute illness or undergoing a surgical procedure involving the endocrine, neurological or musculoskeletal systems. Students will complete a one-month rotation in the theatre. Students will spend six (6) hours per week on an assigned clinical unit under the supervision of nurse technicians and clinicians. Demonstrations with return demonstration of selected nursing skills will be included in the course. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. A comprehensive Client-Family Care Study will be an integral part of the course. NUR 423: OBSTETRIC NURSING (3 CREDITS) The emphasis of this course is management of the childbearing family during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium. Emphasis is on the nurse’s role and responsibilities in the detection of deviations from the normal states of pregnancy and complications of pregnancy, labour and the puerperium. Nursing care of the newborn experiencing uncomplicated and complicated delivery will be presented. NUR 425: OBSTETRIC NURSING PRACTICE (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 423. In addition to the general obstetric rotation, students will spend four (4) weeks on the obstetric unit, one (1) week on medical-surgical wards, and one (1) week in a community health nursing experience. The students are expected to spend six (6) hours daily on the ward under the supervision of preceptors and clinicians. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. Laboratory demonstrations will be done by clinicians with return demonstration by students. NUR 427: MENTAL HEALTH NURSING (3 CREDITS) This course is designed to equip the student with knowledge of the theoretical basis for psychiatric mental health nursing. The course emphasizes the application of the nursing process in the provision of acute and rehabilitative care for the client and family with mental health problems. Interpersonal and group communication, and legal and ethical issues are presented Interdisciplinary health care team and its function in the psychiatric setting explored. NUR 429: MENTAL HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE (2 CREDITS) This course is taken concurrently with NUR 427. This practical experience takes place in the psychiatric hospital. The student nurse will obtain general psychiatric nurse practice skills and techniques in the management of clients at any stage of the lifespan with various psychiatric disorders in a variety of health care settings. The students are expected to spend six (6) hours daily on the ward under the supervision of preceptors and clinicians. Ward conferences will be organized to discuss the students’ clinical experiences and procedures. NUR 499A: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 CREDITS ) Through seminar discussion and individual advisement, the student will identify a clinical nursing problem amenable to research. A research proposal will be developed and must be

approved by Department lecturers. In addition, they will write an introduction on the research topic which they will present. Marks will be awarded for both the proposal and the introduction. NUR 499B: RESEARCH PROJECT (3 CREDITS ) Under the guidance of an appointed supervisor, the approved research project will be completed providing the opportunity for the student to demonstrate application of critical thinking and problem solving skills in a real world situation.