`y‡hv‡mi mv‡ emevm bdwbu · 8. lv`¨ wbivcËv : rjevqy cwiez‡bi d‡j a‡b‡kb k…wl rwg...
TRANSCRIPT
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm
f‚wgKv
mv¤úªwZK mg‡q mvivwe‡k¦ Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi msL¨v Ges ZxeªZv evo‡Q| AvMvgx
`kK¸‡jv‡Z wek¦evmx‡K †h mKj P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv Rjevqy cwieZ©b I Gi
cÖfve| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k †h mKj cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi wkKvi n‡”Q Zv n‡jv eb¨v, Liv,
R‡jv”Q¡vm, b`xfv½b, mvB‡K¬vb, U‡b©‡Wv cÖf…wZ| GB mKj cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ
msi¶‡Yi †KŠkjmg~n AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U Rjevqy cwieZ©b, cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n, evsjv‡`‡k
cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n Ges cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi Zvrch© I †KŠkj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn
G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 9.1 : Rjevqy cwieZ©b : evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖ¶vcU
cvV - 9.2 : cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n
cvV - 9.3 : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n
cvV - 9.4 : cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi Zvrch© I †KŠkj
BDwbU
9
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 147 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Rjevqy cwieZ©b : evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖ¶vcU
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Rjevqy cwieZ©b Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖ¶vc‡U cÖfve e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã
Rjevqy, Rjevqy cwieZ©b
Rjevqy cwieZ©b
Rjevqy cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Rjevqy ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| Rjevqy n‡jv
†Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqvi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi 30 †_‡K 40 eQ‡ii Mo Ae¯’v| evqyi Zvc, evqyi Pvc, evqycÖev‡ni w`K
I MwZ, Av`ª©Zv, e„wócvZ cÖf…wZ n‡jv AvenvIqvi Dcv`vb| AvenvIqvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ZviZ‡g¨i cwigv‡ci
mgqKvj GK `kK †_‡K mn¯ª eQi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi e¨vwß GKwU ¶z`ª AÂj †_‡K wek¦e¨vcxI n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB Rjevqy cwieZ©b n‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó AÂj ev GjvKvi `xN©‡gqv‡` AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b| Avgiv Rvwb, cÖK…wZi
wbqgvbyhvqx cÖwZw`b c„w_ex‡Z †h m~h©wKiY †cuŠQvq f~-c„ô Zv †kvlY K‡i| †kvwlZ m~h©wKiY Avevi gnvk~‡b¨
wewKwiZ ev cÖwZdwjZ nq| cÖK…wZi GB †kvlY I wewKi‡Yi wbq‡g †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó n‡jB Rjevqyi
cwieZ©b N‡U| c„w_exi Rjevqy AZx‡ZI cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI cwiewZ©Z n‡e e‡j Rjevqy weÁvbxMY
Avk¼v Ki‡Qb|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi KviY (Causes of Climate Change) : Rjevqy cwieZ©b n‡q _v‡K g~jZ c„w_exi Mo
ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j hv ˆewkK Dòvqb (Global Warming) bv‡g cwiwPZ| c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvq eûwea
Kvi‡Y| wb‡gœ c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w×i cÖavb KviY¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1| AwZgvÎvq Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e¨envi e„w×|
2| hvbevn‡bi A`»xf~Z Kve©b †hgb- Kve©b g‡bv-A·vBW (CO), Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (CO2), mvjdvi WvB-
A·vBW (SO2) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvB-A·vBW (NO2) cÖf…wZ wbM©Z n‡q ~lY m„wó|
3| †ZRw¯Œq `~lY †hgb- 1986 mv‡j ivwkqvi †Pi‡bvwej cwigvbweK `yN©Ubv|
4| wkíKviLvbvi wbM©Z †auvqv I welv³ eR© Ges wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi AwZgvÎvq wkívqb|
5| AcwiKwíZfv‡e ebf~wg DRvo A_ev ebf~wg GjvKvq we¯Í……Z `vevbj|
6| gvby‡li wejvmeûj Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ ‘ZK…Z mvgMÖx (†hgb- Gqvi KwÛkbvi, cÖmvab mvgMÖx, cøvw÷K
mvgMÖx)|
7| RbmsL¨vi AwZwi³ e„w× I Amg e›Ub|
8| I‡Rvb ¯Í…i ¶q n‡q m~h© †_‡K AvMZ ¶wZKi AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ c„w_ex c„‡ô †cuŠQv‡bv|
cvV-9.1
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 148
9| K…wl‡¶‡Î AwZgvÎvq mvi I KxUbvkK e¨env‡ii d‡j cvwb `~wlZ n‡q fvimvg¨ webó nIqv|
10| dm‡ji Aewkóvsk cPb I avb‡ÿZ †_‡K D™¢~Z wg‡_b|
11| m~‡h©i kw³ Drcv`‡bi n«vm-e„w× (G n«vm-e„w× wbf©i K‡i †mŠi`xwß Pµ ev Sunspot Cycle Gi Dci)|
12| Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK I gvbem„ó KviY|
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I evsjv‡`‡ki wec`vcbœZv (Climate Change and Vulnerability of Bangladesh) : c„w_ex
e¨vcx Rjevqyi †h cwieZ©b n‡”Q Zvi avivevwnKZvq mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡kI wKQz wKQz bgybv cwijw¶Z n‡”Q|
wb‡gœ Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfvemg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
1. FZzi cwieZ©b : loFZzi †`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU FZz ¯Zš¿ ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ| wKš‘ weMZ K‡qK
eQi a‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, c„w_exi cwieZ©bkxj Rjevqyi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ FZzi AvMgb Ges cÖ ’v‡bi
mgqKv‡ji mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b n‡”Q| †hgb-Avlvp I kªveY gvm el©vKvj n‡jI Avwk¦b gv‡mI fvix e„wócvZ n‡Z
†`Lv hvq Ges Amg‡q eb¨v †`Lv †`q| Ab¨w`‡K, †cŠl I gvN gvm kxZKvj n‡jI dvÛyb I ˆPÎ gvm ch©šÍ
†`‡ki DËiv‡j iv‡Z cÖPÐ kxZ Abyf~Z nq Ges †jc, Kuv_v gywo w`‡q Nygv‡Z nq| †`‡ki DËiv‡j we‡kl
K‡i iscyi, w`bvRcyi, VvKziMuvI, cÂMo cÖf…wZ †Rjvq kxZ FZzi c‡iI AvKv‡k `ycyi ch©šÍ Nb Kzqvkv †`Lv
hvq, hv c~‡e© KLbI †`Lv hvqwb| GQvov kir, †ngšÍ, kxZ I MÖx®§ FZzi †h wbR¯ ˆewkó¨ wQj ZviI wKQzUv
cwieZ©b j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| MÖx®§Kv‡j KLbI KLbI Zxeª Mig c‡o Ges Zv GKvav‡i K‡qKw`b ch©šÍ weivRgvb
_v‡K, hv‡K Zvc`vn ev `ve`vn bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GB ZvcgvÎv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A‡j 45
0
-48
0
†mjwmqvm ch©šÍ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| d‡j MÖx®§Kv‡j A¯vfvweK Mig Ges kxZKv‡j VvÐv c‡o hv wkï I e„×
gvby‡li Rb¨ Zv LyeB A¯w¯Í…Ki| d‡j eû cÖvYnvwb N‡U _v‡K|
2. giygqZv : cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY Kg n‡j Ges ¯’vwbK wePv‡i Zv mgfv‡e ew›UZ bv n‡j
giygqZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y DËi-cwðg I cwðg-`w¶Yv‡j
Livi cÖ‡Kvc †`Lv hvq| Rjevqyi g„`y cwieZ©b n‡j Livi e¨vwß AviI evo‡e Ges Liv KewjZ GjvKvi cwiwaI
e„w× cv‡e| Gi d‡j avb, Mg, Avjymn wewfbœ K…wl c‡b¨i Drcv`b cÖfvweZ n‡e|
3. A¯vfvweK eb¨v I b`xi cÖevn n«vm : evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡Z eb¨v GKwU ¯vfvweK NUbv| eb¨v GKw`‡K †hgb
¶wZ K‡i Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb DcKviI K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Nb Nb Ges
`xN© ’vqx eb¨v j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| †hgb- 1974, 1988, 1995, 1998 I 2007 mv‡j eb¨v wQj cÖjqsKvix Ges
G‡Z Rvbgv‡ji e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ mvwaZ nq| GQvov 2016 mv‡jI jvjgwbinvU, KzwoMÖvg, MvBevÜv, wmivRMÄ,
Rvgvjcyi, mybvgMÄmn †`‡ki ga¨v‡ji wewfbœ †Rjvq eb¨v cwiw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| eb¨vi G aviv Ae¨vnZ
_vK‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x cÖfve cwijw¶Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K IPCC Gi Z_¨vbyhvqx, 2030 mv‡ji ci
G‡`‡ki b`xi cvwbi cÖevn A‡bK K‡g hv‡e| hv BwZg‡a¨ A‡bK b`x‡Z †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| A‡bK b`x ïaygvÎ
el©vKv‡j mPj _v‡K Ges ïK‡bv †gŠmy‡g cvwb cÖevn G‡Kev‡i K‡g hvq|
4. K…wl I grm¨ m¤ú` : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wl wbf©i| †`‡ki cÖvq yB-Z…Zxqvsk gvbyl K…wli mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ jeYv³Zv, ¯í ev AwaK ZvcgvÎv K…wli Drcv`b e¨vnZ Ki‡e Ges hv BwZg‡a¨ wewfbœ
A‡j †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡k c~‡e©i g‡Zv †`kxq gvQ Avi cvIqv hvq bv| gv‡Q fv‡Z evOvwj cÖev`wU
AvR Avi †mfv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j gv‡Qi Avevm ’j, Lv`¨ msMÖn Ges cÖRbb
cÖwµqvq weNœ N‡U| 32
0
†mjwmqv‡mi AwaK ZvcgvÎv n‡j A‡bK gvQI g‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov D”P ZvcgvÎv
†ivM-RxevYy Rb¥v‡Z mnvqZv Kivq gv‡Qi †ivM cÖebZv †e‡o wM‡q cÖRvwZ ûgwKi gy‡L co‡Z cv‡i|
5. Rxe‰ewPΨ n«vm : Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve BwZg‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ cwijw¶Z n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖvq 39 cÖRvwZi cÖvwY ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi, wPÎv nwiY, ARMi, ey‡bv nuvm,
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 149 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Kv‡jv nuvm, bxj MvB, ey‡bv gwnl, wgVv cvwbi Kzwgi, Nwiqvj cÖf…wZ| aviYv Kiv nq, RjevqyRwbZ cwieZ©‡bi
d‡j evsjv‡`‡k 30 kZvsk Rxe‰ewPΨ aŸsm n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| eb weÁvbxM‡Yi g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k 125wUi g‡Zv
e„¶ cÖRvwZ wecbœ cÖvq| Gi g‡a¨ Kv÷j I Jlwa Dw™¢` we`¨gvb| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j my›`ie‡bi
Rxe‰ewPΨ ¶wZMÖ ’ nIqvi Avk¼v i‡q‡Q|
6. N~wY©So : Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Nb Nb I aŸsmvZ¡K N~wY©S‡oi msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| weMZ K‡qK `k‡K
evsjv‡`‡k †ek K‡qKwU D‡jø L‡hvM¨ N~wY©So msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk N~wY©So `w¶Y I `w¶Y-c~e©v‡j
AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ N~wY©So msNwUZ nIqvi mgqKvj D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
mviwY 9.1. 1: evsjv‡`‡ki msNwUZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ N~wY©Somg~n
msNwUZ nIqvi mvj N~wY©S‡oi bvg
12 b‡f¤i, 1970 µvšÍxq N~wY©So
29 b‡f¤i, 1988 µvšÍxq N~wY©So
29 GwcÖj, 1991 µvšÍxq N~wY©So
15 b‡f¤i, 2007 wmWi
25 †g, 2009 AvBjv
7. DcK~jxq GjvKv : DcK~jxq †Rvqvi-fuvUvi †mªvZ, eb¨v, b`x ¶q, jeYv³Zv cÖf…wZi Øviv DcK~jxq GjvKv
¶wZMÖ ’ nq| mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o †M‡j DcK~jxq GjvKvi A‡bK gvbyl DØv¯‘ n‡q hv‡e| G‡¶‡Î G
A‡j emevmKvix 30 wgwjqb gvbyl I bvbv cÖRvwZi RxeRš‘, m¤ú` cÖf…wZ ¶wZMÖ ’ n‡Z cv‡i|
8. Lv`¨ wbivcËv : Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j A‡b‡KB K…wl Rwg nviv‡e| evsjv‡`‡k msNwUZ N~wY©So, wmWi, AvBjv
cÖf…wZi cÖfv‡e wKQz Rwg‡Z mvgwqK Drcv`b e¨vnZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y Drcv`b e¨vnZ
n‡j Lv`¨ wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡e| hw`I eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k cÖavb Lv`¨ avb Drcv`‡b cÖvq ¯vej¤x|
9. jeYv³Zvi cwigvY : Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv e„w× †c‡q `w¶Yv‡ji bZzb bZzb
GjvKv cøvweZ n‡j jeYv³Zvi cwigvY †e‡o hv‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y-cwðgv‡ji DcK~jxq Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU
I mvZ¶xiv †Rjvi cÖvq 13% K…wl Rwg BwZg‡a¨B jeYv³Zvi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| 2050 mvj bvMv` Zv 16% Ges
2100 mvj bvMv` 18% G †cuŠQv‡e e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| myZivs ejv hvq †h, mgy`ª c„‡ôi cvwb e„w×
evsjv‡`k‡K bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡e Ges msKUgq Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡e|
10. ¯v¯’ SzuwK : Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j eb¨v, N~wY©So cÖf…wZi gvÎv †e‡o †M‡j `y‡h©vM cieZ©x wewfbœ †ivM- RxevYy
Qov‡e hv Rb¯v¯’ SzuwK e„w× Ki‡e| G ai‡bi `y‡h©v‡Mi c‡i bvbvwea †ivM †hgb- K‡jiv, Wvqwiqv, Pg©mn
Ab¨vb¨ msµvgK †ivM †e‡o hv‡e| GQvov Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j A¨vb_ªv‡·i g‡Zv A‡bK cÖvYNvZx
†ivM-RxevYyI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
11. ebvÂj : Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv e„w× I N~wY©S‡oi gvÎv †e‡o †M‡j ebf~wgi
DciI cÖfve co‡e| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv hw` 45 †mw›UwgUvi ev‡o, Zvn‡j GKgvÎ
g¨vb‡MÖvf e‡bi 75% cvwbi wb‡P Zwj‡q hv‡e| Avi hw` mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv 1 wgUvi e„w× cvq Zvn‡j cÖvq cy‡iv
my›`ieb I Gi Rxe‰ewPΨ aŸs‡mi gy‡LvgywL n‡e| GQvov AwaK nv‡i eb-R½j aŸsm Kivi d‡j evqygЇj
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Gi cwigvY †e‡o hv‡e Ges ZvcgvÎvI e„w× cv‡e|
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 150
Rjevqy cwieZ©b I AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖ¶vcU (Climate Change and International Perspective)
AvMvgx `kK¸‡jv‡Z wek¦evmx‡K †h mKj P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv Rjevqy cwieZ©b
I Gi cÖfve| Rjevqy cwieZ©b msµvšÍ cÖfve g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 1988 mv‡j MwVZ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Gi PZz_© g~j¨vqb wi‡cvU© (AR4) Abyhvqx, Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve ax‡i ax‡i e„w×
cv‡”Q Ges Zv fqven iƒc aviY Ki‡e e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| weMZ 100 eQ‡i c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 0.74
0
†mjwmqvm e„w× †c‡q‡Q| aviYv Kiv n‡”Q, 2100 mv‡ji g‡a¨ c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv 1.1-6.4
0
†mjwmqvm ch©šÍ
evo‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j †giy A‡ji eid Mj‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv
e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ eû cÖRvwZi Dw™¢ I cÖvwYK~j wejyß n‡e| hv Dw™¢ I cÖvwYi emev‡mi AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k mivmwi
AvNvZ nvbvi ga¨ w`‡q aŸsm mvab Ki‡e|
1961-2003 mvj ch©šÍ cÖwZ eQi 1.8 †mw›UwgUvi mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 2080 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mgy`ª
c„‡ôi D”PZv 34 †mw›UwgUvi ch©šÍ evo‡Z cv‡i e‡j weÁvbxMY aviYv Ki‡Qb| G‡Z evsjv‡`kmn gvjØxc, wgki,
wf‡qZbvg, wdwR, wKwievwZ cÖf…wZ †`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂj mgy`ªM‡f© wejxb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov K…wl Rwg
jeYv³ n‡q Drcv`b ¶gZv n«vm cv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K bvwZkx‡Zvò I welye‡iLvi †_‡K `~ieZ©x A‡j cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv
†e‡o hv‡e Ges welye‡iLvi wbKUeZ©x I gvSvgvwS ¯’v‡b cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv K‡g hv‡e| A_©vr †Kv‡bv A‡j eb¨vi gvÎv
cÖKU n‡e Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A‡j Liv †`Lv w`‡e| GKB mv‡_ wek¦e¨vcx N~wY©So msNU‡bi nviI e„w× cv‡e hv
BwZg‡a¨ †`Lv †h‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q Ges Zv AviI e„w× cv‡e| GQvov Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y mgy‡`ªi cvwbi
ZvcgvÎv e„w×, f~-Mf© ’ cvwbi ¯Í…i wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv, gvwUi De©iZv n«vm, cÖvK…wZK Rjvk‡qi Drm webó nIqv,
Lv‡`¨ AwbivcËv, ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi Pµ webó, I‡Rvb ¯Í…‡ii Kvh©µg bó nIqv, mgy‡`ª Aw·‡Rb `ªexf~Z nIqvi cwigvY
K‡g hvIqvmn wewfbœ ai‡bi ûgwKi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q c„w_exevmx| GQvov AmsL¨ gvbyl ev¯‘Py¨Z n‡q kibv_©x n‡e|
wk¶v_©xi KvR
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k †h mKj cÖfve co‡Z cv‡i Zv GKwU
Q‡K Zz‡j a‡i ch©vqµ‡g eY©bv Kiyb|
mvivsk
Rjevqy cwieZ©b AvR wek¦e¨vcx DrKÉvi GK ¸iyZi KviY wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| gvby‡li eûwea Kg©KvÐB g~jZ
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx| GQvov cÖvK…wZK KviYI i‡q‡Q| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki FZzi
cwieZ©b, Liv, A¯vfvweK eb¨v, K…wl I grm¨ m¤ú` Drcv`b n«vm, Rxe‰ewPΨ n«vm, N~wY©Somn wewfbœ mgm¨v
†`Lv hv‡e AwaK gvÎvq| Avi ˆewk¦Kfv‡e ZvcgvÎv e„w× DcK~jxq A‡j cøvweZ nIqvmn cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi
gvÎvI e„w× cv‡e Ges wewNœZ n‡e gvby‡li ¯vfvweK Rxeb| ZvB Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ cÖfve †gvKv‡ejvq
wekevmx‡K HK¨e×fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 151 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| weMZ GKkZ eQ‡i c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv KZ wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm e„w× †c‡q‡Q?
(K) 0.74 †mjwmqvm (L) 0.84 †mjwmqvm
(M) 0.94 †mjwmqvm (N) 2.04 †mjwmqvm
2| evsjv‡`‡ki KZ cÖRvwZi cÖvwY ûgwKi m¤§yLxb?
(K) 29wU (L) 39wU
(M) 49wU (N) 59wU
3| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi KviY-
i. wek Dòvqb
ii. Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb e¨envi e„w×
iii. hvbevnb †_‡K wbM©Z †avuqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 152
wPÎ 9.2.1 RbmsL¨v e„w×i cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mgm¨v †_‡K wfbœZi| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i me©v‡c¶v msKUgq cwiw¯’wZ n‡”Q
Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek| G msK‡Ui †cQ‡b KwZcq cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v KvR Ki‡Q| e¨vcK nv‡i RbmsL¨v e„w×, wkívqb,
bMivqb cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y cÖK…wZ Zvi ¯vfvweKZv a‡i ivL‡Z m¶g n‡”Q bv| d‡j m„wó n‡”Q cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v| wb‡¤œ
cÖavb cÖavb cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. RbmsL¨v e„w× : cwi‡e‡kMZ mgm¨vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv RbmsL¨v
e„w×| Avi cwi‡ekMZ Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v m„wói g~j KviYI gvbyl wb‡RB|
eZ©gv‡b we‡k RbmsL¨v cÖvq 6.6 wewjqb (1 wewjqb= 100 †KvwU)|
RbmsL¨v e„w×i G aviv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j 2050 mvj bvMv` Zv cÖvq 10
wewjq‡b `uvov‡e| RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j Avev`x Rwg I ebR m¤ú`
e¨vcKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ ’ n‡e| †Kbbv AwaK RbmsL¨vi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨
Avev`x Rwg I ebvÂj †K‡U evm¯’vb, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, wPwKrmv‡K›`ª,
wkíKviLvbv, nvU-evRvi cÖf…wZ ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
1991-92 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z †gvU Lv`¨k‡m¨i cwigvY wQj 19.32 wgwjqb †gwUªK Ub hv 2010-11
mv‡j `uvovq cÖvq 36.06 wgwjqb †gwUªK Ub Ges 2013-14 mv‡j Zv e„w× †c‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q cÖvq 38.17 wgwjqb
†gwUªK Ub| wKš‘ cÖwZ eQiB Drcv`b e„w×i ciI Lv`¨ NvUwZ †_‡K hv‡”Q AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨| myZivs
ejv hvq †h, RbmsL¨v e„w× GKwU cÖavb cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v|
2. bMivqb : `ªyZ Ges AcwiKwíZ bMivqb GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v| bMivqb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv
†hLv‡b GK ai‡bi Rxebaviv cwiewZ©Z n‡q Ab¨ GK Rxebaviv M„nxZ nq| A_©vr †h cÖwµqvq gvbyl MÖvgxb
mnR-mij Rxebaviv‡K AwZµg K‡i bMixi ˆewPΨc~Y© Rxebaviv MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K bMivqb e‡j| we‡k¦i Mo
bMivq‡bi nvi 38% n‡jI evsjv‡`‡k G nvi 21%| Z‡e Z…Zxq we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡ki
bMivqb µgea©vgb nv‡i m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| AcwiKwíZ bMivq‡bi d‡j bvbvwea mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| Gi g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg n‡jv- M„nvqb I ew¯Í…, ¯v¯’ I wPwKrmv, mvgvwRK wew”QbœZv, cvwievwiK wbivcËvnxbZv, Aciva cÖeYZv,
bMixq f~wgnxbZv, bMixq `vwi`ª, †eKviZ¡, bMixq †mev I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM- myweavi Afve|
3. wkívqb : wkívqb gvbe mf¨Zv‡K Dbœq‡bi ¯Y©wkL‡i †cuŠ‡Q w`‡jI ¶wZKi cÖfve wn‡m‡e cwi‡ek‡K ¶wZMÖ Í…
K‡i cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K cwi‡ekMZ ûgwKi m„wó Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wkívqb cÖwµqv `ªyZ m¤cÖmvwiZ
nIqvq wkíeR© cwi‡ek‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q|
cvV-9.2
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 153 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
wPÎ 9.2.2 b`xfv½b
4. cvwb ~lY I weï× cvwbi msKU : weï× cvwb msK‡Ui Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv cvwb `~lY| cvwb `~l‡Yi d‡j cvwbi
e¨envh©Zv webó nq| wkí eR© cvwbi Aw·‡R‡bi (Dissolved Oxygen) Kwg‡q †`q Ges emevmKvix Rxe I
Dw™¢ cwiwgZ Aw·‡R‡bi Afv‡e (Biological Oxygen Demand) ¶wZMÖ ’ nq| wek¦e¨vcx weï× cvwb msK‡Ui
Kvi‡Y A‡bK gvbyl ¶wZMÖ ’ n‡q kibv_©x n‡q hv‡e|
5. eb¨Rxeb I Rxe‰ewPΨ : gvbe mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li wµqvKvh© cwi‡ek‡K Ggbfv‡e wewNœZ
Ki‡Q †h eb¨Rxeb I Rxe‰ewPΨ AvR ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| †hgb-
evsjv‡`‡ki eb¨Rxeb I Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i Avavi my›`ie‡bI
gvby‡li eûgyLx Kvh©Kjv‡ci d‡j ev¯‘ms¯’vwbK cwieZ©b NU‡Q
hv GKwU Ab¨Zg cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v|
6. b`xfv½b : Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡k b`xfv½b GKwU
cÖavb cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v| el©vKv‡j wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o GB
mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| K…wl Rwg, RbemwZ, nvU-evRvi, kni-e›`i
b`xfv½‡b wejxb n‡q hvq (wPÎ 9.2.2)| G‡`‡k cÙv, †gNbv,
hgybv, wZ¯Í…v cÖf…wZ b`xi fv½‡b AmsL¨ †jvK ev¯‘Pz¨Z n‡q wbt¯ n‡q co‡Q |
5. mvgyw`ªK `~lY : mvgyw`ªK `~l‡Yi cÖavb Drm kn‡ii wkíeR© , b`xevwnZ AveR©bv, RvnvR †_‡K wbM©Z †Zj,
cvigvbweK we‡ùviY cÖf…wZ| Gme c`v_© cvwbi ¸YMZ gv‡bi AebwZ NUvq| d‡j RjR Dw™¢ I cªvwYi
eske„w× e¨vnZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Y Aew¯’Z e‡½vcmvM‡iI mv¤úªwZK mg‡q `~lYgvÎv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| d‡j
¶wZMÖ ’ n‡”Q mvgyw`ªK cwi‡ek| wewNœZ n‡”Q Mj`v I evM`v wPswoi cÖRbb ¯’j| GQvov DcK~jxq GjvKvi
ev¯‘Zš¿ (Ecosystem) ¶wZMÖ ’ n‡”Q|
7. Av‡m©wbK `~lY : Av‡m©wbK n‡”Q GK cÖKvi ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv f~-Mf© ’ cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GwU
GKwU welv³ †gŠwjK c`v_©| Av‡m©wbK wgwkªZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Av‡m©wb‡Kvwmm bvgK †ivM nq|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av‡m©wbK `~lY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiy nq 1984 mv‡j| NIPSOM Gi Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g cÖvß Z‡_¨
Rvbv †M‡Q, †`‡ki 64wU †Rjvi g‡a¨ 41wU †RjviB bjK~‡ci cvwb‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvi †P‡q AwaK gvÎvq
Av‡m©wbK i‡q‡Q| myZivs GwU GKwU fqven cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8. evqy `~lY : evqy `~lY cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vg~‡ni g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evqy wewfbœfv‡e `~wlZ nq Ges Zv `ªyZ we¯Í…vi
jvf K‡i| we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡kI evqy `~lY N‡U _v‡K hvbevnb †_‡K wbM©Z †auvqv,
KjKviLvbvi †auvqv, Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb I †c‡Uªvwjqvg `nb cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y| evqy `~l‡Yi Avk¼vRbK cwiYwZ MÖxb
nvDR cÖwZwµqv (Green House Effect) hv c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv evwo‡q †`q| GQvov evqy `~l‡Yi d‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi
†ivM-RxevYy Qwo‡q c‡o|
9. kã `~lY : gvby‡li ¯vfvweK kªeY ¶gZvi AwZwi³ AvIqvRB kã `~lY| gvby‡li kªeYh‡š¿i ¯vfvweK aviY
¶gZv 1-75 †Wwmej| wKš‘ 85 †Wwmej A_ev Zvi AwaK n‡j GKRb gvbyl kÖeY ÿgZv nvwi‡q †dj‡e| kã
`~lY cÖvK…wZK Ges gvbem„ó Dfq Kvi‡YB n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e gvbem„ó KviYB gyL¨| kã `~l‡Yi d‡j kvixwiK I
gvbwmK ¶wZ nq| mvaviYZ kniv‡j cwi‡ekMZ GB mgm¨v AwaK n‡q _v‡K|
11. jeYv³Zv : e‡½vcmvM‡i cwZZ b`x¸‡jvi cvwb cÖevn n«vm cvIqvi `iyY `w¶Y-cwð‡g DRv‡bi w`‡K µ‡gB
jeYv³ cvwb Xz‡K co‡Q Ges †MvUv A‡j µgea©gvb jeYv³Zv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Lyjbv, mvZ¶xiv,
ev‡MinvU, h‡kvi I †MvcvjMÄ jeYv³Zvq we‡klfv‡e ¶wZMÖ ’ n‡q‡Q| d‡j K…wl, grm¨ Pvl, ebvqb, kw³
Drcv`b, wkí I Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µg we‡klfv‡e ¶wZMÖ Í… n‡”Q|
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 154
wk¶v_©xi KvR
Avcbvi GjvKvi cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kiyb|
mvivsk
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v‡K eûwea ¶wZi KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| weke¨vcx eûwea cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v
cwijw¶Z nq| Gme mgm¨vi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv RbmsL¨v e„w×| gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©KvÛB cwi‡ek‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †`Lv †`q AcwiKwíZ bMivqb, wkívqb, cvwb `~lY, weï× cvwbi msKU cÖf…wZ| G mKj msKU
†_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ cwi‡ekevÜe c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v?
K) RbmsL¨v e„w× L) ebvqb
M) mvgvwRK wbivcËv N) †Kv‡bvwUB bq
2| evqy `~l‡Yi KviY-
i. hvbevn‡bi †auvqv
ii. KjKviLvbvi †auvqv
iii. †c‡Uªvwjqvg `nb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
3| evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †Rjvi g„wËKvq jeYv³Zv †`Lv hvq?
K) Lyjbv L) mvZ¶xiv
M) h‡kvi N) me¸‡jv mwVK
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 155 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
wPÎ 9.3.2 : evsjv‡`‡ki Liv
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMnmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~‡ni KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã
cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM, eb¨v, Liv, mvB‡K¬vb, U‡b©‡Wv, Kvj‰ekvLx
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡hvM©mg~n
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM evsjv‡`‡k bZzb bq| Z‡e Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi msL¨v Ges ZxeªZv
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| c~e©eZ©x cvVmg~‡n Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖ¶vcU I cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vmg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ cv‡V evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eb¨v (Flood)
b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ eb¨v ¯^vfvweK cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
(wPÎ 9.3.1)| cÖwZeQiB †`‡ki †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv AÂj
c�vweZ nq Ges Rvbgv‡ji e¨vcK ¶wZ nq, hv KL‡bv
cÖjqsKix iƒc aviY K‡i| †hgb 1974, 1987, 1988, 1990,
1995, 2004 I 2007 mv‡ji eb¨v wQj cÖjqsKix| evsjv‡`‡k
wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi eb¨v msNwUZ nq| †hgb-‡gŠmygx
eb¨v, AwZe„wóRwbZ eb¨v, AvKw¯§K eb¨v I DcK‚jxq eb¨v|
eb¨vi KviY : eR©¨ Ae¨e¯’vcbv, b`xfv½b I b`xLb‡bi Afv‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki b`xmg~‡ni cvwb aviY¶gZv K‡g †M‡Q| hvi `iyY
AwZe„wó, fvixel©Y Ges DRv‡bi †`k fviZ, †bcvj, fzUvb I
Pxb n‡Z Xj AvKv‡i †b‡g Avmv cvwb Lye mn‡RB b`xi K‚j Qvwc‡q cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKv‡K cøvweZ K‡i| Aciw`‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk GjvKv mgZj nIqvq Ges cvwb wb¯‹vk‡bi ch©vß myweav bv _vKvq e„wói cvwb R‡g bMi eb¨v
†`Lv †`q| GQvovI cvnvwo GjvKvq cvnvwo e„wócv‡Zi Kvi‡Y nVvr eb¨v (Flash Flood) †`Lv hvq|
Liv (Drought) : hLb †Kvb GjvKvq ev A‡j hLb
gvwU‡Z cvwbi cwigvY n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K, cvwb ïb¨ n‡q hvq,
d‡j MvQcvjv I km¨ Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv Ges gvwU †du‡U
†PŠwPi n‡q hvq, ZLb GBiƒc Ae¯’v‡K Liv e‡j (wPÎ
9.3.2)| hw`I we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Livi msÁv wfbœ| †hgb
weªwUkiv GKUvbv `yB mßvn 0.25 wgwjwgUv‡ii Kg e„wócvZ
n‡j Zv‡K Liv e‡j| ivwkqv‡Z GKUvbv 10 w`b †gvU 5
wgwjwgUv‡ii †ewk e„wó bv n‡j Zv‡K Liv e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k
1978-79 mv‡j fqven Liv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki
cvV-9.3
wPÎ 9.3.1 : evsjv‡`‡ki eb¨v
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 156
wPÎ 9.3.2 : DcK‚jxq mvB‡K¬vb
DËi cwðgv‡ji ivRkvnx, PvcvBbeveMÄ, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov, Kzwóqv I h‡kvi †Rjv Livi Rb¨ SuywKc~Y©| GB
A‡j el©v †gŠmy‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq e„wócvZ I cvwbi Afv‡e †ivcv Avgb Avev‡`i Amyweav nq Ges djbI K‡g
hvq| Avevi kxZ †gŠmy‡gI e„wócv‡Zi Zzjbvq AwaK gvÎvq ev®úxfe‡bi Kvi‡Y gvwUi Av`ª©Zv K‡g hvq Ges
iwek‡m¨i dj‡b (jvD, wmg, euvavKwc, dzjKwc, MvRi, mwilv, Avjy) e¨vcK ¶wZ nq|
Livi KviY : evsjv‡`‡k Livi cÖavb KviY `xN©Kvjxb ﮋ AvenvIqv, ch©vß cwigvY e„wócv‡Zi AcÖZzjZv Ges
Mfxi bjK‚‡ci mvnv‡h¨ AwZwi³ f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbi D‡Ëvjb| GQvovI b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©b, DRvb †_‡K cvwb
cÖZ¨vnvi, cvwb msi¶Y cÖwµqvi Afve, I‡Rvb ¯Í…‡ii ¶q BZ¨vw`I Liv m„wói Rb¨ `vqx|
mvB‡K¬vb ev N~wY©So (Cyclone)
mvB‡K¬vb ev N~wY©So n‡jv DcK‚jxq A‡ji cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM| N~wY©S‡oi mgq DcK‚jxq A‡ji evqycªev‡ni
D”P ZvcgvÎv I wbgœPvcRwbZ Kvi‡Y cÖej‡e‡M
RjfvM †_‡K ¯’jfv‡Mi w`‡K N~Y©b AvKv‡i cÖevwnZ
nq Ges ¯’jfv‡M e¨vcK ¶wZmvab K‡i| G‡K
mvB‡K¬vb e‡j|
wMÖK kã ÔKyklosÕ, †_‡K mvB‡K¬vb kãwUi DrcwË|
hvi A_© Coil of Snakes ev mv‡ci KzÐjx (wPÎ
9.3.3)| mviv we‡k¦ N~wY©So wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgb-Pxb I Rvcv‡bi DcK‚‡j UvBdzb, `w¶Y Gwkqv‡Z
mvB‡K¬vb, DËi I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv‡Z nvwi‡Kb, `~icÖv‡P¨i †`k¸‡jv‡Z UvBdzb, wdwjcvB‡bi DcK‚‡j ev¸B
Ges A‡÷ªwjqvi DcK‚‡j DBwj DBwj ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡k GwcÖj-†g Ges A‡±vei-b‡f¤^i gv‡m mgy‡`ª N~wY©So
†ewk †`Lv hvq| 1991, 2007 I 2009 mv‡ji N~wY©So wQj mePvB‡Z cÖjqsKix| 1991 mv‡ji N~wY©S‡o cÖvq
1 j¶ 40 nvRvi cÖvYnvwb N‡U‡Q| 2007 I 2009 mv‡ji mvB‡K¬v‡b (h_vµ‡g wmWi I AvBjv) h_vµ‡g 10
nvRvi I 7 nvRvi †jv‡Ki cÖvYnvwb N‡U‡Q| GQvov j¶ j¶ gvbyl M„nnxb n‡q c‡o‡Q|
mvB‡K¬vb m„wói KviY : mvB‡K¬vb m„wó nq Mfxi mgy‡`ª Ges AvNvZ nv‡b DcK‚jxq GjvKvq| GB `y‡h©vM m„wói
cÖavb KviY n‡jv D”P ZvcgvÎv I wb¤œPvc| mvaviYZ GB ZvcgvÎv 26.5-27 wWMÖx †mjwmqv‡mi †ewk nIqv
cÖ‡qvRb Ges S‡oi mgq evqycÖev‡ni MwZ‡eM 65 wK‡jvwgUvi ev ZviI †ewk nq| e‡½vcmvM‡i cÖvq mviv
eQiB GBiƒc ZvcgvÎv we`¨gvb| GQvovI †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k mvB‡K¬v‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
SuywKc~Y© †`k|
U‡b©‡Wv (Tornado) : U‡b©‡Wv kãwUi DrcwË ¯ú¨vwbk kã ÔTornadaÕ †_‡K hvi A_© Thunder storm ev kã
eRªSo| mvB‡K¬v‡bi b¨vq U‡b©‡Wv m„wói g~j KviYI n‡jv evqyi wb¤œPvc I D”P ZvcgvÎv| U‡b©‡Wvi †¶‡Î
evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM A‡bK †ewk nq| GB mvaviY MwZ‡eM N›Uvq 480 †_‡K 800 wK‡jvwgUvi n‡Z cv‡i|
U‡b©‡Wvi mv‡_ mvB‡K¬v‡bi cÖavb cv_©K¨ n‡jv mvB‡K¬vb m„wó nq mvM‡i Ges DcK‚jxq GjvKvq AvNvZ nv‡b
Aciw`‡K U‡b©‡Wv †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bB m„wó n‡Z cv‡i Ges cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKvi ¶wZmvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k
cÖjqsKix U‡b©‡Wv nq 1989 mv‡j gvwbKM‡Äi mvUzwiqv‡Z| U‡b©‡Wvi mv‡_ Kvj‰ekvLx S‡oi h‡_ó wgj
i‡q‡Q| ïay cv_©K¨ n‡jv Kvj‰ekvLx So `yB ai‡bi wecixZgyLx evqycÖev‡ni `iyY eQ‡ii wbw`©ó mg‡q nq wKš‘
U‡b©‡Wv †h †Kv‡bv mgq n‡Z cv‡i|
Kvj‰ekvLx (Nor-Wester) : evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ ˆekvL (GwcÖj-‡g) gv‡m Kvj‰ekvLx cÖej evqycÖevn, fvix
e„wócvZ I eRªmn f‚-c„‡ôi Dci AvNvZ nv‡b Ges e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k 2015 mv‡ji 14 GwcÖj
gvwbKM‡Äi mvUzwiqvq cÖjqsKix Kvj‰ekvLx S‡o kZvwaK gvbyl AvnZ nq Ges 24 Rb gvbyl gviv hvq|
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 157 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM N›Uvq 40 n‡Z 80 wK‡jvwgUvi| evsjv‡`‡k Kvj‰ekvLx S‡oi cÖavb KviY †`‡ki `w¶Y-c~e©
w`K †_‡K AvMZ Dò I Av`ª© evqy Ges DËi-cwðg Ges cwðg w`K †_‡K cÖevwnZ nIqv Dò I Av`ª© evqyi
gy‡LvgywL msNl©| GB mgq evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½ eRª we`y¨rc~Y© So m„wó nq| GB So ˆekvL gv‡m
KLbI ‰PÎgv‡m DËi cwðg w`K n‡Z AvMZ e‡jB bvg †`Iqv nq Kvj‰ekvLx So | Z‡e MÖx®§Kvjxb DËi
cwðg So ev eRª we`yy¨rc~Y© SoI e‡j|
wk¶v_©xi KvR
wk¶v_©xiv evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~‡ni ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kiyb
mvivsk
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKv| evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vMmg~n n‡jv eb¨v, Liv, mvB‡K¬vb, U‡b©‡Wv Ges Kvj‰ekvLx|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| N~wY©S‡oi ˆewkó¨-
i. N~wY©S‡oi m„wó nq Mfxi mgy‡`ª Ges DcK‚‡j AvNvZ nv‡b
ii. N~wY©S‡oi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb D”P ZvcgvÎv I wb¤œPvc Ges
iii. mvaviYZ ZvcgvÎv 26.5-27 wWMÖx †mjwmqv‡mi †ewk nIqv cÖ‡qvRb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) i, ii I iii N) iii
2| evsjv‡`‡k ’jfv‡M ˆekvL (GwcÖj-†g) gv‡m cÖej evqycÖevn, fvix e„wócvZ I eRªmn †h So nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K) Kvj‰ekvLx L) mvB‡K¬vb
M) UvB‡dvb N) U‡b©‡Wv
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 158
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi Zvrch© I †KŠkj
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi Zvrch© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi †KŠkjmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã
cÖK…wZ, msiÿYkxjZv
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxZvi Zvrch©
cÖK…wZ †_‡K cÖvß mKj m¤ú`B cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`| †hgb- †mŠiZvc, Av‡jv, evZvm, MvQcvjv, cïcvwL,
b`-b`x, mvMi, gnvmvMi, n« , wngevn, LwbR m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú` cÖf„wZ| gvbyl I cÖK…wZi cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi
cvi¯úwiK AvšÍ:wµqvi wfwˇZ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q RxegÛj|| ZvB Rxe I cÖvYxi wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ msi¶Y AZ¨šÍ
¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cÖK…wZ Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ¶wZ ev aŸsm bv K‡i cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i e¨enviB n‡jv cÖK…wZ msi¶Y|
†hgb †mŠiwe`y¨r, ev‡qvM¨v‡mi e¨envi cÖf…wZ| cÖK…wZ msi¶‡Yi Afv‡e cwi‡ek `~lY e„w× cv‡”Q| hvi cÖZ¨¶
djvdj n‡”Q Rjevqy cwieZ©b| evsjv‡`kmn wek¦e¨vcx Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi (eb¨v, Liv,
mvB‡K¬vb, U‡b©‡Wv, f‚wgaŸm, b`xfv½b, f‚wgK¤ú, mybvgx) msL¨v I ZxeªZv evo‡Q| ejv hvq-gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K msi¶Y
bv Ki‡j cÖK…wZ‡Z gvbyl I Rx‡ei wU‡K _vKvB n‡e cÖvq Am¤¢e|
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi †KŠkj
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi †KŠkjmg~n wb¤œiƒc| h_v-
1| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i msi¶Y,
2| cwi‡ek `~lY wbqš¿Y,
3| bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i e¨envi e„w×,
4| m¤ú‡`i mxwgZ I cyb:e¨envi
5| m‡PZbZv e„w×
1| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i msi¶Y : cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi cÖavb †KŠkj n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i msi¶Y|
1.1 cvwb ~lY wbqš¿Y : nvmcvZvj, M„n¯’vjx, KjKviLvbvi eR© , †bŠhv‡b e¨eüZ R¡vjvbx, gjg~Î G QvovI wewfbœ
ai‡bi AveR©bv cÖwZwbqZ b`-b`xi cvwb `~wlZ Ki‡Q| †hgb-`~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y eywoM½v b`x‡Z †Kvb RjR cÖvYx †bB,
GQvov cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKvq `yM©‡Üi Kvi‡Y A¯v¯’ Ki cwi‡ek weivR Ki‡Q| ZvB cÖwZwU wkíKviLvbv nvmcvZv‡j eR©
cwi‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| A_ev †K›`ªxqfv‡e eR©¨ cwi‡kvavbvMvi cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z b`-b`xi cvwb `~wlZ bv
nq|
1.2 : ebR m¤ú` msi¶Y : ebR m¤ú` msi¶‡Yi c~e© kZ© n‡”Q ebvqb| †h nv‡i MvQ KvUv nq Zvi wZb¸Y nv‡i
MvQ jvMv‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †hgb ebR m¤ú` i¶v nq †Zgwb cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨I i¶v n‡e| ebR m¤ú` e¨env‡ii
weKí †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb Kv‡Vi weKí wnmv‡e cøvBDW e¨envi Kiv hvq| Awdm-Av`vj‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxq WKy‡g›U
wPwVi cwie‡Z© B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g †cÖiY Kiv hvq| cÖ‡qvRbxq bw_i msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ nvW©Kwci (KvMR) cwie‡Z©
md&UKwc (Kw¤úDUvi) msi¶Y Kiv hvq| QvÎ-QvÎxiv B-eyK e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
1.3 : LwbR m¤ú` msi¶Y : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbRm¤ú` n‡jv-cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| GQvovI i‡q‡Q Kqjv, LwbR
†Zj, Pzbvcv_i cÖf…wZ| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k M„n¯’vjx, KjKviLvbv Ges hvbevn‡b cÖavb R¡vjvbx wnmv‡e cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
e¨envi K‡i| ZvB GB m¤ú` e¨env‡i mvkÖqx n‡Z n‡e †hgb-ivbœvi ci M¨v‡mi Pzjv wbwf‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| cÖvB‡fU
cvV-9.4
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
c„ôv 159 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Mvwoi cwie‡Z© KwgDwbwU evm mvwf©m Pvjy Kiv DwPZ| †hgb ¯‹zjmg~‡n GKRb QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb¨ GKwU cÖvB‡fU Mvwo
e¨envi bv K‡i 20 Rb QvÎ/QvÎxi Rb¨ KwgDwbwU evm mvwf©m Pvjy Kiv hvq| G‡Z LwbR m¤ú` mvkÖ‡qi cvkvcvwk
bM‡ii hvbRUI wbimb n‡e|
2. cwi‡ek `~lY wbhš¿Y : evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeQi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek A‡bK †ewk ¶wZMÖ Í…
nq| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ¯vfvweK NUbv n‡jI cwi‡ek `yl‡Yi d‡j †h RjevqyMZ cwieZ©b n‡”Q Zv‡Z cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi msL¨v, ZxeªZv I ¯’vwqZ¡ evo‡Q| hvi d‡j ¶q¶wZi cwigvYI evo‡Q| ZvB cwi‡ek `~lY (evqy`ylY,
cvwb `ylY) Kgv‡Z n‡e|
3. bevqY‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i e¨envi e„w× : Abevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i (cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Kqjv,
Pzbvcv_i, wRcmvg, wW‡Rj, †K‡ivwmb) e¨envi Kwg‡q bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i (†mŠiwe`y¨r, ev‡qvM¨vm
ev ˆReM¨v‡mi) e¨envi e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj m¤ú` GKevi e¨envi Ki‡j †kl n‡q hvq Zv‡`i
Abevqb‡hvM¨ m¤ú` (Non renewable resource) e‡j| Aciw`‡K †h mKj m¤ú` e¨envi Ki‡j †kl n‡q
hvq bv Zv‡K bevqb‡hvM¨ m¤ú` (Renewable resource) e‡j| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †hLv‡b
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi ms‡hvM †bB †mLv‡b GKwU cwiev‡ii wZb/PviwU Miyi †Mvei Lye mnR Dcv‡q MZ© K‡i
GKB RvqMvq †dj‡j †h ˆRe M¨vm ev ev‡qvM¨vm Drcvw`Z nq Zv‡Z GKwU cwiev‡ii M¨v‡mi Pvwn`v c~iY
nq| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk Miyi Lvgvi gvwjK ˆReM¨vm Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i M¨v‡mi Pvwn`v c~iY
Ki‡Q| Zviv evwYwR¨Kfv‡eI cvk©¦eZ©x K‡qKwU cwiev‡ii M¨v‡mi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB M¨vm LyeB
DrK…ó gv‡bi| G‡Z wg‡_‡bi cwigvc kZKiv 98 fvM| G‡Z cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi †hgb mvkÖq n‡”Q †Zgwb
ebR m¤ú‡`iI msi¶Y n‡”Q|
4. m¤ú‡`i mxwgZ e¨envi I bZzb cY¨ ˆZwi : AvmevecÎ Ges KvMR ˆZwi nq MvQcvjv †_‡K|
RuvKRgKc~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Awdm Av`vjZ evwoN‡i Kv‡Vi †W‡Kv‡ikb Ges Avmevec‡Îi e¨envi mxwgZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| Kvco †Pvco RvZxq c‡Y¨ 7wU KvM‡Ri ÷xKvi jvMv‡bv _v‡K| †hLv‡b 1wU ÷xKv‡iB h‡_ó|
cyivZb wRwbm †_‡K bZzb wRwbm ˆZwi K‡i cÖK…wZ msi¶Y Kiv hvq| †hgb- M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R
A¨v‡jv‡gvwbqv‡gi ˆZRmcÎ cybte¨envi Kiv hvq| GQvovI M„n¯’vwji eR©¨ †_‡K ˆRe mvi cÖ ‘Z Kiv hvq|
5. m‡PZbZv e„w× : wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z, abx-Mixe mKj †kÖwY‡ckvi gvbyl‡K cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZv m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| †hgb K…lK KxUbvk‡Ki e¨envi mxwgZ Ki‡e, †mB mv‡_ ˆRemvi I ˆReM¨vm e¨env‡i
DØy× n‡e| wkíKviLvbvi gvwjK wkíeR©¨ cwi‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡e| e¨emvqxiv KvM‡Ri w÷Kvi, c¨v‡KU
e¨envi mxwgZ Ki‡e, ¯‹zj, K‡jR Awdm-Av`j‡Z KvM‡Ri e¨envi mxwgZ Ki‡e| `y®‹…wZKvixiv hv‡Z
my›`ie‡bi nwiY, evN wkKvi, MvQ Pywi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i AvBbk„•Ljv evwnbx †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡e| A_©vr
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv e„wׇZ mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| bM‡i Aí e„wó‡Z
Rjve×Zv †`Lv †`q| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY cwjw_b Ges GRvZxq eR©¨ iv¯Ívq cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi c_ eÜ K‡i
ZvB GRvZxq eR©¨ iv¯Ívq ¯’vwcZ Wv÷we‡b †dj‡Z n‡e| DwjøwLZ welq m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv e„w× cÖ‡qvRb|
wk¶v_©xi KvR
cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvq wk¶v_©x‡`i f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© wjLyb
mvivsk
mv¤úªwZK mg‡q cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi ¯’vwqZ¡, ZxeªZv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, cÖK…wZ‡K Avgiv aŸsm Ki‡j cÖK…wZ
Avgv‡`i‡K wU‡K _vK‡Z w`‡e bv| ZvB cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK
fvimvg¨ I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †gvU AvqZ‡bi kZKiv 25 fvM ebf‚wg cÖ‡qvRb wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q
gvÎ kZKiv 17 fvM| ZvB Avgv‡`i cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvq A‡bK †ewk MyiyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| cÖK…wZ msi¶YkxjZvi
wewfbœ †KŠkj n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i msi¶Y I cwi‡ek `~lY wbqš¿Y|
weÁvb BDwbU-9
`y‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ emevm c„ôv 160
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| evsjv‡`‡k kZKiv KZfvM ebf‚wg i‡q‡Q?
K) 17 fvM L) 18 fvM
M) 15 fvM N) 13 fvM
2| bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †KvbwU?
K) †mŠikw³ L) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
M) †K‡ivwmb N) Pzbvcv_i
3| Miyi †Mvei †_‡K ˆZwi nq-
i) DrK…ó gv‡bi ev‡qvM¨vm ev ˆReM¨vm
ii) DrK…ó gv‡bi ˆRemvi
iii) wg‡_‡bi cwigvY kZKiv 98 fvM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) ii L) i I ii M) i, ii I iii N) iii
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
K. U‡b©‡Wv kãwUi A_© Kx?
L. Rjevqy cwieZ©b nIqvi KviY Kx?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwU Kx eySv‡”Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Ò ˆewkK DòZv e„w×i Rb¨ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛB `vqxÓ- e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
2| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Kwig wgqvi evwo cUzqvLvwj †Rjvq| 2007 mv‡j nVvr DcK‚jxq GjvKvq cÖPÛ S‡o Nievwo mewKQz
Dwo‡q wb‡q hvq| AvkÖq †K‡›`ª hvbwb e‡j wZwb Qvov cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨ gviv hvq| GLb Kwig wgqvi
ïayB Avd‡mvm †Kb wZwb AvkÖq †K‡›`ª †M‡jb bv|
K) Rjevqy cwieZ©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 1
L) cÖK…wZ msiÿYkxjZvi †KŠkjmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb| 2
M) DÏxc‡Ki cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMwU Kxfv‡e m„wó nq? e¨vL¨v Kiyb| 3
N) Kwig wgqv GB cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ Kx Kx c`‡¶c wb‡Z cvi‡Zb? we‡kølY Ki| 4
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1 : 1| K 2| L 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2 : 1| K 2| N 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.3 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.4 : 1| K 2| K 3| M