xml schema languages as a technical fundamental of formalised description
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XML SCHEMA LANGUAGESAS A TECHNICAL FUNDAMENTAL OF
FORMALISED DESCRIPTION OF MAPS
OTAKAR CERBA
Geomatics Section
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Applied Sciences
University of West Bohemia in Pilsen
Czech Republic
The Future of Maps and the Internet, November, 13-15, 2009 Via Del Mar, Valparaiso, Chile
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Introduction
Ing. et Mgr. Otakar Cerba Geomatics section on University of West Bohemia in Pilsen
since 1995 Member of Czech cartographic society Application of XML technologies (XML schema languages,
XSLT) and data modeling techniques to digital cartography Projects: VisualHealth, Humboldt, Plan4all, SDI-EDU
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Objectives
Formalized description of map XML & XML schema languages RELAX NG language & its possibilities Formalized description of map through RELAX NG
Future steps Conclusion
namespace dc = " http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ " start = Atlas_element |MapSet_element | Map_element Atlas_element = element Atlas {MapSet_or_Atlas}MapSet_element = element MapSet {MapSet_or_Atlas} MapSet_or_Atlas =
MapSet_element* & ap_element* & Metadata_DCMI Map_element = element Map {Technique_element+ & Metadata_DCMI} # Group of metadata elements common to allroot elements Metadata_DCMI = element dc:title {text} & element dc:creator{text} & element dc:description {text}? Technique_element = element Technique {
attribute name "Choropleth"} &element SourceData {attribute uri {xsd:anyURI}& attribute geometry {text} & element Parameter {text}* } & element Border{attribute width {xsd:decimal}+ & attribute colour {text}+ & attribute structure{text}+ }* & element Inside { attribute fillColour {text} | attribute fillURI
{xsd:anyURI} } & element Classification { attribute name {"Constant" |"Qunatilies" | "Standard_deviation"}+ & attribute classesNumber {xsd:decimal}+}
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ -
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Cartography vs. Information technologies
Cartography
Informationtechnologies
Informationtechnologies
Web environment
Services
Data sharing
Automatedprocessing
Cartography
Web environment
Services
Data sharing
Automatedprocessing
Cartography is an information transfer process that is centred about a spatialdatabase which can be considered, initself, a multifaceted model of geographicreality. Such a spatial database thenserves as the central core of an entire
sequence of cartographic processes,receiving various data inputs anddispensing various types of informationproducts. (Guptill & Starr 1984).
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Situation in cartography
Cartographer who wants toshare maps, communicate,
through Internet and use WPS
Platform
Standard
Format
Specification
Datamodel
Platform Standard
Format Specification
Datamodel
Platform
Standard
Format
Specification
Datamodel
Platform
Standard
Format
Specification
Datamodel
Platform
Standard
Format
Specification
Datamodel
Standard SpecificationData
model
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Way from the labyrinth
Exploitation of cartographic benefits of the Internet
Removing of problems related to datamodels, data formats, platforms,
specifications, standards...
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE!!!
To eliminate consequences of heterogeneities
HOW?
Detailed and standardizeddescription of data models of all levels
and data formats through exchangeformat based on a platform
independent language
XML
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XML? What is it?
Markup language or metalanguage
XML marks the meaning of particular parts of
documents, but does notspecify their design XML describes data and
their structure
XML is the base of semantic data
1. XML is a protocol for containing and managinginformation.
2. XML is a family of
technologies that can doeverything from formattingdocuments to filtering data.
3. XML is a philosophy for information handling thatseeks maximum usefulnessand flexibility for data byrefining it to its purest andmost structured form.
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XML? Why do we need it?
XML
Independence
Freedom
Simplicity
Clarity
Expansion
Relations
Self-description
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XML schema languages? Why?We have XML...
XML can have an effect of bigger chaos.
XML is not a concrete dataformat. It is a set of rules for
building markup languages. Everybody can create and
use own names of elementsand attributes
No interoperability
?Where is
the promised interoperability?
The freedom to define tag namesand attributes has to be constrained
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XML schema languages enable to...
...define and describe any subset of XML a formaldefinition of a new markup language or format (e.g.elements, attributes, entities, their limits and restrictions)
...be used as filters or firewalls protecting computers
against heterogeneities of XML formats and languages ...be processed by special software called validators being
able to control the structure of data file ...eliminate the heterogeneities related to different data
structures, formats, models etc. ...create and work with PSVI (Post-Schema ValidationInfoset)
...generate documentation materials of XML-based formats
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XML schema languages
DTD W3C XML Schema RELAX NG
RELAXXduceTREX
SchematronExamplotron
XML-DataXML-Data-Reduced
Document Content DescriptionSchema for Object-Oriented XML
Document Definition Markup Language
XML schema languages enable unification, but...
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Which format is the best?
XML schema language XML format
DTD SVG 1.0, SVG 1.1, SVG Mobile Profiles, GML 1.0, SLD 0.71, X3D 3.0
W3C XML Schema KML 2.2, GML 2.0-3.2.1, LandXML 1.0-1.2, DiaML, SLD 0.72-1.1.0, X3D 3.0
RELAX NG SVG Tiny 1.2
element Map {element Title {text}}
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Relax with RELAX NG
RELAX NG = RELAX + TREX + Xduce ISO standard (ISO/IEC FDIS 19757-2 Document Schema
Definition Language (DSDL) -- Part 2: Regular-grammar-based validation RELAX NG)
Two forms of syntax XML-based and compact Support of XML Namespaces Re-using data types defined in W3C XML schema Relationship to Schematron
Transformation to other XML schema languages (DTD,W3C XML Schema, both syntax form of RELAX NG)through software Trang
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RELAX NG patterns
Elements, attributes, comments Mandatory and optional elements and attributes Sequence (order) of parts of data forced, free Multiple occurrence of elements Choices of elements and attributes Context parts of data dependent on other values of data Data types (in-built, W3C XML Schema) Enumeration data type Condition of data values
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Advantages of XML-based description
Based on the schemes it will be possible to create softwareuniformly processing described data
Data can be controlled using validators XML schema languages bring more comfort to the editors
In the case of choice of semantically understandablenames the description of maps will easy to read for people
Anyone who has once learned to describe the map with aspecific subset of the XML language, will be able to carry
out his work quickly and efficiently in other similar cases Only a formalized description will link with other standards Software working with formalized description allows to
generate not only a map sheet and its features, but alsocompositional elements, GUI, metadata
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Example: Structure of maps
Map
Metadata(DCMI)
Atlas
MapSet
dc:title
dc:creator
dc:description
Root elements Top-down modeling process
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Example: Structure of maps
namespace dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
start = Atlas_element | MapSet_element | Map_element
Atlas_element = element Atlas {MapSet_or_Atlas}
MapSet_element = element MapSet {MapSet_or_Atlas}
MapSet_or_Atlas =MapSet_element* &Map_element* &Metadata_DCMI
Map_element = element Map {Metadata_DCMI}
# Group of metadata elements common to all root elementsMetadata_DCMI =
element dc:title {text},element dc:creator {text}+,
element dc:description {text}?
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Example: Cartographic technique
Cartographictechniquesmodeling
Syntactictypes of
cartographicmethod
Visualvariables
Decompositionof cartographicsymbols
Assignment of properties of symbols
Mid-levelmodeling process
Source data
AbsolutelyRelatively(parametrization)
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Example: Choropleth maps
Choroplethmaps
Areals Borders
Type of fill(colour, pattern)
Width, colour,structure
Factors influencingselection of concretevisual variables:
They must be suitable for
quantitative data
describable withSVG
Source data
AbsolutelyRelatively
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Process of map generating used in VisualHealthproject and Atlas of International Relationships
Geodata
Visualisation
rules
Thematic mappresented
in the browser
Descriptionof the map
Transformationprocessor
GML, JML...
XSLT 2.0
XML(RELAX NG)
Saxon(or internal p.) SVG, KML...
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ogr:OB01
ogr:dietaogr:kombiogr:pdaogr:inzulin
Combination of choropleth map and pie charts
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Future steps technical view
Application of contexts based on the concrete values of elements or attributes
Strict data types declaration changing the general datatype text to a specific data type taken from the W3C XML
Schema or regular expressions The implementation of inheritance rules, which allows
sharing properties among the nested elements Modularization of long and complicated scheme structure
of maps, groups of maps or atlases, cartographictechniques and data types
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Conclusion advantages to web cartography
Validation automatically checking syntax of a document Interoperability communication and exchange of
information not only in cartographic domains Accessibility of cartographic products elimination the
impossibility of use of applications
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Conclusion - relations
Formalizeddescription
of maps
ICA ResearchAgenda
Next generationof Web (2.0...)
XMLtechnologies
Web services Spatial datainfrastructure
Expertsystems
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Conclusion
Increase in abstraction and formalization higher level of automated processes in cartography
Formalized language to describe the map positive changes in quality of services
wider use of other types of services providing dataand allowing for processing
But...Cartographers action cannot be completely replaced with
automated processes the formal description of the mapcannot constitute a final solution for creating maps but onlyone of the tools to support creative activities of cartographers,and a system to help the communication
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