[xls]users.drew.edu · web view"the actual placement of the noble stone, that behind which one...

label FixedEphe City latlng

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fl1 - Commedia - Inferno

Fl2 - Chained View Detail

Fl3 - Chronicle of FlorenceFl4 - Bargello, exterior

Fl5 - Chronicle of Florence

Fl6 - Commedia - Purgatorio

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fixed Florence 43.770031,11.250994

Fixed Florence 43.770031,11.250994

Fl7 - Commedia - Paradiso

Fl8- Ognissanti Madonna

Fl9 - Ognissanti Exterior


Fl11 - Commedia - Paradiso

Fl12 -Commedia - Purgatorio

Fixed Florence 43.770031,11.250994

Fixed Florence 43.770031,11.250994

Fixed Florence 43.770031,11.250994

Fixed Florence 43.768756,11.253553

Fixed Florence 43.768756,11.253553

Fixed Florence 43.768756,11.253553

Fl13 -Chronicle of Florence


Fl15 - Madonna and Child


Fl17 -Amidei Tower


Fixed Florence 43.768756,11.253553

Fixed Florence 43.770783,11.258683

Fixed Florence 43.770783,11.258683

Fixed Florence 43.769231,11.256025

Fixed Florence 43.769231,11.256025

Fixed Florence 43.769231,11.256025

Fl19 -Commedia - Paradiso


Fl21 - San Proclo


Fl23 - Commedia - Inferno


Fixed Florence 43.769231,11.256025

Fixed Florence

Fixed Florence

Florence

Fixed Florence 43.774554,11.249323

Fl25 - Palazzo Vecchio

Fl26- walls

Fl27- walls

Fl28- Feast of S. Agatha

Ephemeral

Fl29- Commedia - Paradiso

Fixed Florence 43.774554,11.249323

Fixed Florence 43.774554,11.249323

Fixed Florence 43.774554,11.249323

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fl36- ChronFixed Florence 43.771347,11.261599

Fl37- San PFixed Florence 43.771347,11.261599

Fl38- CommFixed Florence 43.771299,11.261876

Fixed Florence 43.772364,11.245772

Fl30- Chronicle of Florence

Fl31- Chained View Detail

Fl32- Chained View Detail

Fl33- Commedia - Paradiso


Fl35- Commedia - Inferno


Fixed Florence 43.770853,11.256922

Florence 43.773204,11.25563

Florence 43.773204,11.25563

Fixed Florence 43.771497,11.256866

Fixed Florence 43.771497,11.256866

Fixed Florence 43.770182,11.253801


Fl41- Commedia- Inferno

Ephemeral


Ephemeral

Fl43- Commedia- Purgatorio



Fixed Florence 43.770182,11.253801

Fixed Florence 43.770182,11.253801

Fixed Florence 43.770182,11.253801

Fixed Florence 43.771282,11.257947

Fixed Florence 43.771282,11.257947

Fixed Florence 43.771282,11.257947

Fixed Florence 43.771282,11.257947

Fl46- Chained View Detail 1





Fl51- Chained View Detail 2Fl52- Palazzo Pazzi

Fixed Florence 43.771282,11.257947

Florence

Florence

Fixed Florence 43.764599,11.258031

Fixed Florence 43.764599,11.258031

Fixed Florence 43.764599,11.258031



Ephemeral

Fl55- Comedia Inferno

Ephemeral


Fl57- Comedia Paradiso


Fixed Florence 43.764599,11.258031

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Fixed Florence 43.773181,11.255061

Florence

Fixed Florence 43.770286,11.255872



Fl61- Cassone, with front illustrating the procession of the Palii

Fl62- Procession

Ephemeral


Fixed Florence 43.770286,11.255872

Florence

Florence

Fl64- Commedia- Paradisio

Fl65-Procession

Ephemeral

Fl66-Processional

Ephemeral

Florence

Fixed Rome 41.885982,12.506392

Fixed Rome 41.903055,12.461554

Fl67-Processional

Ephemeral

Ro1 - Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela

Ro2-Marvels of Rome

Fixed Rome 41.892717,12.483447

Fixed Rome 41.898567,12.476789

Fixed Rome 41.895814,12.484279

Fixed Rome 41.898567,12.476789

Ro3-Marvels of Rome

Ro4 - Marvels of Rome

Ro5-Marvels of Rome

Ro6 -Nuremberg Chronicle

Fixed Rome 41.889729,12.490677

Fixed Rome 41.880673,12.489858

Fixed Rome 41.886092,12.485543

Fixed Rome 41.893936,12.483419

Fixed Rome 41.902868,12.466478






Fixed Rome 41.893766,12.484271

Fixed Rome 41.90274,12.46489

Rome

Rom12-Marvels of Rome


Ro14-Ordo Romanus

Ephemeral

Rome

Fixed Rome 41.902145,12.454923

Fixed Rome 41.902145,12.454923

Ro15-Ordo Romanus

Ephemeral

Ro16-Marvels of Rome


Fixed Rome 41.905994,12.476424

Fixed Rome 41.89248,12.485958

Fixed Rome 41.892204,12.486419

Fixed Rome 41.890727,12.488588

Fixed Rome 41.885982,12.506392

Fixed Rome 41.902145,12.454923



Ro21-Marvels of RomeRo22-Marvels of Rome


Ro24-Nuremberg Chronicle

Fixed Rome 41.893936,12.483419

Fixed Jerusalem 31.778435,35.229678





Je1-Ibn BattutaJe2 - Madaba Map

Je3 - Egeria's Travels

Je4 - Guide to the Holy Land








Je6 - Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela

Je7 - Tower of David


Je9 - Pool of Siloam

Je10 - Al-Muqaddasi





Je11 - Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela

Je12 - Guide to the Holy LandJe13 - Egeria's Travels

Je14 - Ibn Battuta






Je15 - Ibn Battuta



Je18 - Nuremberg Chronicle

Je19 - Travels of Ibn Battuta

Fixed Mecca 21.42211,39.826486

Fixed Mecca 21.42253,39.826148

Fixed Mecca 21.42253,39.826148

Fixed Mecca 21.423354,39.826727

Me1 - Travels of Ibn Jubayr

Me2 - Travels of Ibn Jubayr

Me3 - Travels of Ibn Battuta


Fixed Mecca 21.354618,39.983754


Polygon Polyline Building Name

Baptistery

Baptistery

Baptistery

Baptistery

Church - Ognissanti

Church - Ognissanti

Church - Ognissanti

Church - Ognissanti

Church - Ognissanti

Church - Ognissanti

Church - Santa Trinita





Amidei Tower

Amidei Tower

Amidei Tower

Amidei Tower

Church - San Procolo

Church - San Procolo

Palazzo Vecchio

Palazzo Vecchio

Palazzo Vecchio

Palazzo Vecchio

Walls, 1173-75

Walls, 1173-75

Santa Maria Novella

43.770737,11.247489|43.77298,11.250504|43.77298,11.250504|43.775351,11.253659|43.774452,11.256834|43.774049,11.257929|43.771435,11.262553|43.767582,11.25935|43.764454,11.26487|43.76371,11.261684|43.763253,11.260257|43.763044,11.258926|43.762986,11.258261|43.762931,11.257408|43.763268,11.256797|43.762947,11.255032|43.761819,11.253138|43.765031,11.247913|43.773108,11.255279|43.773418,11.255579|43.773302,11.257521|43.771491,11.257907|43.771498,11.258983|43.771474,11.26133943.771354,11.261532|43.771452,11.26131|43.771452,11.26003|43.771485,11.258788|43.771469,11.257914|43.770482,11.257821|43.769428,11.257537|43.769072,11.257312|43.768732,11.256901|43.769114,11.255858|43.769583,11.254372|43.767472,11.252747|43.767863,11.251169|43.768142,11.249764|43.768804,11.247355|43.769064,11.246535|43.771009,11.247945|43.770974,11.248391|43.772023,11.249807|

Santa Maria Novella

Santa Maria Novella

Santa Maria Novella

Battistero di San Giovanni



San Pier Maggiore

San Pier Maggiore

San Pier Maggiore

Church - Ognissanti

Torre della Castagna

Piazza del Duomo

Piazza del Duomo

Donati House

Donati House

New Market Cavalcanti Houses




Palazzo Pazzi

Palazzo Pazzi

Palazzo Pazzi

Palazzo Pazzi

Palazzo Pazzi

1304 Fire

1304 Fire

Palazzo Mozzi

Palazzo Mozzi

Palazzo Mozzi

43.770658,11.254393|43.770604,11.255026|43.769449,11.255187|43.76948,11.254168|43.768109,11.25321343.770658,11.254393|43.770604,11.255026|43.769449,11.255187|43.76948,11.254168|43.768109,11.253213

Palazzo Mozzi

Feast of St. John the Baptist



Cerchi Tower

43.769631,11.256006|43.769099,11.255807|43.768839,11.256671|43.768683,11.256924|43.768967,11.257233|43.769416,11.257528|43.77052,11.257839|43.771479,11.257923|43.772159,11.257891|43.772492,11.257843|43.773205,11.257617|43.773505,11.257156|43.773598,11.256912|43.773445,11.256625|43.773413,11.255545|

Cerchi Tower

43.773073,11.25544|43.773383,11.254624|43.773377,11.252773|43.771479,11.252806|43.771487,11.255359|43.771479,11.261346|43.771324,11.26156

Rogation Day 1 - Monday preceding Ascension Thursday

43.773073,11.25544|43.773383,11.254624|43.773726,11.254629|43.774717,11.255016|43.774779,11.25464|43.774624,11.254994|43.773679,11.254683|43.773383,11.254624|43.771502,11.254447|43.771471,11.251357|43.77168,11.250744|43.772021,11.249835|43.772408,11.249065|43.772951,11.248027|43.772858,11.247966|43.772939,11.248084|

Rogation Day 2 - Tuesday preceding Ascension Thursday

Church - San Giovanni Laterano

Pyramid of Romulus

43.773073,11.25544|43.772836,11.255174|43.77277,11.254482|43.771937,11.254482|43.770558,11.254412|43.770136,11.254412|43.769605,11.254391|43.769005,11.253881|43.768619,11.253599|43.768566,11.253742|43.768617,11.253614|43.768498,11.253498|43.767428,11.252706|43.767176,11.252331|43.766998,11.252411|43.766963,11.252653|43.766909,11.252942|43.766816,11.253484|43.766649,11.253479|43.76658,11.253881|43.766483,11.25401|43.765824,11.254359|43.765631,11.254514|43.76527,11.255094|43.765552,11.255541|43.765149,11.257011|43.764653,11.258245|43.764537,11.258846|43.764576,11.259908|43.764545,11.26038|43.764436,11.260863|43.764289,11.261217|43.763786,11.26156|

Rogation Day 3 - Wednesday preceding Ascension Thursday

Capitoline

Pantheon

Forum of Trajan

Pantheon

Arch of Constantine

Church - Santa Balbina

Circus Maximus

S. Maria in Aracoeli

Castel Sant' Angelo

Mamertine Prison

St. Peter's Needle

Papal Adventus - Intramural - part

41.886077,12.506722|41.887131,12.504727|41.887163,12.503718|41.887434,12.502753|41.888345,12.499877|41.888955,12.498099|41.889734,12.498228|41.891007,12.492662|41.891055,12.49146|41.891574,12.490785|41.892404,12.49027|41.89286,12.489186|41.892987,12.488993|41.893203,12.488757|41.893411,12.488381|41.893482,12.488113|41.89381,12.487813|41.893818,12.487609|41.894018,12.487405|41.894018,12.487405|41.894281,12.487233|41.8948,12.486858|41.895709,12.484106|41.896299,12.483569|41.898514,12.482588|41.898264,12.481424|41.900774,12.480474|41.900534,12.479616|41.900366,12.478586|41.900119,12.4785|41.899951,12.476451|

Papal Adventus - Intramural - part 2

Vatican & Needle

Pine Cone

41.902161,12.455267|41.902544,12.466403|41.901155,12.466511|41.899855,12.466698|41.899214,12.468461|41.899137,12.469252|41.898498,12.470003|41.89817,12.470722|41.897995,12.471591|41.897699,12.472245|41.897835,12.4735|41.897923,12.47511|41.898346,12.47511|41.898426,12.475904|41.899001,12.475957|41.899097,12.477159|41.896917,12.477373|41.896996,12.478672|41.89587,12.478886|41.894928,12.480227|41.895466,12.482324|41.894153,12.484304|41.893355,12.484294|41.893211,12.48409|41.892923,12.484594|41.89253,12.484106|41.892179,12.484943|41.892738,12.485458|41.893824,12.486745|41.892484,12.487748|41.892516,12.487308|41.891893,12.48675|41.891542,12.487512|

Mausoleum of Augustus

Cannapara

Frangipane Tower

Arch of Titus

Saint John Lateran

Vatican & Needle

S. Maria in Aracoeli

Holy Sepulcher

Holy Sepulcher

Holy Sepulcher

Temple Mount

Temple Mount

Temple Mount

Tower of David

Pool of Siloam

Pool of Siloam

Mt. of Olives

Tomb of the Patriarchs


Mt. of Olives

Temple Mount

Temple Mount

Holy Sepulcher

Mt. of Olives

Temple Mount


Zam Zam Well

Ka'ba

Ka'ba

Gate of Ibrahim

Mount of Mercy

Century Author Title

14th Dante Commedia - Inferno

15th unknown Chained View Detail

13th Dino Compagni Chronicle of Florence

13th unknown Bargello, exterior


14th Dante Commedia - Purgatorio

14th Dante Commedia - Paradiso

13th Giotto Ognissanti Madonna

17th unknown Ognissanti Exterior



14th Dante Commedia - Purgatorio



13th Cimabue Madonna and Child


13th unknown Amidei Tower




13th unknown San Proclo




13th unknown Palazzo Vecchio

12th unknown

12th unknown

13th Customary of Canons of Florence




15th Hartmann Schedel, Michael Wolg Chained View Detail



13th Dante Commedia - Infero


14th Jacopo Di Cione San Pier Alterpiece




14th Dante Commedia- The Inferno


14th Dante Commedia- Purgatorio



15th unknown Chained View Detail 1






19th Contemporary ViewAlinari. Florence, Palazzo Pazzi, Via del Proconsolo. Photograph. 1890. Rpt. In Saalman, Howard. “The Authorship of the Pazzi Palace.” The Art Bulletin 46.3 (1964): 388-394. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3048191>.



14th Dino Compagni Comedia Inferno

14th Dino Campagni Chronicle of Florence

14th Dante Comedia Paradiso




15th unknown

15th


Cassone, illustrating the procession of the Palii

14th Dante Commedia- Paradisio

12th Canons of S. Reparta Ritus in ecclesia servandi



12th Benjamin of Tudela Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela

12th Benedict, Canon of St. Peter Marvels of Rome


15th Michael Wohlgemut Nuremberg Chronicle




12th Gregorius, Magister Marvels of Rome

12th Benedict, Canon of St. Peter Ordo Romanus

Papal Adventus - Intramural - part 2 Benedict, Canon of St. Peter Ordo Romanus




14th Ibn Battuta Travels of Ibn Battuta

8th unknown Madaba Map -detail

4th Egeria Egeria's Travels

12th Theordorich of Wurzburg Guide to the Holy Land



2nd BCE unknown Tower of David

12th Theordorich of Wurzburg Pool of Siloam

5th unknown Pool of Siloam

11th Al-MuqaddasiBest Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions



4th Egeria Egeria's Travels


12th Ibn Jubayr Travels of Ibn Jubayr




Medium Processional Manuscript

text

frescoe

text

freize

text

text

text

gesso

photograph

frescoe

text

text

text

frescoe

gesso

frescoe

photograph

text

text

text

photograph

text

text

frescoe

photograph

stone

stone

stone

text

Feast of S. Agatha (possibly S. John)

text

frescoe

Woodcut, hand painted

text

text

text

text

panel

text

text

text

text Feast of All Saints

text Feast of All Saints

text

text

text

frescoe

engraving

text

text

frescoe

engraving

photograph

text

text

text

text

text

text

text

text

Cassone

text

text

Feast of St. John, Burlington Magazine (Jun, 1918)

text

text Rogation Day

text Rogation Day

text Rogation Day

text

text

text

Incunabula

text

Incunabula Drew Incunabula 21

text

text

text

text

text

text

text

text Papal Adventus - Intramural Part 1

text Papal Adventus - Intramural Part 2

text

text

text

text

text

text

text

Incunabula

text

text

mosaic

text

text

text

text

photograph

text

photograph

text

text

text

text

text

text

text

text

Incunabula

text

text

text

text

text

Incunabula Text

They seemed to me as wide and deepas those in my beautiful Saint Johnmade for the priests to baptize in,one of which, not many years ago,I broke to save one nearly drowned in it -and let this be my seal, to undeceive all men. Canto 19.16-21

This rout [of the Aretines] took place on June 11, the day of Saint Barnabas, at a place called Campaldino near Poppi. After this victory, however, not all of the Guelfs returned to Arezzo. Some of them ventured to return, and they were told that if they wanted to stay, they could do as they wished. The Florentines and Aretines did not make peace. The Florentines retained the castles they had taken – that is, Castiglione, Laterina, Civitella, Rondine, and many other castles – and razed some of them. After a little while the Florentines sent troops to Arezzo and pitched camp there. Two of the Priors went there: on Saint John’s Day they held a horse race; and they attacked the city and burned whatever they found inside the countryside. They then went to Bibbiena, and took it and razed the walls…

“Having gathered at the church of Ognissanti to revise the laws, those in the conspiracy against Giano della Bella said to him: ‘Look at what the butchers are doing and how their misdeeds are multiplying.' And Giano replied: ‘May the city perish before this is tolerated,' and he arranged to make laws against them. Similarly they said of the jurists: ‘Look the jurists threaten the magistrates with an audit and frighten them into granting unjust favors. And they keep cases pending for three or four years and a decision is never rendered in a suit….' Giano, justly worried about this, said: “Let there be laws to restrain such wickedness,' And once they set him ablaze about justice they secretly sent word to the jurists and butchers and other artisans, saying that Giano was vituperating them and making laws against them.” Dino Compagni, Chronicle of Forence (Bornstein, Bk 1, c. 13, 16.)

O empty glory of the powers of humans! / How briefly green endures under the peaks-- / unless an age of dullness follows it. // In painting Cimabue thought he held / the field, and now it's Giotto's they acclaim-- / the former only keeps a shadowed fame." Purgatorio XI, 91-96

"though he whose coat of arms has fringed that ensign / has taken sides now with the populace." Paradiso XVI, 131-32

Virgin mother, daughter of your Son, / more humble and sublime than any creature, / fixed goal decreed from all eternity, // you are the one who gave to human nature / so much nobility that its creator / did not disdain His being made its creature. // That love whose warmth allowed this flower to bloom / within the everlasting peace--was love / rekindled in your womb; for us above // you are the noonday torch of charity, / and there below, on earth, among the mortals / you are the living spring of hope. Lady // you are so high, you can so intercede, / that he who would have grace but does not seek / your aid, may long to fly but has no wings... // This man--who from the deepest hollow in / the universe, up to this height, has seen / the lives of spirits, one by one--now pleads // with you, through grace, to grant him so much virtue / that he may lift his vision higher still-- / may lift it toward the ultimate salvation.'" Speech of Bernard of Clairvaux to the Virgin, Paradiso XXXIII, 1-15, 22-27

O empty glory of the powers of humans! / How briefly green endures under the peaks-- / unless an age of dullness follows it. // In painting Cimabue thought he held / the field, and now it's Giotto's they acclaim-- / the former only keeps a shadowed fame." Purgatorio XI, 91-96

The opposing party constantly urged the signoria to punish the Donati, for in this meeting in Santa Trinita they had contravened the Ordinances of Justice by making a conspiracy and a plot against the government. In investigating the truth of this conspiracy, it was discovered that the Count of Battifolle had sent his son with his armed followers at the request of the conspirators. And letters were found in which messer Simone de' Bardi had written that he would have a great quantity of bread baked, so that the men who were coming would have enough to eat. This clearly proved that a conspiracy was arranged at that meeting in Santa Trinita, for which the Count and his son and messer Simone were sentenced to heavy penalties. Now that the hatred and ill will of both factions were out in the open, each group strove to harm the other. But in their harsh words the Donati revealed themselves much more brazenly than the Cerchi, and they feared nothing." Dino Compagni's Chronicle of Florence, 27-28

After many ancient evils resulting from the strife of its citizens, there arose in the city a new evil which divided all of its citizens in such a way that the two factions called themselves enemies under two new names, that is Guelf and Ghibelline. And in Florence the cause of this was that a young nobleman of the city named Buondelmonte del Buondelmonti had promised to take as his wife the daughter of messer Oderigo Giantrufetti. Then one day, as he was passing by the house of the Donati, a gentlewoman named madonna Aldruda, wife of messer Forteguerra Donati, who had two lovely daughter saw him from the balcony of her palace and called to him, and showed him one of her daughters, and said to him, “who have you chosen to be your wife?” -Dino Compagni Chronica I, 2, p. 6.

O Buondelmonte, how ill-fated that you fledthose nuptials at another's urging!'Many would be happy who now grieveif God had let the river Ema take youthe first time that you came into our town.'But it was destined that, to the shattered stonethat guards the bridge, Florence should offera sacrificial victim in her final days of peace. -Paradiso , XVI, 140-48

With both parties in the city and enjoying the benefits of the peace, the Guelfs, who were more powerful, began gradually to contravene the peace pacts. First they took the stipends away from the exiles; then they filled the offices irregularly; they declared the exiles to be rebels...Some men, thinking of what might come from all of this, sought out some leaders of the popolo to ask them to try to find a remedy...and because of this six popolani citizens got together...I, Dino Campagni, was one of them...As a result three citizens were elected heads of the guilds, to aid the merchants and guildsmen whenever necessary. These three were Bartolo di messer Iacopo de' Bardi, Salvi del Chiaro Girolami, and Rosso Bacherelli; they met in the church of San Procolo." Dino Compagni, Chronicle of Florence (Bornstein, 8 ).

"That evening a miraculous sign appeared in the sky: a vermilion cross over the Palace of the Priors. Each bar was more than a palm and a half wide; one line appeared to be more than forty feet high, and the transverse was a little less. This cross remained for a little less than it takes a horse to run two laps. The people who saw this - and I saw it clearly - could understand that God was firmly set against our tormented city." Compagni, Chronicle of Florence (Bornstein, 47).

"And I, all eyes, saw a whirling banner/ that ran so fast it seemed as though/ it never could find rest./ Behind it came so long a file of people/ that I could not believe/ death had undone so many./ After I recognized a few of these,/ I saw and knew the shade of him/ who, through cowardice, made the great refusal./ At once with certainty I understood/ this was that worthless crew/ hateful alike to God and to His foes." Inferno, III, 52-63

The Feast of St. Agatha is among those feasts described in the Ordinary of the Cathedral (S. XII-XIIII) as a "Principle feast ... celebrated by all Christian people with great devotion...." Riccardiana Ms 3005, fol. 98v As distinct from "Popular feasts... which are venerated by the popular part of the plebs" (fol. 99r) and "Private feasts" celebrated by the clergy (fol. 99v). Early 13thc processional banner with S. Agatha in Museo del Duomo, Florence

"You want to know with what plants and blossoms/ the garland is in flower, encircling with delight/ the lovely lady who strengthens you for Heaven/ I was a lamb among the holy flock/ led by Dominic along the road/ where sheep are fattened if they do not stray." Canto 10.91-6

Drew Incunabula 21, fol. 87

"The lord lodged in the Frescobaldi house. He had been urged to lodge at Santa Maria Novella where the great and honoured King Charles and all the great lords who came to the city stayed, since there was ample room and the place was safe." (Bornstein Book 2 c. 9 p. 39-40)

" 'Be more grave, Christians, in your endeavors.Do not resemble feathers in the wind, nor thinkall waters have the power to wash you clean." Canto 5. 73-5

"Because of the office which I held and the good will which I sensed in my companions, I thought of assembling many good citizens in the baptistery of San Giovanni; and so I did." (Bornstein Book 2. c. 8 p. 38)

"And he to us: 'O souls who have arrived/ to see the shameless carnage/ that has torn from me my leaves/ gather them here at the foot of this wretched bush/ I was of the city that traded patrons -- / Mars for John the Baptist" Canto 13.139-144

"He [messer Corso] barricaded himself in Piazza San Piero Maggiore and reinforced himself with many troops; the Bordoni hurried there vigorously with a large following and with pennants showing their arms." Dino Compagni, Chronicle of Forence (Bornstein, Bk 3, c. 20, 83.)

'And to the papal seat, not now as benevolentto the upright poor as it was once -- not flawed in itself,but degenerate in its occupant.." Inferno XII 88-90

"The truth about this misdeed-why the fire was set, and set in that place- should be known. It was the leaders of the Black Party who prepared this fire in Ognissanti in order to flush out the Cavalcanti, whom they feared because of their wealth and power." Dino Compagni, Chronicle of Forence (Bornstein, Bk 3, c. 8, 71.)

These three officials were chosen for a term of two months starting June 15, 1282. When that term was finished, six officers were chosen, one for each sixth of the city, for a term of two months starting August 15, 1282. They were called the Priors of the Guilds; and they stayed secluded in the tower of the Castagna near the Badia so that they did not have to fear the threats of powerful. They were given permission to cary arms in perpetuo, along with other privleges, and they were given six servants and six guards. ((Bornstein, pg. 8)

On we went, escorted by ten demons/ What savage company! But, as they say,/ 'in church with saints, with guzzlers in the tavern.' Cant. XXII 13-15

Messer Charles’ chancellor was asked to request his lord not to come on All Saints’ Day, because on that day the popolo minuto holds a festival with the new wine and many disturbances could break out which, with the malice of the wicked citizens, might throw the city into turmoil. (38)

How true' he said, 'and I see him who bears/ The greatest blame dragged behind a beast/ Toward a valley where there is no absolution. 'The beast goes faster with each step,/ and faster, until it hurls him to the ground/ and leaves his body horribly disfigured.' Cant. 82-87

And in Florence the cause of [this conflict] was that a young nobleman named Boundelmonte de’Boundelmonti had promised to take as his wife a daughter of messer Oderigo Giantruffetti. Then one day, as he was passing by the house of the Donati, a gentlewoman named madonna Aldruda, wife of messer Forteguerra Donati, who had two lovely daughters, saw him form the balcony of her palace and said to him, “Who have you chosen to be your wife? I was saving this girl for you.” "It was the leaders of the Black Party who prepared this fire in Ognissanti in order to flush out the Cavalcanti, whom they feared because of their wealth and power. This fire was composed in such a way that when some of it fell on the ground it left a blue color. Ser Neri Abati carried this fire in a pot and set it in his kinsmen’s house, and messer Rosso della Tosa and others shot it into Via Calimala. Sinibaldo di messer Corso Donati carried a big batch of this fire, like a lit torch, to set fire to the Cavalcanti houses in the New Market; and Boccacio Adimari with his followers came through Corso degli Adimari up to Or San Michele. The Cavalcanti went to meet them, and pushed them back into Corso and captured a barricade they had made. Then the Blacks set fire to the Macci house in Corte delle Badesse. The podestà of the city went to the New Market with his followers and many soldiers, but he gave no help or protection. They stayed on their horses and watched the fire and got in the way because of the encumbrance they made, obstructing the footsoldiers and passerby. The Cavalcanti and many others watched the fire and did not have the courage to go against their enemies after the fire was spent, though they could have won and remained lords." Dino Compagni's Chronicle of Florence, 71. Location found in: Carmody, F. J. “Florence: Project for a Map, 1250-1296.” Speculum 19.1 (1944): 39-49. Specific

"weeping, he said: 'If you pass through this darkprison by virtue of your lofty genius,where is my son and why is he not with you?'And I to him: 'I come not on my own: he who stands there waiting leads me through, perhaps to one Your Guido [Cavalcanti] held in scorn.'His words and the manner of his punishmentalready had revealed his name to me,and thus was my reply so to the point.Suddenly erect, he cried: 'What?Did you say "he held"? Lives he not still?Does not the sweet light strike upon his eyes?'" Inferno X, 58-69.

"Messer Pazzino de’ Pazzi, one of the four principal leaders of the city, sought peace with the Donati on his own behalf and that of messer Pino de’ Rossi—even though messer Pino bore little guilt for the death of messer Corso, because he had been messer Corso’s good friend and had cared for little else. But the Cavalcanti, who were a powerful family and had about sixty men who could bear arms, nursed a great hatred for these six leading knights who had constrained Folcieri the podestà to decapitate Masino Cavalcanti. They bore this without any open display. One day Paffiera Cavalcanti, a very spirited young man, heard that messer Pazzino had gone to the banks of the Arno near Santa Croce with a falcon and just one servant. He mounted his horse with some companions and they went to find him. When messer Pazzino saw them coming, he began to flee towards the Arno. Paffiera, pursuing him, struck him in the kidneys with a lance." Dino Compagni's Chronicle of Florence, 100. Location found in: Carmody, F. J. “Florence: Project for a Map, 1250-1296.” Speculum 19.1 (1944): 39-49 at 46.

"'And, so you coax no further words from me,know that I was Camiscion de' Pazzi,and I await Carlino for my exculpation.'" Inferno XXXII, 67-69.

"And so he set it on June 10, 1304, in the house of his kinsmen in Piazza Or San Michele. Fire also shot from the Old Market into Via Calimala; and since no one fought it, it spread until it joined with the first… burned all the houses around that place, the warehouses in Via Calimala, all the shops around the Old Market all the way to the New Market and the Cavalcanti houses, and Via Vacchereccia and Via Porta Santa Maria all the way to the Ponte Vecchio." -Campagni, Chronicle of Florence 70-71

"'O Tuscan, passing through the city of fire, / alive, and with such courtesy of speech, / if it would please you, stay your steps awhile." Inferno X 22-24

"The cardinal devoted himself to fostering peace and putting it into effect. He was prompted to invite some leaders of the exiles to settle their differences. He chose fourteen of them, who came to Florence with permission and safe-conduct. They stayed across the Arno in the Mozzi house-hold, where they set up wooden barriers and posted guards so that they would not be harmed." Campagni, Chronicle of Florence 69

"'But the heaviest burden your shoulders must bear / shall be the companions, wicked and witless, / among whom you shall fall in your descent. / 'They, utterly ungrateful, mad, and faithless, / shall turn against you. But soon enough they, not you, / shall feel their faces blushing past their brows. / 'Of their brutish state the results / shall offer proof. And it shall bring you honor / to have made a single party of yourself alone." Paradiso XVII 61-69

“And then my leader took me by the hand. /He led me to the bush, /which wept in vain lament from bleeding wounds. / 'O Jacopo da Sant' Andrea,' it said, / 'what use was it to make a screen of me? / Why must I suffer for your guilty life?’ / When the master stopped beside it, he said: / 'Who were you, that through so many wounds / pour out with blood your doleful words?' / And he to us: 'O souls who have arrived / to see the shameless carnage / that has torn from me my leaves, / 'gather them here at the foot of this wretched bush./ I was of the city that traded patrons --/ Mars for John the Baptist. On that account/ 'Mars with his craft will make her grieve forever./ And were it not that at the crossing of the Arno/ some vestige of him still remains, / 'those citizens who afterwards rebuilt it / upon the ashes Àttila had left behind / would have done their work in vain. / I made my house into my gallows.” Inferno, XIII, 130-151

“Baschiera della Tosa was also greatly honored, and he honored messer Rosso in word and deed. The popolo took great hope from this, because the Whites and Ghibellines planned to let themselves be led by the Blacks and agree to whatever was demanded of them, so that the Blacks would have no excuse to avoid peace. But the Blacks had no desire for peace.” Dino Compagni’s Chronicle of Florence, 69

On St. John's Eve the guilds were going to make their customary offerings with their consuls at their head. Some magnates laid hands on them and struck them, saying: "We are the ones who were responsible for the victory at Campaldino, yet you have taken from us the offices and honors of our city." The signori, angered, sought the advice of many citizens; and I, Dino, was one of them. Compagni, Chronicle of Forence (Bornstein, Bk 1, c. 21, p24.)

"It came about that some of the Cerchi family (men of low estate, but good merchants and very rich; they dressed well, kept many servants and horses, and horses, and made a brave show) bouht the palace of the counts [Guidi], near to the houses of the Pazzi and Donati, who were of more ancient lineage but not as rich. The Donati, seeing the Cerchi rising---they had walled the palace and increased its heiht, and lived in high style---began to nurse a great hatred of them." Dino Compagni, Chronicle of Forence (Bornstein, Bk 1, c. 20, p22.)

"Oh, it would be far better if you had / those whom I mention as your neighbors (and / your boundareis at Galuzzo and Trespiono), / than to have them within, to bear the stench / of Aguglione's wretch and Signa's wretch, / whose sharp eyes now on barratry are set. / If those who, in the world, go most astray / had not seen Caesar with stepmother's eyes, / but, like a mother to her son, been kind, / then one who has become a Florentine / rader and money changer would have stayed / in Semifonte, where his fathers peddled, / the Counts would still be lords of Montemurlo, / the Cerchi would be in Acone's parish, / perhaps the Buondelmonti in Valdigreve."

On the first day we process to the churches of S. Giovanni Battista, S. Maria Maggiore, and S. Pier Maggiore … And in each church we sing the litanies, except at S. Miniato, where we do not say litanies; instead we solemnly sing the prayer Humili prece, with verses and pslams. And every day we give a sermon to the people, in the most opportune place. As we go forth and return we sing antiphons, verses, and responses appropriate to the saints that are the titular churches by which we pass or are headed. During these three days we don celebrate Mass in any of the aforementioned churches but at the end of the procession and after the return of the entire clergy, after a short while we celebrate Mass only in our church and the others celebrate Mass in their own churches when the bells ring at the cathedral church.

On the second day we process to S. Lorenzo, S. Paolo, and then to S. Pancrazio...And in each church we sing the litanies, except at S. Miniato, where we do not say litanies; instead we solemnly sing the prayer Humili prece, with verses and pslams. And every day we give a sermon to the people, in the most opportune place. As we go forth and return we sing antiphons, verses, and responses appropriate to the saints that are the titular churches by which we pass or are headed. During these three days we don celebrate Mass in any of the aforementioned churches but at the end of the procession and after the return of the entire clergy, after a short while we celebrate Mass only in our church and the others celebrate Mass in their own churches when the bells ring at the cathedral church.

On the third day we process to S. Stefano, S. Felicita, and S. Miniato. And in each church we sing the litanies, except at S. Miniato, where we do not say litanies; instead we solemnly sing the prayer Humili prece, with verses and pslams. And every day we give a sermon to the people, in the most opportune place. As we go forth and return we sing antiphons, verses, and responses appropriate to the saints that are the titular churches by which we pass or are headed. During these three days we don celebrate Mass in any of the aforementioned churches but at the end of the procession and after the return of the entire clergy, after a short while we celebrate Mass only in our church and the others celebrate Mass in their own churches when the bells ring at the cathedral church.

"Another remarkable object is St. Giovanni, in which place of worship there are two copper pillars constructed by King Solomon, of blessed memory, whose name, "Solomon, son of David," is engraved upon each. The Jews in Rome told Benjamin, that every year, about the time of the 9th of Ab, these pillars sweat so much that the water runs down from them. You there see also the cave in which Titus, the son of Vespasian, hid the vessels of the temple, which he brought from Jerusalem...." Tr. ?

"In the Naumachia is the sepulcher of Romulus, which is called Meta or the Gaol, which once was encased with marvelous stone…. It had an open court around it of twenty feet, paved with stone that came from Tivoli with a drain and a border of flowers. Near it was the Terebinth of Nero." Tr. Francis Morgan Nichols, p. 76.

Drew Incunabula 21, fol. 67v

"The Capitol was the head of the world, where the consuls and senators abode to govern the Earth. The face thereof was covered with high walls and strong, rising above the top of the hill, and covered all over with glass and gold and marvellous carved work. And in the Capitol were molten images of all the Trojan kings and of the emperors. Within the fortress was a palace all adorned with marvellous works in gold and silver and brass and costly stones, to be a mirror to all nations; the which was said to be worth the third part of the world. Moreover the temples that were within the fortress, and which they can bring to remembrance, be these. In the uppermost part of the fortress, over the Porticus Crinorum, was the temple of Jupiter and Moneta, as is found in Ovid's Martyrology of the Fastii, wherein was Jupiter's image of gold, sitting on a throne of gold. Towards the market-place, the temple of Vesta and Cæsar ; there was the chair of the pagan pontiffs, wherein the senators did set Julius Cæsar on the sixth day of the month of March." (Francis Morgan Nichols, tr., Marvels of Rome, p. 89) Of the making of the Pantheon, and of its Consecration. In the times of the Consuls and Senators, the prefect Agrippa, with four legions of soldiers, subjugated to the Roman Senate the Suevians, Saxons, and other Western nations.... the Senators did lay the ordering of this war [against the Persian rebellion] upon the prefect Agrippa. He denying that he was of ability to undergo so great a charge, was at length constrained, and asked leave to take counsel for three days. During which term, upon one night, out of too much thinking he fell asleep, and there appeared to him a woman.... She said, Comfort thee, and promise me, that if thou shalt win the victory, to make me a temple such as i show unto thee.... I am Cybele, the mother of the gods: bear libations to Neptune, which is a mighty god, that he help thee; and make this temple to be dedicated to my worship and Neptune's, because we will be with thee, and thou shalt prevail....And when he returned to Rome, he built this temple, and made it to be dedicated to the honour of Cybele, mother of the gods, and of Neptune, god of the sea, and of all the gods, and he gave to this temple the name of Pantheon.... After many ages pope Boniface, in the time of Phocas, a Christian emperor, feeling that so marvelous temple, dedicated in honour of Cybele, mother of the gods, before which Christian men were

The palace of Trajan and Hadrian was built well nigh all of stones, and adorned throughout with marvellous works, and ceiled with many diverse colours; where is a pillar of marvellous highness and beauty, with graven work of the stories of these emperors, in like fashion as the pillar of Antonine in his palace ; and on the one fide was the temple of Divus Traianus, and on the other, of Divus Hadrianus. (Benedict Marvels of Rome, tr. Francis Morgan Nichols, 91)

"near the Amphitheater. The triumphal arches...were made for emperors returning from triumphs and which they were led under with worship by the senators, and the victory was carved on the arch as a memorial for posterity." Benedict. Marvels of Rome, ed & tr Francis M. Nichols.Italica Press, New York, 1986: p 6

“Santa Balbina in Albiston was Caesar’s pleasure house. There was a candlestick made of stone Albiston, which once kindled and set in the open air was never by any means extinguished. There, moreover is an image of Our Lord behind the altar painted by no human hand, portraying Our Lord in the flesh. There were (also) the Severian and Commodian Baths. Benedict. The Marvels of Rome, edited and translated by Francis M. Nichols.Italica Press, New York, 1986: p 82

"The Circus of Priscus Tarquinus was of marvelous beauty. it was built in such a way by degrees that no Roman hindered another from seeing the games. At the top were arches all around, roofed with glass and shining gold. around it were the houses of the palace above. The women sat here to see the games on the fourteenth day of the Calends of May, when the games were held. in the center were two needles; the smaller was eighty-seven feet rig, but the taller was one-hundred-twenty-two. On top of the triumphal arch at the head of the circus stood a horseman of gilded brass, which seemed to press forward as though the rider would have the horse run. On the other arch at the end stood anther horseman of gilded brass in the same pose. These images with all their harness were carried away by the emperor Constantine of Constantinople, Damascus and Alexandria. At the level of the palace were chairs for the emperor and the queen, from which they used to watch the games"Nichols, Tr. Marvels of Rome

"In this place where Santa Maria now stands were two temples joined together by a palace. These were the Temple of Pheobus and the Temple of Carmentis where the Emperor Octavian saw the vision in heaven"

Nichols, Tr. Marvels of Rome

"There is a castle that was the temple of Hadrian as we read in the sermon of the festival of Saint Petere where it says, 'The memorial of the Emperor Hadrian, a temple built of marvelous greatness and beauty,' which was all covered with stones and adorned with different stories... The monuments were dedicated as temples, and the Roman maidens flocked to them with vows, as Ovid says in the book of Fasti." (Tr. Francis Morgan Nichols)

"Before Mamertinus his prison was the temple of Mars, where is now his image. Nigh unto him was the Fatal Temple, that is, Saint Martina; nigh whereunto is the temple of Refuge, that is, Saint Hadrian. Fast by is another Fatal Temple. Nigh unto the public prison, the temple of the Fabii." (Benedict, Marvels of Rome, tr. Francis Morgan Nichols, 95)

"Now I shall add a few words about the pyramids,the tombs of the mighty, of enormous size and hieght, and rising to the point of in the manner of a cone...The pilgrims erroneously claim that this is the grain heap of the apostle of Peter...Its and utterly worthless tale, typical of those told by pilgrims. There many pyramids in Rome, but of all of them the one which deserves the greatest admiration is the pyramid of Julius Caesar...The Pilgrims call this pyramid "St. Peter's needle" and they make great efforts to crawl underneath it..claiming falsely that those who manage to do so are cleansed from their sins having made a true penance."Gardiner, Eileen. The Marvels of Rome: Mirabilia Urbis Romae. New York: Italica Press, 2008. pg. 33

In the morning all the Orders Palatine are assemled at the palace with the Pontiff, and come down from the palace and my lord Pontiff rides. He enters by the Field near S. Gregory in Martio, goes down into the Greater Way, under the condut Arch, and on the right hand before S. Clement, turning to the left near the Colosseum, passing by the arch of Aurea before the Forum of Trajan as far as S. Basil, and going up by the hill about the Militiae Tiberianae, goes down by S. Abbacyrus, and passing before the Holy Apostles, on the left hand going down into the Via Lata, and turning down by the Via Quirinalis, and proceeding to Saint Mary in Aquire at the Arch of Pity, so goes up to the Campus Martius, passing before S. Trifo, near to the Posterns, to the Bridge of Hadrian, enters by the bridge, ad goes forth by the Porta Collina before temple and castle of Hadrian, proceeding before the obelisk of Nero, enters by the Porch near to the Sepulchre of Romulus, goes up to the Vatican, into the basilica of the blessed Apostle Peter and there sings Mass with all the Roman People. (Francis Morgan Nichols, tr.)

The [Mass] ended, he is crowned before the basilica of Saint Peter, in the place where he mounteth his horse; and wearing his crown he returneth with procession to the Palace, by the same Holy Way by the Porch and by the aforesaid bridge, entering under the triumphal arch of the emperors Theodosius, Valentinian and Gratian, and goeth nigh to the palace of Cromatius, where the Jews make praise. Pressing on by Parione between the Ring of Alexander and Pompey's Theatre, he goeth down by Agrippa's Porch and goeth up by the Pinea, nigh unto Palatina and passing on before Saint Mark, goeth up under the Arch of the Hand of Flesh, by the Clivus Argentarius between the insula of that name and the Capitol, goeth down before the prison of Mamertinus, entreth under the Triumphal Arch, between the Fatal Temple and the Temple of Concord, proceeding between the Forum of Trajan and the Forum of Cæsar, entereth under the Arch of Nerva, between thetemple of the same goddess and the temple of Janus, goeth up before Asylum along the stlex where Simon Magus fell before the Temple of Romulus, proceedeth under the Triumphal Arch of Titus and Vespasian which is called the Seven Lamps, goeth down to the Meta Sudans before the Triumphal Arch of Constantine, turning on the left hand before the Amphitheatre, and by the Holy Way nigh unto the Colosseum returneth to the Lateran; and there being honorably received, and praises having been made by the cardinals and judges, goeth up to the Palace; giveth a prejbyterium without manus, and maketh a banquet in the same Leonine Basilica. After the banquet he goeth down to Vespers, and doth the office as it is written. (Francis Morgan Nichols, tr.)

"It is called the Vatican because in that the place the Vates, or priests, sang their offices before Apollo's Temple. All that part of Saint Peter's Church is, therefore, called the Vatican. There is also another temple, which was Nero's wardrobe, which is now called Sant'Andrea. Nearby is the memorial of Caesar, the Needle, where his ashes nobly rest in his sarcaphogus...." (Tr. Francis Morgan Nichols)

"In Saint Peter's Paradise is a basin made by Pope Symmachus, constructed with pillars of porphyry that are joined together by marble tablets with griffins and convered with a top of costly brass, with flowers and dolphins of gilt brass pourng forth water. In the middle of the basin is a bronze Pine Cone that, with a roof of gilded brass, covered over the statue of Cybele, nother of the gods, in the opening of the Pantheon. Water out of the Sabatine Aqueduct was supplied by a lead pipe to this Pine Cone." (Tr. Francis Morgan Nichols).

Drew, Incunabula 21, fol. 59r

“At the Porta Flamina Octavian made a castle called Augustum to be the burying place of the emperors… From every kingdom of the world he commanded that one basketful of earth be brought, which he put atop the temple as a reminder to all nations coming to Rome” Marvels of Rome, tr. Nichols.Italica Press, New York, 1986: pp 36

"In Cannapara is the temple of Ceres and Tellus, with two courts or houses, adorned all around with porches resting upon pillars, so that whosoever sat therein for to give judgment was seen from every side. Fast by that house was the palace of Catiline, where was a church of Saint Antony; nigh whereunto is a place that is called Hell, because of old time it burst forth there ;8 and brought great mischief upon Rome; where a certain noble knight, to the intent that the city should be delivered after the responses of their gods, did on his harness and cast himself into the pit, and the earth closed ; so the city was delivered. There is the temple of Vesta, where it is said that a dragon coucheth below, as we read in the life of Saint Silvester." (Benedict, Marvels of Rome, tr. Nichols, 97)

"The temple of Pallas is there, and Cæsar's Forum, and the temple of Janus, who forseeth the year in his beginning and in his end, as Ovid saith in the Fastii; now is it called Cencio Frangipane's Tower. The temple of Minerva with an arch is joined thereunto, but it is now called Saint Laurence de Mirandi." (Benedict, Marvels of Rome, tr. Nichols, 100)

"….the arch of the seven lamps of Titus and Vespasian...." (Benedict, Marvels of Rome, tr. Nichols, 11)

In the days of Pope Silvester, Constantine Augustus made the Lateran Basilica, the which he comely adorned. And he put there the Ark of the Covenant, that Titus had carried away from Jerusalem with many thousands of Jews; and the golden candlestick having seven lamps with vessels for oil. In the which ark be these things, to wit, the golden emerods, the mice of gold, the Tables of the Covenant, the rod of Aaron, manna, the barley loaves, the golden urn, the coat without seam, the reed and garment of Saint John Baptist, and the tongs that Saint John the Evangelist was shorn withal. Moreover he did put in the same basilica a [ciborium] with pillars of porphyry. And he set there four pillars of gilded brass, which the Consuls of old had brought into the Capitol from the Mars' Field, and set in the temple of Jupiter." (Benedict, Marvels of Rome, tr. Francis Nichols, 66.)

IN the time of the emperor Octavian, the Senators, seeing him to be of so great beauty, that none could look into his eyes, and of so great prosperity and peace, that he had made all the world to render him tribute, said unto him: We desire to worship thee, because the godhead is in thee; for if it were not so, all things would not prosper with thee as they do. But he, being loth, demanded a delay, and called unto him the Sibyl of Tibur, to whom he rehearsed all that the Senators had said. She begged for three days space, in the which she kept a straight fast; and thus made answer to him after the third day: These things, sir emperor, shall surely come to pass: "Token of doom : the Earth (hall drip with sweat; From Heaven shall come the King for evermore, And present in the flesh mall judge the world."And the other verses that follow. And while Octavian diligently hearkened to the Sibyl, the heaven was opened, and a great brightness lighted upon him; and he saw in heaven a virgin, passing fair, standing upon an altar, and holding a man-child in her arms, whereof he marvelled exceedingly; and he heard a voice from heaven saying, This is the altar of the Son of God. The emperor straightway fell to the ground, and worshipped the Christ that should come. This vision he ssiowed to the Senators, and they in like wise marvelled exceedingly. The vision took place in the

"In the same place there is another church which the Christians venerate and to which they come on pilgrimage. This is the church of which they are falsely persuaded to believe that it contains the grave of Jesus. All who come on pilgrimage to visit it pay a stipulated tax to the Muslims, and suffer very unwillingly various humiliations." Ibn Battuta, Travels, tr. H.A.R.Gibb (Dehli, 1998), 57

"Everyone assembles in the Martyrium for the liturgy according to custom in the major church. It is called the Martyrium because it is on Golgotha, behind the Cross, where the Lord suffered His Passion, and is therefore a shrine of martyrdom," Egeria's Travels, The Newness Press, George E. Gingras, p. 103.

The Temple itself is evidently of an octagonal shape in its lower part...The upper wall forms a narrower circle, resting on arches within the building and supports a leaden roof, which has on its summit a great ball with a gilded cross above it. Four doors lead in and out of the building, each door looking to one of the four quarters of the world. Theoderich of Wurzburg p25 Stewart Translation,New York:Italica Press, 1986

Next comes on the south the Palace of Solomon, which is oblong and supported by columns within like a church. At the end it is round like a sanctuary and covered by a great round dome, so that, as I have said, it resembles a church. This building, with all its appurtenances, has passed into the hands of the Knights Templars. They dwell in it and in other buildings connected with it and have many magazines of arms, clothing and food in it, and are ever on the watch to guard and protect the country. -Theoderich of Wurzburg p25 Stewart Translation,New York:Italica Press, 1986

"...The Temple of Solomon, it is the palace built by Solomon...Three hundred knights are quartered there and issue therefrom everyday for military exercise...from lands of Christiandom having taken a vow to serve there for a year or two until their vow is fulfilled."-Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela. Benjamin. (2005). The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela; Travels in the Middle Ages. Cold Spring, New York: p 83

"There are about 200 Jews who dwell under the Tower of David in one corner of the city. The lower portion of the wall of the Tower of David, to the extent of about ten cubits, is part of the ancient foundation set up by our ancestors, the remaining portion having been built by the Mohammedans. There is no structure in the whole city stronger than the Tower of David." - "The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages"(1169-1171) pgs 82-83

“One descends into the pool by thirteen steps, and round about it are pillars bearing arches, under which a paved walk has been constructed all round it, made of large stones, upon which those who stand can drink the waters as they run down. The second pool is square and surrounded by a simple wall. This bathing pool was once inside the city, but it is now far outside it, for the city has lost almost twice as much in this direction as it has gained in the parts near the holy sepulcher."-Theoderich (1171) Guide to The Holy Land, tr. Ronald Musto, 33-34

“And the Mount of Olives (Jabal Zayta) stands high above the Mosque, to the east of this valley. At the top stands a mosque of ‘Umar who sojourned here during the days when the city capitulated. There is also a church built on the spot from which Jesus, may peace be upon him, ascended, and a place called al-Sahira. A hadith from Ibn ‘Abbas was handed down, which said that al-Sahira was the land of resurrection, a white area on which no blood has been spilled.” Al-Muqaddasi, as quoted in Elad, Medieval Jerusalem (Brill, 1994) p 144.

"Here is the great church called St. Abram, and this was a Jewish place of worship at the time of the Mohammedan rule, but the Gentiles have erected there six tombs...those of Abraham, Sarah, Issac, Rebekah, Jacob, and Leah. The custodians tell the pilgrims that these are the tombs of the Patriarchs, for which information the pilgrims give them money. If a Jew comes, however, and gives a special reward, the custodian of the cave opens...a gate of iron which was constructed by our forefathers, and then he is able to descend below (to the tombs) with a lighted candle." Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela; Travels in the Middle Ages. Cold Spring, New York: NightinGale Resources (2005), 86.

"Further on, toward the south, near the Dead Sea, is Hebron, where Adam is said to have dwelt and been buried after he was driven out of Paradise. ... In olden days called Cariatharbe, of the "city of four" because four venerable patriarchs are buried here in a double cave - that is to say, Adam, the first man created; Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the three patriarchs; and their four wives, Eve, Sara, Rebecca and Lea." Theoderich, Guide to The Holy Land, tr. Ronald Musto, 52-3"...the church situated on the mountain from which the Lord ascended into heaven after His Passion". Egeria's Travels, Tr. George E. Gingras, p. 128

"We then reached Jerusalem (may God enoble her), third in excellence after the two holy shrines of Mecca and Medina, and the place whence the Prophet was caught up into heaven. Its walls were destroyed by the illustrious King Saladin and his successors, for fear lest the Christians should seize it and fortify it for themselves. The sacred mosque is a most beautiful building, and is said to be the largest in the world. Its length from east to west is put at 752 royal cubits and its breadth at 435. On three sides it has many entrances, but on the south side I know of one only, which is that by which the imam enters. The entire mosque is an open court and unroofed, except the mosque Al-Asqa, which has a roof of most excellent workmanship, embellished with gold and brilliant colors. Some other parts of the mosque are roofed as well." Ibn Battuta, Travels, tr. H.A.R.Gibb (Dehli, 1998), 56

"The Dome of the Rock is a building of extraordinary beauty, solidity, elegance and singularity of shape. It stands on an elevation in the center of the mosque and is reached by a flight of marble steps. It has four doors. The space around it is paved with marble ... and the interior likewise. Both outside and inside the decoration is so magnificicent ... as to defy description. The greater part is covered with gold.... In the center ... is the blessed rock from which the Prophet ascended to heaven, a great rock projecting about a man's height, and underneath it there is a cave about the size of a small room, also of a man's height, with steps leading down to it. Encircling the rock are two railings ... the one nearer the rock ... constructed in iron, and the other of wood." Ibn Battuta, Travels, tr. H.A.R.Gibb (Dehli, 1998), 56

"The chapel is formed by four strong arches. Its pavement is beautifully composed of various kinds of marble, and its vault of ceiling is most nobly decorated with the prophets … David, Isaiah, Solomon and some others, bearing in their hands texts referring to Christ's passion...." (Theodorich, Guide to the Holy Land, tr. Ronald Musto, 19)

"One ascends into the church by twenty great steps; in the midst of the church there stands a round structure, magnificently decorated with Parian marble and blue marble, with a lofty apex in the midst of which a holy altar is placed. Beneath this altar appears the stone on which the the Lord is said to have stood when he ascended into heaven. In the church divine service is performed by canons. It is strongly fortified against the infidels with towers both great and small, with walls and battlements and night patrols." (Theodorich, Guide to the Holy Land, tr. Ronald Musto, 43).

"From Gaza I travelled to the city of Abraham [Hebron], the mosque of which is of elegant, but substantial, construction, imposing and lofty, and built of squared stones…. It is said that Solomon commanded the jinn to build it. Inside it is the sacred cave containing the graves of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, opposite which are three graves, which are those of their wives. I questioned the imam, a man of great piety and learning, on the authenticity of these graves, andhe replied: 'All the scholars whom I have met hold these graves to be the very graves of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their wives. No one questions this except introducers of false doctrines; it is a tradition which has passed from father to son for generations and admits of no doubt." (Ibn Battuta, Travels of Ibn Battuta, tr., H.A.R. Gibb, 55)

"That night Ahmad ibn Hassan, my traveling companion witnessed something amazing ... he felt weary in the last third of the night and retired to rest on the bench that surrounds the dome of the Zamzam Well. Here he lay down to take a nap, facing the Black Stone and the door of the Ka'ba. Suddenly a foreign man appeared and seated himself on a corner of the bench near Hassan's head. There he began to recite the Quran in a moving and tender voice, interspersed with sighs and sobbing. He recited the verses beautifully, instilling their feeling and meaning into the soul.... Hassan gave up his nap to enjoy the beauty of what he heard, with all its yearning and emotion. When the man finally finished he said, "If evil deeds have take me far from You, my honest thoughts have brought me near again," repeating the words like a melody designed to break the heart... he repeated these lines while his tears flowed and his voice shook and grew weak until ... the man fell to the ground, lying there ... without movement. Ibn Hassan sat up at once ... the bench was considerably higher than the ground. A man who had been asleep nearby wakened.... Finally a foreign woman passed and shouted at them ... and she quickly fetched a little water from the well and wet his face .... he hid his face ... and quickly fled toward the Gate of the Guardian." -Ibn Jubayr (Wolfe,

"The actual placement of the noble Stone, that behind which one makes prayer, faces the side of the Ka'ba which is between the noble door and the Iraqi corner, but visibly close to the door. It is surmounted by a wooden cupola, about a man's height or less, with sharp corners, magnificently decorated, and all four spans wide from corner to corner...In addition the emplacement of the Stone also has an iron cupola, located next to the dome-shrine of the Zamzam." (Ibn Jubayr found in F. E. Peters Mecca A Literary History fo the Muslim Holy Land (New Jersey: Princeton University Press,1994) 144.

We kissed the holy Stone; we performed a prayer of two bowings at the Maqam Ibrahim and clung to the curtains of the Ka'ba at the Multazam between the door and the black Stone, where prayer is answered;". (Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, 73)

"; we drank from of the water of Zamzam...; then having run between al-Safa and al-Marwa we took our lodging there in a house near the Gate of Ibrahim." (Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, 74)

Arafat too is situated on a plain, which extends as far as the eye can see, so as to serve as a rendezvous for all creation. This immense plain is surrounded by many mountains. At the end of the plain is located the "mount of Mercy" on which and around which takes place the "standing" of the faithful. In the foreground two markers somewhat resembling milestones indicate that what is beyond that, on the other side of Arafat, is profane terrain and that which is inside is sacred territory....The Mount of Mercy is isolated from the other mountains, located in the middle of the plain. It is made entirely of discrete rocks. It was difficult of access until Jamal al-Din, whose benevolence has been mentioned previously, had gentle steps made on all four sides, by which it is possible to go up even with loaded animals [...] At the top of the mountain is a dome shrine [...] " (Ibn Jubayr found in F.E. Peters, The Hajj, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994) 122.

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