Chapter 27: Physical PropertiesRules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition

by Stephen Hall

This Excel workbook includes Visual Basic for Application function subroutines.Macros must be enabled for them to work.

InputComponent mole% MW Viscosity at 20C, cPn-hexane 0.1 86.18 0.310 n-heptane 0.5 100.21 0.409 n-octane 0.4 114.23 0.540

1.0

CalculationsComponent mol% x MW wt% ln(viscosity) wt% x ln(mu)n-hexane 8.62 0.08 -1.1711829815 (0.10)n-heptane 50.11 0.48 -0.8940401229 (0.43)n-octane 45.69 0.44 -0.6161861394 (0.27)

104.42 1.00 (0.80)

Answer: 0.451 cP

Problem Statement:Calculate the viscosity of a mixture of n-hexane (10 mole%), n-heptane (50 mole%), and n-octane (40 mole%), at 20 degC

Problem Statement:Calculate the viscosity of a mixture of n-hexane (10 mole%), n-heptane (50 mole%), and n-octane (40 mole%), at 20 degC

InputsContinuous Phase

Viscosity 20 cP

Dispersed PhaseViscosity 30 cPVolume Fraction in the emulsion 0.3

OutputViscosity of the emulsion 36.29 cP

Problem Statement:Estimate the viscosity of an emulsion

Procedure 1. Choose a fluid from the pull-down menu in cell C102. Enter row numbers to use for the calculation in cells A13:A153. Read answers in cells F13:F15

Fluid Ethyl Alcohollog10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))

row Temp, Deg C VP, mm Hg Intermediate:9 63.5 400 A

11 97.5 1520 B12 126 3800 C

Data (from Perry's)Temp, C

Pressure, mm Hg Methyl Alcohol Propane Toluene1 1.0 -44 -128.9 -26.72 5.0 -25.3 -115.4 -4.43 10.0 -16.2 -108.5 6.44 20.0 -6 -100.9 18.45 40.0 5 -92.4 31.86 60.0 12.1 -87 40.37 100.0 21.2 -79.6 51.98 200.0 34.8 -68.4 69.59 400.0 49.9 -55.6 89.5

10 760.0 64.7 -42.1 110.611 1,520.0 84 -25.6 136.512 3,800.0 112.5 1.4 17813 7,600.0 138 26.9 215.814 15,200.0 167.8 58.1 262.515 22,800.0 186.5 78.7 292.816 30,400.0 203.5 94.8 31917 38,000.0 21418 45,600.0 224

Same calculation procedure, but choosing from different mixture concentrations instead of a list of pure compounds

Acetic Acid Concentration 25% Fit: 100.0%log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))

row Temp, Deg C VP, mm Hg Intermediate:1 20 16.3 A

10 65 178 B17 100 743 C

Acetic Acid in Solution

Problem Statement:Calculate Antoine Coefficients

mm Hgdeg C 25 wt% 50 wt% 75 wt%

1 20 16.3 15.7 15.32 25 22.1 21.4 20.83 30 29.6 28.8 27.84 35 39.4 38.3 36.65 40 51.7 50.2 48.16 45 67 65 627 50 87.2 85 80.18 55 110 107 1029 60 141 138 130

10 65 178 172 16211 70 223 216 20312 75 277 269 25113 80 342 331 31014 85 419 407 37615 90 510 497 45816 95 618 602 55017 100 743 725 666

12log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t)) R2 fit Max Error

0.81881490217 Over the data range 0.996 24.85%7.9983294251 Over the selected range 1.000 1.90%

1524.18227318218.951106618

Acetic Acid Nitrogen Ammonia n-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane n-Heptane-17.2 -226.1 -109.1 -101.5 -76.6 -53.9 -34

6.3 -221.3 -97.5 -85.7 -62.5 -34.5 -12.717.5 -219.1 -91.9 -77.8 -50.1 -25 -2.129.9 -216.8 -85.8 -68.9 -40.2 -14.1 9.5

43 -214 -79.2 -59.1 -29.2 -2.3 22.351.7 -212.3 -74.3 -52.8 -22.2 5.4 30.6

63 -209.7 -68.4 -44.2 -12.6 15.8 41.880 -205.6 -57 -31.2 1.9 31.6 58.799 -200.9 -45.4 -16.3 18.5 49.6 78

118.1 -195.8 -33.6 -0.5 36.1 68.7 98.4143.5 -189.2 -18.7 18.8 58 93 124.8180.3 -179.1 4.7 50 92.4 131.7 165.7

214 -169.8 25.7 79.5 124.7 166.6 202.8252 -157.6 50.1 116 164.3 209.4 247.5

276.5 -148.3 66.1 140.6 191.3297 78.9

312.5 89.398.3

Same calculation procedure, but choosing from different mixture concentrations instead of a list of pure compounds

1log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))

0.768492861298.377414640661902.80985982245.561698212

Problem Statement:Calculate Antoine Coefficients

Mean: 227.9Predicted SSreg^2 SStot error 16.30 0 44774.56 0.00% 22.11 0.00011343862 42349.26 0.05% 29.66 0.00392725748 39298.04 0.21% 39.38 0.00041889108 35539.97 0.05% 51.76 0.00400008621 31024.16 0.12% 67.40 0.163194872 25758.97 0.60% 86.99 0.04404623682 19855.59 0.24% 111.32 1.7392390793 13591.18 1.20% 141.31 0.09393546942 7498.436 0.22% 178.00 0 2490.01 0.00% 222.59 0.17015526324 28.22264 0.18% 276.41 0.34859842062 2353.179 0.21% 340.97 1.06040348495 12784.88 0.30% 417.95 1.10714633523 36118.16 0.25% 509.21 0.63132548944 79132.75 0.16% 616.80 1.43606316694 151244.5 0.19% 743.00 0 265328 0.00%

6.80256749136 809169.90.99999159315 1.20%

Range Total

Mean: 1620 9,250.9 n-Octane Ethyl Alcohol Predicted SSreg^2 SStot

-14 -31.3 0.8 0.06177444 2621966 855650438.3 -12 4.3 0.49108192 2610489 85499420

19.2 -2.3 9.2 0.66224024 2594721 8540906831.5 8 19.2 0.70352376 2562685 8522479545.1 19 39.2 0.69900355 2499043 8485587753.8 26 59.7 0.09322951 2434553 8447805165.7 34.9 98.6 1.82552225 2314509 8376349783.6 48.4 198.3 2.9590412 2021288 81949731104 63.5 400.0 0 1488400 78338234

125.6 78.4 745.5 209.523086 764706.4 72341213152.7 97.5 1,520.0 0 10000 59766643196.2 126 3,800.0 0 4752400 29712190235.8 151.8 7,713.7 12930.3929 37133325 2362913281.4 183 16,083.1 779883.436 2.09E+08 46679247

203 24,327.9 2334470.24 5.16E+08 2.27E+08218 32,367.4 3870675.86 9.45E+08 5.34E+08230 40,118.5 4487939.44 1.48E+09 9.53E+08242 49172.977842 12766170.7 2.26E+09 1.59E+09

Error Sum 24252287.1 5.48E+09 4.27E+09R2 0.99557235

209.523086 2.4E+080.99999913

Error24.85% 114.02% 1

8.14% 14.19% 12.09% 10.51% 11.35% 10.86% 10.00% 11.90% 10.00% 10.00% 11.50% 15.81% 16.70% 16.47% 15.57% 17.84% 1

InputDry bulb temperature 100 deg F 37.77778 deg C 559.67 deg RWet bulb temperature 80 deg F 26.66667 deg C 539.67 deg RPressure 760 mm Hg

ConstantsCritical Pressure 166818 mm HgCritical Temperature 1165.67 deg R

Equation ParametersC0 4.39553 K0 0.000367C1 -0.0034691 K1 1571C2 3.0721E-06 K2 32C3 -8.8331E-10

Step-by-Step Calculation in Excel, Following the Procedure

PD1 -1.941551197PW1 -1.872169197PD2 0.962275446PW2 0.894729798

PD3 -0.154849295PW3 -0.138834684

KD 3.261404955KW 3.279255917

PD 49.07449487PW 26.2065928PM 5.748841248

OutputRH 41.69 #VALUE!

Calculated using the VBA function subroutine

Problem Statement:Given the air pressure and wet and dry bulb temperatures, calculate the relative humidity

Calculated using the VBA function subroutine

InputsTemperature deg K 400Pressure bar, abs 3

Note: the answer "-1" is returned if the input data are outside the allowable range

PropertyDensity, single-phase kg/m3 #VALUE!Specific internal energy, single-phase kJ/kg #VALUE!Specific enthalpy, single-phase kJ/kg #VALUE!Specific entropy, single-phase kJ/kg #VALUE!Specific isobaric heat capacity, single-phase kJ/(kg-K) #VALUE!Specific isochoric heat capacity, single-phase kJ/(kg-K) #VALUE!Dynamic viscosity, single-phase Pa-s #VALUE!Thermal conductivity, single-phase W/(m-K) #VALUE!Boiling point as a function of pressure K #VALUE!Vapor pressure bar, abs #VALUE!

Density in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature kg/m3 #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure kg/m3 #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature kg/m3 #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure kg/m3 #VALUE!

Specific internal energy in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg #VALUE!

Specific enthalpy in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg #VALUE!

Specific entropy in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg #VALUE!

Specific isobaric heat capacity in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!

Specific isochoric heat capacity in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!

Problem Statement:Demonstrate the use of IAWPS VBA functions to estimate the properties of water and steam

Saturated steam as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) #VALUE!

Dynamic viscosity in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature Pa-s #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure Pa-s #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature Pa-s #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure Pa-s #VALUE!

Thermal conductivity in saturation stateBoiling water as function of temperature W/(m-K) #VALUE!Boiling water as function of pressure W/(m-K) #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of temperature W/(m-K) #VALUE!Saturated steam as function of pressure W/(m-K) #VALUE!

Problem Statement:Demonstrate the use of IAWPS VBA functions to estimate the properties of water and steam

InputSelect gas CO2Temperature 60 deg C -- applicable range -45 C to 150 CLiquid Density 840 kg/m3 at 15.5 degCPressure 1 atm, absoluteVapor pressure of liquid 0 atm, absolute -- required if greater than 10% of total pressure

OutputGas solubility in liquid #VALUE! ppm by weight

DataGas Ostwald Coeffcient at 0C Molecular WeightHe 0.01 4.003Ne 0.021 20.179H2 0.039 2.0158N2 0.075 28.0134Air 0.095 28.850334CO 0.1 28.0104O2 0.15 31.9988Ar 0.23 39.948CO2 1 44.0098Kr 1.3 83.8Xe 2 131.3NH3 2.8 17.0304

NotesReference: "Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers"Calculation is performed in a Visual Basic for Applications function call named "GasSol"

Problem Statement:Estimate the solubility of a gas in petroleum liquid

atm, absolute -- required if greater than 10% of total pressure

InputChemical BenzeneSurface Tension 29.0 dynes/cmSurface Tension temperature 20.0 CCritical temperature 288.5 CDesired Temperature 100.0 C

OutputSurface tension at 100.0 C 19.0 The measured surface tension for benzene at 100 C is 18.2 dynes/cm

Problem Statement:Determine the surface tension of benzene at 100 deg C. Its surface tension is 29 dynes/cm at 20 deg C and its critical temperature is 288.5 deg C

The measured surface tension for benzene at 100 C is 18.2 dynes/cm

Problem Statement:Determine the surface tension of benzene at 100 deg C. Its surface tension is 29 dynes/cm at 20 deg C and its critical temperature is 288.5 deg C

Input Water WaterPressure kPa 200 800Temperature C 300 510

OutputCompressibility Factor Z #VALUE! #VALUE!

Molar Heat Capacity, MCp (ideal-gas state), kJ/kmole-C at temperature, CGas MW -25 0 10 25 50Acetylene 26.038 39.89 42.02 42.78 43.93 45.65 Air 28.964 29.05 29.07 29.08 29.10 29.14 Ammonia 17.031 35.63 35.64 35.64 35.65 35.65 Argon 39.948 20.88 20.87 20.86 20.86 20.85 Benzene 78.114 66.44 74.06 77.03 81.68 89.22 Butane, iso- 58.124 83.48 90.08 92.69 96.82 103.62 Butane, n- 58.124 85.28 91.27 93.69 97.45 105.33 Butene, 1- 56.108 73.36 79.58 81.96 85.66 91.51 Butene, cis-2- 56.108 67.60 73.27 75.46 78.93 84.51 Butene, trans-2- 56.108 77.33 82.59 84.63 87.82 92.98 Carbon dioxide 44.010 34.70 35.96 36.41 37.12 38.21 Carbon monoxide 28.010 29.09 29.12 29.11 29.15 29.15 Ethane 30.070 47.13 49.88 50.90 52.67 55.72 Ethylene 28.054 38.25 40.91 41.94 45.56 46.12 Heptane, n- 100.205 142.94 154.54 159.01 165.99 177.14 Hexane, n- 86.178 123.40 133.30 137.14 143.11 152.71 Hydrogen 2.016 28.29 28.61 28.69 26.50 28.96 Hydrogen sulfide 34.076 33.31 33.67 33.82 34.03 34.38 Methane 16.043 34.30 34.93 35.20 35.72 36.74 Nitrogen 28.013 29.08 29.11 29.09 29.11 29.12 Oxygen 31.999 29.13 29.24 29.27 29.36 29.48 Pentane, iso- 72.151 101.90 110.37 113.68 118.79 127.34 Pentane, n- 72.151 105.13 112.60 115.57 120.21 130.69 Propane 44.097 64.18 68.78 70.61 73.52 78.56 Propylene 42.081 55.88 59.90 61.46 63.90 67.83 Water 18.015 33.38 33.47 33.49 33.57 33.68

Conversion: 1 Btu/lb-F = 4.1868 kJ/kg-C

Source: GPSA, 12th Edition, exceptArgon: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 1997

Problem Statement:Estimate the compressibility factor for steam at 200 kPa, 300 C and 800 kPa, 510 C

Natural Gasmole frac Pc Tc y*Pc y*Tc

Methane 0.952 45.8 -82.5 43.6 -78.5 Ethane 0.025 48.2 32.3 1.2 0.8 Propane 0.002 41.9 96.7 0.1 0.2 Butane, iso- 0.0003 42.7 151.8 0.0 0.0 Butane, n- 0.0003 37.5 152.1 0.0 0.0 Pentane, iso- 0.0001 33.4 187.2 0.0 0.0 Pentane, n- 0.0001 33.3 196.4 0.0 0.0 Hexane, n- 0.0001 29.3 234.3 0.0 0.0 Nitrogen 0.013 33.5 -146.9 0.4 -1.9 Carbon Dioxide 0.007 72.8 31.1 0.5 0.2 Oxygen 0.0002 49.8 -118.6 0.0 0.0 Hydrogen 0.000001 12.8 -239.9 0.0 (0.0)Pseudo-Critical Pressure and Temperature 45.88 atm -79.10 C

Airmole frac Pc Tc y*Pc y*Tc

Nitrogen 0.78 33.5 -146.9 26.1 -114.6 Oxygen 0.21 49.8 -118.6 10.5 -24.9 Argon 0.009 48.1 -122.3 0.4 -1.1 Water 0.001 217.8 373.9 0.2 0.4 Pseudo-Critical Pressure and Temperature 37.24 atm -140.24 C

Molar Heat Capacity, MCp (ideal-gas state), kJ/kmole-C at temperature, C Critical Properties75 100 125 150 Pc, atm Tc, C Pc, psia Tc, F

47.24 48.72 49.98 51.17 60.6 35.2 890.6 95.3 29.20 29.26 29.34 29.43 39.0 -140.0 573.1 -220.0 35.66 35.67 35.68 35.69 111.5 132.4 1,638.6 270.3 20.84 20.82 20.81 20.80 48.1 -122.3 706.9 -188.2 96.76 104.32 111.32 118.20 47.9 270.6 703.9 519.0 110.41 117.34 123.93 130.52 42.7 151.8 627.5 305.3 110.33 117.02 123.33 130.40 37.5 152.1 551.1 305.7 97.31 103.11 108.49 113.86 39.7 146.4 583.4 295.6 90.15 95.85 101.32 106.80 41.5 162.4 609.9 324.4 98.17 103.39 108.43 113.46 40.5 155.4 595.2 311.8 39.26 40.29 41.20 42.10 72.8 31.1 1,069.9 87.9 29.19 29.26 29.32 29.41 34.5 -240.3 507.0 -400.5 58.82 62.11 65.29 68.56 48.2 32.3 708.3 90.1 48.70 51.28 53.75 56.21 49.7 9.3 730.4 48.7 188.29 199.40 210.05 220.59 27.0 267.1 396.8 512.7 162.31 171.88 181.08 190.19 29.3 234.3 430.6 453.7 29.07 29.13 29.16 29.18 12.8 -239.9 188.1 -399.9 34.73 35.08 35.43 35.79 88.2 100.1 1,296.2 212.1 37.87 39.20 40.53 41.99 45.8 -82.5 673.1 -116.5 29.14 29.20 29.22 29.28 33.5 -146.9 492.3 -232.5 29.65 29.87 30.05 30.27 49.8 -118.6 731.9 -181.4 135.58 144.03 152.01 160.00 33.4 187.2 490.8 369.0 136.16 144.45 152.18 161.45 33.3 196.4 489.4 385.6 83.59 88.82 93.82 98.38 41.9 96.7 615.8 206.0 71.79 75.76 79.58 83.40 45.6 91.8 670.1 197.3 33.83 34.03 34.21 34.42 217.8 373.9 3,200.1 705.1

Perry's, exceptwater: IAPWS

Function ZSI(P, T, Pc, Tc)' calculates compressibility factor, Z, using SI units' P = gas pressure, kPa' T = gas temperature, C' Pc = gas pseudo-critical pressure, atm' Tc = gas pseudo-critical temperature, C

isopentane: CAMEO Chemicals, NOAA, http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/air: CodeCogs, http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/thermodynamics/critical_temperature_and_pressure.php

isopentane: CAMEO Chemicals, NOAA, http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/air: CodeCogs, http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/thermodynamics/critical_temperature_and_pressure.php