xdi clowns

8/13/2019 Xdi Clowns

1/45

circa counter-performance versus border security aff


2/45

play video at the top of the 1nc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8xmJcmD7_Y&list=PL!"#$%'!"((D8)&i*+ex=,


3/45

clandestine insurgent rebel clown army 1nc

Opposing controls on human migration are the ultimate test of radical politics -- only theabolition of borders can become a starting point for a broader struggle against racism

NOII 10 )ccess Date 0o 1*e 2s 2lle3al '4itish a*ti immi34atio*5co*t4ols 34oup http://www.*oii.o43.u6/

According to the mediaa*+ pa4liame*ta4ia*s, immigration controls are basic 3o+53ive* fact of life!o suggest their abolition invites violent condemnation for utopic and even dangerous naivety"ven those critical of controls argue that it is necessary to be #pragmatic$, to be #realistic$, toaccept that the abolition of controls is unrealistic and to concentrate on trying to ma%e the laws#fairer$2* ou4 view this turns politics on its head &hat is utopic, what is unrealistic, is the ideathat controls can be saniti'ed, turned into their opposite and made fairer2mmi34atio* co*t4olsa4e *ot a *atu4al eatu4e o lie. hou3h appea4i*3 timeless they a4e 4elatively *ew. '4itai* ha+ *o*e at all till9#"(. !hroughout the world (and controls are global) restrictions on the movement of people isessentially a twentieth century phenomenon * that is a phenomenon of imperialism +ontrolsare a total system. he a4e *ot ust exte4*al ;co*t4olli*3 e*t4y i*to a*+ e*o4ci*3 +epo4tatio* 4om thecou*t4y


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choice among other choices, and always debatable in its foundations and its conse3uences Letus say b4oa+ly spea6i*3 that the choice to co*+uct o*esel mo4ally is the co*+itio* o4 the establishme*t o ahuma* o4+e4 o4 which 4acism is the ve4y *e3atio*. his is almost a 4e+u*+a*cy. One cannot found a moralorder, let alone a legislative order, on racism because racism signifies the e5clusion of the otherand his or her subection to violence and domination 6rom an ethical point of view , i o*e ca*+eploy a little 4eli3ious la*3ua3e racism is #the truly capital sin $*,, 2t is *ot a* acci+e*t that almost allo huma*ityFs spi4itual t4a+itio*s cou*sel 4espect o4 the wea6 o4 o4pha*s wi+ows o4 st4a*3e4s. 2t is *ot ust aNuestio* o theo4etical cou*sel 4espect o4 the wea6 o4 o4pha*s wi+ows o4 st4a*3e4s. 2t is *ot ust a Nuestio*o theo4etical mo4ality a*+ +isi*te4este+ comma*+me*ts. Guch u*a*imity i* the sae3ua4+i*3 o the othe4

su33ests the 4eal utility o such se*time*ts.All things considered, we have an interest in banishinginustice, because inustice engenders violence and death Of course, this is debatable !hereare those who thin% that if one is strong enough, the assault on and oppression of others ispermissible 7ut no one is ever sure of remaining the strongest One day, perhaps, the roles will

be reversedAll unust society contains within itself the seeds of its own death 2t is p4obablysma4te4 to t4eat othe4s with 4espect so that they t4eat you with 4espect. Kecall@ says the bible that you we4eo*ce a st4a*3e4 i* %3ypt@ which mea*s both that you ou3ht to 4espect the st4a*3e4 because you we4e a st4a*3e4

you4sel a*+ that you 4is6 becomi*3 o*ce a3ai* some+ay. It is an ethical and a practical appeal 8indeed, it is a contract, however implicit it might be In short, the refusal of racism is thecondition for all theoretical and practical morality 7ecause, in the end, the ethical choicecommands the political choice A ust society must be a society accepted by all If thiscontractual principle is not accepted, then only conflict, violence, and destruction will be our

lot If it is accepted, we can hope someday to live in peace !rue, it is a wager, but the sta%es areirresistible

Our uncompromising position is to spea% from the tactical position of the +landestine /ebel+lown Army +hoosing this starting point is %ey and means we have already won the debate &ehave always already become everyone Only our alternative ma%es the border itself into amista%e of clownish proportions, an accident

+I/+A 91:55 )ccess Date 1ctobe4 O)bout he )4myO http://www.clow*a4my.o43/about/about.html

/oll up, roll up - ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, friends and foes - welcome to theunparalleled, the une5pected, the perfectly parado5ical, the grotes3uely beautiful, the new-

fangled world of the +landestine Insurgent /ebel +lown Army (+I/+A) &e are cla*+esti*ebecause we refuse the spectacle of celebrity and we are everyone'ecause without 4eal *ames aces

o4 *oses we show that our words, dreams, and desires are more important thanour biographies 7ecause we reect the society of surveillance that watches,controls, spies upon, records and chec%s our every move. 'ecause by hi+i*3 ou4i+e*tity we 4ecove4 the powe4 o ou4 acts. 'ecause with 34easepai*t we 3ive 4esista*ce a u**y ace a*+ become

visible o*ce a3ai*.&e are i*su43e*t because we have risen up from nowhere andare everywhere 7ecause ideas can be ignored but not suppressed and aninsurrection of the imagination is irresistible 7ecause whenever we fallover we rise up again and again and again, %nowing that nothing is lost for

history, that nothing is final 7ecause history doesn9t move in straight linesbut surges li%e water, sometimes swirling, sometimes dripping, flowing,flooding - always un%nowable, une5pected, uncertain 7ecause the %ey toinsurgency is brilliant improvisation, not perfect blueprints&e are 4ebels

because we love life and happiness more than 9revolution9 7ecause no revolution is evercomplete and rebellions continues forever 7ecause we will dismantle the ghost-machine ofabstraction with means that are indistinguishable from ends 7ecause we don9t want to change9the9 world, but 9our9 world 7ecause we will always desert and disobey those who abuse andaccumulate power 7ecause rebels transform everything - the way they live, create, love, eat,laugh, play, learn, trade, listen, thin% and most of all the way they rebel &e are clow*s because

what else can one be in such a stupid world'ecause i*si+e eve4yo*e is a lawless clow* t4yi*3 to escape.


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'ecause *othi*3 u*+e4mi*es autho4ity li6e hol+i*3 it up to 4i+icule. 'ecause si*ce the be3i**i*3 o timet4ic6ste4s have emb4ace+ lies co*t4a+ictio*s c4eati*3 cohe4e*ce th4ou3h co*usio*. 'ecause ools a4e bothea4some a*+ i**oce*t wise a*+ stupi+ e*te4tai*e4s a*+ +isse*te4s heale4s a*+ lau3hi*3 stoc6s scape3oats

a*+ subve4sives. 7ecause buffoons always succeed in failing, always say yes,always hope and always feel things deeply 7ecause a clown can surviveeverything and get away with anything &e are an a4my because we live ona planet in permanent war - a war of money against life, of profit against

dignity, of progress against the future. 'ecause a wa4 that 3o43es itsel o* +eath a*+ bloo+

a*+ shits mo*ey a*+ toxi*s +ese4ves a* obsce*e bo+y o +evia*t sol+ie4s. 'ecause o*ly a* a4my ca* +ecla4eabsu4+ wa4 o* absu4+ wa4. 'ecause combat 4eNui4es soli+a4ity +iscipli*e a*+ commitme*t. 'ecause alo*eclow*s a4e pathetic i3u4es but i* 34oups a*+ 3a33les b4i3a+es a*+ battalio*s they a4e ext4emely +a*3e4ous.

e a4e a* a4my because we a4e a*34y a*+ whe4e bombs ail we mi3ht succee+ with moc6i*3 lau3hte4. )*+lau3hte4 *ee+s a* echo.&e are ci4ca because we are appro5imate and ambivalent, neither here northere, but in the most powerful of all places, the place in-between order and chaos /;N A&Aoy is the ultimate proof

>ustifying the permutation via survivalism is at odds with literally every part of this criticism --it is the fa%e resistance of opposing regimentation by self-regimenting

aneigem BC Kaoul situatio*ist philosophe4 lea+i*3 thi*6e4 i* the Gituatio*ist 2*te4*atio*al he 'oo6 oPleasu4es@ t4a*s. Joh* Bulle4to* 9#8http://www.sce*ewash.o43/lobbies/chai*thi*6e4/situatio*ist/va*ei3em/bop/bop.html

No-one will right the world upside down with any part of him which is itself upside down &ehave fought the economy too much as economists and used this behaviour as an alibi


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mao4ity society ai4matively pits mi*o4ity 34oups a3ai*st each othe4 i* eve4y e4a a*+ how the shiti*3 ti+es owhite +esi4e *ow o4 labo4 *ow o4 la*+ *ow o4 ca**o* o++e4 *ow o4 political loyalty a*+ )me4ica*ismu*+e4lie most mao4 shits i* mi*o4ity o4tu*es.*998 Bo4 example sho4tly ate4 the $ivil a4 the I*ite+ Gtates4ec4uite+ 'ualo Gol+ie4s elite blac6 o4ces o the I.G. )4my to help put +ow* 2*+ia* 4ebellio*s i* the est .*99# he 2*+ia*s who mi3ht have expecte+ soli+a4ity 3ot t4ai*e+ 6ille4s i*stea+. 1*e coul+ o cou4se 4each o4 ast4ai*e+ psycholo3ical expla*atio* a*+ posit that )me4ica* society which coul+ *o lo*3e4 oicially opp4ess

blac6s oe4e+ them obs i* the I.G. )4my the* +ischa43e+ 4ust4atio* at this tu4* o eve*ts o* the hapless2*+ia*s.) mo4e li6ely expla*atio* is that I.G. elites simply covete+ 2*+ia* la*+s a*+ use+ the blac6s as o++e4a3ai*st these b4ave wa44io4s.

Hermutation arguments that appeal to institutional considerations are antithetical to thisnotion of criti3ue as liberation -- they only foster a false inclusion that perpetuatesmarginali'ation

+allahan 9GCa*ual P4oesso4 o Philosophy at Eumbol+t Gtate I*ive4sity OZapatismo 'eyo*+ $hiapasO i*Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World e.+ Davi+ Gol*it p. ,,,3oo3leboo6sM

!he new international is defined bydinidad y esperanza! "dignity and hopeE E?ignity,E theZapatistas asse4t Eis that nation without nationality, that rainbow that is also a bridge, thatmurmur of the heart no matter what blood lives it, that rebel irreverance that moc%s borders,

customs and warsEGpeciically the %ZL0 has acco4+i*3 to %*4iNue Dussel p4ese*te+ a mo+el ocommu*ity Oi*stitutio*alie+ th4ou3h social mea*s co*+ucive to co*se*sus a34eeme*t a*+ +ecisio*ma6i*3.O

?ignity cannot be bestowed, rather, it is enacted as one activelyparticipates in a community that ac%nowledges difference E&e define ourgoal by the way we choose the means of struggling for it E Di3*ity as a class co*ceptexplai*s Joh* Eolloway Ois *ot i* the i4st place a co*lict betwee* two 34oups o people: it is a co*lict

betwee* c4eative social p4actice a*+ its *e3atio* o4 i* othe4 wo4+s betwee* huma*ity a*+ its *e3atio*betwee* the t4a*sce*+i*3 o limits ;c4eatio*< a*+ the impositio* o limits ;+ei*itio*


14/45

AL4 7order /eform a%es igration ore .umane

It9s e5actly these sorts of Ehey ust trust usE claims that have lead to border security spillingover to the creeping fascism of society writ large -- we must unflinchingly oppose borders ascontrols on migration

.ayter 0e4esa w4ite4 a*+ activist o* mi34atio* a*+ a*ti54acism issues 1pe* 'o4+e4s: he $ase )3ai*st2mmi34atio* $o*t4ols@ p. 9#59(,

!he strongest case against immigration controls is that they impose increasingly harshsuffering on migrants i*clu+i*3 4eu3ees. 2* the p4ocess they u*+e4mi*e a lo*3 list o huma* 4i3hts: the4i3ht *ot to be subecte+ to i*huma* a*+ +e34a+i*3 t4eatme*t the 4i3ht *ot to be to4tu4e+ the 4i3ht *ot to bea4bit4a4ily a44este+ a*+ imp4iso*e+ the 4i3ht to a ai4 t4ial by a p4ope4ly co*stitute+ cou4t the 4i3ht to amilylie the 4i3ht to wo46 amo*3 othe4s. 2mmi34atio* co*t4ols as they a4e cu44e*tly p4actise+ violate the p4ovisio*so seve4al i*te4*atio*al t4eaties to which the '4itish 3ove4*me*t is a si3*ato4y ;see o4 example p. 99!


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these people are the sans-papiers.After that, it will spread to include people on incomesupport, homeless people, and so on "ach section of wor%ers will fall under the steam-roller Itis in such a conte5t in the &est that fascist forces developV%u4ope 'ehi*+ 'a4be+ i4eF is also a%u4ope whe4e ascism has bee* 4ebo4* a*+ is 34owi*3. 2* the past i* the co*text o a* i*te4*atio*al c4isis oascism come to powe4 i* a st4o*3 cou*t4y li6e Ae4ma*y labou4 camps we4e t4a*so4me+ i*to +eath camps. 2this 3oes o* what will be the utu4e o these +ete*tio* ce*t4es o these t4a*sit o*es? hey a4e +umpi*3 peoplethe4e li6e cattle i* o4+e4 to +epo4t them. 'ewa4eR 2tFs +epo4tatio* to+ay but what will it be tomo44ow? 2* this34eat 4e34essio* o civilisatio* that th4eate*s %u4opea* cou*t4ies *otably B4a*ce with those who lea+ theascist me*ace s*ii*3 the ai4 well the sans"papiers moveme*t is i* ma*y 4espects compa4able to the D4eyus

aai4. 2tFs *ow o4 *eve4 o4 the +emoc4atic o4ces i* the cou*t4y to emb4ace this amai*3 moveme*t o themost ma43i*alise+ sectio* o the wo46i*3 class a*+ o society the sans"papiers!who have *o 4i3hts. Let the4e

be some *ew Jau4Ws some *ew Zolas a*+ let the4e be some t4a+es u*io* a*+ political o43a*isatio*s i* thewo46i*3 class that 4ise up to o4m a ba44ie4 to this ea4some +a*3e4 o 4e34essio* i* society a*+ civilisatio*.

!his is a short-sighted political fantasy 8 the very e5istence of border controls on immigrationis racist

.ayter 0e4esa w4ite4 a*+ activist o* mi34atio* a*+ a*ti54acism issues 1pe* 'o4+e4s: he $ase )3ai*st2mmi34atio* $o*t4ols@ p. 8

Ca*y p4obably most, of those who now believe that immigration controls are an obvious

necessity would not see themselves as racist any liberal- minded people also say they areopposed to racist immigration controls, or controls which discriminate, as they now do,

between different categories of immigrantshe cu44e*t situatio* i* '4itai* is that the ma*y millio*s oo4ei3*e4s who a4e *atio*als o the %u4opea* I*io* o4 who have '4itish pa4e*ts o4 34a*+pa4e*ts a4e 4ee toe*te4 a*+ settle i* '4itai*. 1the4s a4e *ot. he o4me4 a4e mai*ly white the latte4 ote* blac6. 0o*5+isc4imi*atio* woul+ imply eithe4 imposi*3 the same 4est4ictio*s o* %u4opea*s a*+ white '4itish$ommo*wealth citie*s as a4e impose+ o* othe4 o4ei3*e4s o4 allowi*3 vi4tually 4ee e*t4y to all. 'ut even onthe unli%ely supposition that immigration controls ceased to discriminate on mainly racistgrounds between foreigners, they would still discriminate against foreigners in general, asopposed to natives !hey are therefore, many believe, inherently racist Immigration controlsembody, legitimate and institutionalise racism !hey have both been caused by and caused aracism which has become deeply embedded and widely manifest in the rich nation states of the

&est, and especially so in their apparatus of control, including the police, the immigrationauthorities and private security guards Immigration controls have their origins in racism!ime and again, in the history of controls, it becomes clear that the reason for them is note5cessive numbers of immigrants, or any realistic assessment of immigrants effects on obs,housing, crime or health, but the supposed non-assimilability or inferior stoc% of certainimmigrants. Eisto4ically the mai* impetus o4 the i*t4o+uctio* o immi34atio* co*t4ols has come 4om ope*4acists. he 4acist 4i3ht has bee* 4ema46ably successul i* wi**i*3 its +ema*+s. 2* 9#"( a*+ i* 9#!,immi34atio* co*t4ols i4st a3ai*st Valie*sF o4 Jews a*+ the* a3ai*st Vcolou4e+F $ommo*wealth citie*s we4ei*t4o+uce+ i* '4itai* as the culmi*atio* o campai3*s o a*ti5immi34atio* a3itatio* by 4acists a*+ the a4 4i3ht

who we4e i*itially +ismisse+ as ext4emists by mai*st4eam opi*io* !he main platform of neo-fascistgroups has been opposition to immigration and demands for controls and e5pulsions of non-

Aryan or non-white people

!he 1A+ naively ignores history to argue that smoothing the path through borders cansomehow cleanse them of their fascistic function of sovereign control

.ayter 0e4esa w4ite4 a*+ activist o* mi34atio* a*+ a*ti54acism issues 1pe* 'o4+e4s: he $ase )3ai*st2mmi34atio* $o*t4ols@ p. ,95,,

)s Gteve $ohe* puts it i* Workers# $ontrol not %mmiration $ontrols! VIt is politically naive to imaginethat immigration controls which were brought into being through organised fascist activity cannow somehow be cleansed and made #non-racist$F Bascist a*+ 4i3ht5wi*3 4acist 34oups have existe+

with luctuati*3 o4tu*es th4ou3hout the twe*tieth ce*tu4y. 2* 988! i* 4espo*se to the a44ival o Jewish4eu3ees possibly the i4st a*ti5immi34a*t 34oup the Gociety o4 the Gupp4essio* o the 2mmi34atio* o


16/45

Destitute )lie*s was set up. 2t was ollowe+ by the )ssociatio* o4 P4eve*ti*3 the 2mmi34atio* o Destitute)lie*s a*+ the '4itish '4othe4s Lea3ue the latte4 set up o4 simila4 pu4poses i* 9#"9 by the $o*se4vative CPo4 Gtep*ey i* %ast Lo*+o* Cao4 illiam %va*s5Ao4+o* a*+ othe4s. )te4 the Bi4st o4l+ a4 a*ti5semitism became mo4e viciously explicit. he V'4ito*sF we4e set up i* 9#98 ollowe+ by the 2mpe4ial BascistLea3ue i* 9#,8 which avou4e+ 6illi*3 ste4ilisi*3 se34e3ati*3 o4 expelli*3 Jews. 1swal+ Cosley ou*+e+ the'4itish I*io* o Bascists i* 9#, which i*timi+ate+ Jews especially i* the %ast %*+ o Lo*+o* a*+ 4eache+ amembe4ship o possibly ("""" i* 9#. he4e we4e a *umbe4 o smalle4 ascist 34oups. Cost we4eexti*3uishe+ by the Geco*+ o4l+ a4. Cosley was i*te4*e+ aile+ to 4ebuil+ his I*io* Coveme*t ate4 the

wa4 a*+ we*t i*to exile i* 9#(9. he Lea3ue o %mpi4e Loyalists was o4me+ i* 9#( to oppose the e*+ o

empi4e but lost membe4s to the hite Dee*ce Lea3ue a*+ the 0atio*al Labou4 Pa4ty which me43e+ to set upthe '4itish 0atio*al Pa4ty i* 9#!". he 9#(8 0otti*3 Eill a*ti5blac6 4iots we4e the p4o+uct pa4tly o ascisto43a*isatio* a*+ i*citeme*t. 2* the 9#!"s a se4ies o a*ti5immi34a*t o43a*isatio*s i* the Ci+la*+s the mostpowe4ul o which was the 'i4mi*3ham 2mmi34atio* $o*t4ol )ssociatio* campai3*e+ o4 immi34atio*co*t4ols while avoi+i*3 the ta3 o ascism a*+ p4ovi+e+ the climate i* which the a*ti5immi34a*t o4yca*+i+ate Pete4 A4iiths wo* i* Gmethwic6 he Gouthall Kesi+e*ts )ssociatio* was set up i* 9#! with simila4aims. he 0atio*al B4o*t ou*+e+ i* 9#!! was the p4o+uct o a me43e4 betwee* the Lea3ue o %mpi4eLoyalists a*+ the '4itish 0atio*al Pa4ty.Afterthe o4y Ci*iste4 "noch Howells 1CM speech,threatening rivers of blood if immigration was not stopped;seep. (>


17/45

LN+ 6lip-=hield

+ounterplan would result in less de-stabili'ing migration 8 empirics prove iterally all yourEopen borders badE arguments lin% worse to the status 3uo

.ayter :e4esa 0o 'o4+e4s: he $ase a3ai*st 2mmi34atio* $o*t4ols@ Bemi*ist Keview 0o. 7 %xile a*+)sylum: ome* Gee6i*3 Keu3e i* Bo4t4ess%u4ope ;,""


18/45

AL4 Open 7orders P 6ree ar%et Ideology

!his argument treats humans the same as currency*the counterplan is compatible with astruggle to reverse the situation that ma%es the e5ploitation of free mar%et ideology possible6ree movement of people enables transnational unioni'ing which can resist free mar%etcontrol

.ayter 0e4esa w4ite4 a*+ activist o* mi34atio* a*+ a*ti54acism issues 1pe* 'o4+e4s: he $ase )3ai*st2mmi34atio* $o*t4ols@ p. 979597,

!here is now a flagrant contradiction between the current, regressive, promotion of theideology of the free mar%et as far as goods and capital are concerned, and its denial wherepeople are concerned 7ut too much should not be made of the analogy igrants are human

beings, and they should be treated differently from mere material goods and flows of capital!he current situation should, in fact, be reversed It is 3uite possible, and right, to oppose freetrade and uncontrolled movements of capital, and the domination of the &orld !radeOrganisation by the interests of big capital, and yet to be in favour of the free movement ofpeople2* a* i+eal wo4l+ i*vestme*t woul+ be pla**e+ a*+ +emoc4atically co*t4olle+ so that its be*eits we4e

wi+ely sp4ea+ to 4e+uce i*eNuality sha4e *ecessa4y obs a*+ imp4ove wo46i*3 co*+itio*s a*+ social co*+itio*swo4l+wi+e a*+ to p4otect the e*vi4o*me*t a*+ othe4 esse*tial i*te4ests which a4e *ow th4eate*e+ by p4oit5

see6i*3 p4ivate capital. ithi* '4itai* some a43ue that wo46e4s who have bee* ma+e 4e+u*+a*t i* the 0o4th othe cou*t4y 4athe4 tha* bei*3 o4ce+ to mi34ate south whe4e the4e a4e obs but *o housi*3 shoul+ have accessto obs i* the 0o4th. 'ut people shoul+ have the 4i3ht i*te4*atio*ally as they +o withi* '4itai* a*+ the %I tochose 4eely eithe4 to stay whe4e they a4e o4 to mi34ate. 6ree movement of people will enable wor%ersand the mass of people to share ideas and organise internationally2t too will 4eNui4e i*te4*atio*ala34eeme*t so that some 3ove4*me*ts +o *ot mai*tai* 4est4ictio*s while othe4s abolish them. o +e*y peoplethe 4i3ht to mi34ate is ha4sh a*+ opp4essive a*+ is lea+i*3 to u*bea4able ext4emes o c4uelty. +ulturaldiversity e5ists within nations In the world as a whole it has e5isted for thousands of years Itis to be celebrated. 2t has the pote*tial to e*ha*ce huma* p4o34ess. !he opening of borders couldma%e the world a more harmonious and peaceful and less racist place, and ma%e possiblecooperation and democracy and greater mutual understanding worldwide Immigrationcontrols should be consigned to the dustbin of history, recognised for what they are4 a cruel but

relatively short-lived twentiethcentury aberration.

Only opposing immigration controls in every instance can create opportunities for opposingfree mar%et ideology



19/45

AL4 Open 7orders P +atastrophe

Open borders is inevitable 8 the impact is already occurring 8 only a ris% that removingcontrols prevents unnecessary racism and suffering 8 and there would be no flood of migration

.ayter 0e4esa w4ite4 a*+ activist o* mi34atio* a*+ a*ti54acism issues 1pe* 'o4+e4s: he $ase )3ai*st2mmi34atio* $o*t4ols@ p. 9(,59(

If freedom to migrate meant that movements of people were so large that they led tocatastrophic disruption chaos a*+ +ecli*e i* livi*3 sta*+a4+s i* the 4ich cou*t4ies the* howeve4a+mi4able the i+eal it would be understandable that it should be opposed 7ut the abolition ofimmigration controls, although it would doubtless lead to some increase in migration, wouldnot have an overwhelming effect on numbers !his is, first, because immigration controls donot wor% In spite of the ever-increasing paraphernalia of repressive measures, during the1CC0s the numbers of asylum see%ers have remained roughly constant. %u4opea* 3ove4*me*ts a*+thei4 oicials a4e be3i**i*3 to 4eco3*ise that immi34atio* co*t4ols will *eve4 be ma+e to wo46. hey a4ee*3a3e+ i* a last5+itch +ee*ce o what 4emai*s o *atio*al sove4ei3*ty i* a pe4io+ o 34owi*3 powe4 oi*te4*atio*al p4ivate capital. he attempt to mai*tai* 4ee+om o moveme*t o4 capital a*+ p4eve*t themoveme*t o labou4 will *ot i*+ei*itely 4esist the p4essu4es o so5calle+ 3lobalisatio*F. !he watermetaphors commonly applied to immigrants can be applied to controls4 controls are li%e adam2 when one hole is bloc%ed, another one appears somewhere else igrants and those who

facilitate their migration resort to staggering feats of ingenuity, courage and endurance toassert their right to move and to flee !he 3uestion is how much suffering will be imposed oninnocent people, and how much racism will be sto%ed up, in a vain attempt to deny the right tofreedom of movement before governments finally abandon the effortGeco*+ oicials +espai4 atthei4 i*ability to +epo4t people. Eavi*3 put 4eu3ees a*+ mi34a*ts th4ou3h mo*ths a*+ sometimes yea4s osue4i*3 a*+ u*ce4tai*ty possibly i* +ete*tio* ce*t4es a*+ p4iso*s 3ove4*me*ts the* ca**ot +epo4t the 34eatmao4ity o those to whom they 4euse the 4i3ht to stay. his is because the 3ove4*me*ts o thei4 cou*t4ies oo4i3i* will *ot p4ovi+e them with pape4s o4 a34ee to 4ea+mit them because they have +evelope+ amily li*6s i*%u4ope because they ca**ot be ou*+ o4 eve* because p4oteste4s succee+ i* stoppi*3 thei4 ai4 li3hts. he4ea4e *ot e*ou3h +ete*tio* ce*t4es to loc6 up all those whose cases a4e tu4*e+ +ow* a*+ most cou*t4ies apa4t4om '4itai* have time limits o* +ete*tio* a*+ must ote* 4elease people beo4e they ca* +epo4t them. %ve* i*'4itai* lawye4s have successully use+ habeas co4pus to 3et people 4elease+ i they +o *ot have +ocume*ts

e*abli*3 them to be +epo4te+. Aove4*me*ts may the4eo4e e*+ up 4eleasi*3 them o*to the st4eets sometimeswith *o access to a*y o4m o public suppo4t a*+ *o pe4missio* to wo46 thus tu4*i*3 them i*to at best ille3alwo46e4s. )t a meeti*3 i* 1xo4+ a 34oup o %u4opea* oicials +iscusse+ se4iously how much +e*ial o healthacilities woul+ be compatible with i*te4*atio*al huma* 4i3hts obli3atio*s. 2* the 0ethe4la*+s acco4+i*3 to aDutch oicial Vthey a4e ust +umpe+ o* the st4eetsF i* a* attempt lite4ally to sta4ve them out o4 pe4haps+elibe4ately to c4eate a* ille3al a*+ exploitable wo46o4ce. he policies which are well established in the;nited =tates, and now appear to be be increasingly contemplated in "urope, are to use themigrants (illegal and therefore cheap) labour, but deprive them of social and political rights!hird, the numbers of people who would migrate if they were free to do so are oftene5aggerated =ome have argued that population increases and environmental catastrophes aresuch that, unless something is done, there will be massive population movements from poorcountries to rich countries1the4s appea4 to believe that i people we4e allowe+ to move 4eely ""

millio* 2*+ia*s woul+ emi34ate e* masse to the 4ich cou*t4ies i* sea4ch o obs. 14tho+ox 4ee ma46et theo4ysu33ests that i the4e was 4ee moveme*t o labou4 the4e woul+ be la43e5scale moveme*ts o wo46e4s u*tileve*tually wa3es we4e eNualise+ th4ou3hout the wo4l+. Neither of these things is li%ely to happenhilesome e*te4p4isi*3 people move because the4e a4e obs a*+ the possibility o hi3he4 pay i* the 4ich cou*t4iesthis +oes *ot mea* that the e*ti4e populatio* o the hi4+ o4l+ woul+ +o so o4 eve* a si3*iica*t p4opo4tio*o it. '4itai* with 34eat 4elucta*ce oe4e+ ,"""" visas to Eo*3 Qo*3 citie*s 9"""" o them we4e ta6e* up.2* situatio*s whe4e the4e a4e *o immi34atio* co*t4ols such as 4om the $ommo*wealth to '4itai* i* the 9#G1s 4om Pue4to Kico a*+ $uba to the I*ite+ Gtates a*+ 4om B4e*ch 1ve4seas Depa4tme*ts to B4a*cemi34atio* has bee* la43e but 4ep4ese*ts o*ly a small p4opo4tio* o the populatio* o both 4eceivi*3 a*+ mostse*+i*3 cou*t4ies. 'etwee* 9#(" a*+ 9#8" o4 example ".! pe4 ce*t o the populatio* o the $a4ibbea*emi34ate+ pe4 yea4 ta6i*3 a+va*ta3e o the abse*ce o 4est4ictio*s i* o4me4 colo*ial powe4s a*+ the I*ite+Gtates. 'ob Gutclie i* 0aci+o en otra parte has ve*tu4e+ a* estimate that o* the assumptio* that these


20/45

$a4ibbea* 4ates o emi34atio* we4e 4epeate+ wo4l+wi+e the4e woul+ be a* ext4a , millio* mi34a*ts pe4 yea4lea+i*3 to a 34owth o ,. pe4 ce*t pe4 yea4 i* the populatio* o the i*+ust4ialise+ cou*t4ies. P4ovi+e+ such a*i*c4ease was ai4ly eve*ly +ist4ibute+ which woul+ imply i*te4*atio*al a34eeme*t to abolish co*t4ols a*+ i*pa4ticula4 a34eeme*t amo*3 %u4opea* cou*t4ies such a* i*c4ease coul+ well come to be see* as a useulmea*s o cou*te4acti*3 +ecli*es i* the bi4th 4ate a*+ a3ei*3 populatio*s. 'ut it seems unli%ely in any casethat people would migrate from other areas at such high rates Cuch o the $a4ibbea* emi34atio*too6 place i* yea4s whe* u*employme*t was hi3h i* the $a4ibbea* a*+ much lowe4 i* the cou*t4ies o+esti*atio* tha* it is *ow. Ci34atio* 4om the small isla*+s o the $a4ibbea* whe4e oppo4tu*ities a4e4elatively ew was acilitate+ by the existe*ce o commu*ities i* the 4ecipie*t cou*t4ies a*+ commo* la*3ua3es

a*+ e+ucatio* systems. 2* ma*y a4eas which +o *ot have these cha4acte4istics the4e has bee* vi4tually *oemi34atio* ?uring the postwar period of free entry for +ommonwealth citi'ens, which was alsoa period of ob abundance in 7ritain, migration was only from a small number of areas It alsorose and fell in relation to the numbers of ob vacancies, in response to information from

already established communitiesOn the whole most people do not want to uprootthemselves, abandon their families, and suffer the hardships and ris%s of migration to astrange and possibly hostile place in order to do the dirty wor% of the natives And,surprising though it may seem to racists 3ua%ing at the prospect of invading hordes,they li%e their own countries and cultures. 2*&ourney Without a estination Kohi*i Ee*sma*Nuotes the amil 4eu3ees she i*te4viewe+ 3ivi*3 +ep4essi*3 +esc4iptio*s o thei4 expe4ie*ces o+ep4ivatio* a*+ 4acism i* '4itai* a*+ exp4essi*3 thei4 wish to 3o bac6 to G4i La*6a as soo* as it was

sae to +o so. %ve* those who ha+ ou*+ co*+itio*s i* '4itai* mo4e bea4able still wa*te+ to 4etu4* tothei4 amilies the climate the social wa4mth a*+ *ei3hbou4li*ess a*+ pe4haps thei4 obs la*+ a*+p4ope4ties i* G4i La*6a. Vhe ove4whelmi*3 mao4ityF o he4 i*te4viewees she says Vexp4esse+ a +esi4eto 3o bac6 i peace was 4esto4e+.F Ca*y othe4s +i+ *ot leave at all sayi*3 they woul+ p4ee4 to +ie i*thei4 ow* cou*t4y 4athe4 tha* lee to a st4a*3e a*+ hostile la*+.


21/45

AL4 Open 7orders P 7rain ?rain

!he status 3uo lin%s way worse to this argument 8 cherry-pic%ing



22/45

i*+ust4ialise+ cou*t4ies a4e *ot expecte+ to i*vest thei4 wa3es a*+ thei4 ailu4e to +o so is *ot use+ as austiicatio* o4 *ot payi*3 them. he 4eality is that 4emitta*ces a4e use+ o4 a va4iety o pu4poses 4a*3i*3 4omthe satisactio* o eleme*ta4y *ee+s to the acNuisitio* o co*sume4 +u4ables a*+ sometimes o4 i*vestme*t i*pa4ticula4 to buy la*+. Kemitta*ces may at times cause some eco*omic p4oblems but it is u*li6ely that they +oso mo4e tha* othe4 sou4ces o o4ei3* excha*3e i*clu+i*3 expo4ts. )*+ alte4*ative sou4ces o o4ei3* excha*3esupe4io4 o4 othe4wise may i* a*y case *ot be available. he c4iticisms o the eco*omic eects o 4emitta*cesa4e i* 4eality yet a*othe4 example o the way i* which the 3e*e4al p4eu+ice a3ai*st immi34atio* is 4electe+ i*a c4itical assessme*t o its eects. 2* the cu44e*t u*eNual state o the wo4l+ emi34atio* a*+ the 4esulti*34emitta*ces a4e p4obably o*e o the best mecha*isms cu44e*tly available o4 4e+ist4ibuti*3 the wo4l+Fs i*come

i* avou4 o poo4e4 cou*t4ies. 1the4s +isplay co*ce4* that mi34atio* causes a loss to the hi4+ o4l+ o s6ille+a*+ e*te4p4isi*3 people eve* a *ew o4m o pilla3e o the hi4+ o4l+ usi*3 the b4ai*s a*+ s6ills o its peopleso4 the be*eit o the 4ich cou*t4ies. $alculatio*s o VlossesF a4e ma+e o* the basis o totti*3 up the costs oe+ucati*3 the mi34a*ts i* thei4 cou*t4ies o o4i3i*. his co*ce4* is ha4+ly compatible with the act that existi*3immi34atio* co*t4ols impose ew 4est4ictio*s o* the moveme*t o people with s6ills that a4e *ee+e+ o4 +esi4e+i* the i*+ust4ialise+ cou*t4ies such as scie*tiic busi*ess me+ical computi*3 a4tistic cultu4al a*+ spo4ti*3s6ills. It is estimated, for e5ample, that in the period up to 1CMB sub-=aharan Africa lost :0 percent of its highly 3ualified people through legal emigration2t is the u*s6ille+ whose moveme*ts a4e4est4icte+ o4 p4eve*te+ alto3ethe4. o be co*siste*t this co*ce4* ou3ht to imply that 4est4ictio*s o* themoveme*t o u*s6ille+ people shoul+ be 4emove+ while s6ille+ people shoul+ be o4ce+ to stay whe4e they a4e;which o cou4se woul+ co*t4ave*e the p4ovisio*s o* 4ee moveme*t i* the I*ive4sal Decla4atio* o Euma*Ki3hts


23/45

AL4 .ayter Not Qualled

.ayters gonna hayte

=teiner :0i6laus I*ive4sity o 0o4th $a4oli*a $hapel Eill: 2*te4*atio*al Ci34atio* Keview Sol. 7 0o. he Butu4e o the Geco*+ Ae*e4atio*:he 2*te34atio* o Ci34a*t Youth i* Gix %u4opea* $ou*t4ies ;i*te4,""


24/45

AL4 7lac%&hite 7inaries

7lac% isnt ust s%in but the use of blac% rhetorically is the best way to challenge whitesupremacy

ewis CEope Lewis Law P4oesso4 H 0o4theaste4* I*ive4sity i* 2*te4*atio*al Law Dei*i*3 Kace4a*s*atio*al Dime*sio*s o Kace i* )me4ica )lba*y Law Keview ,""#

his essay asse4ts that 4ace a 6ey co*cept i* i*te4*atio*al huma* 4i3hts law a*+ policy 4om the be3i**i*3shoul+ still be hi3h o* to+ays 3lobal p4io4ity list. Eoweve4 to 4emai* a useul co*cept i* ou4 i*c4easi*3lycomplex wo4l+ 4ace must be +ei*e+ a*+ explo4e+ as a t4a*s*atio*al a*+ multi+ime*sio*al social co*st4uct.*97 2 4elect speciically he4e o* the complex *atu4e o O'lac6*ess.O 2 su33est that i*te4*atio*al huma*4i3hts law shoul+ e*3a3e i*t4a54acial +ive4sity amo*3 'lac6s alo*3 cultu4al 3e*+e4 political eco*omic a*+eth*ic li*es. 'ecause O'lac6*essO itsel is a p4o+uct o popula4 social co*scious*ess 2 +4aw he4e o* popula4accou*ts o I.G. 'lac6 mi34atio* a*+ sto4ies about the P4esi+e*tial ca*+i+acy o 'a4ac6 1bama. Guchsto4ies 4eveal i* sta46 4elie how p4oblematic a* ove4simpliie+ app4oach to +ei*i*3 the bo4+e4s o'lac6*ess ca* be. )*ec+otes ca* have limite+ applicatio* i* compa4iso* with b4oa+5base+ social scie*tiic+ata. 'ut evocative 9""M sto4ies *eve4theless ca* help ma6e p4eviously ma43i*alie+ expe4ie*ces a*+pe4ceptio*s mo4e visible. 1*ce visible such i*st4uctive sto4ies a*+ sou4ces ca* the* become a mo4ele3itimate ocus o u4the4 le3al a*+ i*te4+iscipli*a4y 4esea4ch. I*+e4lyi*3 my +iscussio* is the bac634ou*+

belie that i*t4a54acial political a*+ cultu4al st4ate3ies a*+ a*alyses that a4e c4oss5cultu4al a*+multi+ime*sio*al *98 4emai* 4eleva*t a*+ helpul i* the co*tempo4a4y 3lobal eco*omy. Guch app4oacheshoweve4 *ee+ *ot be i*app4op4iately exclusio*a4y o4 esse*tialist. Kathe4 they ca* co*t4ibute to c4oss5cultu4al e*3a3eme*t a*+ e*4ich ou4 ability to p4otect a*+ ulill huma* 4i3hts. 22. hy 'lac6*ess? 2 chooseto ocus o* the t4a*s*atio*al a*+ multiple +ime*sio*s o O'lac6*essO *ot because 2 believe that 4ece*t

)4ica*5+esce*t co*st4ucte+ i* histo4ical a*+ co*tempo4a4y oppositio* to Owhite*essO o4 %u4opea* +esce*tco*stitutes the e*ti4e 4a*3e o 4acial mea*i*3. Ca*y $4itical Kace theo4ists i*clu+i*3 some o theoutsta*+i*3 schola4s at this symposium have al4ea+y challe*3e+ a*+ complicate+ a* ove4simpliie+ 'lac65

hite pa4a+i3m Nuite eectively. *9# Kathe4 my lo*35te4m p4oect is to exami*e the implicatio*s o O'lac6+ive4sityO *," o4 multi+ime*sio*ality withi* 'lac6*ess. he 9""(M 4ich*ess a*+ +epth o 'lac6e*3a3eme*t with t4a*s*atio*al co*texts i* p4e5a*+ post54a*s)tla*tic slave4y is bei*3 explo4e+ byhisto4ia*s sociolo3ists a*+ a*th4opolo3ists but much 4emai*s to be +o*e. *,9 Gpeciically 2 hope to

exami*e mo4e +eeply i* utu4e wo46 the implicatio*s o the complexity o 'lac6*ess o4 i*te4*atio*alhuma* 4i3hts st4ate3ies as tools i* the st4u33le o4 3lobal social ustice.


25/45

AL4 &e =hould be +olorblindOur Holicy is +olorblind

+olorblindness fails to recogni'e structural discrimination which means that their evaluationof the lin% debate would only re-entrench white privilege and legitimi'e racism

.ing C, Hrofessor of aw at ;+ ?avis'ill 1*3 2*stitutio*al Kacism 2$% Kai+s a*+ 2mmi34atio* Keo4m I*ive4sity o Ga* B4a*cisco LawKeview Ball ,""#

I*+e4sta*+i*3 that the *atio*s laws a*+ e*o4ceme*t policies 4esulte+ 4om i*stitutio*alie+ 4acism le*+sa wholly sepa4ate 4atio*ale 8M o4 immi34atio* 4eo4m. *9, %stablishi*3 a case o i*te*tio*al+isc4imi*atio* u*+e4 the challe*3i*3 sta*+a4+s 4eNui4e+ by the Gup4eme $ou4t i* 4acial +isc4imi*atio*cases woul+ be +iicult. *9 Yet whe* se4ious *e3ative 4acial eects o laws a*+ policies a4e evi+e*t eve* iu*i*te*+e+ o4 u*co*scious the* 4i3ht thi*6i*3 policy ma6e4s a*+ lea+e4s ca* be motivate+ to +o the 4i3htthi*3 le3islatively a*+ a+mi*ist4atively o4 mo4al a*+ p4actical 4easo*s. $o*templati*3 c4eative ways to4eme+y the +ama3e is app4op4iate. 2* aci*3 st4uctu4al 4acism )**e Qubisch e*cou4a3es us to be bol+:Ohou3h the st4uctu4al app4oach may seem too bi3 we i3*o4e it at ou4 pe4il a*+ e*+ up placi*3 u*4ealisticexpectatio*s o* *a44ow p4o34ammatic ba*+ai+5li6e solutio*s. 2*stea+ we must be ambitious a*+ c4eativeabout st4ate3ies ... .O *9 he p4emise that 4eo4m is *ee+e+ to 4ectiy the eects o i*stitutio*al 4acismchalle*3es us to come up with i**ovative solutio*s. 'ecause i*stitutio*s a4e *ot 4ace5*eut4al +isma*tli*3st4uctu4al 4acism 4eNui4es us to be 4ace5co*scious i* ou4 solutio*s *ot colo4bli*+. 2* the visa co*text wecoul+ ta6e a pa3e 4om the +ive4sity p4o34am that was exte*+e+ to 24ish a*+ ma*y othe4 weste4* %u4opea*immi34a*ts i* the 9#8"s a*+ 9##"s a*+ c4eate a* ai4mative actio* eo4t to i*ally 3ive ai4 a*+ eNuitablet4eatme*t to immi34a*ts o colo4. Aive* what we *ow 6*ow about the evolutio* o the immi34atio* selectio*system i*itial atte*tio* shoul+ be pai+ to the *umbe4 o visas that a4e available to Lati* a*+ )sia*cou*t4ies.


26/45

AL4 ictimi'ation

!he alternative is a pre-re3uisite to ending the system of victimology

bell hoo%s 1CC )utho4 Bemi*ist P4oesso4 at 'e4ea $olle3e*illin +ae: ,ndin +a-ism pp. (7578he blac6 chu4ch has always bee* a place i* the I*ite+ Gtates whe4e )4ica* )me4ica*s have lea4*e+oppositio*al ways o thi*6i*3 that e*ha*ce ou4 capacity to su4vive a*+ lou4ish. 'lac6 libe4atio* theolo3yalways i*te4ve*e+ i* a*y te*+e*cy to elevate huma*s to the status o all5powe4ul bei*3s. his i*siste*ce o* thelimitatio*s o huma*s was c4ucial o4 blac6 people sue4i*3 at the ha*+s o white opp4esso4s a*+/o4 exploite4s.he assumptio* that thei4 powe4 was limite+ subect to o4ces beyo*+ co*t4ol eve* a belie i* the mi4aculous

was a* empowe4i*3 wo4l+ view 4u**i*3 cou*te4 to the teachi*3s o white colo*ii*3 o4ces. )s 4eli3io*becomes less ce*t4al to the lives o co*tempo4a4y )4ica* )me4ica*s pa4ticula4ly to youth those o4ms ooppositio*al thi*6i*3 a4e *ot tau3ht. ithout alte4*ative belie systems blac6 ol6s emb4ace the values o theexisti*3 system which +aily 4ei*o4ce lea4*e+ helpless*ess. Cass me+ia co*ti*ually bomba4+ us with ima3es o

)4ica* )me4ica*s which sp4ea+ the messa3e that we a4e hopeless t4appe+ a*+ u*able to cha*3e ou4ci4cumsta*ces i* mea*i*3ul ways. 0o wo*+e4 the* that a 3e*e4atio* o blac6s who lea4* much o thei46*owle+3e o 4ace a*+ st4u33les to e*+ 4acism 4om movies a*+ televisio* see themselves as victims. 14 thatthey see the o*ly way out o bei*3 a victim is to assume the 4ole o victimie4. hile Ghelby Gteele chastise+

blac6 ol6s o4 accepti*3 the eNuatio* o blac6*ess as victimiatio*>to be blac6 is to be a victim the4eo4e *otto be a victim is *ot to be blac6@>he +oes *ot exami*e white i*vestme*t i* this eNuatio*. Yet those blac6 ol6s

who emb4ace victim i+e*tity +o so because they i*+ it me+iates 4elatio*s with whites that it is easie4 to ma6eappeals that call o4 sympathy 4athe4 tha* 4e+4ess a*+ 4epa4atio*s. )s lo*3 as white )me4ica*s a4e mo4e

willi*3 to exte*+ co*ce4* a*+ ca4e to blac6 ol6s who have a victim5ocuse+ blac6 i+e*tity@ a shit i*pa4a+i3ms will *ot ta6e place.


27/45


28/45

"ssentialism allows for the inclusion of the Other and grants voices

A'oulay, 1CCB assistant professor of anthropology and chair of the Africana =tudies Hrogram at@rinnell +ollege,;Qatya Aibel %xpe4ie*ce empathy a*+ st4ate3ic %sse*tialism@http://www.i*o4mawo4l+.com/smpp/title\co*te*t=t79!887

Political philosophe4 Geyla 'e*habib +4aws o* the i*si3hts o Ea**ah )4e*+t the Jewish political theo4ist a*+4eu3ee 4om 0ai Ae4ma*y. )3ai*st a t4a+itio* o u*ive4salism which mas6s eth*oce*t4ism 'e*habib

p4oposes a mo+el o mo4al co*ve4satio* whose 3oal is the p4ocess o +ialo3ue co*ve4satio* a*+ mutualu*+e4sta*+i*3 not co*se*sus. ) mo4al co*ve4satio* i*sta*tiates a 4eve4sal o pe4spectives that is the

willi*3*ess to 4easo* 4om the othe4s poi*t o view ;'e*habib 9##,


29/45

RRRR


30/45

criti3ue of overcoming reification through signifying or politici'ingSinsert whatever the aff tal%s aboutT as social space


31/45

reification of signs 1nc

Our challenge is with the signification of 9space9 as an image of thought and moreover with theattempt to substitute the signified obect as a void for the immanence of the cosmos

;nbeing becomes a substitution that offers us a fissure for an engagement, to ma%e acommitment to the te5t that goes beyond admissibility, beyond a reification of self throughsterile attachments and towards an impossible view of language as movement without meaning-- to re-configure the topology of te5tual relations &here the 1ac focuses on the presence ofE7eingE, we demand an engagement with unbeing

@roves 9C). Gta*ley A4oves is a w4ite4 poet musicia* a*+ a4tist a*+ a ca*+i+ate o4 a PhD i*$ommu*icatio* Ce+ia heo4y a*+ Philosophy with the %u4opea* A4a+uate Gchool Gaas 5 Bee Gwite4la*+

%mainality: $on0ersant and ,s-haton )t4opos P4ess p. 959(

hat 2 have be3u* to see i* this wo46 i*itially w4itte* o4 the %u4opea* A4a+uate Gchool is a possibility o4what 2 call Oco*ce*t4ic he4me*euticsO. 2t s wo4thy to *ote,s-haton a*+ es-hatoloy a4e si3*iica*t wo4+s i*li3ht o such so 2 wish to a++4ess a possible c4itiNue o this wo46 as pa4t o the 4etu4* o the 4eli3ious . 2t woul+

be +iicult to co*si+e4 such c4iticism *othi*3 mo4e tha* u+3eme*ts o a philosophical ashio* police ... such a*otio* seems a6i* to the 4et4ea+ i+eas ou*+ i* ou4 co*tempo4a4y ma46et o i+e*tity *ostal3ia. 0o matte4 how4epulse+ o4 how ha4+ we a4e co*+itio*e+ *ot5to we must pass th4ou3h wo4+s a*+ i+eas ully. he 4eli3ious

is *ot ove4 *o4 ca* such be i3*o4e+. )*ythi*3 less 4etu4*s a amilia4 4ep4essio* the 4etu4* to 4obust i+eolo3ya*+ i+e*tity politics. 2 we have lea4*e+ a*ythi*3 about the 4eli3ious its that 4ep4essio* 3ives i+e*tity a*+4easo* the reason1 'oth have i*i*ite ma*iestatio*s a*+ co*seNue*ces. he *asty emb4ace shoul+ be a oyul4elease 4om that which +ei*es us i* the +a46 o ou4 la*3ua3e. $o*ce4*i*3 philosophy a*+ the absolute thei*eable a*+ *e3ative theolo3y this boo6 +oes *ot aim to ali3* with such. )*+ *o o*e shoul+ a34ee with thistext. Philosophical boo6s a4e at thei4 best whe* they i*spi4e *ot wei3h the mi*+ with co*te*t a*+ solicit o4

believe4s. e must 3et out i]om the u*+e4belly o the w4itte* a*+ be3i* to 4ethi*6 how we app4oach it all.hat mea*s to thi*6 *ot what mea*s to mea*: that is the poi*tR Eow else to move beyo*+ the i+ea tou*+e4sta*+ sculpti*3 o the i+ea we seem co*i*e+ to a*+ co*use+ i*? !he 3uestion here can be thoughtas a search for a pre-cogni'ing 9 liberation 9 from the determination of image-regimes and the

baleens of the cosmos !his thin%ing is affirmative in the most arrested sense the ai4matio*co*ti*ues with its 4ea+e4s.A shift down on the impulse and refraction left in this te5t attempts to

define itself within itself Our thesis4 two surfaces present a third surface from the view of theimage that moves a single image between ?espite the fact such remains in the idea, the whole"schaton remains the te5t (here) that ciphers an impossibility of the "schaton to-come without

being and metaphysics (there). Ca*iol+. 'ei*3 a*+ metaphysics a4e co*ceptual a*+ *ecessa4y but *otthe e*+ such 3oes o*. Bollowi*3 Gchi4mache4we are concerned here with the remains of being left inlanguage, as unbeing behind and ahead an unknown familiarwe call conversant portending.Apossible prior utterance and the possibility of the impossible view of language as an idea. 'ehi*+= ea4th ahea+ = wo4l+ betwee* = eschato*. +an one as% at the unraveling and e5pansion of the ideaD!he idea into e5istence that reconfigures such against world as the world completely in the

worldD !he world of the falling ceilingD !he in-forming world of deadly pressure andcompressionD !here are pressures behind and ahead of this world Hressures that give surfaceand the lissen between at the threading of the idea issen can be imaginality, not image, that is

to say4 blowing smo%e through a fence, the screen and fence of the te5t, the written And whatof this te5tD !his te5t re3uires commitment A commitment to the content, but not so far aswhat it means but that obects mea*s itself a +eli4ium a*+ +ysto*ia o the su4ace a*+ 4ea+e46alei+oscopically. !hat re3uires a commitment to move beyond one-self, by the topography of thete5t with imaginality

=pace as liberated from temporality renders the movement of time into an obect of sterilesignification -- the future is becomes automatic, the a5ioms of causal determinism displace ourconscious e5perience of reality to eliminate affect with mere mechanism-- this ma%es usmigrant among our own memories and destroys the finitude that gives freedom to e5istence --

vote negative to articulate relationality outside of EspaceE as a signification


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artino 910J.). Ca4ti*o 4eceive+ he4 '.). i* %*3lish 4om the I*ive4sity o 1ttawa $a*a+a i* ,"" a*+he4 Caste4Fs i* %*3lish 4om the I*ive4sity o 1ta3o 0ew Zeala*+ i* ,""8. Ee4 4esea4ch i*te4ests i*clu+eB4e*ch existe*tial philosophy a*+ its p4ecu4so4s )me4ica* wa4 *ovels a*+ lite4atu4e o the Lati*5)me4ica*'oom. Ghe will be3i* +octo4al stu+ies i* ,"99. O'illy Pil34imFs Cotio* Gic6*ess: $h4o*esthesia a*+ Du4atio* i*

Slauhterhouse"2i0eOPhilament B3+,+S! +,G%34S! W3+LS 5 6uust 78.8

7illys denial of e5perience, his shutting down in the face of the admittedly overwhelminghorrors of war and death, is 3uite within the realm of sympathy. he thou3ht o a* escape 4om a

Kussia* wi*te4 i* a p4iso*e45o5wa4 camp is *ot without its me4its but 'illyFs se4e*ity comes at the p4ice o his4ee+om. .e floats in a #dream-li%e state devoid of temporal roots, significant e5perience, andmeaning .e is calm and untroubled, but isolated from his own e5perience,$ including his owndeath. )s So**e3ut has show* th4ou3h his cap4icious use o the ph4ase so it 3oes@ +eath is a u*+ame*taltheme o *ot o*ly this *ovel o4 o existe*tial lite4atu4e but o all existe*ce. 7illys disavowal of linear timemeans that he reects the one thing common to all living things, the one thing that connectseverything and everyone 7y denying death, 7illy removes himself completely from the realm ofthe human2 in his desire to be eternal, he loses the universal .e avoids death by dismantlinglinear temporality, to which all humans are subect and on which conscious freedom depends,and thus e5pels himself from humanity .e becomes a citi'en of his own memories, an internalmigrant, thereby missing the one thing that ma%es life worthwhile. 2* his essay o* time t4avel i*lite4atu4e Da*iel $o4+le states that So**e3ut chooses a *o*5li*ea4 tempo4ality i* o4+e4 to o4ce the 4ea+e4 to

4eco*si+e4 the +ie4e*t so4ts o mea*i*3s that a4e associate+ with cha*3e ove4 time@ 4athe4 tha*+ismissi*3 it as mea*i*3less. 2 a43ue that 'illyFs situatio* i* the bubble o his +u4atio* st4ips his lie o mea*i*3alto3ethe4 a*+ that his spatialiatio* o the hete4o3e*eity o +u4atio* u*+e4mi*es the possibility o themea*i*3 i*he4e*t i* cha*3e ove4 time. 2* a li*ea4 view o time o*e eve*t ollows a*othe4. his mea*s o4 allp4actical pu4poses a*+ o4 the sa6e o a43ume*t he4e that each occurrence has an effect on whathappens ne5t, and that situations have a more or less traceable lineage bac%wards 8 though notforwards 8 through time In a 7ergsonian view, at least, this is certainly the case In addition toproviding us with our near-absolute freedom 8 we create ourselves as we go, and yet the self isnot merely an accumulation of the past because in the perpetual flow of linear time, e5istence iscontinual creation, so there is always room for the unforeseen 8 a linear time frame also allowsfor events to have meaning, to be caused by or to cause another event, and to gain relevancethrough the causal relationshipithout this type o tempo4ality the4e is *o lo*3e4 a*y such thi*3 as a

system o cause5a*+5eect because o4 eve*ts to exe4cise i*lue*ce o* o*e a*othe4 they must ollow o*ea*othe4 i* a seNue*ce. )s $o4+le *otes with a smi46: the hac6*eye+ +ema*+ that sto4ies have a be3i**i*3 ami++le a*+ a* e*+ is su4ely ou*+e+ o* the assumptio* that it is i* a t4a+itio*al seNue*ci*3 o eve*ts thatmea*i*3 4esi+es.@( 2 woul+ a43ue that $o4+le is co*lati*3 the li*ea4 seNue*ci*3 o eve*ts i* hi*+si3ht withthe psycholo3ical +ete4mi*ism that 'e43so* 4eutes the view that claims eve*ts exist i* time to be e*cou*te4e+

whe* app4op4iate. Bo4 'illy Pil34im a*+ o4 huma* bei*3s i* 3e*e4al this +ema*+ is *ot hac6*eye+ i* theleast: the mea*i*3 i*he4e*t i* ch4o*olo3y is ve4y 4eal. $o4+le pa4aph4asi*3 the )me4ica* evolutio*a4y

biolo3ist a*+ paleo*tolo3ist Gteve* Jay Aoul+ ustiies his +ismissal th4ou3h the compa4iso* o the huma*+esi4e o4 li*ea4 p4o34essio* i* *ovels with the +esi4e to believe that evolutio* itsel is li6ewise li*ea4 a*+teleolo3ical. Ee a43ues that the notion that there is a clear path, a direct line from the primordialsludge to the ascension of humanity, and that humanity itself is the ultimate goal of evolution,contributes a great deal to our ability to ascribe meaning and purpose to our e5istence G 6or.enri 7ergson, however, the appearance of following a distinct path is only a retrospectivephenomenon, because to assume that there are two or more possible paths and that one ofthese is chosen is to create the future before it happens 6or this path-theory to wor%, the futuremust be constructed, whole and waiting ust out of sight, for us to come across at the designated

point in time7ergson disagrees with this on a fundamental level, believing that if time isstructured in this manner, human freedom becomes a parody!he future isnot chosen 'e43so* saysbut created. his o cou4se is also the ault with the !ralfamadorian view ofhuman temporality4 it is dependent on their notion that all moments are structured at all times,

which directly conflicts with 7ergsonian notions of consciousness and freedom. he illust4atio* oa huma* st4appe+ to a latca4 is theo4etically easible o*ly whe* p4e+icate+ o* the expectatio* that time +oes*ot move huma*s +o: as with 'e43so*Fs 4eutatio* o the path theo4y it mea*s that eve4y mome*t al4ea+y


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exists a*+ we have the miso4tu*e o bei*3 able to app4ehe*+ o*ly o*e mome*t at a time i* a set o4+e4. !hisentails a mathematical representation of time as space4 a depiction ofcloc%-time, rather than the time of consciousness !o 7ergson, this is afallacious illustration because, as he says, humans create time in theprocessing of memories and their accumulation as past !he freedominherent in a linear time frame is reliant on the possibility of change, onthe e5istence of space for the unforeseenhe 4alama+o4ia* view o time is i* act a+e*ial o time i time is the co*st4uctio* o cha*3e possibility 34owth a*+ i*te4actio* as it is +ei*e+ i* the'e43so*ia* se*se. ime o* 4alama+o4e as a mathematical co*st4uctio* i3*o4es the tempo4al lux a*+moveme*t that cha4acte4ises the *atu4e o time to huma* bei*3s. his is a time4ame i*ve*te+ by 7illyHilgrim which 4ees him 4om the 4espo*sibilities o 4ee+om a*+ co*ti*ual c4eatio*: he +isma*tles hisco*scious*ess his +u4atio* 4emoves it 4om the li*ea4 low o time o* which 4ee+om +epe*+s a*+4eco*st4ucts it co*c4etely. Ee dismantles time itself, as it is defined by each moments connection toa particular and uni3ue state of being4 by revisiting them in their original states, withoutlearning or changing at all, he is in effect rearranging time through his shuffling of memory. hetime 'illy spe*+s 4elivi*3 ol+ memo4ies is *ot accumulative but 4athe4 ceaselessly 4epetitive: Ee ou*+himsel e*3a3e+ a3ai* wo4+ o4 wo4+ 3estu4e o4 3estu4e i* the a43ume*t with his +au3hte4 with which thistale be3a*.@7 2* a+opti*3 the 4alama+o4ia* view 'illy 4emoves a*y cha*ce to lea4* a*+ 34ow a*+ cha*3e i*the wo4l+: he is co*+em*e+ to 4e5expe4ie*ce mome*ts without the possibility o cha*3e si*ce his 6*owle+3e

o the utu4e is useless i* te4ms o its applicatio* to the p4ese*t.@8 hou3h $olema* applies the theo4ies oJoh* Dewey ;which sha4e a *umbe4 o i+eas with 'e43so*ism


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wound him In so doing, 7illy also denies himself the possibility of healing any of those woundsand negates the conscious freedom inherent in linearity &retched in his need to flee thedestruction around him, he divorces himself from the world and from humanity and so livesonly within the circle of his own memorieshe i4o*y@ as So**e3ut says is so 34eat.@((


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Lnc space-as-a-figurative-sign

Overcoming the 9space9 regime of signs as a mere surface is vital to wor% against the stultifyingimprisonment of rational selfhood -- typified through an understanding of 9world9 as a systemof images who we master without responsibility -- towards an ethics of conversance capable ofaffective infinition


%mainality: $on0ersant and ,s-haton )t4opos P4ess p. 55

!he transfer of the image on to EotherE surfaces, the analysis used to e5plain them , and thetechnologies that have risen in order to understand the earth (rendering earth into the world ofimage machines) means our relation ship to the things we create is at its very genesis built uponour singular ability with image mo4e how we abi+e with such . Our birthright by virtue ofconversant means we are masters to be of image worlds 9# o a ce4tai* +e34ee somethi*3 ;eve* *o5thi*3< 4emai*s i* the i*te44e3*um o subect a*+ e3o ;a+ult a*+ chil+ i o*e p4ee4s


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*othi*3 o4 the apa4t 4ep4ese*ti*3 *othi*3 i* ta*+em


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aL4 permutation

=trategies of reading are subectivity-producing -- we become assemblages of the images ofthought sociali'ed by the grammar of our te5tual ecologies 9=pace9 is an image of the worldconstructed through alienated language !he only way to produce encounters with thesubstance of space is to e5plore behind the image !his means we are a necessary starting pointto the 1ac


%mainality: $on0ersant and ,s-haton )t4opos P4ess p. ,7 55 "

.ow you read is how you live-reading /eading will only produce what you live--how one enterste5t and encounters portending with te5t4 surface to surface, image to image Kea+i*3 is *othea4i*3 but liste*i*3 *ot 4om a supposi*3 o the ate4 but o beo4e he4e behi*+ that is the utu4e to5come.2* a pa3e the4e a4e voices to acNui4e. Hhilosophy must consider the point of view of image out-there2the other side image from one9s own surface4 from eschaton that preside in variability on theconverse and originary surfaceeve co*i3u4e+ t4a*sce*+e*ce ;ima3i*a4y< as alli*3 to a*+ 4omsu4ace as the 6ey*ote passa3e o t4a*smo34iicatio*.&e transform surface, and surface transforms

bac%4 the 3uestion is what of the brane and conversant arc that gives such before world intoworldD &hat magneti'es the echo between polarities, and what sculpts such nonsense alogon,

arkhe, revelation? !his view-process of transmontana remains our attempt to describe theconverse by arc and spires- components of concentricity &e elect poetry and a few mediationsto illuminate possibilities0o less we O3ive ea4O to such utu4es. anguage as such e5pands theestranged relationship with the cosmos, that is our thoughtless body of the converse, and thehallucination of music. hat we call music coul+ be po4te*+i*3 thou3h o4i3i*a4y a*+ as such 4eveals the

bloom54oot stem se*te*ce beo4e a*+ th4ou3h si*us as si*uosity ;o4 the si*uous a*+ si*ew


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music as a "schaton surface 7oth surfaces assists this e5pansion and transformation=omething as between the earth and the world, (this ever-near compressing world) alsopresents a new being against the old, and it is in this imaginality that music plays a role for ourinterest !he 3uestion then is such same-being-falsely-spea%ingD &e must note then thatlanguage- before language properly set- e5pands beyond margins slipping in a negative arrayout of the consensus of the possible. '4i*3i*3 i*to li3ht +oes expa*+ la*3ua3e such obscu4es music i*tosu4aces it is the* ou4 tas6 to u*+e4sta*+ besi+es such o* the co*ve4se. 1u4 scie*ces ca* *ot atiiculate the sai+

without al4ea+y co*i3u4i*3 such to the se*ses a*+ the se*se5slave+ i+ea o utte4a*ce that 4etai* us all i* asha+owe+5histo4y a what! a still a4chaic5 but *ot a4ca*e histo4y o i*sta*ces that ca* be hea4+ but have *o

distan-e o the listen as lissen1 Bo4 that we must a++4ess philosophy a*+ that all philosophy is! that 4emai*sco*i*e+ to la*3ua3e p4esupposi*3 all o philosophical i*Nui4y. he4e is the* o*ly ai4matio* that is music tous.A what that fills the moment and the hint in the bow-arch of fatigue that stamps the instantas image 7eneath (rather besides) we can portend a conversant, only if we are challenged tothin% the possibility of a new view despite the contemporary problems, despite views ashistorical posture that posit and disfigure language, the problem of a reversed black and a-gracious movement of a before to be thought as 'presupposition' and pinned to the dirt as ahouse of sense certainty.Despite such ima3 i*3 co*ve4sa*t woul+ possess a po4te*+ i*3 pe4haps as theliste*5 o4 the 4eve4se5 a*+ that is ;o cou4se e4ei3*es< ou4 ow* 4emai* s a*+ %schato*. 98


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ethico-politics da

!he gesture of the 1ac is to defer ethical responsibility for response to the Other9s suffering ontobureaucratic state institutions --- this displacement is fundamentally unethical -- turns the aff

=+.&" 9:)+am hu4schwell )sst. P4o. o Law $levela*+ Gtate I*ive4sity 0ietsche a*+ Le3al heo4y ;PaL. Kev. 99# Ca4ch o ,"" L/0M

hus as De44i+a puts it Oethics e*oi*s a politics a*+ a law ... . but the political o4 u4i+ical co*te*t that is thus asu*+ete4mi*e+ still to be +ete4mi*e+ beyo*+ 6*owle+3e beyo*+ all p4ese*tatio* all co*cepts ... .O *,! 0o +ete4m

issues 4om the ethical +ema*+ because ethics i* De44i+as ;a*+ Levi*ass< se*se is *o*5*o4mative. o +e4ive a le4ule o +ecisio* 4om o*es ethical 4espo*sibility woul+ be pa4a+oxically to +isplace that 4espo*sibility o*to a Oca

s woul+ itsel be u*ethical p4ecisely to the exte*t that it 4elieves o*e o u4the4 4espo*sibility o4 the +ecisio* i* a*yhe4eo4e +ema*+s a le3al/political +ecisio* that ca* o*ly 4est o* somethi*3 li6e a Omystical ou*+atio*O *,7 si*ce

ca**ot be ou*+e+ o* a*y +ete4mi*able 4ules 4easo*s o4 values without aba*+o*i*3 its claim to ethical status . )c/political +ecisio* ca* o*ly be O+ete4mi*e+ beyo*+ 6*owle+3ebeyo*+ all p4ese*tatio* all co*cepts O *,8 5 which

*e+ o* the basis o somethi*3 that 4esembles pu4e aith.

!he Other9s ethical engagement is an act of assimilation -- it strips the Other of their Othernessby a false universalist appeal to common humanity that only erects a new periphery that ma%esunending annihilation vital

sseos 8 I*ive4sity o Gussex Depa4tme*t o 2*te4*atio*al Kelatio*sD4. Louia )3ai*st %thics? 2co*o34aphies o %*mity a*+ )cts o 1bli3atio* i* $a4lttFs heo4y o the Pa4tisa* P4actices o %thics: Kelati*3/Kespo*+i*3 to Die4e*ce i* 2*te4*atio*al Politics )**ual $o*ve*tio* 2*te4*atio*al Gtu+iesatio* Ca4ch ,,M$o*cept o the Political Gchmitt ha+ al4ea+y i*+icte+ the i*c4ease+ usa3e o the te4mi*olo3y o Vhuma*ityF by both theo4ists a*+ i*stitutio*al acto4s such as

a3ue o 0atio*s ;9##!a


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olute humanity, did the other side of this concept appear in the form of a new enemy: the inhuman;,""a: 9"


41/45

Lnc ethico-politics

&ielded by saints evinasian ethics still participates in a logic of e5termination against theintolerant but wielded by venal policy-ma%ers it legitimi'es atrocities in the name ofhumanitarian intervention

eister K;Ceiste4 Kobe4t. OO0eve4 )3ai*O: he %thics o the 0ei3hbo4 a*+ the Lo3ic o Ae*oci+e.OPostmo+e4* $ultu4e 9(., ;,""(< P4oect CIG%we may cast o by locati*3 4espo*sibility o4 ou4 co*+itio* elsewhe4e.7 Ko*al+ )4o*so* ;9#8,:9< has cha4acte4ie+ 3e*oci+e as a6i*+ o ultimate +e*ial o 4eality: a ma+*ess o those i* powe4 who a4e impote*t to use that powe4 eectively to cha*3e 4eality a*+ who lost i* visio*s o om*ipote*ce i*stea+ see6 to +est4oy it@. Bi*allyKobe4t Jay Lito* has a43ue+ that 3e*oci+e i*volves a pe4ceptio* o collective ill*ess a visio* o cu4e a*+ a se4ies o motivatio*s expe4ie*ces a*+ 4eNui4eme*ts o pe4pet4ato4s i* thei4 Nuest o4 that

cu4e@ ;Lito* 9#8! p. !7 i* Bei* 9## p.!


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otheri'ation case 1nc

"5tinction is not inevitable -- global violence receding due to modern economics- overwhelmingconsensus

@at 1:;)Z)K A) DPhil i* Eisto4y ;I*ive4sity o 1xo4+ 9#8!


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i* the p4e5 a*+ ea4ly5mo+e4* e4as Levy & hompso* u4the4 posit that betwee* the 9th a*+ ea4ly 9#th ce*tu4ies %u4ope was the sce*e o a seco*+Vaccele4atio*F i* the histo4ical t4aecto4y o viole*ce. his is ve4y much i* li*e with the p4evaili*3 pe4ceptio*s 4e3a4+i*3 ea4ly mo+e4* %u4opea* histo4ybut these pe4ceptio*s a4e most p4obably w4o*3 a*+ o4 the same 4easo* as beo4e: Levy & hompso* cou*t absolute battle casualties a*+ obviouslystates became mo4e ce*t4alie+ +u4i*3 this pe4io+ a*+ a4mies 34ew i* *umbe4 so battles also 34ew i* sie. Yet it was the a*a4chy a*+ eu+al4a3me*tatio* i* %u4ope betwee* the all o the Koma* %mpi4e a*+ 9,"" that we4e 4espo*sible o4 the pe4vasive i*secu4ity a*+ e*+emic viole*ce thatcha4acte4ie+ the Da46 )3es a*+ 4esulte+ i* amo*3 othe4 thi*3s a sha4p +emo34aphic +ecli*e. )3ai* small5scale usually mea*t mo4e *ot less viole*tmo4tality. he ocus o* ea4ly mo+e4* %u4ope is mislea+i*3 also i* a*othe4 way: i* the late Ci++le )3es the Co*3ol co*Nuests i*licte+ o* the societies o$hi*a $e*t4al )sia a*+ %aste4* %u4ope casualties a*+ +est4uctio* that we4e amo*3 the hi3hest eve4 sue4e+ +u4i*3 histo4ical times. %stimates o thesha4p +ecli*e expe4ie*ce+ by the populatio*s o $hi*a a*+ Kussia o4 example va4y wi+ely. Gtill eve* by the lowest estimates they we4e at least as 34eata*+ i* $hi*a almost +ei*itely much 34eate4 tha* the Goviet I*io*Fs ho44iic 4ate i* o4l+ a4 22 o about 9(X. he 4ece+i*3 o me+ieval a*a4chy i* theace o the 34owi*3 %u4opea* state5Leviatha*s was the i4st step towa4+s a steep +ecli*e i* the co*ti*e*tFs viole*t mo4tality 4ate be3i**i*3 i* ea4lymo+e4*ity a*+ co*ti*ui*3 to the p4ese*t +ay. he stu+ies a*+ +ata cite+ by Pi*6e4 with 4espect to the +omestic aspect o this t4e*+ a4e st4i6i*3ly

pa4allele+ by those o Kobe4t Cuchemble+Fs Eisto4y o Siole*ce ;,"9,


44/45

3uantity a*+ wealth acNuisitio* p4o34essively shifted away from a 'ero-sum game. Geco*+ly eco*omiesa4e *o lo*3e4 ove4whelmi*3ly auta46ic instead having become increasingly interconnected byspecialiatio* scale a*+ excha*3e. $o*seNue*tly o4ei3* +evastatio* pote*tially +ep4esse+ the e*ti4e system a*+ was thusdetrimental to a states own wellbeing. his 4eality al4ea+y *ote+ by Cill ;988/9#!9: (8,


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u*sustai*able lives. $e4tai*ly ma*y a43ue that while the past may have imp4ove+ su4ely it +oes*Ft matte4 o4 the utu4e because we a4e +est4oyi*3 the

e*vi4o*me*tR 'ut *ot so ast. 2* 4ece*t +eca+es ai4 Nuality i* wealthy cou*t4ies has vastly imp4ove+. 2* vi4tually eve4y+evelope+ cou*t4y the ai4 is mo4e b4eathable a*+ the wate4 is mo4e +4i*6able tha* they we4e i* 9#7". Lo*+o* 4e*ow*e+o4 ce*tu4ies o4 its i*amous smo3 a*+ seve4e pollutio* to+ay has the clea*est ai4 that it has ha+ si*ce the Ci++le )3es. o+ay some o the mostpollute+ places i* the wo4l+ a4ethe me3acities o the +evelopi*3 wo4l+ such as 'eii*3 0ew Delhi a*+ Cexico $ity. 'ut4emembe4 what happe*e+ i* +evelope+ cou*t4ies. 1ve4 a pe4io+ o seve4al hu*+4e+ yea4s i*c4easi*3 i*comes we4e matche+ byi*c4easi*3 pollutio*. 2* the 9#"s a*+ 9#"s Lo*+o* was mo4e pollute+ tha* 'eii*3 0ew Delhi o4 Cexico $ity a4e to+ay. %ve*tuallywithi*c4ease+ alue*ce +evelope+ cou*t4ies 34a+ually we4e bette4 able to ao4+ a clea*e4 e*vi4o*me*t. hat ishappe*i*3 al4ea+y to+ay i* some o the 4ichest +evelopi*3 cou*t4ies: ai45pollutio* levels i* Cexico $ity have

bee* +4oppi*3 p4ecisely because obette4 tech*olo3y a*+ mo4e wealth. hou3h ai4 pollutio* is by a4 the most me*aci*3 o4 huma*swate4 Nuality has simila4ly bee* 3etti*3 bette4. Bo4ests too a4e 4e34owi*3i* 4ich cou*t4ies thou3h still bei*3 lost i* poo4 places whe4e slash5a*+5bu4* is p4ee4able to sta4vatio*.

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