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Action taken to prevent Industrial Pollution in River Ganga

As per the SPCBs estimates in 2012, there were 764 Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) discharging waste water into

Ganga main stem, which comprises of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The industrial effluent accounts for 7.5% (501MLD) of 6600 MLD and 30% of BOD load (131 tonnes per day out of 426 tpd) of the waste water discharged into Ganga main stem. The remaining waste water and pollution load comes from sewage generated by the cities and towns located on the bank/vicinity of the river. The waste water reaches Ganga through 144 major drains meeting river Ganga directly and 13 drains through its tributaries Kali-East and Ramganga.

Out of 764 GPls, Sugar, Distilleries, Pulp and paper, Tanneries and Textile contribute 90% of pollution load and Action Plan

xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2015, Issue 2 (May - Aug)

CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin

xaxkThink cleaning Rivers as creating better space for Humanity

ISSUE - 2 2015-16

River Ganga has been a symbol of India’s age old culture and civilization and considered as the most sacred river. Ganga rejuvenation is a movement for restoring the wholesomeness of river in terms of its water quality. Besides various activities being executed by CPCB, collection of news articles on River Ganga may be useful to people at large committed for taking initiative in rejuvenation of River Ganga.

Hosted byCentral Pollution Control Board

MoEF & CC

Published byENVIS CENTRE at CPCB

On Control of Pollution

Supported byMinistry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

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xaxk lekpkj | CPCB ENVIS Ganga Bulletin| 2015-16, Issue 2

prepared by CPCB focuses on these five critical sectors. The key elements of the Plan are to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) in Textile, Tannery, Distillery and conservation of water in Pulp & Paper and Sugar.

According to reports received from concerned industries, the current status is as under:

Pulp & Paper sector• Out of 67 pulp & paper units, 48 have

achieved the desired water conservation norms and improved effluent discharge norms for irrigation.

• Further steps include development of irrigation plan in the area adjoining the industries.

• 7 units are closed

• The remaining 12 units are in the process of implementation of the Action Plan.

Sugar Sector• Out of 67 sugar industries, 51 have reported

to have implemented the action plan.

• 7 units are closed.

Summary table of industrial pollution load in five sectors

Sl. No. Sectors No. of Units

Effluent Generation (MLD)

Average BOD Discharged (mg/l)

Organic Pollution Load (TPD)

1. Pulp & Paper 67 201 380 76.512. Distillery 35 37 600 22.213. Sugar 67 96 130 12.484. Textiles 63 11 40 0.455. Tanneries 442 22 290 6.40

674 367 118.05 Out of total of 131.72 (90%)

Review of Ganga Action Plan by CPCB with SPCBs

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• Action plan is pending from 9 units. Action against them shall be completed by 31st December, 2015.

Distillery sector• Out of 35 units, 28 have submitted the

action plans, 3 are closed and 4 are non-molasses based distillery.

• 8 units have installed the required system for ZLD

Textile sector• 15 individual units discharging more than

25 kiloliters per day (KLD) out of 63 textile units were issued directions for ZLD. 9 units have submitted action plan and 4 are closed.

• The rest 48 are in clusters and the Action Plan comprises setting up of CETP to ZLD is being taken care of Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.

Tannery sector• Three CETPs in Kanpur and Unnao are

to be upgraded and is being taken care of by Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.

Installation of Continuous Effluent Monitoring Systems (online devices)514 out of 764 units have reported to have installed these devices.

The progress achieved so far briefly are following:1. Black liquor discharge from Pulp & paper

industries (Agro based) has been controlled.

2. Problem of discharge of spent wash from the Distilleries has been controlled.

3. 107 out of 201 units which are required to implement action plan leaving aside units in Textiles and Tannery sectors for which

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

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DPRs are being developed by Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR, RD & GR) have reported to have implemented action plan. 90 out of 764 are not covered by the action plan. The focus with respect to these industries is on ensuring compliance. It is estimated that the progress so far in implementation of action plan should result in reduction of waste water discharge of 125MLD and 30 Tonnes per day of BOO load.

4. 514 of 764 units have installed onlinemonitoring devices.

5. Compliance level in Sugar, Pulp & Paperand Distillery has improved; the level ofnoncompliance in Sugar, Pulp & Paper andDistillery has dropped from 34 to 14%, 80to 43% and 55 to 11% respectively.

DIRECTIONS

Due to growing concern regarding sewage, CPCB u/s 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has directed to all municipal commissioners of 118 cities/towns located on banks of river Ganga for restoration of water quality of Ganga and implementation of Municipal Solid Wastes

(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

State No. of Cities/TownsUttarakhand 15Uttar Pradesh 31Bihar 26Jharkhand 2West Bengal 44

SEWAGE

1. Untreated sewage shall not be disposed intothe river or at any other receipient system.

2. Local/urban body to set up STPs of adequate capacity and provide sewage system to cover the entire local/urban areas and to ensure complete treatment of sewage generated.

3. In case of disposal of effluents on land or riveror any water body including coastal water/creek or a drain, the treated effluents shallmeet the standards given in Annexure -I.

4. Existing sewage treatment plants, if any,as applicable shall be properly maintainedto comply with the standards given inAnnexure - I. At the inlet and outlet of thesewage treatment plant, online monitoringdevices should be installed to monitor the

Number of Cities/Towns Statewise

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consented parameters.

5. The local bodies shall seek consent under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 from the SPCB/Committee within a period of 60 Days.

6. The Municipal Authority shall properly manage the wastewater flowing in drains and take required actions to ensure that such wastewater is treated and disposed off in accordance with standards given in Annexure - I.

7. Municipal Authority and the concerned authority shall submit a time bound action plan to the effect for proper collection, treatment and disposal of sewage and such plan shall be submitted by the municipal authority to the State Pollution Control Board and copy to CPCB within a period of 90 Days. The Action Plan shall be brought in public domain.

Municipal Solid Waste

1. Authorization and Annual Report

i. Apply immediately for Authorization from to SPCBs/ PCCs, if not done. If authorization is granted, copy shall be forwarded to CPCB.

ii. Ensure submission of Annual Reports on MSW Management to State Government or SPCB/PCC in Form II on or before 30th June every year. The Annual Report should reflect vital information on; (a) the quantity of MSW generation, collection, treatment and disposal (b) the number of treatment and disposal facilities, (c) the details of treatment and disposal facilities established, operational, under plan, etc.

2. Segregation, Collection, storage and transportation of waste

i. Segregation of waste at source shall be the essential activity for management of MSW and Steps will be taken to ensure segregation of wastes.

ii. Ensure daily sweeping of streets/market places and daily lifting of garbage to maintain cleanliness in the town/city.

iii. Action Plan regarding waste collection, segregation and storage shall be prepared as per MSW Rules and implemented.

iv. Prepare and implement action plan for establishment of secondary storage centers for segregation of waste collected from houses and other sources and transporting the segregated recyclable waste for processing to approved/registered recyclers.

v. Provide properly designed storage containers community bins so to prohibit solid waste spillages on the ground. However, at locations where keeping multi-containers is difficult, municipality shall ensure lifting of filled containers/ bins regularly to avoid over-flowing of waste. Such storage facilities should be aesthetic and hygienic.

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vi. Prohibit use of open containers to preventrummaging of the garbage by stray animals.

vii. Ensure placement of adequate number ofstorage containers in high waste generationareas such as vegetable markets, fish/meat markets, business centers, streetmarkets/Haats and places where eateriesare concentrated. As per requirement, thewaste from these areas should be removedtwice in a day or more to ensure hygienicconditions in such areas.

viii. Seek public participation and viability ofroping of NGOs and other voluntary groupsfor organizing Rag pickers/ waste-pickersin the campaign for primary collection andsegregation of MSW. The emphasis shouldbe given on segregation of waste at sourcei.e. at house hold/source level.

ix. Create Awareness through interactiveprogrammes for segregation of wasteand collection. Waste collectors mustbe provided with facilities for personalprotection and hygiene and organisingregular health check-up and immunization.

x. Organize Fish Market Associations, MeatMarket Associations Central Marketsincluding slaughter houses to ensureproper collection and transportation ofwaste.

xi. Maintaining Daily records of MSW collectionand its disposal with immediate effect.

xii. Transportation of collected waste shallbe properly executed so that it is notspilled during travel and not causingpublic nuisance. The waste transportingequipment and vehicles or other adoptedmeans shall be in accordance with MSW

Rules.

xiii. Collect, segregate and properly disposeplastics and recyclable/non-recyclablewaste in accordance with Plastics WasteManagement Rules.

xiv. Collect construction and demolition (C&D)waste separately and utilize them afterreprocessing/recycling for other civilconstruction materials.

xv. Make provisions for separate collection ofslaughter house waste, domestic hazardous wastes, Horticultural waste, E- waste, etc.

3. Waste Processing and Disposal

The waste generated in the city shall be processed and disposed in accordance with Schedule II,III and IV of MSW Rules, which shall include:

i. The collected waste shall not be dumped in landfills but should be utilized by adopting appropriate environmentally safe and sound waste processing technologies. The inert waste and process rejects if further found to be not usable, then to be landfilled. The ultimate aim should be to achieve zero-landfill i.e. minimize landfill operation.

ii. Undertake monitoring of ambient airquality, the ground water and surfacewater sources around dumping/landfillsites to assess any damages caused to theenvironment and implement action planfor its remediation.

iii. Formulate action plan and implement forremediation, capping and rehabilitation ofold /abandoned/filled dumpsites.

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WATER QUALITY MONITORING

For implementation of action plan for cleaning entire stretch of River Ganga, it is important to monitor water quality at a regular interval. Following attempts have been made/being made to monitor water quality of River Ganga.

1. Action being taken for establishment of 113 Real Time Water Quality Monitoring Stations (RTWQMS) at the confluence points of major tributaries, drains to River Ganga and downstream of cities, bathing Ghats and other impact locations.

Eight RTWQMS, are already existing, 1 in Uttarakhand, 5 in Uttar Pradesh, 1 in Bihar and 1 in West Bengal to monitor water quality of river Ganga and same will be accessed online.

2. Water quality will be monitored based on measurement of 17 parameters like: BOD, DO, EC, pH, Temperature, Ammonia, Chloride, COD, TSS, Turbidity, Color, Fluoride, Nitrate, Potassium, BTX, TOC and Water level.

3. There are a total of 57 number of manual

monitoring stations on entire stretch of River Ganga and its tributaries. 11 location are monitored in Uttarakhand, 20 locations in Uttar Pradesh, 15 locations in Bihar, 01 location in Jharkhand and 10 locations in

West Bengal.

4. Bio-monitoring of water quality of River Ganga is carried out on 66 location on entire stretch. Out of these locations, bio-monitoring is carried out at 6 locations in Uttarakhand, 38 locations in Uttar Pradesh, 7 locations in Bihar and 15 locations in West Bengal. Bio-monitoring will be carried out in 1 or 2 location of Jharkhand.

5. CPCB has directed 764 grossly polluting industries for installation of online effluent monitoring devices. 485 units have already installed the

devices.

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA

● Manual water quality monitoring, conducted at 57 locations, has been assessed using four parameters namely, BOD, DO, pH, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform, with respect to bathing water quality criteria.

● Water quality of River Ganga does not

Real Time Water Quality Monitoring Station

Water Quality sampling of River Ganga

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comply with the bathing water quality criteria with respect to BOD of < 3mg/l.

● Water quality of River Ganga meets the Dissolved Oxygen and pH levels with bathing water quality criteria.

● Water quality does not conform to the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform criteria for bathing water at most of the locations on river Ganga.

BIO-MONITORING/BIO-MAPPING OF RIVER GANGA

Bio-monitoring indicates the health of the river and the impact of pollution on aquatic life which in turn determines suitability of water for human consumption. It also indicates the migration or disappearance of native species due to various hydrological interventions and suggests the nature and extent of pollution due to domestic and industrial waste. Benthic macro-invertebrates are the best suitable indicators of surface water quality. Their presence in water body having high saprobic and diversity score ensures better water quality. Lower score determines deterioration in water quality. CPCB has carried out Bio-monitoring of entire stretch of River Ganga at 66 locations. The outcome of the results indicated

that except for upper stretch of few locations in Segment I of River Ganga in Uttarakhand, the entire remaining stretch from downstream Haridwar does not meet the bathing water quality criteria (Bio-maping of River Ganga is shown in Map-1).

Mass Bathing at Haridwar Bio-monitoring of River Ganga in Uttarakhand

Bio-monitoring of River Ganga in Uttar Pradesh

Bio-monitoring of River Ganga in Bihar

Bio-monitoring of River Ganga in Jharkhand

Bio-monitoring of River Ganga in West Bengal

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CONSERVATION OF ‘NATIONAL AQUATIC ANIMAL’ IN RIVER GANGA

Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) is an indicator species of the ecological health of River Ganga ecosystem. Based on its significance, Government of India has declared this cetacean mammal as “National Aquatic Animal” in the year 2009. Gangetic dolphins normally prefer its habitat in places of eddy counter currents associated with enough depth of water (>10 meters) mainly at confluences, meanders and mid Channel Islands. Gangetic dolphin feed on several species of fishes and invertebrates. Presence of invertebrates in their habitats also characterise suitable biological water quality

for wildlife propagation of Gangetic dolphin in River Ganga. A recent biological survey of benthic macro-invertebrates in River Ganga, has indicated moderate pollution in biological water quality which required to be upgraded in view of conservation of Gangetic dolphins especially at places of their high numbers.

Maximum dominance of macro-invertebrates,

has been observed in the river stretch from Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) to Buxar (Bihar) and Farakka Barrage to Tribeni in West Bengal. Most of these invertebrates belonged to Gastropoda, Coleoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera and Crustacea. Similarly, dominance of macro-invertebrates has been observed in stretch of River Ganga in

Bihar (Buxar to Maniharighat). Among all the invertebrates, Gastropods, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Odonates were dominant species composing the feeding habitat of Gangetic dolphins. Decline in dominance of fresh water invertebrates and Gangetic dolphins in the stretch of West Bengal (Tribeni to Diamond Harbour).indicated impact of salinity on water quality from Bay of Bengal. This stretch was dominated by various species of Crustaceans and Polychaetes.

WASTE WATER QUALITY MONITORING FOR CLEANING RIVER GANGA

a. CPCB is regularly monitoring 144 major drains joining entire stretch of River Ganga, at a frequency of six month.

Gangetic Dolphin

Invertebrates

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b. These drains are discharging 6,614 million litre/day of domestic and industrial waste water carrying 426 tonnes/day of organic load in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, into River Ganga.

c. There are a total of 65 Sewage Treatment Plants located in the entire catchment of River Ganga in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

d. Jharkhand state does not have any Sewage treatment facility.

e. Two Sewage Treatment Plants in Uttarakhand, 2 in Uttar Pradesh and 7 out of 8 STPs in West Bengal, are non – functional and not confirming the prescribed limit.

f. The capacity utilization of these STPs is about 541.4 million litre/day (40%) against their installed capacity of 1228.7 million litre/day.

Sampling at Karula Drain, Moradabad

Sampling point at effluent drain outside of M/s. Genus Paper Product Ltd., Moradabad

Sampling at Ramganga river upstream after confluence of Nakatiya river and

Badalpurganj drain near Ahirgotia, Bareilly

Sampling outside M/s. Rama shyama Papers Ltd., Bareilly

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ACTION TAKEN TO PREVENT DOMESTIC POLLUTION

► Absolute Water Company has a project on treating 4000 litres per hour of sewage drawn from inlet of STP at Keshopur, Delhi, and converting it to drinking water quality with no sludge generation and operating at very low cost. Samples were collected on 18.7.2015 from various points of Water Recovery System from sewage of STP Keshopur, Delhi and analysis was done for bacteriological, physico-chemical and heavy metal at CPCB, Delhi Laboratories.

► The technology can bring down Biochemical Oxygen Demand load of 300 mg/l of raw sewage to 10 mg/l.

► The striking feature is that the technology can also bring down Total Coliform of 920 X 108 MPN/100ml, Fecal Coliform and Enterococcus fecalis of 280 X 108 MPN/100ml, Fecal streptococcus of 350 X 108 MPN/100ml, E. coli of 47 X 108 MPN/100ml of bacteria from raw sewage to produce zero bacteria (Less than 1.8 MPN/100ml) in the final outlet.

► The technology can be used at all the terminal points of drains carrying sewage and joining to River Ganga.

► The combination of such treatment can be replicated.

► Although up-scaling of such technology is costly, but may fulfil the bathing water quality requirement of River Ganga.

***

Published by : CPCB ENVIS Centre 01

Prepared & Compiled by : ENVIS Team

For more information please visit at:

ENVIS Co-ordinatorCentral Pollution Control Board

‘Parivesh Bhawan’, East Arjun Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi 110032Phone : 011-43102258

email : [email protected]

Vermifilter

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