xavier querol, idaea-csic -...
TRANSCRIPT
QUALITAT DE L’AIRE
Barcelona, 07/02/2017
Xavier Querol, IDAEA-CSIC
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id aidæid aidid aidæInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research
CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS SPANISH RESEARCH COUNCIL
http://www.idaea.csic.es/
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CSIC es un organismo de investigación público multi-disciplinar afiliado al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, con su propia personalidad legal (Agencia Estatal) y presencia a lo largo del territorio nacional.
Objetivos y función del CSIC (R.D. 140/1993, de 29 de Enero ) :
• Preparar y desarrollar proyectos de investigación científica y tecnológica
• Asesoramiento en la definición de objetivos de investigación científica y tecnológica para apoyar decisiones de la administración sobre cuestiones de innovación científica y tecnológica
• Desarrollar investigación científica básica
• Colaborar con las universidades en aspectos de investigación y de formación
• Desarrollar programas de formación científica y tecnológica
• Colaborar con el Programa Nacional de I+D en tareas de asesoramiento y administración que le sean asignadas
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research
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Mission:
Study the natural and anthropogenically-induced changes in the ecosystems, mainly those involving toxicity increases in organisms and humans, by means of chemical and geochemical techniques
Leading roles in the application of:
- analytical chemistry
- geochemistry and hydrology
- molecular biology
- methods for the study of environmental problems
Departamental structure:
2 departments:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Geosciences
IDAEA
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research
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A. Fuels, combustion and combustion by-products
• Mass balances for trace pollutants in combustion and gasification power plants
• Study of the fate of trace pollutants during waste disposal
DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES: 2 research lines
B. Atmospheric Geochemistry
• Long term measurements for aerosol-climate studies; increase the number of measuring parameters (EUSAAR, CIRCE, GRACCIE, ACTRIS)
• Research on urban/industrial aerosols towards health impact assessment (APHEKOM, APHEIS, INTARESE)
• Implementation of new instrumentation for the development of new research lines on aerosol and health.
• Policy implementation assessment (ETC-ACM, national and EU administrations)
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research
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id aidæid aidid aidæ Research team on Geochemistry
Department of Geosciences
25 staff (6 permanent scientists)
Research tools: R&D projects in National and EC calls, & contracts with administrations & companies
Research focus: Atmospheric pollution Waste management and recycling
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research
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• Permanent gases, con t>1000 years: N2 (78%v), O2 (21%v) and noble gases
• Variable gaseous species, 100<t>1 years: CO2 (395 ppmv), CH4, H2, N2O, O3
• Highly Variable gaseous species, t<1 year H2O(v): CO (<1ppmv), NO2, NH3, SO2 (ppbv), H2S,…..
Residence time (t)
Blue colour due to light dispersion by air molecules
Troposphere: meteorological processes take place, 8km (poles) and 18km (equator)
70% atmosphere weight, T gradient of 6,5°C/km
The atmosphere
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1855. Austria, Germany - Enacted laws against pollution with specific
exemptions for air and water!
1872. Robert Angus Smith - "Air and Acid Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical
Climatology" - First use of the term "acid rain".
1895. Earliest known US air pollution law making illegal the "showing of visible
vapor" as exhaust from steam automobiles.
1911. Crowther and Ruston - Tie together acid rain and combustion.
1956. British Clean Air Act
1963. US Clean Air Act (CAA)
1965. Title II (US CAA) Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act
1977. Amendments to CAA look for carcinogenic materials (POMS, PNAs).
1980. US/Canada Memorandum of Intent to develop a bilateral approach to the
acid rain problem.
1987. Montreal protocol to reduce CFC production (ozone destruction in
upper atmosphere)
1987-1997. US NAAQS, 2003 review.
1996 and 2008- EU Air Quality Directives
Ca. 1800 BC. Earliest documented impact of anthropogenic air pollution on human
beings. The Beauty of Loulan’s lungs were extensively damaged by sand dust and
campfire smoke.
Ca. 500 BC. Lao Tzu states impact of man on environment, including air quality.
Ca. 300 AD. Local Roman magistrate passes laws regulating certain sources of air
pollution in York, England. (breweries, meat slaughtering)
1180. Moses Maimonides - Describes air pollution in cities and its effects on man.
1272. Edward I - Banned use of "sea coal ". Parliament ordered punishment by
torturing and hanging of people who sold and burned the outlawed coal.
1390 (?) Richard II - Regulated and restricted use of coal in London.
1420 (?) Henry V - Ditto.
1661. John Evelyn - Earliest extant treatise on air pollution. "Fumifugium; or the
Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke of London Dissipated; Together with Some
Remedies Humbly Proposed".
1692. Robert Boyle - " a General History of the Air ", mentions "nitros or salino-
sulphureous spirits".
1772. Hales- Analysis of dew and rain, noted that "the air is full of acid and
sulphurus particles".
1734. Linne (Sweden) - Studied effects of an iron smelter on local air.
1775. Sir Percival Pott - Intuited that soot has a carcinogenic component causing
high incidence of cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps.
1852. Robert Angus Smith - Noted three zones of air pollution; fields and open
country with carbonate and ammonia, ammonium sulfate in suburbs, and acid
sulfate and sulfuric acid in town.
Historic Dates on Air Quality
Atmospheric pollution
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“Comparar aire de ciudades con el aire de los desiertos y las tierras áridas es como comparar las aguas que son podridas y turbias con las limpias y puras. En la ciudad, a causa de la altura de sus edificios, lo angosto de sus calles y de todo lo que se vierte desde sus habitantes y sus líquidos…… el aire se torna estancado, espeso, brumoso y neblinoso… Si el aire se altera alguna vez ligeramente, el estado del Espíritu Psíquico será alterado perceptiblemente.” Maimónides (Rabi Mose Ben MAIMON) médico sefardí cordobés, 1135-1204
Atmospheric pollution
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RD, 102/2011, 28th January, for Air Quality & Protection of the Atmosphere:
“Atmospheric Pollution”: The occurrence in atmosphere of matter, substances or energy that may imply risk or damage for the safety or health of human beings, the environment……..”
Atmospheric pollution
Bearing in mind:
• Not all harmful substances in atmosphere are already known
• For some components there is not a threshold for human protection
• Many activities and process (natural and anthropogenic) emit atmospheric pollutants
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id aidæid aidid aidæ The scales of the atmospheric pollution
Planetary-Global: Global warming and climate change
Destruction of stratospheric ozone
Macro-meso scale: Transport and acidification
Tropospheric ozone
Micro-scale: Urban air quality,
local impact of industrial
emissions
Atmospheric pollution
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Industrial processes, incineration
Chemical, metallurgical, petrochemical, mineral food, incineration
Fe, P, Al,
Si, Ca,..
Cu, Zn, Hg, V, Ni
F-, NH3, As, Pb, Cl-
Stationary sources
combustion
Power plants, heating, industry V, Ni (As, Se,..)
Various
Agriculture, fires, biomass combustion
NH3, K+
CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM,
Corg+Celem, SO2
H+
Transport
Road, air, rail, fuel storage,………..
UF-PM, Sb,
Ba (Pb), Cl-
Biogenic, re-suspension, marine, lightening, volcanoes, fires
Natural emissions Cl-, Na+
Other: Harbor (shipping) emissions Air transport Construction-demolition Domestic and residential
EMISSION SOURCES AND TRACERS
Atmospheric pollution
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Emission characteristics
Pollutant load
T and V of emission
High of emission
ATMOSPHERIC DIFUSION OR DISPERSION
Meteorological features
Atmospheric stratification, W-V, W-D, convection
Topographic and local effects
Marine and slope breeze, topographic obstacles
0
20
40
60
80
µg/m
3
SO2 O3 NO2
00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12
January February March April May June July August September October November December
LLODIO
Atmospheric pollution
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id aidæid aidid aidæ EUROPEAN THEMATIC STRATEGY
Emissions levels
emission sources (natural, anthropogenic..)
primary pollutants (SO2, NOx, HC, PM,…)
standards Control measures
1996-1999
minimization strategies
new standards
target levels
new standards
2005-2010
2013-2014 (2020)
Local and global effects Impact on receptors,
epidemiology
measuring (concentration and meteorology)
Levels in ambient air
meteorology, dispersion, transport,...
chemical transformation
(secondary pollutants: O3, PAN, HNO3, H2SO4)
Modelling and integrated assessment
Atmospheric pollution
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id aidæid aidid aidæ ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY
Directive 1999/30/EC SO2, NO2, NOx, PM10, Pb (PM2.5??)
Directive 2000/69/EC benzene, CO Directive 2002/03/EC O3
Directive 2004/107/EC PAH, Cd, As, Ni, Hg (PM2.5) Directive Clean Air for Europe and Air Quality, 2008/50/EC & 2004/107/EC
Deadlines: 2005-2010, 2015, 2020
MOTHER DIRECTIVE 1996/62/CE
Emission
Ambient air
RD, 102/2011 (Spanish legisltaion)
IPPC Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control, substituted by the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
DIRECTIVES 1996/61/EC, 2008/1/EC, 2010/75/EC 2002/51/EC, 2006/120/EC 1998/69/EC, 2002/80/EC, 2007/715/EC 2001/80/CE 2001/81/CE EU 2015/2193
EURO standards for vehicles
Large Combustion Plants National Emission Ceilings Medium scale combustion plants
REVISION IN 2013 & 2014
REVISION OF AQ DIRECTIVE DELAYED UNTIL 2020 EVEN WHEN WHO (REVIHAAP+HRAPIE PROJECTS)
RECOMMENDED CHANGING PM2.5 AND SOME TARGET VALUES TO LIMIT VALUES
Atmospheric pollution
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CRITICAL PARAMETRES (INFRINGEMENTS)
293 °K , 101,3 kPa,
Directive 2008/50/EC, RD 102/2011 except PM and metals, Evriron. Cond.
Hourly 350 µg/m3 SO2 24 times per year Daily 125 µg/m3 SO2 3 times per year Annual prot. ecos. 20 µg/m3 SO2 not exceeding annual and mean 1 Oct-31 Mar Hourly 200 µg/m3 NO2 8 times per year Annual 40 µg/m3 NO2 not exceeding Annual prot. vegetation 30 µg/m3 NOx (reported as NO2) not exceeding Annual 5 µg/m3 Benzene not exceeding Mean 8-h max. in a day 10 mg/m3 CO not exceeding Annual 500 ng/m3 Pb not exceeding Annual 40 µg/m3 PM10 not exceeding Daily 50 µg/m3 PM10 n<35 per year Annual (25 and 20 (18) µg/m3 PM2.5) not exceeding 2010-2020 (reducing 20% PM2.5 triennial for mean of urban background)
ENVIRONMENTAL STRANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY
2004/107/EC, RD 102/2011
Annual 6 ng/m3 As not exceeding Annual 20 ng/m3 Ni not exceeding Annual 5 ng/m3 Cd not exceeding Annual 1 ng/m3 Benzo[]pirene not exceeding
Atmospheric pollution
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AOT40 [expressed in (µg/m3·h] = as sum of the difference between hourly levels exceeding 80 µg/m3 and 80 µg/m3 along a given period using only hourly values measured between 8.00 and 20.00 h, Central Europe Time (CET), for every day.
Target value Protection human health Maximum of 8 h means of a day 120 µg/m3 O3 not exceeding 25 day/year mean for 3 years Target Value Protection of vegetation AOT40, hourly values from Mayo to July 18.000 µg/m3·h O3 not exceeding as a mean of 5 years (c) Information threshold value: hourly 180 µg/m3 O3
Alert threshold value : hourly 240 µg/m3 O3
High levels out of urban agglomerations or in external urban areas
ENVIRONMENTAL STRANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY
Atmospheric pollution
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Atmospheric pollution
2008/50/EC WHO (2006) guide lines RD 102/2011 Hourly 350 µg/m3 SO2 -- 24 times per year Daily 125 µg/m3 SO2 -- 3 times per year Hourly 200 µg/m3 NO2 EC-WHO coincide 18 times per year Annual 40 µg/m3 NO2 EC-WHO coincide not exceeding Annual 5 µg/m3 C6H6 EC-WHO coincide not exceeding Mean 8-h max. in a day 10 mg/m3 CO EC-WHO coincide not exceeding Annual 500 ng/m3 Pb EC-WHO coincide not exceeding Annual 40 µg/m3 PM10 20 µg/m3 PM10 not exceeding Annual 25 µg/m3 PM2.5 10 µg/m3 PM2.5 not exceeding Max 8 h means of a day 120 µg/m3 O3 100 µg/m3 O3 not exceeding 25 day/year mean for 3 years BaP annual 1 ng/m3 BaP 0.12 ng/m3 BaP not exceeding
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NO2 annual limit value
The problem of NO2
30/11/2015
2013 2014
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2016
N2 atmosfèric + alta T+ O2=NO2
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Causas de superación del VLA de NO2:
promedio 2001-2009 (53 estaciones)
63%
29%
3% 2%2% 1%
Heavy traffic
Proximity to a major road
Local industry
Quarrying/mining
Domestic heating
Industrial accident
Non-industrial accident
Natural source
Winter sanding
African dust
Local petrol station
Parking facility
Benzene storage
Industry
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FONERS
BARCELO
NA
CORNELL
A
STA P
ERPETU
A
L'HOSPIT
ALE
T
MONTC
ADA
STA C
OLO
MA
ST A
NDREU
EL
PRAT
BADALO
NA
BARCELO
NA
ST A
DRIÀ
B.
BARCELO
NA
TERRASSA
MOLL
ET
SABADELL
BARCELO
NA
BARCELO
NA
BADALO
NA
NO
2 (
µg
/m3)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010CATALUNYA
Valor límite desde 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ALC
OBENDAS
MADRID
GETAFE
MADRID
MADRID
COSLA
DA
MADRID
MADRID
MADRID
MADRID
ALC
ORCÓN
COSLA
DA
GETAFE
MADRID
NO
2 (
µg
/m3)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010COMUNIDAD DE MADRID
Valor límite desde 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CASTE
LLÓ
VALE
NCIA
VALE
NCIA
VALE
NCIA
VALE
NCIA
LEON
SALA
MANCA
SEGOVIA
PALE
NCIA
SEVILLA
GRANADA
GRANADA
ZARAGOZA
ZARAGOZA
AVILES
OVIE
DO
LAS P
ALMAS
A C
ORUÑA
NO
2 (
µg
/m3
)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010CC AA: VALENCIA, CASTILLA Y LEÓN
ANDALUCÍA, ARAGÓN, ASTURIAS, GALICIA
Valor límite desde 2010
•MADRID, COSLADA, GETAFE, LEGANÉS
•BARCELONA, BARBERÀ DEL V., MARTORELL, MONTCADA I R.,
ST. ANDREU DE LA B., MOLLET DEL VALLÈS, ST ADRIÀ DE BESÒS,
SABADELL, STA. COLOMA G., TERRASSA
•PALMA DE MALLORCA
•GRANADA, SEVILLA
2011
http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/atmosfera-y-calidad-del-aire/Informe_evaluaci%C3%B3n_calidad_aire_Espa%C3%B1a_2012_final_v2_tcm7-299046.pdf
2013: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LIMITE ANUAL 2014: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LIMITE ANUAL
2013 & 2014
The problem of NO2
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2015: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LIMITE ANUAL 2015: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LIMITE HORARIO
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• Dosimeter NO2 Palmes • Molecular diffusion • Absorbent = 20% TEA in H2O • Analysis: colorimetry
Length 7.1 cm
Absorber at
closed end
Open end for
sampling
Length 7.1 cm
Absorber at
closed end
Open end for
sampling
The problem of NO2
Levels
NO2 MAY-JUNE 2008 (120 PASSIVE
DOSIMETRES)
The problem of NO2
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The problem of NO2
Levels
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The problem of NO2 NO2 MAY-JUNE 2008 (120 PASSIVE DOSIMETRES)
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The problem of NO2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bar
celo
na
Mad
rid
Val
ènci
a
Am
ster
dam
Bel
grad
e
Ber
lin
Ber
n
Bo
logn
a
Bu
dap
est
Sto
ckh
olm
Fire
nze
Fran
kfu
rt
Gen
oa
Ham
bu
rg
Hel
sin
ki
Lon
do
n20
07
Luxe
mb
urg
Mila
n
Mu
nic
h
Nap
oli
Osl
o
Pra
ha
Ro
ma
Tori
no
Wie
n
Zuri
ch
Cars x 1000 / km2
Very high density of vehicles (#/km2), But also >50% of vehicles circulating in the city come from outside
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Ba
rce
lon
a
Ma
dri
d
Va
lèn
cia
Am
ste
rda
mB
elg
rad
e
Be
rlin
Be
rnB
olo
gn
a
Bu
da
pe
st
Sto
ckh
olm
Fire
nze
Fra
nk
furt
Ge
no
a
Ha
mb
urg
He
lsin
ki
Lon
do
n2
00
7
Luxe
mb
urg
Mil
an
Mu
nic
h
Na
po
li
Osl
o
Pra
ha
Ro
ma
To
rin
o
Wie
n
Zu
rich
Cars x1000
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Madrid
Barcelona
500m
El Problema de NO2
Napoli
Why so high NO2?
The problem of NO2
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id aidæid aidid aidæ El Problema de NO2 Why so high NO2?
The problem of NO2
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32/11/2016
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2016
The problem of NO2
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM): heterogeneous solid and/or liquid material present in suspension into the atmosphere
• Health impact • Ecosystems • Climate change • Building materials • Visibility
The problem of PM
A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and
injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters
in 21 regions, 1990–2010 (Lancet 2012)
The problem of PM
Haywood and Boucher (2000)
Climate Modulation: influence in the radiative balance
Direct effect Scattering & absorption
Indirect effect Scattering by formation of condensation nuclei
Semi-direct Effect
Climate effects of PM
IPCC, 2013
Climate effects of PM
+3.21
-0.69
+0.33
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Shindell et al (2012) Science 315
The problem of PM
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Impact on ecosystems
Slamba Poremba, Poland (C. Martin, The Environmental Picture Library)
PM EFFECTS
The problem of PM
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Weathering of building materials
The problem of PM
PM EFFECTS
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26/03/00
26/02/00
VISIBILITY
The problem of PM
PM EFFECTS
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1. Process of formation: Primary particles: directly emitted to the atmosphere as a solid Secondary particles: produced into the atmosphere from gaseous precursors example: SO2 (g) oxidation SO4
2- (s) 2. Origin: Natural particles Anthropogenic particles (human activities)
CLASSIFICATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES
The problem of PM
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The problem of PM
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The problem of PM
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Process of oxidation SO2 H2SO4 and NOx HNO3
Homogeneous (gas to particle)
Heterogeneous (gas-H2O-particle)
Maximal velocities (summer, max hv): 6%SO2h-1, 18%NO2h-1 34%SO2day-1, 98%NO2day-1
Dry oxidation (homogeneous) Generation of oxidant radicals
O3+hν (solar) O* O*+H2O 2OH Oxidation
SO2+OH+m HOSO2+m HOSO2+O2 HO2+SO3
SO3+H2O H2SO4
NO+O3 NO2+O2 NO2+OH+m HNO3+m
Reaction
Wet oxidation (dissolution of gases, mainly SO2) (condensation nuclei, fog, precipitation, ‘wet aerosol films’) Oxidants: H2O2 (pH<5), O3 (pH>5), O2 (catalysers, Cl, m) Oxidation
HCOH+hv (solar) H+HCO* HCO*+O2 HO2 + CO* (formaldehyde)
HO2 + HO2 H2O2+O2
2SO2 + 2H2O SO32-+HSO3
-+3H+
HSO3- + H2O2 HSO4
-+H2O
Maximal velocities (summer, max hv): 270%SO2h-1 (H2O2) 410%SO2h-1 (O3)
Nucleation
Condensation
The problem of PM
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PRIMARY
• Natural
re-suspension (loc/ext) evap./precip.
• Anthropogenic
direct emissions
fugitive emissions
SECONDARY
• Natural
natural sulphate
biogenic emissions
• Anthropogenic
PM from gas by nucleation condensation evaporation
SO4=, NO3
-, NH4+, H+
Corg, metals
0.1 µm 1.0 µm 10 µm 25 µm
PM ORIGIN
SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,TiO2
CaCO3, NaCl, Corg, metals
0.1 µm 1.0 µm 10 µm 25 µm
(Soot)
The problem of PM
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id aidæid aidid aidæThe problem of PM
Vo
lcanic +
Bio
gen
ic su
lfate,7
8
Bio
genic SO
A,
25
Tera grams / Year, Andreae and Rosenfeld (2008) and Durant et al. (2010)
Mineral dust 1600
Sea spray 10130
Primary A
nth
r+Nat
nitrate,1
8
An
thro
po
gen
ic su
lfate, 1
22
An
tho
p.
SOA
,3.5
Secondary
Volcanic* dust, 200
Biological POA, 35
BC Biomass burning, 6
POA Biomass burning, 54
POA Fossil fuels, 4
Industrial dust, 100
BC Fossil fuels, 4.5
Natural Anthropogenic
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Secondary Inorganic aerosols NH4
+ SO4
2- NO3
-
Crustal-mineral Al2O3 Mg Ti Fe K SiO2 CO3
2-
P Ca
Sea spray Na+ Cl- SO4
2-
Carbonaceous aerosols (OM and EC)
Trace elements As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Yb, Zn, Zr
PM ORIGIN
The problem of PM
Bioaerosol (natural)
pollen
Vegetal debris, insects, bacteria,….
The problem of PM
Sea spray
NaCl
Sodium, potassium, magnesium chloride, sodium, magnesium sulphate ,
DMS
The problem of PM
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TEM-EDX analysis
The problem of PM
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Scale = 500nm
fly ash
glass Magnetite
The problem of PM
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Quartz Clay minerals (kaolinite, Illite, Chlorite, ((Paligorskite, Smectite)) Feldespars Other silicate minerals (talc, pirophillite,….) Carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite) Phosphates, oxides, gypsum,….
PM ORIGIN
The problem of PM
combustion power plant
SI, Al, S, K, Fe, Ti
quartz
SI, S, Fe
The problem of PM
Marine aerosols
Natural minerals
Bioaerosols + biogenic
Natural Background
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
Long Range Transp.
x
x
Carbonaceous
NH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
Carbonaceous (Soot, mainly road traffic)
Local emissions
Pavement, demolition, constr.
Carbonaceous (fuel-oil ash)
Heavy metals
Interaction among species
The problem of PM
PM10 daily limit value 2013
The problem of PM
PM10 daily limit value 2014
30/11/2015
32/11/2016
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2016
http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/atmosfera-y-calidad-del-aire/Informe_evaluaci%C3%B3n_calidad_aire_Espa%C3%B1a_2012_final_v2_tcm7-299046.pdf
Zonas con superaciones 2012 valor límite diario
2012: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LÍMITE DIARIO 2012: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LÍMITE ANUAL
2013: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LÍMITE DIARIO
2013
2013: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LÍMITE ANUAL
The problem of PM
2014: ZONAS CON SUPERACIÓN VALOR LÍMITE DIARIO
The problem of PM
ZONAS CON SUPERACIONES VALOR LÍMITE DIARIO PM10 2015
ZONAS CON SUPERACIONES VALOR LÍMITE ANUAL
PM10 2015
PM10 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 31-38% (ATH 23%) 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 15%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11% 2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 20-26% (POR-TR 10%) 3. Local dust : 10-19% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in POR & FI (14-16%), less in ATH (7%) and negligible in BCN 5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-5%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3
- 6-8% (2% POR) 7. Shipping 4% in coastal sites 8. African dust ATH 14%, 1-4% 9. Sea salt POR 13%, 4-8% 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 19-25%
PM2.5 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 28-39% (ATH 22%) 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 25-34% (ATH 17%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2% ) 2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%) 3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (10%) and negligible in BCN 5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3
- 3-6% (POR 1%) 7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites 8. African dust: ATH 6%, <1% 9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%, 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%
36-45% (ATH 15%) 30-34% (ATH 6%) 18-29% (ATH 3%, POR 6%) BCN 19%, 2-6% POR 27%, 1-4% POR & FI (25-30%), ATH 1%, negligible in BCN BCN 17%, <1-3% BCN & FI 7-9% (1-2% POR & ATH) 3-4% in coastal sites ATH 52%, 1% ATH 7%, 1-3% 11-33%, ATH 4%
PM10 (days of exceedance)
32-42% (ATH 11%) 31-40% (ATH 10%) 1-7% BCN & MLN 11-22%, 2-6% POR 22%, 1-2% POR, FI & MLN (26-33%), <2% BCN 18%, <1-3% BCN, FI & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR & ATH) 6-10% in coastal sites ATH 45%, 1% <1%-1% POR 15, 3-9%
PM2.5 (days of PM10 exceedance)
The problem of PM
The problem of Benzo-α-pirene
BaP target annual value BaP 2013
2013 2014
32/11/2016
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2016
2014
The problem of Benzo-α-pirene
BaP valor objetivo anual, 2015
Manlleu, 1.35 ng/m3
The problem of Benzo-α-pirene
Manlleu BaP
ida
idæid aidid
aidæ
id aidæid aidid aidæ El problema de l’ozó
http://www.geo.sunysb.edu/ess-workshops/lesson-plans.html
ida
idæid aidid
aidæ
id aidæid aidid aidæThe problem of ozone
ida
idæid aidid
aidæ
id aidæid aidid aidæO3
The problem of ozone
ida
idæid aidid
aidæ
id aidæid aidid aidæOzone, annual target triennial mean
30/11/2015
The problem of ozone 2015
32/11/2016
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2016
2013
2014
ida
idæid aidid
aidæ
id aidæid aidid aidæ
63
Evolución día 15-16 julio
NO2 O3
OUTDOOR AND INDOOR PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS IN
SCHOOLS OF BARCELONA DURING THE BREATHE STUDY
QUEROL X.1, RIVAS I.1,2, BOUSO L.2, RECHE C.2, AMATO F.1, VIANA M.1, MORENO T.1, PANDOLFI M.1,
ALASTUEY A., ÁLVAREZ M.2, SUNYER J.2,
1 Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 2 Centre de Recerca en Epidemiologia Ambiental CREAL-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
Zurich, 30th June 2015
Objectives of BREATHE
Exposure to air pollution at school
PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001792
Dashed line = high traffic air pollution
Continuous line = low traffic air pollution
Gray shading = 95% CIs
ERC-Advanced Grant, PI: Jordi Sunyer
CREAL
OBJECTIUS
• Characterizing children exposure to urban air pollutants in schools
• Identification and quantification of the main sources of these pollutants affecting
indoor and outdoor environments
• Defining factors affecting PM (including UFP) levels and composition in both
indoor and outdoor environments: road traffic emissions, ventilation and type of
playground
• Characterize children’s daily BC exposure and sources
Objectives on ambient air & exposure
ERC-Advanced Grant,
Leader of the exposure studies:
Xavier Querol, IDAEA-CSIC
• Two simultaneous schools & a urban
background reference station of
Palau Reial (UB)
• Simultaneously in indoor and outdoor
school environments
• Sampling in teaching hours (9 to 17h),
from Monday to Thursday
• 2 campaigns at each school:
- 1 week/school in winter-spring
- 1 week/school in fall-winter
Monitoring sites
Measurement periods 1. February to June 2012
2. September 2012 to February 2013
Metodology: Measurements
36 schools in Barcelona
3 schools in Sant Cugat
SCHOOLS
DUSTTRAK DRX
HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLERS
MICROAETH® AE51
MINIDISC
GRADKO NO2 TUBES
GRIMM
HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLERS
MAAP
WCPC
NSAM
GRADKO NO2 TUBES
PM2.5
PM2.5
COMPONENTS
BC
N
SIZE
LDSA
NO2
Metodology: Measurements & sampling
UB REFERENCE SITE
H2O leaching
Ion Chromat.:
NO3-, Cl-, SO4
=
Colorimetry FIA and ICP-AES:
NH4+, K+, Ca2+,
Mg2+,…
Acidic digestion (HF:HNO3:HClO4)
ICP-AES:
Al, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Ti, P
ICP-MS:
Li, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U
OC, EC
Mass determined: 75-85% PM2.5
Metodology: Chemical analysis
Rivas I., et al ., 2014. Child exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants in schools. Environment International 69, 200–212.
Results: Mean levels
NO2 outdoor levels for the rest of schools in Barcelona = 50 µg·m-3
• High levels of PM2.5 in schools Local (school) emission of PM2.5
• Mean levels of pollutants are intermediate between traffic and urban
background sites
INDOOR OUTDOOR UB REF. STATION
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
NO2
(µg·m-3) 30 13 47 19 41 20
PM2.5 (µg·m-3)
37 16 29 24 17 8
N (pt·cm-3)
15625 6673 23614 9514 14665 6034
EBC (µg·m-3)
1.3 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.8
Results: PM2.5 source apportionment
Mineral sources
Results: PM2.5 source apportionment
PM2.5 (µg/m3) Paved playground
Unpaved playground
Reference site 0.6
Schools (outdoor) 2.5 16.0
Schools (indoor) 3.6 9.1
Indoor resuspension
Increases indoors PM2.5 by 5-6 µg/m3
Reference Station BREATHE Schools
EC levels perimeter Low High
Results: Spatial variation
PM2.5 BC
NO2 UFP
EBC (µg·m3)
< 1.25 1.25 – 1.60
> 1.60
PM2.5 (µg·m3)
< 24 24 – 32
> 32
NO2 (µg·m3)
< 42
42 – 53 > 53
N (103 pt·cm3)
< 18 18 - 24
> 24
Estació referència Escoles BREATHE
EC levels perimeter Low High
Results: Spatial variation
EBC (µg·m3)
< 1.15 1.15 – 1.55
> 1.55
PM2.5 (µg·m3)
< 34 34 – 50
> 50
NO2 (µg·m3)
< 22
22 – 34 > 34
N (103 pt·cm3)
< 13 13 - 18
> 18
PM2.5 BC
NO2 UFP
PERSONAL EXPOSURE TO EBC
- EBC median concentration is higher in personal monitoring than in the fixed station (school indoor, school outdoor, urban background)
classroom playground other commuting home
02
00
04
00
06
00
08
00
01
00
00
EBC from personal monitoring by children location
EB
C (
ng
/m3
)
01
00
02
00
03
00
0
EBC concentrations
classroom school playground UB personal
EB
C (
ng
/m3
)
- Highest EBC median concentrations found during commuting
Results: Levels of BC Children’s exposure
Results: Levels of BC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2022
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
3435
36
37
38
39
40
4575000
4580000
4585000
4590000
420000 425000 430000 435000
long
lat 0.2
a 0.2
hour
bo40
, bi4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 6 12 18 23
bo40 bi40
hour
bO39
, bi3
9
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 6 12 18 23
bO39 bi39
hour
bO38
, bi3
8
500
1000
1500
0 6 12 18 23
bO38 bi38
hour
bO36
, bi3
6
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 6 12 18 23
bO36 bi36
hour
bO35
, bi3
5
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 6 12 18 23
bO35 bi35
hour
bO37
, bi3
7
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 6 12 18 23
bO37 bi37
hour
bO31
, bi3
1
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 6 12 18 23
bO31 bi31
hour
bO34
, bi3
4
500
1000
1500
2000
0 6 12 18 23
bO34 bi34
hour
bO33
, bi3
3
500
1000
1500
2000
0 6 12 18 23
bO33 bi33
hour
bO32
, bi3
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 6 12 18 23
bO32 bi32
hour
bO30
, bi3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 6 12 18 23
bO30 bi30
hour
bo29
, bi2
9
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 6 12 18 23
bo29 bi29
hour
bo28
, bi2
8
1000
2000
3000
0 6 12 18 23
bo28 bi28
hour
bo27
, bi2
7
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 6 12 18 23
bo27 bi27
hour
bo26
, bi2
6
500
1000
1500
0 6 12 18 23
bo26 bi26
hour
bo25
, bi2
5
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 6 12 18 23
bo25 bi25
hour
bo24
, bi2
4
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 6 12 18 23
bo24 bi24
hour
bo23
, bi2
3
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 6 12 18 23
bo23 bi23
hour
bo20
, bi2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 6 12 18 23
bo20 bi20
hour
bo22
, bi2
2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 6 12 18 23
bo22 bi22 hour
bo19
, bi1
9
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 6 12 18 23
bo19 bi19
hour
bo18
, bi1
8
500
1000
1500
2000
0 6 12 18 23
bo18 bi18
hour
bo17
, bi1
7
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 6 12 18 23
bo17 bi17
hour
bo15
, bi1
5
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 6 12 18 23
bo15 bi15
hour
bo14
, bi1
4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 6 12 18 23
bo14 bi14
hour
bo13
, bi1
3
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 6 12 18 23
bo13 bi13
hour
bo12
, bi1
2
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 6 12 18 23
bo12 bi12
hour
bo11
, bi1
1
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 6 12 18 23
bo11 bi11
hour
bo10
, bi1
0
500
1000
1500
0 6 12 18 23
bo10 bi10
hour
bo9,
bi9
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 6 12 18 23
bo9 bi9
hour
bo8,
bi8
500
1000
1500
2000
0 6 12 18 23
bo8 bi8
hour
bo7,
bi7
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 6 12 18 23
bo7 bi7
hour
bo5,
bi5
500
1000
1500
0 6 12 18 23
bo5 bi5
hour
bo4,
bi4
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 6 12 18 23
bo4 bi4
hour
bO3,
bi3
1000
1500
2000
0 6 12 18 23
bO3 bi3
hour
bo2,
bi2
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 6 12 18 23
bo2 bi2
hour
bo1,
bi1
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 6 12 18 23
bo1 bi1
x
y
40
39
38
1
4 35
7
815
11
14
3 25
5
28
9 23
1327
18
2
31
34
26
12
3632
37
19
29
33
17
10
20
2224
30
hour
bo6,
bi6
500
1000
1500
0 6 12 18 23
bo6 bi6
hour
bo16
, bi1
6
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 6 12 18 23
bo16 bi16
16
6
Daily cyles from 0 to 23h
EBC Indoor
EBC Outdoor
p
bc
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 20 40 60
r
bc
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
10 20 30 40
R2=0.61 R2=0.32
EBC
(µ
gm-3
)
Percentage of area used for the road network
Percentage of area used for parks
Results: Levels of BC & ultrafine patyicles
y = 584.1x + 6913.7R² = 0.3082
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ou
tdo
or
N b
y d
istr
ict
(#cm
-3)
Percentage of roads by district (%)
y = -267.34x + 28128R² = 0.3393
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ou
tdo
or
N b
y d
istr
ict
(#cm
-3)
Percentage of green areas by district (%)
Correlation between average EBC levels and ultrafine particle concentrations at different districts of the city of Barcelona and the percentage of surface area used for the road network and for parks
Closed windows Opened windows
y = 0.4977x + 7.6411R² = 0.5136
y = 0.5405x + 2.2478R² = 0.6122
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
indoor (µg·m-3)
outdoor (µg·m-3)
NO2
y = 0.5761x + 0.5922R² = 0.3949
y = 1.1187x - 0.1451R² = 0.9548
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
indoor (µg·m-3)
outdoor (µg·m-3)
EC
y = 0.2716x + 7555.4R² = 0.2201
y = 0.5913x + 6562.3R² = 0.3452
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
indoor (pt·cm-3)
outdoor (pt·cm-3)
N
y = 0.2252x + 43.839R² = 0.1102
y = -0.0252x + 46.549R² = 0.0017
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0
indoor (µg·m-3)
outdoor (µg·m-3)
PM2.5
Outdoor measurements carried out more distant from highly traffiqued roads than indoor measurements
Indoor
Outdoor
Results: Infiltration of pollutants