x-ray sources for user-applications at eli beamlines · 1 eli beamlines project, institute of...
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X-ray sources for user-applications at ELI Beamlines
J. Nejdl,1,2 O. Hort,1 D. Mai,1 U. Chaulagain,1 M. Kozlová,1,2
V. E. Nefedova,1,3 K. Boháček,1,3 M. Albrecht,1,3 O. Finke,1,3 N. Nowak,1
S. Sebban, 1 J. Gautier, 1and G. Korn,1
1 ELI Beamlines project, Institute of Physics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
2 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
3 FNSPE, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Outline
• Brief overview of the ELI Beamlines facility
• Laser driven XUV/X-ray sources
• HHG beamline
• Correlation of HHG properties with IR laser spectral
features
• Plasma X-ray source
• Betatron/inverse Compton beamline
• Laser Undulator X-ray Source/ Laser-driven FEL (A. Molodozhentsev, S24)
Facility layout and laser drivers for X-ray sources
Laser L1 L2 L3 L4
Energy (J) 0.1 > 20 30 1200
Pulse duration (fs) < 20 20 - 30 30 120
Wavelength (nm) 850 850 820 1060
Rep. rate 1 kHz >10 Hz 10 Hz 1/min
L1 laser system
Laser hall with ALLEGRA laser8 June 2018
Available for experiments:
September 2018 12 mJ / <15 fs / 1 kHzApril 2019 30 mJ / <15 fs / 1 kHzEnd 2019 110 mJ / <15 fs / 1 kHz
L3 laser system10 Hz, 1 PW (30 fs)
Experimental halls
E1:HHG+ PXS
E2: Betatron/Compton
E5: LUX/FEL
L4 compressor
E3: Plasma & HEDPE4:ion
acceleration
E5: electron acceleration
Laser-driven x-ray sources : several approaches
Betatron/ComptonPlasma X-ray source
6 mJ laser
(35 fs)
100 mJ laser
(20 fs)
photon energy 3 - 40 keV 3 – 80 keV
photons/(4π sr line or
1keV @10keV)> 1E7 > 1E9
Source size < 100 µm < 100 µm
pulse duration < 300 fs <300 fs
L1 driver1 kHz, 100 mJ, 20 fs
L3 driver10 Hz, 30 J, 30 fs
High-order harmonic beamline
6 mJ, 35 fs
from 2018
L1: 100 mJ, <20fs
from late 2019
Wavelength 10 -120 nm 5 -120 nm
Photons/shot 1E7 to 1E9 few 1E9 -1E12
Duration < 20 fs < 10 fs
Polarization Linear Lin./Circ./Eliptic.
Betatron Compton
photon energy 10- 100 keV 50 – 5000 keV
photons/shot > 1E8 > 1E8
Source size < 10 µm < 10 µm
pulse duration < 30 fs < 30 fs
Astrella backup1 kHz, 6 mJ, 35 fs
7+ Laser undulator X-ray source/ FEL (see A. Molodozhentsev’s talk, S24)
E1 E2/E3
E1 experimental hall
Experimental hall E1 (June 2018 status): applications of optical, VUV and X - ray light sources, area ready for use
HHG source of VUV photons
PXS + TREX: hard X-ray diffraction + spectroscopy
SRS station: optical spectroscopy
MAC station:AMO science + coherent imaging
ELIps:VUV ellipsometry
L1 laser beam transport
High-order harmonic (HHG) beamline in E1
GOAL: high flux ultra-short pulses of tunable coherent XUV radiation
• High energy kHz laser driver (L1: 100mJ in 20fs)
long focusing big generating volume high energy output (eff. 10-4-10-6)
and/or two color driver (50 mJ IR, ~20 mJ blue)
Focusing chamber f-number 40-1000
Interaction chamber
IR rejection+ diagnostics
Output of HHG beamline achieved & expected
• System verified with 1 kHz, 5 mJ, 40 fs laser
• L1 laser design parameters: 1 kHz, 100 mJ, < 20 fs
10
Laser system Gas λXUV, nm Driver F#
XUV pulse
energy, J
XUV divergence,
mrad
5 mJ, 40 fsXenon ≥51
280 0.05 0.6
100 mJ, 20 fs 1430 2 0.1
5 mJ, 40 fsArgon ≥32
120 0.005 0.8
100 mJ, 20 fs 625 0.2 0.15
5 mJ, 40 fsNeon ≥13.5
87 5×10-4 0.48
100 mJ, 20 fs 444 0.02 0.09
5 mJ, 40 fsHelium ≥10
75 5×10-4 0.4
100 mJ, 20 fs 380 0.02 0.07
L1 rump-up schedule:
30 mJ- December 2018 >50 mJ - June 2019 100 mJ – February 2020
HHG beam diagnostics
1. Wavefront sensor:
Hartmann type
Accuracy < l/5
2. Absolute off-line energy meter:
calibrated Si photodiode
3. Relative on-line energy meter:
photocurrent from filters
signal without amplification:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 10-7
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Xe, f=5000 mm, 3.5 cm, 12 mbar
time (s)
U (
V) ][,
][ , )(1 2
1
JRes
QE
C dttUR
Q
XUV
t
t
=
=
20 40 60 80 100 1200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
l (nm)
Responsiv
ity (
A/W
)
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x 10-7
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
x 10-4
time (s)
U (
V)
PV=1.9l
RMS=0.37l
HHG beam diagnostics
1. Spectrometer: toroidal mirror and spherical VLS grating
+ variable slit (for spectral resolution vs. sensitivity)
- Spectral range: 5-120 nm (two gratings: 600 l/mm and 1200 l/mm)
Spectra with 5 mJ, 40 fs, 1 kHz laser driver (Coherent Astrella):
Ne
∆𝜆
𝜆< 10−2
September 2018: first L1 – E1 run
• L1 laser frontend (1 mJ) compressed to 15 fs
• Test of the Beam Transport system
• HHG in Ar and Ne
• Broader harmonicshigher cutoff
13
Astrella: l=810 nm, t=40 fs, L1: l=830 nm, t=15 fs
Efficiency control of HHG using driving laser spectral features
Correlation of IR spectral shift
and XUV Conversion efficiency
lc=807 nm lc=804 nm lc=801 nm
HHG far-field HHG far-field HHG far-field
Efficiency control of HHG using driving laser spectral features
Ionization degree fullfilling phase-matching is critical for efficient generation
Effect on the fieldsMediumLaser
Proper intensity Proper ionization degreePhase-matching
IR spectral shift
V. E. Nefedova et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 191101 (2018)
HHG spectral variation
Correlation of IR and XUV
spectra simultaneously
V. E. Nefedova et al., Phys. Rev. A 98 033414 (2018)
Microscopic effects (Intensity dependent phase) X Macroscopic effects (laser blueshift during propagation)Short X Long trajectory
Plasma X-ray Source (PXS): femtosecond X-ray tube
17
Table 1: X-ray source
parameters
Phase I (M0) (M1)
5 mJ laser pulse
energy
Phase II (M2)
100 mJ laser pulse
energy
User operation
milestone (UOM)
Minimum hard x-ray
photon energy3 keV 3 keV 3 keV
Photons per shot
(photons/(4π sr line) or
photons/(4π sr 1keV)
@10keV)
> 107 > 109 > 109
Source size Less than 100 µm Less than 100 µm Less than 100 µm
Hard X-ray pulse duration
(FWHM)Less than 300 fs Less than 300 fs Less than 300 fs
Collimated No No Focusing optics
4π sr emission, 3 – 30 keVline + continuous spectra100s femtosecond pulses10s μm spot size
Characteristics
Time-resolved X-ray diffractionSmall- angle X-ray scatteringX-ray Absorption SpectroscopyX-ray ImagingPulsed radiolysis
Applications
E1
Plasma X-ray Source
Plasma X-ray source
polychromatichigh fluxsmall spot sizeOR point source
Diffractionmonochromaticlow divergence
ImagingRadiolysis
SpectroscopyPXS-BL2
PXS-BL1
10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 10 keV 100 keV
HHG
LUX
PXS
Betatron
X-ray diagnostics included:
– Single photon counting spectrometer (multi-shot)
– Shot-to shot X-ray pulse energy monitor
106 photons/shot on sample
19
ELI Beamlines experimental halls
E1:HHG+ PXS
E2: Betatron/Compton
E5: LUX/FEL
L4 compressor
E3: Plasma & HEDPE4:ion
acceleration
E5: electron acceleration
Betatron / inverse Compton in E2/E3
22
Characteristic Parameters of Betatron radiation
10/12/2018
Source size: 1-5 m
Critical Energy: 20 -50 keV
Number of Photons: 109 - 1010/shot
Pulse duration ~ 30 fs
Beam divergence < 20 mrad
L4 beam
L3 b
eamExperimental hall E3Plasma Physics platform (P3)
• Betatron/Compton source (driven by 1 PW)
for plasma and WDM diagnostics
• Focusing (f# = 20) with spherical mirror
• Operational from mid 2019
Experimental hall E2
• Independent beamline
for ultrafast X-ray science, imaging etc.
• Focusing by OAP (f# = 20)
• Designed for high rep. rate (10 Hz)
• Operational from end 2019
Betatron/Compton beamline in E2/E3
23
Radiation shielding in E2
4 hours operation at 10 Hz (e-beam 200 pC, 1 GeV) 0.1 to 1 µSv per day outside E2
Electron dynamics in molecules. Structure of non-reproducible biological particles.
X-ray Imaging. Movies of transient effects in large specimens
Initiate and study transient processes in molecular dynamics and material sciences
Sub-ps resolution of atomic scale structural dynamics (time resolved protein crystallography)
Properties in new surfaces and interfaces, charge and spin dynamics (electronic and magnetic properties)
SRS +pumps
PXS
HHG betatron1E10 ph10 fs1 kHz
1E13 ph300 fs1 kHz
1E8 ph20 fs10 Hz
LUX 1E6 ph5 fs5 Hz
10 keV
1 keV
100 eV
10 eV
1 eV
100 keV
1 MeV
Compton
5 mrad 4πsr
20 mrad
Secondary photon sources
Photon in/photon out experiments in the THz to Hard X-ray range-fs to ms dynamics
1 mrad
We are at your disposal as a user facility!
Fyzikální ústav AV ČR, v. v. i. Na Slovance 2
182 21 Praha 8 [email protected]
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
niz
atio
npro
babili
ty
1.5 2
Intensity (1014
W/cm
Io
4 5
Intensity (1014 W/cm 2)
6 7 8 9
Intensity (1015
W/cm2)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
niz
atio
np
robabili
ty
0.06
6 50
Io
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
niz
ation
pro
ba
bili
ty
0.07
30
Io
2.52)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
10
Neon Helium
Argon
b
c d
0 0.02 0.04 0.060
Ionization probability
a
5
10
15
20
25
30Ar
He
Ne
L,
cm
coh
I II III
II IIII IIIIII
IR laser spectral shift vs HHG conversion efficiency
• Phase-matching on the rising edge
• Spatio-temporal distortions of the driving
field by plasma (1D model fails)
ηpeak ≥ ηPM
▪ Phase-matching at the peak of the pulse
▪ Keeping initial spatio-temporal pulse properties
during HHG
ηpeak = ηPM
ηpeak < ηPM
V. E. Nefedova et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 191101 (2018)
ηPM
Ionization degree fullfilling phase-matching is critical for efficient generation
• Phase-matching hasn’t reached (low ionization)
I II III
HHG spectral variation
Model: Dldip at time with ionization suitable for phase-matching
𝐀𝐫𝐠𝐨𝐧: 𝒂 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬
Dipole phase contribution
𝑞 × ∆λ𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑞 × ∆λ𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
Measurement vs. model
∆λ𝑞= 𝑎 × ∆λ𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 + 1 − 𝑎 × ∆λ𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 + 𝑘∆λ𝐼𝑅𝑞
𝑘 …effect of long medium length
V. E. Nefedova et al., Phys. Rev. A 98 033414 (2018)