x-ray interpretation skills
DESCRIPTION
X-ray Interpretation Skills . Dr. Hisham Alsanawi Orthopaedic Consultant and Assistant Professor. Medical Decision Making is a Triad. History – from patients/records Physical Examination Confirming Studies – Imaging, Labs, etc. . Imaging. X-ray Ultrasound CT Scan MRI Nuclear Medicine. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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X-ray Interpretation Skills
Dr. Hisham AlsanawiOrthopaedic Consultant and Assistant Professor
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Medical Decision Making is a Triad
• History – from patients/records• Physical Examination• Confirming Studies – Imaging, Labs, etc.
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Imaging
• X-ray• Ultrasound• CT Scan• MRI• Nuclear Medicine
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X-RAY
• Radiation Source• Patient Exposed• Capture Image• Interpret Image
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X-RAY
• Ionizing Radiation • Radiation damages cells
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X-RAY
• Patient Blocks Transmission of Radiation– Soft tissues Less– Bones More
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X-RAY
• Capture Image– Films– Digital
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X-RAY
• Interpret Image– Radiologist– Orthopaedist
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X-RAY• Best for:– Hard tissue – Bones– Often combined with other imaging
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OBJECTIVES• Review a systematic approach to interpreting
orthopedic x-rays
• Review the language of fracture description
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ABCs APPROACHPre ABC: identify pt, read provided infoA◦ Adequacy◦ Alignment
B◦ Bones
C◦ Cartilage
S◦ Soft Tissues
Apply ABCs approach to every orthopedic film you evaluate
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ADEQUACY• All x-rays should have an adequate number of
views.–Minimum of 2 views—AP and lateral– 3 views preferred– Joint above and joint below
• All x-rays should have adequate penetration
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ALIGNMENT• Alignment: Anatomic relationship between
bones on x-ray– Bone alignment vs other side– Bone alignment relative to proximal and distal
bones
• Normal x-rays should have normal alignment
• Fractures and dislocations may affect the alignment on the x-ray
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BONES1. Identify bone2. Examine the whole bone for
1. Discontinuity fractures2. Change in bone shadow consistency change in
density3. Describe bone abnormality
1. Location 2. Shape
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CARTILAGE• Cartilage – joint spaces on x-rays – you cannot actually see cartilage on x-rays
• Widening of joint spaces signifies ligamentous injury and/or fractures
• Narrowing of joint spaces arthritis
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SOFT TISSUES• Soft tissues implies to look for soft tissue
swelling and joint effusions
• These can be signs of – Trauma – occult fractures– Infection – Tumors
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REVIEW: ABCsA◦Assess adequacy of x-ray which includes proper number of views
and penetration◦Assess alignment of x-rays
B◦Examine bones throughout their entire length for fracture lines
and/or distortionsC◦Examine cartilages (joint spaces) for widening
S◦Assess soft tissues for swelling/effusions
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EXAMPLE # 1
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EXAMPLE # 1…This x-ray demonstrates a lateral elbow x-ray.There is swelling anteriorly which is displaced
known as a pathologic anterior fat pad signThere is swelling posteriorly known as a posterior
fat pad signBoth of these are signs of an occult fracture
although none are visualized on this x-rayRemember, soft tissue swelling can be a sign of
occult fracture!
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EXAMPLE # 2…WHERE ARE THE FRACTURES?
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EXAMPLE # 2…• If you follow ABCs, you will notice there is are
problems with alignment on this x-ray (A)• (B)…You will notice there are fracture lines
through the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metacarpals• These are 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, midshaft metacarpal
fractures.• A teaching point: Notice the ring on this film.
Always remove rings of patients with fractured extremities because swelling may preclude removal later.
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LANGUAGE OF FRACTURES• Important for use to describe x-rays in medical
terminology.
• Improves communication with orthopedic consultants
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LANGUAGE OF FRACTURES• Things you must describe (clinical and x-ray):– Open vs Closed fracture– Anatomic location of fracture– Fracture line– Relationship of fracture fragments– Neurovascular status
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OPEN VS CLOSEDMust describe to a consultant if fracture is open or closedClosed fracture◦Simple fracture◦No open wounds of skin near fracture
Open fracture◦Compound fracture◦Cutaneous (open wounds) of skin near fracture site. Bone may
protrude from skin◦Open fractures are open complete displaced and/or comminuted
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OPEN FRACTURES• Orthopedic emergency• Requires emergency orthopedic consultation• Bleeding must be controlled• Management– IV antibiotics– Tetanus prophylaxis– Pain control– Surgery for washout and reduction
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ANATOMIC LOCATION• Describe the precise anatomic location of the
fracture• Include if it is left or right sided bone• Include name of bone• Include location:– Proximal…Mid…Distal– To aid in this, divide bone into 1/3rds
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FOR EXAMPLE....WHERE IS THIS LOCATED?
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EXAMPLE…• This is a closed L distal femur fracture.
• The main thing I want you to take from this example is the description of location
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ANATOMIC LOCATION• Besides location, it is helpful to describe if the
location of the fracture involves the joint space—intra-articular
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INTRA-ARTICULAR FRACTURE OF BASE 1ST METACARPAL
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FRACTURE LINES• Next, it is imperative to describe the type of
fracture line
• There are several types of fracture lines
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FRACTURE LINES
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FRACTURE LINES• A is a transverse fracture
• B is an oblique fracture
• C is a spiral fracture
• D is a comminuted fracture
• There is also an impacted fracture where fracture ends are compressed together
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WHAT TYPE OF FRACTURE LINE IS THIS???
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ANS: TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
• Transverse fractures occur perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
• To fully describe the fracture, this is a closed midshaft transverse humerus fracture.
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ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF FRACTURE LINE…
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ANS: SPIRAL FRACTURE• Spiral fractures occur in a spiral fashion along
the long axis of the bone
• They are usually caused by a rotational force
• To fully describe the fracture, this is a closed distal spiral fracture of the fibula
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ONE MORE EXAMPLE…
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ANS: COMMINUTED FRACTURE
• Comminuted fractures are those with 2 or more bone fragments are present
• Sometimes difficult to appreciate on x-ray but will clearly show on CT scan
• To fully describe the fracture, this is a closed R comminuted intertrochanteric fracture
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FRACTURE FRAGMENTS• Terms to be familiar with when describing the
relationship of fracture fragments– Alignment– Angulation– Apposition– Displacement– Bayonette apposition– Distraction– Dislocation
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ALIGNMENT/ANGULATION• Alignment is the relationship in the longitudinal
axis of one bone to another• Angulation is any deviation from normal
alignment• Angulation is described in degrees of angulation
of the distal fragment in relation to the proximal fragment—to measure angle draw lines through normal axis of bone and fracture fragment
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20 DEGREES OF ANGULATION
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OTHER TERMS• Apposition: amount of end to end contact of the
fracture fragments• Displacement: use interchangeably with apposition• Bayonette apposition: overlap of fracture fragments• Distraction: displacement in the longitudinal axis of
the bones• Dislocation: disruption of normal relationship of
articular surfaces
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DESCRIBE FRACTURE FRAGMENTS
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ANSWER• This is a closed midshaft tibial fracture….But how do
we describe the fragments?• This is an example of partial apposition; note part of
the fracture fragments are touching each other• Alternatively you can describe this as displaced 1/3 the
thickness of the bone• Remember aposition and displacement are
interchangeable—we tend to describe displacement• Final answer: Closed midshaft tibial fracture with
moderate (33%) displacement
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ANOTHER ONE…
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ANSWER• There are 2 fractures on this film• Closed distal radius fracture with complete displacement.
Also there is an ulnar styloid fracture which is also displaced
• The displacement is especially prominent on the lateral view highlighting the importance of multiple views.
• There may be intra-articular involvement as joint space is close by
• Remember, remove all jewelry from extremity fractures
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BAYONETTE APPOSITION
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DISLOCATION
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DISLOCATION• Note the dislocation on the previous slide; the
articular surfaces of the knee no longer maintain their normal relationship
• Dislocations are named by the positioin of the distal segemnt
• This is an Anterior knee dislocation
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NEUROVASCULAR STATUS• Finally when communicating a fracture, you
will want to describe if the patient has any neurovascular deficits
• This is determined clinically
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LANGUAUGE OF FRACTURES
• To review, when seeing a patient with a fracture and the x-ray, describe the following:– Open vs closed fracture– Anatomic location of fracture (distal, mid, proximal)
and if fracture is intra-articular– Fracture line (transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted)– Relationship of fracture fragments (angulation,
displacement, dislocation, etc)– Neurovascular status
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DESCRIBE THIS R MIDDLE PHALANX FRACTURE
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ANSWER• Oblique fracture of midshaft of R 4th middle
phalanx with minimal displacement and no angulation
• Remember to comment if open vs closed & neurovascular status
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DESCRIBE TO ORTHO ATTENDING…
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ANSWER• This one is a bit more challenging!• R midshaft tibia fracture displaced ½ the
thickness of the bone without angulation; also there is bayonette appositioning of the fracture fragments
• R midshaft fibular fracture with complete displacement and
• Also comment if the fracture is open vs closed & neurovascular status