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X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs Mark Rivers Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago Front End Electronics 2014 May 20, 2014

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Outline 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 2 Differences in Detectors for High-Energy Physics and X-ray Sciences Diverse detector needs for x-ray applications Detector constraints APS Upgrade Plans For several detector types: Where weve come from since the APS began operations in 1995 Where we are now Where wed like to be in another 5-10 years

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Detectors for High-Energy Physics and X-ray Science High Energy Physics The detector is the experiment. As important (and costly) as the accelerator 1 - 4 detectors highly specialized detectors per accelerator Size is relatively unconstrained Cost is significant part of the total project cost No commercial vendors Very large team to develop Photon Sciences Very diverse needs, many types of detectors required Each accelerator requires 100 1000 detectors Each detector is a very small fraction of the total facility cost (

Lattice design evolution from double-bend achromats (DBA) to multi-bend achromats (MBA): lower emittance from increased number of dipole magnets Factor of > 40 improvement in emittance from cubic scaling DBA Multi-bend Achromat Magnet Lattice 7BA D. Einfeld et al., Proc. PAC 95, Dallas TX Emittance is the product of the size and divergence of the electron beam. Thus, a lower emittance results in a higher brightness X-ray source.

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APS MBA Upgrade Unique source properties: High brightness of the upgraded ring Traditional strengths: High Energy Timing ring Unique scientific opportunities complemented by new storage ring: Coherent techniques: XPCS, CDI, Ptychography Tighter focus: Micro/nano probe 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 9

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APS-MBA High-Level Performance Goals More than two orders of magnitude increase in brightness at insertion device (ID) sources over a wide range of hard X-ray energies Similar improvement in coherent flux All bending magnet (BM) beamlines supported, with greater flux and harder X-rays using three-pole wiggler sources At least a factor of 2 increase in hard X-ray flux (BM and ID) 48 to 324 uniformly-spaced bunches supported Approaching diffraction limited source 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 10

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APS-MBA Implications for Detector Needs Brightness increases > 100 How to use the brightness gain: Decrease focal spot size or divergence on sample with same # of photons/s No need for detector changes Increase the number of photons in the same size spot and divergence on sample Detector must count ~100 times faster Detector could have lower efficiency but better resolution, etc. 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 11

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Needs for X-ray Free Electron Lasers Complete data in few fs Repetition rates increasing from 120 Hz (LCLS) to 27 kHz (European XFEL) ~10 12 photons in 10 fs About the same number that APS beamline delivers in 1 s Need for new technologies: integrating detectors with storage & fast readout Some overlap with synchrotron detector needs for applications such as time-resolved pink-beam diffraction Photons being delivered much faster than photon-counting detectors (e.g. Pilatus, Eiger) can handle 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 12

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Spectroscopy detectors Measure energy of each x-ray photon as it arrives Figures of merit Energy resolution Count rate Energy range Where we were in 1995 13-element Canberra Ge detector NIM readout electronics with 10 Mb/s Ethernet 100 ms to read 13 spectra 250 eV resolution Problem of escape peaks (E 9.89 keV) Good high-energy performance 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 13

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Spectroscopic Detectors: Where we are State of the Art: Vortex ME4 with XMAP shaping electronics ~170mm 2 total sensor area Peak count rate: ~200 KHz/element Resolution (MnK ): 125 eV No cryogens High energy option: Canberra Ge Big Challenge: Trade off between shaping time (count rate) and energy resolution Longer shaping time averages out background, yielding better resolution Move to deeper sub- s shaping time, resolution balloons to several-hundred eV 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 14

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Spectroscopy detectors Where we are XIA xMAP Digital Signal Processing electronics 4 elements * 1000 pixels/sec = 4000 spectra/sec 16 MB/sec sustained 1 Mega pixel map in 20 minutes Next generation detector and electronics reduces this to 5 minutes 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 15

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GSECARS 13-ID-E X-ray Microprobe XRF Imaging: high spatial resolution (500 nm) with high flux (>10 11 ph/s) Arabidopsis seed Columbia-0 7 m 200 msec X26A NSLS 0.7 m 13 msec 13-ID-E APS T. Punshon and A. Sivitz, Dartmouth Fe (~70 ppm) Mn (~70 ppm) Zn (~100 ppm) see Kim et al., Science, 2009 for background

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Spectroscopy Detectors: Near-term Improvements 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 17 127 eV FWHM with 250 ns peaking time Cube pre-amp: Italian company marketing readout ASIC for SDDs Lower capacitance than standard JFET readout better noise performance; good Si resolution with fast shaping times Available on next-gen SDDs (Ketek, Amptek, Vortex) Pictures and more info: http://www.xglab.it/ New shaping electronics: FalconX from XIA and Xpress3 from Quantum use advanced fitting techniques to lower shaping time MHz rates from standard (JFET) SDDs Images and more info: http://www.xia.com, http://www.quantumdetectors.com Energy resolution vs. count rate for Xpress 3

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Spectroscopy Detectors: Medium-term Improvements MAIA Detector Pixelated Silicon Energy Dispersive Detector by BNL and CSIRO High total count rates via pixilation Energy resolution: ~250 eV Next version incorporates SDDs Can be purchased through CSIRO 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 18 [18] CCD Detectors Can have good energy resolution, lots of pixels, fast frame rates.Could do MHz count rates in single photon counting mode PnCCD: Made by PnDetector (Max Plank Institute) 150 eV resolution; 400 Hz frame rate Novel applications simultaneous XRF and imaging I. Ordavo et al, NIM A 654 (2011) 250-257. http://www.rdmag.com/a ward-winners/2011/08/x- ray-detector-delivers- more-pixels-faster-data http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au /mediarelease/mr11-63.html

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Spectroscopy detectors Future Needs Few eV resolution Higher count rate However, problem of ring repetition rate Xpress3 can do > 3MHz. APS bunch rate in 24-bunch mode is about 6 MHz. Significant pileup problems Really need more detectors, each running at ~1MHz. High energy detector with good resolution and speed Energy resolving pixel-array detector High-speed fluorescence tomography High-speed diffraction using white beam 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 19

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Superconducting Detectors for the APS-U Simultaneous broadband response (e.g., ~200 eV to 12 keV) and energy resolution of less than 3 eV. Resolve essentially all elemental x-ray overlaps and provide a wealth of chemical detail in x- ray spectra. Scanning nanoprobes and spectroscopy (XAS/XES) beamlines. Design Goals 1000-pixels Total area 100 mm 2 Mean Energy resolution 3 eV at 6 keV Total Count rate: 100 kcps Peak-to-background: 10,000:1 (uncollimated) Cryostat hold-time: 7 days Sensor-window distance: 10-15 mm Snout Length: 300-500 mm Snout Diameter: 8 conflat (tappered to accommodate focusing optics) Technology for APS-U Project: Microwave resonator coupled Transition Edge Sensors Combines the multiplexing power of MKIDs (ANL/APS) with the low noise TESs (NIST/SLAC). R&D activities to support this are underway 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 20 NIST Microwave resonator coupled TES

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Diffraction Detectors Figures of merit Pixel size Readout time Energy range Where we were in 1995 Scintillator/photomultiplier for point-detector Online image plate reader, 3 minute readout CCD cameras with scintillator and fiber taper, 2Kx2K with 5 second readout 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 21

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Familiar technology: Pilatus Traditional counting electronics placed in 175 m pixel Reliable, easy to use, low background Count rate limitation: ~1MHz Favorite at APS since debut in 2007 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 22 Hybrid pixel devices: Pixelated sensor + application specific chip = intelligent pixels Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) C. Broenimann, et al. J. Synchrotron Rad. (2006), 13, 120-130. Area Detectors: Current Technology http://necat.chem.cornell.edu/status/Oc tober2011.html

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Bragg peak Anti-Bragg Given a fixed Q rock the sample so the rod cuts through Ewald sphere: provide an accurate measure of the integrated intensity Integrated intensity is corrected for geometrical factors to produce experimental structure factor (F E ) for comparison with theory e.g. lsq model fitting Symmetry equivalents are averaged to reduce the systematic errors Single crystal mineral specimen Q L K H Measurement by rocking scans:

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector slits Int Q LL Measurement by rocking scans:

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Int Q LL Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector slits Measurement by rocking scans:

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Int Q LL Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector slits Measurement by rocking scans:

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction background Integrated Intensity Int Q LL Since rods are slowly varying the width of L has a small effect on resolution. Data integration can be corrected for resolution Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector slits Measurement by rocking scans:

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Pixel array detectors with high dynamic range and fast readout means data collection speedup 10x or more: CTR intersecting Ewald Sphere TDS from nearby Bragg peak CTR intersecting Ewald Sphere Powder ring

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Pixel size 172 x 172 m^2 Active area 83.8 x 33.5 x mm2 Counting rate >2x10^6/pixel/s Energy range 3 30 keV (abs. 100% - 10%) Readout time 2.7 ms Framing rate 200 Hz Power consumption 15 W, air-cooled Dimensions 275 x 146 x 85 mm Weight 4 kg https://www.dectris.com/index.php

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Experimental methods, data collection and reduction PILATUS 100K detector r-Cut Fe 2 O 3 11L Rod

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Chemistry Sample diffusion Crystallization Pulsed Laser Heating in Diamond Anvil Cell

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Pulsed laser heating, gating Pilatus 1 s Goncharov, Prakapenka et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010)

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Pulsed laser heating, gating detectors 1 s Goncharov, Prakapenka et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010) Laser X-ray T, K

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0.2 s Delay, s Synchrotron hybrid fill 500 ns, 88 mA 16 mA

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2600 K 300 K 3600 K Pulsed laser heating Ir at 40 GPa

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Diffraction Detectors: Dectris Eiger 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 36 Slide from C. SchulzeBriese, Eiger Workshop, 2013. Available as download from dectris.com. Smaller pixels, so more required to fill same area as typical Pilatus sensor. 1M Eiger is ~ 80 mm X 80 mm. Less counter depth, but faster image rates. 3kHz @ 12 bits, but 9 kHz @ 4 bits Still has count- rate limitations - ~10 12 /s max on 1M detector

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Diffraction Detectors: Other commercial PADS ADSC Dual Mode PAD Selectable pixel logic single photon counting or ramp counting (quantized integrating) Total of ~32 bits dynamic range 150 m pixel size; 1kHz frame rate Pixirad: Commercial PAD with CdTe sensor Relatively thin sensor efficient to ~100 KeV 60 m hexagonal pixel; 200 Hz image rate More info: http://pixirad.pi.infn.it/ Marie Ruat: Will see many companies marketing CdTe in next few years. 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 37 Images courtesy Ron Hamlin, ADSC Images: http://pixirad.pi.infn.it/

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Exceptional Cases: Custom PADS for the APS New initiative in hybrid pixel detectors for the APS Initial plan: Two integrating detectors emphasizing high frame rates and wide dynamic range: Fermi-Argonne Semiconductor Pixel Array X-ray detector (FASPAX): In-pixel analog storage allows burst frame rate matched to timing mode fill pattern (13 MHz) CDI detector: High dynamic range detector with small pixels (50- 60 m) optimized for coherence-based science (CDI) kHz frame rates 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 38 T. Weber, et al, Applied Crystallography, Vol 4 (2008), pgs. 669-674.

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Imaging Detectors Figures of Merit Pixel size Speed Sensitivity Where we were in 1995 Analog video cameras with frame grabbers Cooled CCD cameras, mechanical shutter, 3 frames/s 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 39

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Absorption Tomography Setup 13-BM-D station at APS X-ray Source Parallel monochromatic x-rays, 7-65 keV APS bending magnet source, 20 keV critical energy 1-50mm field of view in horizontal, up to 6 mm in vertical 1-20 micron resultion, depends on field of view Imaging System YAG or LAG single crystal scintillator 5X to 20X microscope objectives, or zoom/macro lens 1360x1040 pixel CCD camera Data collection Rotate sample 180 degrees, acquire images every 0.25 degrees Data collection time: 3-20 minutes Reconstruction time: 1-2 minutes X-rays Rotation stage Sample Scintillator Microscope objective CCD camera X-rays Visible light

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Degassing and bubble growth at 1 atm X-ray radiography of sample inside furnace, 30x time compression, heating to 600C Tomography after cooling can heat a little, image, heat some more,

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Point Grey Model GS3-U3- 23S6M 1920 x 1200 global shutter CMOS No smear Distortion-free Dynamic range of 73 dB Peak QE of 76% Read noise of 7e- Max frame rate of 162 fps (~400 MB/S, 4X faster than GigE) USB 3.0 interface $1,295 Comparable to PCO Edge and Andor Zyla for 10X less money Imaging Detectors: Current Low-End

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Imaging Detectors: Current High-End PCO DIMAX HS 2277 frames/sec @ 2000x2000 pixels 5469 frames/sec @1440x1050 pixels Complete microtomography dataset in 0.1 second 18GB/s peak, 600 MB/sec sustained ~$100,000 Applications Time-resolved tomography: melting, deformation Life-sciences: respiration Mesoscale physics

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Conclusions Improvements in x-ray sources and detectors have the potential for transformative improvements in x-ray science in 5-10 years Improvements needed in Spatial resolution Temporal resolution Energy resolution, energy range The detector data rates are pushing x-ray science into the realm of big data, where high-energy physics has been for a long time Clear need for major computing infrastructure improvements However, in many cases we need domain-specific solutions because of the diversity of science, where needs are often unique 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 44

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Conclusions Commercial detectors have provided many exciting new capabilities in fields where there is a substantial market Many of these are a spin-off of fields like medical and other non-synchrotron applications There is a role for national labs in developing novel detectors. Hard to know where to put limited resources. But some efforts have had major impacts: Energy-dispersive Si detectors from LBL CCD array detectors for protein crystallography from ANL PSI pixel-array detectors, spun off to Dectris 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 45

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Acknowledgments Robert Bradford, APS Detector Group for many of the slides Peter Eng, GSECARS for surface diffraction Vitali Prakapenka, GSECARS, laser heating in diamond anvil cell 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 46