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STUDY ON BIRD HAZARD AND ITS MITIGATION AT MULTI SECTOR SEZ LOCATED NEAR RGI AIRPORT

APRIL 2018

STUDY ON BIRD HAZARD AND ITS MITIGATION

AT MULTI SECTOR SEZ LOCATED NEAR RGI AIRPORT

PART 1

Principal Investigator : Dr. P.Pramod Co Investigators : Dr. P.V.Karunakaran

: Dr. P.R.Arun ; Dr. Riddhika Kalle

: Dr. T. Ramesh Junior Research Biologists : Mr. Yogesh Waghmare : Mr. Shantanu Nagpure

Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, (A Centre of Excellence under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India)

Anaikkatty, P.O.Coimbatore 641108 April 2018

2 |P a g e I n t e r i m R e p o r t

Contents

1 Executive Summary 3

2 Introduction 5

3 Study Area 6

4 The Problem 6

5 Methodology 7

6 Results: Vegetation and Floristics 8

7 Results: Bird Community 12

8 Discussion & Conclusion Bird movements and concerns to aircraft movment 14

9 References 15

10 Tables 16

11 Maps and Photos 25


Study on bird hazard and its mitigation at the Multi Sector SEZ located near RGI Airport

Executive Summary

GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited approached SACON with a request to study the bird

community of the Multi Sector SEZ located near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA),

Hyderabad to comprehensively study the possible threat to the aircraft movement due to the activities

proposed at the SEZ area. This request was as per the direction of the Environment Appraisal

Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC),

Government of India. When a proposal for the up-gradation of the existing sector specific SEZ to

Multi sector SEZ was given to the Ministry, EAC observed that the “bird hazard” may be a serious

concern for aviation sector and a comprehensive study must be conducted by a reputed institution

such as SACON, not just for airport, but also for SEZ areas, especially due the fact that multi-sector

SEZ can attract birds and if not planned well, can have serious risks to aircrafts”. After the agreement

of Study signed between SACON and GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited, SACON’s team of

researchers visited the locations and initiated the study.

During the field visits to the facilities, the study team received all the details about the project from

the officials and also got opportunity to examine the relevant documents. The GMR Aerospace Park

situated near the RGI airport within 2-3 kilometers from the centre of runway and contains several

facilities primarily related to the aviation sector. It has a 253.85 special economic zone (SEZ), which

includes a 20-acre Free Trade and Warehousing Zone, as well as a Domestic Tariff Area. The SEZ is

already in existence and has an environmental clearance.

The expansion project involves conversion of Aviation SEZ to Multi sector SEZ. The proposed

conversion is within the aviation SEZ land has already been in possession and converted to industrial

use. The said project is explained to us as an up-gradation of the existing sector specific SEZ to Multi

sector SEZ to meet the business feasibility and industrial interests received from prospective SEZ

customers. The proposal for the change of Aviation SEZ to Multi Sector SEZ will have industrial

units/activities relating to aviation, gems & jewellery, electronic assembly, IT Service, formulation of

pharma, mechanical & electrical engineering units, office building & support facilities & utilities etc.

The scope of the study is limited to the following terms of reference agreed upon:


Documentation of Baseline avifauna data of SEZ area including RGIA area.

Assessment of Bird Hazard to the Hyderabad airport from the perspective of proposed multi sector

SEZ and suggest bird hazard mitigation and management options for the RGIA and SEZ covering

the following aspects:

o General bird species composition at project site

o Bird movement patterns between SEZ and Runway areas

o Identification of important roosting and nesting sites within project areas

o Study on how additional infrastructure of SEZ affect bird composition and presence and will

that lead to aviation risk if any

o Provide bird presence and movement pattern on a map clearly showing SEZ and Runway

areas

o If found any significant bird movement/presence suggest mitigation measures.

This Part 1 report presents a quick review of the bird community of SEZ area, their habitat

characteristics and its potential threat to the aircrafts if any in RGI Airport, Hyderabad. The

comprehensive study report covering all aspects of bird hazards to the RGI Airport will be submitted

at Part II at the end of the project period.

During the study period, we have collected some pre-existing data on the bird activity of the airport

airside area from RGIA Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Management (BASHM) team. However there

was no such data from the SEZ area. Hence preliminary observations and data collection was

conducted for about a month concentrating only on SEZ area. Eighty nine species of birds were

recorded from SEZ area during the study. As per site there are very few bird movements in the SEZ

area which at present has little to do with the commercial facilities available in the area. Present data

of bird community of the area were collected from semi-wild and degraded vegetation available in the

land. When converted and unconverted land areas were compared, bird species and population was

found to be more in natural and unconverted area. Considering the line of changes expected in the

proposed expansion area, the populations of birds are only going to be less and we expect decrease in

any bird hazard to aircraft due to these proposed activities. However there are incidental observations

which are not connected to SEZ which can be a serious threat to the future bird hazard to the aircraft

in RGI Airport, Hyderabad. Hence, the study will continue for the next four months as per the

agreement to give a comprehensive review (as Part II report ) of all aspects of bird hazards within

RGIA area and its premises.


INTRODUCTION

Birds pose a serious threat to aviation safety. Since the early days of aviation, collisions of

aircraft and birds have taken place, sometimes with fatal consequences. Generally, the

damage increases with the size and weight of the bird species involved and the aircraft speed

and impact location. Also large flocking birds are considered to be the greatest threat to

aircrafts (Birds control at Airport, 1999). Studies on bird-strikes to aircraft in India are

limited. According to Indian Air Force, that there was an almost equal chance that they could

lose a pilot and/or aircraft from the birds strike as from combat. (Aravind, et al 2014).

Hyderabad is one of the largest cities in India and is the capital of Telangana state.

Hyderabad city has two airports, first is Begumpet Airport or Old Hyderabad airport, which

was used for International and Domestic flights, was overtaken in air traffic by the second

airport, Rajiv Gandhi International airport which was opened in March 2008. Rajiv Gandhi

International airport (R.G.I. Airport) is a joint venture comprising GMR Group, Airport

Authority of India, Government of Telangana and Malaysia Airport Holding, Berhad. R.G.I.

Airport is Public Private Partnership model (PPP); it is located in Shamshabad about 24

kilometers from the Hyderabad city and lies in Southern part of city. R.G.I. Airport is the

sixth busiest airport by passenger traffic with yearly aircraft movement of 1, 43,114. The

airport has one passenger terminal, a cargo terminal and two runways.

Runway 09L/27R: 3,707 by 45 metres (12,162 ft × 148 ft).

Runway 09R/27L: 4,260 by 60 metres (13,980 ft × 200 ft), ILS equipped.

GMR Aerospace Park is situated at the Eastern most tip of the runway of RGIA. The GMR

Aerospace Park contains several facilities primarily related to the aviation sector. As the bird

hazard is a serious concern for aviation sector, the survey of flora and fauna has to be carried

out due to the fact that expansion of aviation SEZ can become habitat of birds and other

animals if not planned well and can have a serious risk to aircrafts. The present study is a

comprehensive evaluation of the bird diversity, its habitats and their activities with respect to

SEZ & its surrounding and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport and its surrounding with the

following objectives:

1. Study the bird species composition in and around airport area with focus on multipurpose SEZ area.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system


2. Study the bird movement patterns between SEZ and runway with regard to the bird hazard to aircrafts.

3. Identify important roosting and nesting sites within and near project areas

4. Identify how additional infrastructures and activities of SEZ affect bird composition and habitat that lead to aviation risk.

5. Develop comprehensive mitigation plans for the bird hazard to aircraft if any.

STUDY AREA

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) is located in Shamshabad, about 24 kilometres

south of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. Geographically it is located between

170 15’ 13.85”to 170 13’ 46” N and 780 23’ 17.25” to 780 27’ 52.68” E at an elevation of

617 m from MSL.

During our study (Part 1 report), we were focused on SEZ (Special Economic Zone) area

which is located near to the RGI airport. SEZ area comes near the two km radius from center

of runway and lies between 2km and 5km radius area. The GMR Aerospace Park contains

several facilities primarily related to the aviation sector. It has a 253.85 acre special economic

zone (SEZ), which includes a 20-acre Free Trade and Warehousing Zone, as well as

a domestic tariff area. The expansion project involves conversion of Aviation SEZ to Multi

sector SEZ at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. The proposed conversion is within the

approved aviation SEZ and land has already been in possession and converted to industrial

use. The said project is an up-gradation of the existing sector specific SEZ to Multi sector

SEZ to meet the business feasibility and industrial interests received from prospective SEZ

customers. The proposal is for the change of Aviation SEZ to Multi Sector SEZ that will have

industrial units/activities relating to aviation, gems & jewellery, electronic assembly, IT Service,

formulation of pharma, mechanical & electrical engineering units, office building & support facilities

& utilities etc.. No additional land is required as part of the proposed conversion. Entire

development will take place within the approved SEZ area of 253.85 acres.

THE PROBLEM

GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited paced a proposal for the up-gradation of the existing

Aviation SEZ to Multi Sector SEZ in the same area of 253.85 acres at Rajiv Gandhi International


Airport in Shamsabad, District Rangareddy (Telangana). The proposed Multi-Sector SEZ would be

housing industrial units/activities relating to aviation, , gems & jewellery, electronic assembly, IT

Service, formulation of pharma, mechanical & electrical engineering units, office building & support

facilities & utilities etc.. Though the SEZ has an environmental clearance, Environment Appraisal

Committee of the MOEFCC observed that the “bird hazard is a serious concern for aviation sector and

comprehensive study must be done by a reputed institution such as SACON, not just for airport, but

also for SEZ areas, especially due the fact that multi-sector SEZ can attract birds and if not planned

well, can have serious risks to aircrafts”. Hence, GMR Hyderabad Aviation SEZ Limited has

approached SACON for conducting a comprehensive bird study in the RGIA with special emphasis

on SEZ area in a period of six months. The study has two Parts 1 for SEZ as “Study on bird hazard

and its mitigations at multi sector SEZ located near RGIAirport” and Part II as “Comprehensive

review of bird hazard management at RGIA”, SACON completed the investigation &inventory of

birds and vegetation at SEZ area as the first phase and presenting here the Part 1report with a focus on

SEZ area.

METHODOLOGY

Field Methods

Field research methods which are being employed in this include the collection of data on various

ecological aspects including identification of birds in the airfield and SEZ, their movements over time

and space, study of land-cover, land-use and plant community composition. GIS mapping and a brief

assessment of landscape characteristics, vegetation and water bodies in and around the airport for

about 10 km radius would be conducted along with the bird activity monitoring in the entire landscape

with the focus on the airfield.

Study of Bird community and movement

The study employs the systematic inventory of all the bird species present in the airport area through

systematic observation and recording using random search, point counts and transect count methods.

Among the birds available in the airport environment all the species are not having a history of

causing bird hazards. So the data on number, activity pattern and behaviour of each bird species are

being collected systematically. Point counts of birds (Reynolds et al., 1980) are the most widely

used quantitative method, which involve an observer recording birds from a single point for a

standardized time period.

Fifteen minute counts of birds in each point are conducted in representatively selected points for the

comprehensive study in the study area. Birds which were observed to be roosting/resting or involved


in any activities including flying ahead in each of the site were recorded. For population assessment,

counting of birds is being conducted equally in two observation windows such as 6.00 – 10.00 hrs,

and 14.00-18.00 hrs.

Many species were detected while travelling to and from survey points, or outside standard survey

times or survey sites. Birds were identified opportunistically either by their call or by their

appearance. All of these sightings, their locations, dates and time were recorded. All the survey points

and locations were mapped with the help of GPS mapping. All associated weather and landscape

parameters were recorded along with the bird observation.

Plant Community Composition

A floristic inventory of habitat was carried out in the SEZ area. The plant species identified with the

help of available regional flora. The confirmation of species identification was carried out through

consulting herbarium repositories in Botanical Survey of India (BSI) and Institute of Forest Genetics

and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) and online resources.

RESULTS

The diversity and life of birds in any location is primarily dependent on the resources

available for them in the areas in terms of food, nesting places and safe refuge in the location.

Vegetation and flora of the area is the primary determining factor in this case. So here the

primary results are presented in two titles of plant community and bird community with the

concluding discussion on the significant observations of bird community movements.

VEGETATION AND FLORISTICS

The vegetation of the area falls under the dry mixed deciduous forest type. The original forest

type of the area was highly modified as part of the creation of International Airport and

Special Economic Zone. Hence only sites with sparse representation of the trees and shrubs

are found in the SEZ. Out of the total 100 ha of SEZ, vegetation has been almost nil from all

the plots (the SEZ has been divided into smaller plots) for the multi-sectoral agencies to come

and establish their industrial/economic units. In some areas, only grasslands are prevailing

and at certain pockets, the planted (e.g., Leucaena leucocephala) trees and other native

species are left. The tree species found area Bauhinia racemosa, Butea monosperma,

Leucaena leucocephala, Casia, Catunaregam spinosa, Acacia leucophloea, Acacia nilotica,

Albizia amara, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Diospyros melanoxylon, Flacourtia indica, Pongamia


10%

49%17%

24%

Figure 1. Habit wise representation of species

Climber

Herb

Shrub

Tree

pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Lannea coromandelica, and Tectona grandis are the common tree

species found in the area. The shrub stratum is predominantly represented by Zizyphus

mauritiana. Dodonea viscosa, Zizyphus oenoplea, Breynia retusa, Bridelia montana, Grewia

oppositifolia, Naringi crenulata, Scutia myrtina, Vitex negundo, Flueggea leucopyrus,

Carissa carandas, Lantana camara, and Jatropha gossypifolia. The herbaceous flora was

dominated with grasses and other woody species such as Boerhavia diffusa, Blumea lacera,

Crotalaria laburnifolia, Indigo feralinnaei, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sida acuta,

Euphorbia hirta, Crotalaria laburnifolia, Polycarpaea corymbosa, etc. The common grass

species found are Heteropogon contortus, Apluda mutica, Themeda quadrivalivis and Chloris

barbata.

Floral inventory was carried out by perambulating the entire special economic zone (SEZ)

area. The SEZ area was divided into several plots and vegetation at some of the plots was

completely nil & paving way for construction. Hence species which were distributed scantily

could be available for documentation. Similarly being summer season, few of the herbaceous

elements of the flora are dried and could not be identifiable and even in the small wetland

area (which is dried up now), there were no hydrophytes. The Specimens of plant species

were collected and identified with the help of available literatures Pullaiahet al (1992);

Pullaiahet al., (2007) and Pullaiah and Karuppusamay (2008). The online resources such as

E-floras (http://www.efloras.org), International Plant Names Index (http://ipni.org), The

Annual Checklist of Worlds Plants (http://.sp2000.org) and The Plant List

(www.theplantlist.org) were also consulted for background information, authentication and

rechecking.

Floristic composition

The inventory of different micro

habitats in the SEZ area indicated that

the area is moderately rich in plant

species richness. The present inventory

recorded a total of 104 flowering plant

species under 95 genera belonging to

38 families (Table 1). The habit wise

distribution of species indicated that


among the recorded species, 49% are herbs, 24% are trees, 17% are shrubs, and 10% are

climbers and stragglers (Figure 1). Of the herbs, 13 species (27%) are grasses.

Out of the 104 flowering plant species recorded, only one species is categorized under

endangered (Santalum album), and one under vulnerable (Narengi crenulata) The species

Santalum album was found along the boundary wall of the SEZ, Similarly the species

N.crenulataalso was recorded from the already wooded region earmarked as Green Zone in

the SEZ.

Among the 38 reported in the study area, the family Poaceae and Fabaceae are the dominant

one with 12 species each, followed by Asteraceae(11 species) and Euphorbiaceae (7 species).

Rhamnaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Boraginaceaeare represented by 3 species each.

(Figure2). The other plant families recorded with significant number of species are

Euphorbiaceae (7 species), Mimosaceae(6 species) and Convolvulaceae (5 species).Out of the

38 families, 17 are monotypic families and nine families are represented with two species

each (Table1).

The common tree species found in the forest are Acacia nilotica, Albizia amara, Bauhinia

racemose, Butea monosperma, Commipphora berryi, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Diospyros

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Fabaceae

Poaceae

Asteraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Mimosaceae

Convolvulace…

Boraginaceae

Lamiaceae

Rhamnaceae

Amaranthace…

Figure 2. Family wise distribution of speices


montana, Flacourtia indica, Leucaena leucocephala, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Pongamia

pinnata, Tectona grandisand Azadirachta indica.

Medicinal Plants

The present study area has moderate rich assemblage of medicinal plants. About 57 species

are reported to have medicinal properties. Some important medicinal plants recorded are,

Alternanthera sessilis, Amaranthus viridis, Azadirachta indica, Boerhavia diffusa,

Cardiospermum halicacabum, Abrus precatorius, Acacia nilotica, Cissus quadrangularis,

Cynodon dactylon, Euphorbia hirta, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Bridelia montana, Bauhinia

racemose, Hemidesmus indicus, (Table 1). Nevertheless no collection of medicinal plants for

livelihood is being carried out by local people from this area.

The vegetation of the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Multipurpose SEZ area is

dominated by dry grasslands and scrub lands. The grasslands are dominated by tall

unpalatable species (E.g. Apluda mutica) and the scrub lands are completely degraded. Most

of the area was earlier plated with Pongamia pinnata, and Leucaena leucocephala. The

wetlands present in the denoted green area are seasonal in nature and do not support any

aquatic flora during the dry season. The preponderance of herbaceous vegetation with

secondary species and lack of endemic species indicated that the habitat is highly modified

by human interventions.


30%

70%

Figure 3: Birds of the Airside withing RGI Airport

Aquatic

Terrestrial

41%

9%11%

7%

30%

2%

Figure 4: Bird Diversity in the RGI Airport in Feeding Guilds

Carnivorous

Frugivorous

Insectivorous

Granivorous

Omnivorous

Piscivorous

BIRD COMMUNITY

Table 2 shows the list

of birds recorded by the

Bird Aircraft Strike

Hazard Management

(BASHM) Team of

RGIA (data provided

by the BASHM team)

within the Airside area

of the airport. The list

shows significant

percent of wetland birds

(30%) in the airside

area (figure 3) probably

because of the temporary water bodies in the airside. The feeding guild split up of the bird

community shows a dominance of carnivores against the insectivores. This again is probably

due to the dominance of water birds in the area (Figure 4).

The team of SACON

carried out a quick field

observation in month of

March 2018 in the SEZ

area, and recorded total

of 89 bird species, 4

mammals and 4 reptiles.

The total 89 bird species

(Table 3) represents 43

families. The number of

species of birds belong

to different families are

given in figure 5. As it

shows, family Ardeidae, dominate with 6 species and families Phasianidae, Columbidae,


27%

7%

9%30%

2%

23%

2%

Figure 6: Bird diversity of SEZ area in Feeding Guilds

CarnivorousFrugivorousGranivorousInsectivorousNectarivorousOmnivorousPiscivorous

Sylvidae, Sturnidae and Muscicapidae follows it with 4 species each; the next ones are

Accipitridae, Scolopacidae, Cuculidae, Cornidae, Cistiolidae, Timaliidae and Motacillidae

with 3 species each. (Table 3, Figure 5)

Out of 89 bird species, 30% of them are Insectivorous, 23% are Omnivorous, 9%

Granivorous7% Frugivorous, and 2% are Nectivorous and Piscivorous each(Figure 6). SEZ

area has different micro-habitat like Openlands, Grasslands, some small water bodies and

small patch of forest cover, which provide food and shelter for this birds.

According to the

Conservation status

of birds species of

SEZ area by IUCN

shows that 97% of

birds comes under

Least Concern

category, 2% is

Near Threatened

category and only one (Woolly Necked Stork) species comes under Vulnerable category.

During the survey we have also recorded four species of reptiles and four species of

mammals from the SEZ area. Of the four reptiles, two are Lizards- Oriental Garden Lizard

and South India Rock Agama; one is Brook’s House Gecko; one is Bronze Grass Skink

(Table 4). SEZ also has Three-striped Palm Squirrel, Black-naped Hare, Indian flying Fox,

House Rat (Table 5).

4

12

1

6

23

2 23

4

1

3

12 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12

1 1 1

32 2 2

34

34 4

12

1 12

3

Figure 5: Bird diversity of SEZ area in Family division


Bird Movements and concerns to Aircraft movements

The existing commercial establishments or the proposed ones do not have any provisions

which can potentially offer any safe haven for the birds. The bird community observed and

recorded in the area is the regular and expected community in such habitat.

It is also observed that the existing non built-up areas when converted to the proposed

commercial establishments, the wild vegetation and weeds are expected to be eliminated

from the area and this may lead to local displacement of the many existing birds which are

dependent on such resources. So these proposed activities are not likely to increase

population of birds this area.

Across India in most of the airports, Lapwings are identified as one of the main problematic

birds with regard to the bird hazard to aircraft. About 30+ individuals of Red-wattled

Lapwings of the SEZ area were observed flying from SEZ towards runway and vice versa.

When the remaining unused open lands of SEZ get converted to commercial area, these birds

may lose their breeding ground.

Flocks of Blue Rock Pigeons are found roosting on main building of GMR Aerospace

Company in SEZ area. This can become a potential threat (if not considered carefully from

the beginning). For this, appropriate architectural and ecological consultations should be

done while developing the new buildings with a view to avoid roosting facilities to these

gregariously flocking birds.

Concluding remark: Bird community of the proposed SEZ area near RGI Airport, Hyderabad, was studied with their

habitat characteristics and its potential threat to the aircrafts if any over a month. Based on the

observations and finding of this study any potential danger to the aircraft operations at RGI airport

from the proposed SEZ is not expected.


REFERENCES

Arvind, S., Ganesh, B., Mousia, R., Vignesh, S., Optimization of Bird Hazard Reduction

in Coimbatore International Airport. Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research,

2014, 1:5, 21-25.

Bird Control at Airport, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management,

Government of Netherlands, 1999.

Carlton, C., Bird Survey Methods Baseline, National Park Association of NSW, Australia.

Pullaiah T and Karuppusamy S. 2008. Flora of Andhra Pradesh (India) Vol V. Scientific

Publisher, Jodhpur India.Pp 628

Pullaiah T., Ramamurthy K.S. and Karuppusamy S. 2007. Flora of Eastern Ghats – Hills of

South East India. Vol III. Regency Publications, New Delhi. Pp340.

Pullaiah T., PrasannaP.V..andObulesu G.1992. Flora of Adilabad District (Andhra

Pradesh).CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.Pp 284.

Reynolds, R.T., J. M. Scott and R. A. Nussbaum. 1980. A Variable Circular-Plot Method for

Estimating Bird Numbers The Condor Vol. 82, No. 3. pp. 309-313

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/envis_specia_habitat_threatened_plants_india

.pdf

http://www.efloras.org

http://ipni.org

http://sp2000.org

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/envis_specia_habitat_threatened_plants_india.pdf

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/envis_specia_habitat_threatened_plants_india.pdf

http://www.efloras.org/

http://ipni.org/

http://sp2000.org/


TABLES


Table 1. List of Plant Species recorded from SEZ area of RG International Airport, Hyderabad

List of Plant Species Medicinal

IUCN S.No Species Family Habit

1 Abrus precatoriusL Fabaceae Climber * 2 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree

3 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. ssp. Indica Mimosaceae Tree *

4 Acacia mangiumWilld Mimosaceae Tree 5 Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree 6 Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin Mimosaceae Tree * 8 Alternanthera sessilis(L.) R.Br. ex. DC Amaranthaceae Herb * 7 Alternanthera tenella Amaranthaceae Herb * 9 Amaranthes spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb * 10 Ammania baccifera L. Lythraceae Herb 11 Apluda muticaL. Poaceae Herb 12 Argemone mexicanaL Papaveraceae Herb 13 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Herb 14 Azadirachta indicaA.Juss. Meliaceae Tree * 15 Bauhinia racemosaL. Ceasalpinaceae Tree * 16 Blumea mollis(D.Don) Merr. Asteraceae Herb 17 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC Asteraceae Herb 18 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb * 19 Borassus flabellifer L Arecaceae Tree * 20 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. Poaceae Herb 21 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 22 Bridelia Montana Willd. Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 23 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Tree * 24 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Asclepidaceae Shrub * 25 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Climber * 26 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Shrub * 27 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Rubiaceae Shrub 28 Chloris barbataSw. Poaceae Herb * 29 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Poaceae Herb * 30 Commiphora berryi(Arn.) Engl. Burseraceae Tree 31 Conyza strictaWilld. Asteraceae Herb 32 Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Herb * 33 Crisium arvensis (L.) Scop. Asteraceae Herb 34 Crotalaria laburnifolia L. Fabaceae Herb 35 Cuscuta reflexaRoxb. Convolvulaceae Climber * 36 Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. &Thoms. Menispermaceae Climber * 37 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperaceae Herb * 38 Dalbergia lanceolariaL. Fabaceae Tree 39 Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Ettingsh. Loranthaceae Herb 40 Desmodium alysicarpoides van Meeuwen Fabaceae Herb *


41 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight &Arn. Mimosaceae Tree * 42 Digitaria ciliaris(Retz.) Koel. Poaceae Herb 43 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Poaceae Herb 44 Diospyros montanaRoxb. Ebenaceae Tree * 45 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae Shrub * 46 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. in Wight Asteraceae Herb * 47 Eragrostis maderaspatana Bor. Poaceae Herb 48 Erythroxylum monogynumRoxb. Erythroxylaceae Shrub 49 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Herb 50 Euphorbia hirta L Euphorbiaceae Herb * 51 Evolvulusal sinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb * 52 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae Tree 53 Flueggea leucopyrusWilld. Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 54 Grewia oppositifoliaBuch.-Ham. exRoxb. Tiliaceae Shrub 55 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Herb * 56 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Asclepidaceae Climber *

57 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. exRoem. &Schult Poaceae Herb *

58 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae Tree * 59 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb * 60 Indigo feralinnaei Ali, Bot. Fabaceae Herb * 61 Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &Schult. Convolvulaceae Climber * 62 Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Smith Rubiaceae Tree 63 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub * 64 Kyllinga brevifoliaRottb. Cyperaceae Herb 65 Laggera alata (D.Don) Sch.-Bip. ex Oliver Asteraceae Herb 66 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub * 67 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb * 68 Leucaena leucocephala Lam. Fabaceae Tree 69 Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Climber 70 Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhat Convolvulaceae Climber 71 Mucuna pruriens (L.) Fabaceae Climber * 72 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Shrub * 73 Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Rutaceae Shrub V 74 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb

75 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne Fabaceae Tree

76 Pennisetum hohenackeriHochst. ex Steud. Poaceae Herb 77 Persicaria glabra(Willd.) Gomez de la Polygonaceae Herb 78 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Tree * 79 Phyllanthus amarus Schum. &Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Herb * 80 Polycarpaea corymbosa(L.) Lam. Caryophyllaceae Herb * 81 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Tree * 82 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Tree 83 Santalum album L. Santalaceae Tree * En 84 Scutia myrtina (Burm. f.) Kurz Rhamnaceae Shrub


85 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Ceasalpinaceae Shrub 86 Sida acuta Burm Malvaceae Herb * 87 Solanum pubescensWilld. Solanaceae Herb * 88 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Anacardaceae Tree * 89 Sopubia trifidaBuch.-Ham. ex D. Don Scrophulariaceae Herb 90 Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. Fabaceae Herb 91 Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae Tree * 92 Themeda triandra Forssk. Poaceae Herb 93 Themeda quadrivalivis L. Poaceae Herb

94 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. in Ann. Menispermaceae Climber *

95 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Boraginaceae Herb 96 Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. Boraginaceae Herb 97 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb * 98 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Shrub * 99 Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae Shrub * 100 Waltheria indica L Malvaceae Herb 101 Wedelia chinensis(Osbeck) Merr. Asteraceae Herb * 102 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Herb 103 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree * 104 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Shrub *

Table 2. Bird Species reported from Airside area of RGIAirport

Sr. No.

Common Name Scientific Name Family Status (IUCN

)

Status (WPA)

Feeding

Guilt 1 Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra Timaliidae LC Sch 4 I 2 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata Timaliidae LC Sch 4 O 3 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae LC Sch 4 I 4 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae LC Sch 4 F 5 Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus Turnicidae LC Sch 4 O 6 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae LC Sch 4 P 7 Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus Corvidae LC Sch 4 O 8 Common Hawk

Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius Cuculidae LC Sch 4 C

9 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 10 Laughing Dove Stigmatopella senegalensis Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 11 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Dicroridae LC Sch 4 O 12 Indian Spot-billed

Duck Anas poecilorhyncha Anatidae LC Sch 4 O


13 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica Anatidae LC Sch 4 O 14 Common Pochard Aythya ferina Anatidae VU Sch 4 O 15 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 16 Laggar Falcon Falco jugger Falconidae NT Sch 4 C 17 Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 18 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 19 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 20 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae LC Sch 4 I 21 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Threskiornithidae LC Sch 4 C 22 Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae LC Sch 4 C 23 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falconidae LC Sch 4 C 24 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae LC Sch 4 C 25 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Alcedinidae LC Sch 4 C 26 White-throated

Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae LC Sch 4 C 27 Black Kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p

3 C 28 Brahminy Kite Haliastus Indus Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p

3 C 29 Blacked-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p

3 C 30 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C 31 Yellow-wattled

Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C 32 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 33 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 34 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Caprimulgidae LC Sch 4 I 35 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae LC Sch 1, p

3 O 36 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Psittacidae LC Sch 4 F 37 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Psittacidae LC Sch 4 F 38 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae LC G 39 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 40 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 41 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Coraciidae LC Sch 4 C


42 Shikra Accipiter badius Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p 3 C

43 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae LC Sch 4 G 44 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus Sturnidae LC Sch 4 F

Table 3: Avifaunal Diversity of SEZ area near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

Sr. No.

Common Name Scientific Name Family Status (IUCN

)

Status (WPA)

Feeding

Guilt 1 Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 2 Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 3 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica Phasianidae LC Sch 4 O 4 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae LC Sch 1, p

3 O 5 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Podicipedidae LC Sch 4 C 6 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Ciconiidae NT Sch 4 C 7 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus Ciconiidae VU Sch 4 C 8 Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae NT Sch 4 C 9 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C

10 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 11 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 12 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 13 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 14 Little Egret Egretta garzetta Ardeidae LC Sch 4 C 15 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae LC Sch 4 P 16 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocoracidae LC Sch 4 P 17 Blacked-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p

3 C 18 Black Kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p

3 C 19 Shikra Accipiter badius Accipitridae LC Sch 1, p

3 C 20 White-breasted

Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 21 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Rallidae LC Sch 4 O 22 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C


23 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Charadriidae LC Sch 4 C 24 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Scolopacidae LC Sch 4 C 25 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae LC Sch 4 C 26 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Scolopacidae LC Sch 4 C 27 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae LC G 28 Eurasian Collared

Dove Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 29 Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 30 Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis Columbidae LC Sch 4 G 31 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Psittacidae LC Sch 4 F 32 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Cuculidae LC Sch 4 O 33 Blue-faced Malkoha Rhopodytes viridirostris Cuculidae LC Sch 4 O 34 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Cuculidae LC Sch 4 C 35 Spotted Owlet Athene brama Strigidae LC Sch 4 C 36 Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus Caprimulgidae LC Sch 4 I 37 Jerdon's Nightjar Caprimulgus atripennis Caprimulgidae LC Sch 4 I 38 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Apodidae LC Sch 4 I 39 Little Swift Apus affinis Apodidae LC Sch 4 I 40 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae LC Sch 4 I 41 White-throated

Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae LC Sch 4 C 42 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae LC Sch 4 I 43 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris Bucerotidae LC Sch 4 C 44 Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus Astamidae LC Sch 4 I 45 Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla Picidae LC Sch 4 I 46 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Aegithinidae LC Sch 4 I 47 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Campephagidae LC Sch 4 I 48 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Laniidae LC Sch 4 C 49 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach Laniidae LC Sch 4 C 50 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Dicroridae LC Sch 4 O 51 Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo Oriolidae LC Sch 4 F 52 Asian Paradise-

flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Monarchidae LC Sch 4 I


53 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Corvidae LC Sch 4 O 54 Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus Corvidae LC Sch 4 O 55 House Crow Corvus splendens Corvidae LC Sch 5 O 56 Dusky Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne concolor Hirundinidae LC Sch 4 I 57 Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica Hirundinidae LC Sch 4 I 58 Rufous-tailed Lark Ammomanes phoenicura Alaudidae LC Sch 4 O 59 Ashy-crowned

Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grises Alaudidae LC Sch 4 O 60 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae LC Sch 4 F 61 White-browed Bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus Pycnonotidae LC Sch 4 F 62 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Cisticolidae LC Sch 4 I 63 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Cisticolidae LC Sch 4 I 64 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Cisticolidae LC Sch 4 O 65 Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 66 Booted Warbler Iduna caligata Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 67 Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 68 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Sylviidae LC Sch 4 I 69 Tawny-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra Timaliidae LC Sch 4 I 70 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata Timaliidae LC Sch 4 O 71 Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense Timaliidae LC Sch 4 O 72 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 73 Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 74 Brahminy Starling Sturnia pogadarum Sturnidae LC Sch 4 O 75 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus Sturnidae LC Sch 4 F 76 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 77 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 78 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 79 Tickell's Blue

Flowerpecker Cyornis tickeiliae Muscicapidae LC Sch 4 I 80 Pale-billed

Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Dicaeidae LC Sch 4 F 81 Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica Nectariniidae LC Sch 4 N 82 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Nectariniidae LC Sch 4 N


83 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae LC Sch 4 G 84 Baya Weaver Pioceus philippinus Ploceidae LC Sch 4 G 85 Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica Estrildidae LC Sch 4 G 86 Red Munia Amandava amandava Estrildidae LC Sch 4 G 87 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Motacillidae LC Sch 4 I 88 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Motacillidae LC Sch 4 I 89 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus Motacillidae LC Sch 4 I

*Note: WPA- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 LC- Least Concern; NT- Near Threatened; VU-

Vulnerable; Sch- Schedule; p- Part; O- Omnivorous; C-Carnivorous; I-Insectivorous; P-

Piscivorous; F-Frugivorous; G-Granivorous; N-Nectarivorous.

Table 4: Reptilian Diversity of SEZ area near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

Sr.No Common Name Scientific Name 1 Oriental Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor 2 Bronze Grass Skink Eutropis macularia 3 Brook’s House Gecko Hemidactylus brookii 4 South India Rock Agama Psammophilus dorsalis

Table 5: Mammalian Diversity of SEZ area near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport.

Sr.No Common Name Scientific Name 1 Three-striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum 2 Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 Indian flying Fox Pteropus giganteus 4 House Rat Rattus rattus


MAPS &PHOTOS


SEZ area – A view


The distance from center of Runway to SEZ area with 2km and 5 km radial rings


Map showing present built-up area of SEZ


GMR AeroSpace Company


Points ofbird count conducted in SEZ area at R.G. I. Airport.


Egrets flying across SEZ from South to North in Evening on 21th March 2018

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