: anti-doping testing procedures

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ANTIDOP

INGTEST

INGPROC

EDURE

ANALYSISOFSAM

PLE

LECTURESOUTLINE:

1.Definitionofdoping

andinadvertentdoping

2.Worldanti-dopingc

ode

3.Prohib

itedsubstancesandprohibitedmethods

4.Examplesofprohib

itedsubstanc

esandprohib

ited

metho

ds

5.Anti-dopingtestingprocedures.

6.Urineandbloodsamplesanalysis.


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DOPING

The

useofchem

ical,syntheticornaturally

occurring,substanceswhich

artificially

imp

rovethephy

sicalorpsyc

hological

eve

nt.

Use

ofsubstanc

esand/ormethods

prohibitedunderasportsan

ti-dopingrule.

Dop

ingcontrave

nestheethicsofsportand

medicalscience

.


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Inadvertentdoping

Occurswhenanathletetakesa

medicationto

treataninjuryorillnesswithoutrealizingtha

tit

containsaprohibitedsubstance.

Anti-dopingpolicies-theprincipleofstrictliability

athlete

sarerespon

sibleforany

banned

substa

ncesfoundintheirbody.

athlete

sarerespon

sibleforche

ckingthestatusof

allsub

stancesandmedications

theyconsumed.

ignoranceisnoexcuse.


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Prohibitedsubstancesan

dmethods

TheWorldAnti-DopingC

ode

WorldAnti-dop

ingAgency(WADA

)

Prohibitedsubstancesa

ndprohibited

meth

ods

Listr

evieweda

ndupdatedannually

LatestThe2

008ProhibitedList

(effective1January200

8)


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Examples

Prohibited

substances:

1.

Anabo

licagents

2.

Diuretics

3.

Narcotics

4.

Peptid

ehormones,m

imeticsandanalogues

5.

Stimulants

6.

Agentswithanti-oestrogenicactivity

7.

Maskingagents

Prohibited

methods:

1.

Enhan

cementofoxygentransfer

2.

Genedoping

3.

Pharm

acological,physicalandphysicalmanipulaton


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Anti-do

pingTestingProcedure

s

Twobasicsteps:

1.

Theat

hleteselectionandthesam

plecollection

(urine

onlyorcombinedbloodan

durine).

2.

Thesa

mpleanalysisandthereportingofthe

analys

isresults.


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Athlete

Selection

Athlete

scanbeselectedforadrugtest,anytime,

anywh

ere.

Notifie

dinperson,b

ytelephoneorbywrittenn

otice.

During

competition(In-Competitiontests)

During

thetrainingperiods(Out-O

f-Competitio

n


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Urines

amplec

ollection

Procedureforsam

plecollectionisthesamefor

thein-orout-of-competitionte

sts.

1.Afterthecompetitionorduringthetraining,the

selectedathleteisnotifiedandaccompanie

dto

theDopingContro

lStationbytheresponsible

.

2.Theofficerwillrecordtheathle

tesdetailso

na

notificationform.T

heathletew

illsignthefo

rm

andbeprovidedacopy.

3.Theathletecandrinkfromsealedcontainers

non-alcoholic,caffeine-freedrinks.


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4.When

he/sheisre

adytogiveasample,the

athletewillbeask

edtoselectasample

collec

tionvessels.

5.Thea

thletewillbe

askedtoprovideaurine

samp

leinthepresenceanddirectobserva

tionof

thechaperonewh

oisthesam

egenderasthe

athlete.

6.Afterhavingprovidedtherequ

iredamountof

urine(usually80m

l),theathle

teselectsapairof

sealedsamplecontainers,pou

rstwothirds

of

theurine(not


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7.Theanti-dopingofficermeasur

esthepH(5

7)

andth

especificgr

avity(1.01

0)oftheurin

eleft

inthecollectionve

sseltocheckthesuitabilityof

thesa

mpleforana

lysis.

8.Theofficerrecords

tothedrugtestingformany

medic

ationandnu

tritionalsupplementsthe

athletedeclaresth

athasbeenconsumedinthe

preceding37da

ys.

9.Aftert

hecheckoftheinformationrecorded,the

codes

andthepropersealingo

ftheurine

bottles,theathlete

certifiesthe

entireproce

dure

bysigningthedrugtestingform

.Theathleteis

alsog

ivenacopyoftheform.


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Blood

samplecolle

ction

1.Theathletewillbeaskedtoselectandcheckthe

bloodtestingequipment.

2.Theathletewillbeaskedtoprovideablood

sample,collectedintwotubes(labelledPart1

andPart2)byaphlebotomist.

3.Aftercollectingthe

bloodsamp

le,the

p

eoomswremovee

ooesco

econ

equipmentfromtheathletesbody,thereby

sealingthecollectionequipmentcontainers

.

4.Theathleteisthen

responsible

forcontrolling

his/he

rsampleuntilitissealed

inasample

collectionkit.


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Urinesampleanalysis

ThecollectedsamplesaretransportedtoanIOC-

accreditedlaboratory(e.g.DopingC

ontrolCentre,USM)

byantid

opingofficersforanalysis.

BoththeAandBbottlesaretransfer

redtothelabo

ratory,

wherea

ftertheirreception,thelabor

atorystaffbecoming

responsiblefortheirsecurity.

prohibitedsubstances

ormethods.S

ampleBissto

redina

refrigerator,lockedan

dguarded.

IfsampleAreturnsap

ositivetestresulttheathletehas

therigh

ttohavesamp

leBanalysedtoconfirmthe

positive

testresult.

Results

oftheanalysiswillbecomm

unicatedbythe

laboratorytotheauthorityforaction.


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Blood

samp

leanalysis

Thelab

oratorywilla

nalysePart1andPart2

ofa

bloods

ampleforind

icatorsofpro

hibitedsubstances

ormethods.Ifabloo

dsamplereturnsapositive

result,sampleAoftheurinesamp

lewillbeana

lysed.

Ifsamp

leAreturnsa

positivetestresult,theathlete

canele

cttohavesampleBanalysedtoconfirm

the

posveesresu.

Evenif

thebloodanalysisisnega

tive,theurine

sample

willundergoanalysisinaccordancewiththe

proced

ure.


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Analy

ticalprocedu

res

1.

Samplepreparationinvolvinghydrolysisofurinesample

andextractionofthehydrolysedsample.

2.

Analysisoftheextrac

tedurinesamplebygas

chromatography/mas

sspectrometry

(GC-MS)procedure.

3.

Substa

ncessuchashCG,LH,ACTHcanbemeas

uredin

theurinesamplesusingimmuno-as

say.

.

orea

etestsyetor

,

-an

.yn

tetc

EPOhasbeenshown

toproducere

dbloodcellsw

hichis

smallerandbindmoreironthannaturalEPO.Som

ethod

beingd

evelopedtoanalysethesize

andironcontentof

redblo

odcellsfroma

bloodsample

todeterminewhether

anathletehasusedE

PO.


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Atypicalanalyticalprocedure

1.

Urines

amplewithanaddedinternalstandardispassed

throughanSPEcolumnandelutedwithmethanol.

2.

Theeluentobtainedisevaporatedtodrynessunder

nitroge

nat60C.

3.

Thedriedresidueisr

edissolvedina

cetatebuffer,

glucuro

nidaseisaddedandthemixtureallowedto

.

4.

Thehy

drolysedsamp

leisnextextra

ctedintodieth

ylether

atpH9

.0-9.5.Ethere

xtractthenevaporatedtodry

ness.

5.

Aderiv

atisedagent(M

STFA)isaddedtothedried

extractheatedat60Cfor30minute

s.

6.

Theresultantproductisdissolvedin

tohexanebefore

injectio

nintoaGC-MSsystem.


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GasChr

omatogra

phy/Mass

Spectrom

etry

Mostcommonmethodsofchemicalanalysisof

urineandbloodsa

mples.

InGC,retentiontimeofeachs

ubstanceis

reportedandplottedtocreateachromatogram.

Standardsamplesofdrugsare

alsorun

identificationandq

uantification

.

InMS,samplesareblownapartbyanelectron

beam

fragments

accelera

teddown

magnetictubetoa

detector

massspectr

um

fingerprint.Confirmedbymassspectrumof

standard.

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